As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 201527, 2018

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORMFORM 20-F

(Mark One)

 

    ¨REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

 

    xANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20142017

OR

 

    ¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from    to    .

OR

 

    ¨SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report    .

Commission file number000-53445

KB Financial Group Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

KB Financial Group Inc.

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

The Republic of Korea

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

26,84, Namdaemoon-ro, Jung-gu,Gukjegeumyung-ro8-gil,Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 100-703,07331, Korea

(Address of principal executive offices)

Kyu Sul ChoiPeter BongJoong Kwon

7F, Kookmin Bank 26,84, Namdaemoon-ro, Jung-gu,Gukjegeumyung-ro8-gil,Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 100-703,07331, Korea

Telephone No.: +82-2-2073-2844+82-2-2073-2824

Facsimile No.: +82-2-2073-2848+82-2-2073-2848

(Name, telephone,e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

 

Title of each class

  

Name of each exchange on which registered

American Depositary Shares, each representing
one share of Common Stock

  New York Stock Exchange

Common Stock, par value ₩5,000 per share

  New York Stock Exchange*

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

386,351,693399,037,583 shares of Common Stock, par value5,000 per share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is awell-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  x Yes  ¨ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  ¨ Yes  x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  x Yes  ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of RegulationS-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  ¨ Yes  ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, anon-accelerated filer or a non-accelerated filer.an emerging growth company. See definitionthe definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filerfiler” and large accelerated filer”“emerging growth company” in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):Act:

x  ☒    Large accelerated filer             ¨     Accelerated filer             ¨    Non-accelerated Non-accelerated filer             ☐     Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act:  ☐ Yes  ☐ No

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

 

¨

    U.S. GAAP

  

x  ☒    International Financial Reporting Standards as issued

by the International Accounting Standards Board

  ¨  Other

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.  ¨ Item 17  ¨ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  ¨ Yes  x No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.  ¨ Yes  ¨ No

*Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares.

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares.

 

 

 


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

   1 

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

   2 

Item 1.

  IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS   3 

Item 2.

  OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE   3 

Item 3.

  KEY INFORMATION   3 
  Item 3.A.  Selected Financial Data   3 
  Item 3.B.  Capitalization and Indebtedness   1112 
  Item 3.C.  Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds   1112 
  Item 3.D.  Risk Factors   1112 

Item 4.

  INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY   3238 
  Item 4.A.  History and Development of the Company   3238 
  Item 4.B.  Business Overview   3539 
  Item 4.C.  Organizational Structure   107116 
  Item 4.D.  Property, Plants and Equipment   109118 
Item 4A.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS   109118 

Item 5.

  OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS   110119 
  Item 5.A.  Operating Results   110119 
  Item 5.B.  Liquidity and Capital Resources   140156 
  Item 5.C.  Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.   145162 
  Item 5.D.  Trend Information   145163 
  Item 5.E.  Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements   145163 
  Item 5.F.  Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations   145163 
  Item 5.G.  Safe Harbor   145163 

Item 6.

  DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES   146163 
  Item 6.A.  Directors and Senior Management   146163 
  Item 6.B.  Compensation   149167 
  Item 6.C.  Board Practices   150168 
  Item 6.D.  Employees   151170 
  Item 6.E.  Share Ownership   153172 

Item 7.

  MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS   155172 
  Item 7.A.  Major Shareholders   155172 
  Item 7.B.  Related Party Transactions   155173 
  Item 7.C.  Interests of Experts and Counsel   155173 

Item 8.

  FINANCIAL INFORMATION   155173 
  Item 8.A.  Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information   155173 
  Item 8.B.  Significant Changes   159175 

 

i


Item 9.

  THE OFFER AND LISTING   159175 
  Item 9.A.  Offering and Listing Details   159175 
  Item 9.B.  Plan of Distribution   160176 
  

Item 9.C.

  Markets   160176 
  

Item 9.D.

  Selling Shareholders   167183 
  

Item 9.E.

  Dilution   167184 
  

Item 9.F.

  Expenses of the Issue   167184 

Item 10.

  ADDITIONAL INFORMATION   167184 
  

Item 10.A.

  Share Capital   167184 
  

Item 10.B.

  Memorandum and Articles of Association   167184 
  

Item 10.C.

  Material Contracts   173190 
  

Item 10.D.

  Exchange Controls   173190 
  

Item 10.E.

  Taxation   174191 
  

Item 10.F.

  Dividends and Paying Agents   179197 
  

Item 10.G.

  Statement by Experts   179197 
  

Item 10.H.

  Documents on Display   179197 
  

Item 10.I.

  Subsidiary Information   179197 

Item 11.

  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK   179198 

Item 12.

  DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES   200220 

Item 13.

  DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES   201221 

Item 14.

  MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS   201

Item 15.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES201

Item 16.

[RESERVED]202221 
Item 16A.15.  AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERTCONTROLS AND PROCEDURES   202221 
Item 16B.16.  CODE OF ETHICS[RESERVED]   203223 
Item 16C.  Item 16A.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICESAUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT   203223 
Item 16B.CODE OF ETHICS223
Item 16C.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES223
Item 16D.  EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES   203224 
Item 16E.  PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS   204224
Item 16F.CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT224
Item 16G.CORPORATE GOVERNANCE225
Item 16H.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE226 
Item 16F.17.  CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANTFINANCIAL STATEMENTS   204226 
Item 16G.18.  CORPORATE GOVERNANCEFINANCIAL STATEMENTS   204226 
Item 16H.19.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSUREEXHIBITS   205

Item 17.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS205

Item 18.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS205

Item 19.

EXHIBITS206227 

 

ii


PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

The financial statements included in this annual report are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB. As such, we make an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance with IFRS as issued by the IASB with respect to our consolidated financial statements as of January 1, 2013, December 31, 20132016 and 20142017 and for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017 included in this annual report. Unless indicated otherwise, the financial information in this annual report as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 20142017 has been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, which is not comparable to information prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.

In accordance with rule amendments adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission which became effective on March 4, 2008, we are not required to provide a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP.

Unless expressly stated otherwise, all financial data included in this annual report are presented on a consolidated basis.

In this annual report:

 

references to “we,” “us” or “KB Financial Group” are to KB Financial Group Inc. and, unless the context otherwise requires, its subsidiaries;

 

references to “Korea” are to the Republic of Korea;

 

references to the “government” are to the government of the Republic of Korea;

 

references to “Won” or “₩” are to the currency of Korea; and

 

references to “U.S. dollars,” “$” or “US$” are to United States dollars.

Discrepancies between totals and the sums of the amounts contained in any table may be a result of rounding.

For your convenience, this annual report contains translations of Won amounts into U.S. dollars at the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for Won in effect on December 31, 2014,29, 2017, which was ₩1,090.9₩1,067.42 = US$1.00.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission encourages companies to discloseforward-looking information so that investors can better understand a company’s future prospects and make informed investment decisions. This annual report containsforward-looking statements.

Words and phrases such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “positioned,” “predict,” “project,” “risk,” “seek to,” “shall,” “should,” “will likely result,” “will pursue,” “plan” and words and terms of similar substance used in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance or our expectations, plans, projections or business prospects identifyforward-looking statements. In particular, the statements under the headings “Item 3.D. Risk Factors,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 4.B. Business Overview” regarding our financial condition and other future events or prospects areforward-looking statements. Allforward-looking statements are management’s present expectations of future events and are subject to a number of factors and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in theforward-looking statements.

In addition to the risks related to our business discussed under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors,” other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in theforward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to:

 

our ability to successfully implement our strategy;

 

future levels ofnon-performing loans;

 

our growth and expansion;

 

the adequacy of allowances for credit and investment losses;

 

technological changes;

 

interest rates;

 

investment income;

 

availability of funding and liquidity;

 

cash flow projections;

 

our exposure to market risks; and

 

adverse market and regulatory conditions.

By their nature, certain disclosures relating to these and other risks are only estimates and could be materially different from what actually occurs in the future. As a result, actual future gains, losses or impact on our income or results of operations could materially differ from those that have been estimated. For example, revenues could decrease, costs could increase, capital costs could increase, capital investment could be delayed and anticipated improvements in performance might not be fully realized.

In addition, other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimated by theforward-looking statements contained in this annual report could include, but are not limited to:

 

general economic and political conditions in Korea or other countries that have an impact on our business activities or investments;

 

the monetary and interest rate policies of Korea;

 

inflation or deflation;

unanticipated volatility in interest rates;

foreign exchange rates;

 

prices and yields of equity and debt securities;

 

the performance of the financial markets in Korea and globally;

 

changes in domestic and foreign laws, regulations and taxes;

 

changes in competition and the pricing environments in Korea; and

 

regional or general changes in asset valuations.

For further discussion of the factors that could cause actual results to differ, see the discussion under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” contained in this annual report. We caution you not to place undue reliance on theforward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this annual report. Except as required by law, we are not under any obligation, and expressly disclaim any obligation, to update or alter anyforward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

All subsequentforward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this annual report.

 

Item 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

 

Item 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

 

Item 3.KEY INFORMATION

 

Item 3.A.Selected Financial Data

The selected consolidated financial and operating data set forth below as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 20142017 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 20142017 have been audited by independent registered public accounting firm Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers.

You should read the following data together with the more detailed information contained in “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Historical results do not necessarily predict future results.

Consolidated statements of comprehensive income data

 

 Year Ended December 31,  Year Ended December 31, 
 2010(1) 2011(1) 2012(1)(2) 2013(1)(2) 2014(1)(2) 2014(3)  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017(2) 
 (in billions of Won, except common share data) (in millions of US$,
except common
share data)
  (in billions of Won, except common share data) (in millions of US$,
except common
share data)
 

Interest income

     13,052       13,956       14,210       12,357       11,635   US$    10,666       12,357      11,635      10,376      10,022      11,382  US$    10,663 

Interest expense

  (6,878  (6,852  (7,172  (5,834  (5,219  (4,785 (5,834 (5,219 (4,173 (3,619 (3,672 (3,440
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net interest income

  6,174    7,104    7,038    6,523    6,416    5,881   6,523  6,416  6,203  6,403  7,710  7,223 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Fee and commission income

  2,482    2,830    2,754    2,657    2,666    2,444   2,657  2,666  2,971  3,151  3,988  3,737 

Fee and commission expense

  (777  (1,035  (1,187  (1,178  (1,283  (1,176 (1,178 (1,283 (1,436 (1,566 (1,938 (1,816
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net fee and commission income

  1,705    1,795    1,567    1,479    1,383    1,268   1,479  1,383  1,535  1,585  2,050  1,921 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net gains on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  815    1,036    812    757    439    403  

Insurance income(1)

 1,234  1,215  1,373  1,201  8,971  8,404 

Insurance expense(1)

 (1,359 (1,352 (1,479 (1,319 (8,377 (7,848
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net other operating income (expenses)

  (1,068  (1,092  (1,532  (1,305  (1,041  (954

Net insurance income (expenses)(1)

 (125 (137 (106 (118 594  556 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

 757  439  360  (9 740  693 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net other operating income (expenses)(1)

 (1,180 (904 (610 (416 (902 (845
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

General and administrative expenses

  (4,380  (3,887  (3,846  (3,984  (4,010  (3,676 (3,984 (4,010 (4,524 (5,229 (5,629 (5,273
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Operating profit before provision for credit losses

  3,246    4,956    4,039    3,470    3,187    2,922   3,470  3,187  2,858  2,216  4,563  4,275 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Provision for credit losses

  (2,871  (1,513  (1,607  (1,443  (1,228  (1,126 (1,443 (1,228 (1,037 (539 (548 (513
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net operating profit

  375    3,443    2,432    2,027    1,959    1,796   2,027  1,959  1,821  1,677  4,015  3,762 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Share of profit (loss) of associates and joint ventures

  (211  5    (15  (199  13    12   (199 13  203  281  84  79 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net other non-operating income (expense)

  (28  (142  (118  (12  (71  (65 (12 (71 140  671  39  36 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net non-operating profit (loss)

  (239  (137  (133  (211  (58  (53 (211 (58 343  952  123  115 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Profit before income tax

  136    3,306    2,299    1,816    1,901    1,743   1,816  1,901  2,164  2,629  4,138  3,877 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Tax income (expense)(4)

  (254  (565  (520  (541  (486  (446

Tax income (expense)

 (541 (486 (437 (439 (795 (745
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Profit for the year(4)

 (118 2,741   1,779   1,275   1,415   US$1,297  

Profit for the year

 1,275  1,415  1,727  2,190  3,343  US$3,132 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss:

            

Actuarial gains (losses) on post defined benefit pension plans

  9    (32  (30  41    (100  (91

Remeasurements of net defined benefit

 41  (100 (23 13  23  21 

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures

 —    —    —    4  —    —   

Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:

            

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

  (7  6    (26  (2  17    16   (2 17  45  20  (110 (103

Change in value of financial investments

  108    (240  246    (4  249    228  

Shares of other comprehensive loss of associates and joint ventures

  (2  (1  (44  (10  (32  (29

Valuation gains (losses) on financial investments

 (4 249  (29 (48 89  83 

Shares of other comprehensive income (loss) of associates and joint ventures

 (10 (32 —    (11  101   95 

Cash flow hedges

  —      (1  (1  2    (10  (10 2  (10 1  4  21  20 

Gains (losses) on hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation

  —     —     (25  (7 27  25 

Other comprehensive income of separate account

  —     —     —     —    (14 (13
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year, net of tax

  108    (268  145    27    124    114   27  124  (31 (25 137  128 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total comprehensive income for the
year
(4)

 (10 2,473   1,924   1,302   1,539   US$1,411  

Total comprehensive income for the year

 1,302  1,539  1,696  2,165  3,480  US$3,260 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Profit attributable to:

            

Stockholders

 (191 2,686   1,770   1,272   1,401   US$1,284  

Shareholders of the parent company

 1,272  1,401  1,698  2,144  3,311  US$3,102 

Non-controlling interests

  73    55    9    3    14    13   3  14  29  46  32  30 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
 (118 2,741   1,779   1,275   1,415   US$1,297   1,275  1,415  1,727  2,190  3,343  US$3,132 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total comprehensive income attributable to:

            

Stockholders

 (103 2,414   1,904   1,313   1,526   US$1,399  

Shareholders of the parent company

 1,313  1,526  1,667  2,119  3,446  US$3,228 

Non-controlling interests

  93    59    20    (11  13    12   (11 13  29  46  34  32 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
 (10 2,473   1,924   1,302   1,539   US$1,411   1,302  1,539  1,696  2,165  3,480  US$3,260 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Earnings per share(4)

      

Earnings per share

      

Basic earnings per share

 (558 7,310   4,580   3,291   3,626   US$3.32   3,291  3,626  4,396  5,588  8,305  US$7.78 

Diluted earnings per share

  (558  7,293    4,567    3,277    3,611    3.31   3,277  3,611  4,376  5,559  8,257  7.74 

 

(1) 

PursuantPrior to amendments to International Accounting Standards 19, or IAS 19,Employee Benefits2017, insurance income and expense of KB Life Insurance Co., which are effective beginning in 2013,Ltd., our life insurance subsidiary, and KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd., our credit card subsidiary, were recorded as part of other operating income and expenses. In May 2017, KB Insurance Co., Ltd., anon-life insurance company, became our consolidated financial statementssubsidiary pursuant to a tender offer (and became a wholly-owned subsidiary in July 2017 pursuant to a comprehensive stock swap). See “Item 5.A. Operating Results—Overview—Acquisitions.” As a result, commencing in 2017, insurance income and expense (comprising insurance income and expense of KB Life Insurance and KB Kookmin Card, as well as insurance income and expense of KB Insurance from the date of its consolidation) are recorded as separate line items, instead of as part of other operating income and expenses. Insurance income and expense of KB Life Insurance and KB Kookmin Card for theprior years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 reflect changes in the methodology for recognition and measurement of actuarial gains and losses and expected returns and service costs relating to our employee pension plans. Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2012 have been restated to retroactively apply such changes. Amounts for 2012 reflect such restatement, and amounts for 2010 and 2011 have been correspondingly restated.

reclassified accordingly.
(2) 

Pursuant to the adoption of IFRS 10,Consolidated Financial Statements, which is effective beginning in 2013, our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 include trust accounts for which we guarantee only the repayment of principal, as well as certain other entities, which were not previously subject to consolidation, while excluding certain other entities that were previously consolidated. Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2012 have been restated to retroactively apply this change. Amounts for 2012 reflect such restatement, while amounts for 2010 and 2011 have not been correspondingly restated.

(3)

Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of ₩1,090.9₩1,067.42 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 31, 201429, 2017 as quoted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in the United States.

Consolidated statements of financial position data

  Year Ended December 31, 
  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2017(2) 
  (in billions of Won)  

(in millions

of US$)

 

Assets

      

Cash and due from financial institutions

 14,793  15,424  16,316  17,885  19,818  US$18,566 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

  9,329   10,758   11,174   27,858   32,227   30,192 

Derivative financial assets

  1,819   1,968   2,278   3,382   3,310   3,101 

Loans

  219,001   231,450   245,005   265,486   290,123   271,798 

Financial investments

  34,849   34,961   39,137   45,148   66,608   62,401 

Investments in associates and joint ventures

  755   670   1,738   1,771   335   314 

Property and equipment

  3,061   3,083   3,287   3,627   4,202   3,936 

Investment property

  166   378   212   755   849   795 

Intangible assets

  443   489   467   652   2,943   2,757 

Net defined benefit assets

  —     —     —     —     1   1 

Current income tax assets

  347   306   19   66   6   6 

Deferred income tax assets

  16   16   8   134   4   4 

Assets held for sale

  38   70   49   52   156   146 

Other assets

  7,551   8,783   9,375   8,858   16,204   15,181 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total assets

 292,168  308,356  329,065  375,674  436,786  US$409,198 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Liabilities

      

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

 1,115  1,819  2,975  12,123  12,023  US$11,264 

Derivative financial liabilities

  1,795   1,797   2,326   3,807   3,143   2,944 

Deposits

  200,882   211,549   224,268   239,731   255,800   239,643 

Debts

  14,101   15,865   16,241   26,251   28,821   27,001 

Debentures

  27,040   29,201   32,601   34,992   44,993   42,151 

Provisions

  678   614   607   538   568   532 

Net defined benefit liabilities

  64   76   73   96   155   145 

Current income tax liabilities

  211   232   31   442   434   406 

Deferred income tax liabilities

  62   93   179   103   533   499 

Insurance contract liabilities(1)

  5,599   6,265   6,925   7,291   31,801   29,793 

Other liabilities(1)

  14,638   13,332   13,937   19,039   24,470   22,925 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total liabilities

 266,185  280,843  300,163  344,413  402,741  US$377,303 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total Equity

      

Capital stock

 1,932  1,932  1,932  2,091  2,091  US$1,959 

Capital surplus

  15,855   15,855   15,855   16,995   17,122   16,041 

Accumulated other comprehensive income

  336   461   429   405   538   503 

Retained earnings

  7,860   9,067   10,464   12,229   15,044   14,094 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Treasury shares

  —     —     —     (722  (756  (708
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company

  25,983   27,315   28,680   30,998   34,039   31,889 

Non-controlling interests

  —     198   222   263   6   6 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total equity

 25,983  27,513  28,902  31,261  34,045  US$31,895 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total liabilities and equity

 292,168  308,356  329,065  375,674  436,786  US$409,198 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

(4)(1) 

Prior to 2017, insurance contract liabilities of KB Life Insurance, our life insurance subsidiary, and KB Kookmin Card, our credit card subsidiary, were recorded as part of other liabilities. In May 2017, KB Insurance, aThe amounts for 2014 reflectnon-life insurance company, became our consolidated subsidiary pursuant to a changetender offer (and became a wholly-owned subsidiary in our accounting policy with respectJuly 2017 pursuant to uncertain tax positions in 2014, based on the guidance in International Accounting Standards 12, or IAS 12,Income Taxes, which allows recognition of tax payments as current income tax assets to the extent it is probable that they will be recovered from the tax authorities. Corresponding amounts for 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 have been restated to retroactively apply this change.a comprehensive stock swap). See “Item 5.A. Operating Results—Overview—Changes in Accounting Policies” and Note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Consolidated statements of financial position data

  Year Ended December 31, 
  2010(1)  2011(1)  2012(1)(2)  2013(1)(2)  2014(1)(2)  2014(3) 
  (in billions of Won)  

(in millions

of US$)

 

Assets

      

Cash and due from financial institutions

 6,830   9,178   10,593   14,793   15,424   US$14,139  

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

  4,014    6,326    9,560    9,329    10,758    9,862  

Derivative financial assets

  2,595    2,449    2,091    1,819    1,968    1,804  

Loans

  197,621    212,107    213,645    219,001    231,450    212,166  

Financial investments

  36,190    35,432    36,467    34,849    34,961    32,048  

Investments in associates and joint ventures

  723    892    935    755    670    614  

Property and equipment

  3,150    3,186    3,100    3,061    3,083    2,826  

Investment property

  53    52    53    166    378    346  

Intangible assets

  505    468    493    443    489    448  

Current income tax assets(4)(5)

  135    292    333    347    306    281  

Deferred income tax assets

  4    22    18    16    16    14  

Assets held for sale

  9    10    35    38    70    64  

Other assets(5)

  6,942    7,467    8,747    7,551    8,783    8,052  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total assets

 258,771   277,881   286,070   292,168   308,356   US$ 282,664  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Liabilities

      

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

 1,295   1,388   1,851   1,115   1,819   US$1,667  

Derivative financial liabilities

  2,236    2,059    2,055    1,795    1,797    1,648  

Deposits

  179,862    190,337    197,346    200,882    211,549    193,923  

Debts

  11,745    16,824    15,965    14,101    15,865    14,543  

Debentures

  29,107    27,070    24,270    27,040    29,201    26,768  

Provisions

  1,020    798    670    678    614    563  

Defined benefit liabilities

  125    128    84    64    76    69  

Current income tax liabilities

  30    589    265    211    232    213  

Deferred income tax liabilities

  284    221    154    62    93    85  

Other liabilities

  13,401    15,087    18,328    20,237    19,597    17,965  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total liabilities

 239,105   254,501   260,988   266,185   280,843   US$257,444  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

  Year Ended December 31, 
  2010(1)  2011(1)  2012(1)(2)  2013(1)(2)  2014(1)(2)  2014(3) 
  (in billions of Won)  

(in millions

of US$)

 

Total Equity

      

Capital stock

 1,932   1,932   1,932   1,932   1,932   US$1,771  

Capital surplus

  15,990    15,842    15,840    15,855    15,855    14,534  

Accumulated other comprehensive income

  440    168    295    336    461    422  

Retained earnings(4)

  2,612    5,256    6,820    7,860    9,067    8,312  

Treasury shares

  (2,477  —      —      —      —      —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Equity attributable to stockholders

  18,497    23,198    24,887    25,983    27,315    25,039  

Non-controlling interests

  1,169    182    195    —      198    181  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total equity

 19,666   23,380   25,082   25,983   27,513   US$25,220  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total liabilities and equity

 258,771   277,881   286,070   292,168   308,356   US$282,664  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

(1)

Pursuant to amendments to IAS19,Employee Benefits, which are effective beginning in 2013, our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 reflect changes in the methodology for recognition and measurement of actuarial gains and losses and expected returns and service costs relating to our employee pension plans. Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2012 have been restated to retroactively apply such changes. AmountsAcquisitions.” As a result, commencing as of December 31, 2012 reflect2017, insurance contract liabilities (comprising such restatement,liabilities of KB Life Insurance, KB Kookmin Card and amountsKB Insurance) are recorded as separate line items, instead of as part of other liabilities. Insurance contract liabilities of KB Life Insurance and KB Kookmin Card as of December 31, 2010 and 2011prior dates have been correspondingly restated.

reclassified accordingly.
(2) 

Pursuant to the adoption of IFRS 10,Consolidated Financial Statements, which is effective beginning in 2013, our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 include trust accounts for which we guarantee only the repayment of principal, as well as certain other entities, which were not previously subject to consolidation, while excluding certain other entities that were previously consolidated. Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2012 have been restated to retroactively apply this change. Amounts as of December 31, 2012 reflect such restatement, while amounts as of December 31, 2010 and 2011 have not been correspondingly restated.

(3)

Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of ₩1,090.9₩1,067.42 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 31, 201429, 2017 as quoted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in the United States.

(4)

The amounts as of December 31, 2014 reflect a change in our accounting policy with respect to uncertain tax positions in 2014, based on the guidance in IAS 12,Income Taxes, which allows recognition of tax payments as current income tax assets to the extent it is probable that they will be recovered from the tax authorities. Corresponding amounts as of December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 have been restated to retroactively apply this change. See “Item 5.A. Operating Results—Overview—Changes in Accounting Policies” and Note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

(5)

Prepaid income tax expenses amounting to ₩135 billion, ₩12 billion, ₩15 billion and ₩18 billion as of December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, have been reclassified from other assets into current income tax assets. See Note 33 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Profitability ratios and other data

 

  As of or for the year Ended December 31, 
  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014 
  (Percentages) 

Profit (loss) attributable to stockholders as a percentage of:

     

Average total assets(1)

  (0.07)%   0.99  0.60  0.44  0.47

Average stockholders’ equity(1)

  (0.98  11.47    7.13    5.00    5.30  

Dividend payout ratio(2)

  (21.47  10.23    13.40    15.01    21.48  

Net interest spread(3)

  2.37    2.64    2.48    2.31    2.22  

Net interest margin(4)

  2.58    2.88    2.71    2.51    2.39  

Efficiency ratio(5)

  57.44    43.96    48.78    53.45    55.72  

Cost-to-average assets ratio(6)

  1.64    1.41    1.33    1.37    1.34  

Won loans (gross) as a percentage of Won deposits

  107.56    107.97    106.37    107.12    107.73  

Total loans (gross) as a percentage of total deposits

  111.96    113.25    109.92    110.44    110.57  

   As of or for the year Ended December 31, 
   2013  2014  2015  2016  2017 
   (Percentages) 

Profit (loss) attributable to stockholders as a percentage of:

      

Average total assets(1)

   0.44  0.47  0.54  0.62  0.80

Average stockholders’ equity(1)

   5.00   5.30   6.05   7.13   9.56 

Dividend payout ratio(2)

   15.01   21.48   22.32   23.23   23.17 

Net interest spread(3)

   2.31   2.22   2.07   2.06   2.18 

Net interest margin(4)

   2.51   2.39   2.20   2.13   2.27 

Efficiency ratio(5)

   53.45   55.72   61.28   70.24   58.65 

Cost-to-average assets ratio(6)

   1.37   1.34   1.43   1.50   1.36 

Won loans (gross) as a percentage of Won deposits

   107.12   107.73   107.88   110.77   114.02 

Total loans (gross) as a percentage of total deposits

   110.44   110.57   110.40   111.69   114.24 

 

(1) 

Average balances are based on daily balances for our banking, credit card and investment and securities operations and monthly or quarterly balances for our other operations.

(2) 

Represents the ratio of total dividends declared on common stock as a percentage of profit attributable to stockholders.

(3) 

Represents the difference between the yield on average interest earning assets and cost of average interest bearing liabilities.

(4) 

Represents the ratio of net interest income to average interest earning assets.

(5) 

Represents the ratio of general and administrative expenses to the sum of net interest income, net fee and commission income, net gain on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss and net other operating income.

(6) 

Represents the ratio of general and administrative expenses to average total assets.

Capital ratios

 

  As of or for the year Ended December 31,   As of or for the year Ended December 31, 
  2012(1) 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 
  (Percentages)   (Percentages) 

Consolidated capital adequacy ratio of KB Financial Group(2)(1)

   13.90  15.38  15.53   15.48 15.27 15.23

Capital adequacy ratios of Kookmin Bank

        

Tier I capital adequacy ratio(3)(2)

   10.87    12.61    13.38     13.74  14.83  14.86 

Common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio(3)(2)

   —      12.61    13.38     13.74  14.83  14.86 

Tier II capital adequacy ratio(3)(2)

   3.53    2.81    2.59     2.27  1.49  1.16 

Average stockholders’ equity as a percentage of average total assets

   8.47    8.87    8.83     8.87  8.63  8.37 

 

(1) 

With effect from December 1, 2013, the Financial Services Commission adopted amended guidelines that implemented capital adequacy requirements in Korea based on Basel III. Capital adequacy ratios as of December 31, 2012 were computed in accordance with previously applicable guidelines based on Basel I (for KB Financial Group) and Basel II (for Kookmin Bank) and therefore are not directly comparable to corresponding ratios as of December 31, 2013 and 2014.

(2)

Under applicable guidelines of the Financial Services Commission, we, as a bank holding company, arewere required to maintain a total minimum consolidated capital adequacy ratio of 8%.9.75% (including applicable additional capital buffers and requirements) as of December 31, 2017. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Capital Adequacy.”

(3)(2) 

Kookmin Bank’s capital adequacy ratios are computed in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Financial Services Commission. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Capital Adequacy.”

Credit portfolio ratios and other data

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014   2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 
  (in billions of Won, except percentages)   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Total loans(1)

  201,377   215,555   216,914   221,862   233,902    221,862  233,902  247,587  267,764  292,233 

Total non-performing loans(2)

   1,612    1,180    1,606    1,421    1,068     1,421  1,068  922  923  758 

Other impaired loans not included in non-performing loans

   2,204    2,285    2,086    2,669    1,996     2,669  1,996  2,075  1,613  1,509 

Total of non-performing loans and other impaired loans

   3,816    3,465    3,692    4,090    3,064     4,090  3,064  2,997  2,536  2,267 

Total allowances for loan losses

   3,756    3,448    3,269    2,861    2,452     2,861  2,452  2,582  2,278  2,110 

Non-performing loans as a percentage of total loans

   0.80  0.55  0.74  0.64  0.46   0.64 0.46 0.37 0.34 0.26

Non-performing loans as a percentage of total assets

   0.62  0.42  0.56  0.49  0.35   0.49 0.35 0.28 0.25 0.17

Total of non-performing loans and other impaired loans as a percentage of total loans

   1.89  1.61  1.70  1.84  1.31   1.84 1.31 1.21 0.95 0.78

Allowances for loan losses as a percentage of total loans

   1.87  1.60  1.51  1.29  1.05   1.29 1.05 1.04 0.85 0.72

 

(1) 

Before deduction of allowances for loan losses.

(2) 

Non-performing loans are defined as those loans, including corporate, retail and other loans, which are past due by 90 days or more.

Selected Statistical Information

Average Balance Sheets and Related Interest

The following table shows our average balances and interest rates for the past three years:

 

 Year Ended December 31,  Year Ended December 31, 
 2012 2013 2014  2015 2016 2017 
 Average
Balance(1)
 Interest
Income(2)(3)
 Average
Yield
 Average
Balance(1)
 Interest
Income(2)(3)
 Average
Yield
 Average
Balance(1)
 Interest
Income(2)(3)
 Average
Yield
  Average
Balance(1)
 Interest
Income(2)(3)
 Average
Yield
 Average
Balance(1)
 Interest
Income(2)(3)
 Average
Yield
 Average
Balance(1)
 Interest
Income(2)(3)
 Average
Yield
 
 (in billions of Won, except percentages)  (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Assets

                  

Cash and interest earning deposits in other banks

 4,808   160    3.33 5,905   146    2.47 7,811   190    2.43 8,980  152  1.69 8,630  111  1.29 9,620  126  1.31

Financial investment (debt securities) (4)

  33,382    1,426    4.27    33,339    1,269    3.81    31,530    1,120    3.55   32,423  989  3.05  34,868  890  2.55  49,137  1,160  2.36 

Loans:

                  

Corporate

  102,773    5,328    5.18    100,614    4,526    4.50    101,875    4,145    4.07   105,821  3,618  3.42  112,657  3,469  3.08  123,004  3,962  3.22 

Mortgage

  44,444    2,161    4.86    44,514    1,826    4.10    48,160    1,746    3.63   51,467  1,554  3.02  55,638  1,522  2.74  60,944  1,683  2.76 

Home equity

  30,170    1,535    5.09    30,275    1,287    4.25    32,030    1,216    3.80   33,572  1,047  3.12  34,048  983  2.89  32,777  953  2.91 

Other consumer(5)

  29,721    2,163    7.28    30,536    1,974    6.46    32,981    2,019    6.12   35,351  1,843  5.21  39,506  1,835  4.64  46,325  2,115  4.57 

Credit cards (5)(6)

  12,078    1,345    11.14    11,611    1,242    10.70    11,312    1,123    9.93   11,907  1,091  9.16  12,827  1,124  8.76  14,881  1,258  8.45 

Foreign

  2,744    92    3.35    2,851    87    3.05    2,631    76    2.89   2,794  82  2.93  3,011  88  2.92  3,607  125  3.47 
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Loans (total)

  221,930    12,624    5.69    220,401    10,942    4.96    228,989    10,325    4.51   240,912  9,235  3.83  257,687  9,021  3.50  281,538  10,096  3.59 
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Total average interest earning assets

 260,120   14,210    5.46 259,645   12,357    4.76 268,330   11,635    4.34 282,315  10,376  3.67 301,185  10,022  3.33 340,295  11,382  3.34
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Cash and due from banks

  7,622    —      —      7,688    —      —      7,978    —      —     8,804   —     —    9,797   —     —    10,494   —     —   

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:

                  

Debt securities (3)

  8,744    —      —      8,091    —      —      8,631    —      —     9,321   —     —    14,845   —     —    27,331   —     —   

Equity securities

  1,026    —      —      1,280    —      —      847    —      —     689   —     —    1,832   —     —    3,849   —     —   

Other

  36    —      —      42    —      —      47    —      —     62   —     —    70   —     —    76   —     —   
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (total)

  9,806    —      —      9,413    —      —      9,525    —      —     10,072   —     —    16,747   —     —    31,256   —     —   

Financial investment (equity securities)

  2,444    —      —      2,671    —      —      2,999    —      —     3,177   —     —    6,140   —     —    9,135   —     —   

Investment in associates

  934    —      —      882    —      —      698    —      —     1,048   —     —    2,107   —     —    968   —     —   

Derivative financial assets

  2,040    —      —      1,760    —      —      1,791    —      —     2,121   —     —    2,583   —     —    2,372   —     —   

Premises and equipment

  3,212    —      —      3,191    —      —      3,197    —      —     3,230   —     —    3,464   —     —    5,826   —     —   

Intangible assets

  539    —      —      475    —      —      463    —      —     470   —     —    515   —     —    2,409   —     —   

Allowances for loan losses

  (4,159  —      —      (4,108  —      —      (3,556  —      —     (2,922  —     —    (2,734  —     —    (2,428  —     —   

Other non-interest earning assets

  7,472    —      —      8,555    —      —      7,570    —      —     7,748   —     —    8,746   —     —    13,405   —     —   
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Total average non-interest earning assets

  29,910    —      —      30,527    —      —      30,665    —      —     33,748   —     —    47,365   —     —    73,437   —     —   
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Total average assets

 290,030  ��14,210    4.90 290,172   12,357    4.26 298,995   11,635    3.89 316,063  10,376  3.28 348,550  10,022  2.88 413,732  11,382  2.75
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 Year Ended December 31,  Year Ended December 31, 
 2012 2013 2014  2015 2016 2017 
 Average
Balance  (1)
 Interest
Expense
 Average
Cost
 Average
Balance  (1)
 Interest
Expense
 Average
Cost
 Average
Balance  (1)
 Interest
Expense
 Average
Cost
  Average
Balance(1)
 Interest
Expense
 Average
Cost
 Average
Balance(1)
 Interest
Expense
 Average
Cost
 Average
Balance(1)
 Interest
Expense
 Average
Cost
 
 (in billions of Won, except percentages)  (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Liabilities

                  

Deposits:

                  

Demand deposits

 56,154   336    0.60 60,894   285    0.47 67,612   283    0.42 82,614  291  0.35 97,858  295  0.30 110,945  290  0.26

Time deposits

  136,617    5,047    3.69    130,286    3,940    3.02    130,258    3,516    2.70   123,977  2,674  2.16  125,612  2,126  1.69  127,478  2,010  1.58 

Certificates of deposit

  1,735    67    3.86    1,780    54    3.03    1,689    46    2.72   3,645  70  1.92  3,387  56  1.65  2,863  45  1.57 
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Deposits (total)

  194,506    5,450    2.80    192,960    4,279    2.22    199,559    3,845    1.93   210,236  3,035  1.44  226,857  2,477  1.09  241,286  2,345  0.97 

Debts(7)

  21,773    460    2.11    20,173    365    1.81    19,085    342    1.79   19,649  271  1.38  22,798  289  1.27  33,065  446  1.35 

Debentures

  24,552    1,262    5.14    25,319    1,190    4.70    28,048    1,032    3.68   30,885  867  2.81  34,213  853  2.49  39,767  881  2.22 
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Total average interest bearing liabilities

 240,831   7,172    2.98 238,452   5,834    2.45 246,692   5,219    2.12 260,770  4,173  1.60 283,868  3,619  1.27 314,118  3,672  1.17
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Non-interest bearing demand deposits

  3,075    —      —      3,252    —      —      3,486    —      —     3,836   —     —    4,073   —     —    4,114   —     —   

Derivative financial liabilities

  1,899    —      —      1,789    —      —      1,669    —      —     2,046   —     —    2,687   —     —    2,422   —     —   

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  1,724    —      —      1,697    —      —      1,497    —      —     2,453   —     —    5,737   —     —    12,674   —     —   

Other non-interest bearing liabilities

  17,770    —      —      19,157    —      —      18,778    —      —     18,705   —     —    21,877   —     —    45,618   —     —   
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Total average non-interest bearing liabilities

  24,468    —      —      25,895    —      —      25,430    —      —     27,040   —     —    34,374   —     —    64,828   —     —   
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Total average liabilities

  265,299    7,172    2.70    264,347    5,834    2.21    272,122    5,219    1.92   287,810  4,173  1.45  318,242  3,619  1.14  378,946  3,672  0.95 
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Total equity

  24,731    —      —      25,825    —      —      26,873    —      —     28,253   —     —    30,308   —     —    34,786   —     —   
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

Total average liabilities and equity

 290,030   7,172    2.48 290,172   5,834    2.01 298,995   5,219    1.75 316,063  4,173  1.32 348,550  3,619  1.04 413,732  3,672  0.87
 

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

(1) 

Average balances are based on daily balances for our banking, credit card and investment and securities operations and monthly or quarterly balances for our other operations.

(2) 

We do not invest in anytax-exempt securities.

(3) 

Excludes interest income from debt securities at fair value through profit or loss.

(4) 

Information related to investment securities classified asavailable-for-sale has been computed using amortized cost, and therefore does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of total equity.

(5) 

Includes other interest income.

(6)Interest income from credit cards includes principally cash advance fees of ₩447₩236 billion, ₩353₩210 billion and ₩276₩216 billion and interest on credit card loans of ₩457₩453 billion, ₩435₩525 billion and ₩408₩629 billion for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, respectively, but does not include interchange fees.

(7)Includes other interest expense.

The following table presents our net interest spread, net interest margin, and asset liability ratio for the past three years:

 

   Year Ended December 31, 
   2012  2013  2014 
   (percentages) 

Net interest spread (1)

   2.48%��  2.31  2.22

Net interest margin (2)

   2.71    2.51    2.39  

Average asset liability ratio (3)

   108.01    108.89    108.77  
   Year Ended December 31, 
   2015  2016  2017 
   (percentages) 

Net interest spread(1)

   2.07  2.06  2.18

Net interest margin(2)

   2.20   2.13   2.27 

Average asset liability ratio(3)

   108.26   106.10   108.33 

 

(1) 

The difference between the average rate of interest earned on interest earning assets and the average rate of interest paid on interest bearing liabilities.

(2) 

The ratio of net interest income to average interest earning assets.

(3) 

The ratio of average interest earning assets to average interest bearing liabilities.

Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income—Volume and Rate Analysis

The following table provides an analysis of changes in interest income, interest expense and net interest income based on changes in volume and changes in rate for 20122015 compared to 20132016 and 20132016 compared to 2014.2017. Information is provided with respect to: (1) effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate) and (2) effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). Changes attributable to the combined impact of changes in rate and volume have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume changes and changes due to rate changes.

 

  2013 vs. 2012
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
 2014 vs. 2013
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
   2016 vs. 2015
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
 2017 vs. 2016
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
 
  Volume Rate Total Volume Rate Total   Volume Rate Total Volume Rate Total 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Interest earning assets

              

Cash and interest earning deposits in other banks

  32   (46 (14 46   (2 44    (6 (35 (41 13  3  16 

Financial investment (debt securities)

   (2  (155  (157  (66  (83  (149   71  (170 (99 341  (71 270 

Loans:

              

Corporate

   (110  (692  (802  57    (438  (381   225  (374 (149 330  163  493 

Mortgage

   3    (338  (335  141    (221  (80   120  (152 (32 150  11  161 

Home equity

   5    (253  (248  71    (142  (71   15  (79 (64 (37 7  (30

Other consumer

   58    (247  (189  152    (107  45     205  (213 (8 308  (28 280 

Credit cards

   (51  (52  (103  (31  (88  (119   82  (49 33  175  (41 134 

Foreign

   3    (8  (5  (7  (4  (11   6  0  6  19  18  37 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total interest income

  (62 (1,791 (1,853 363   (1,085 (722  718  (1,072 (354 1,299  62  1,361 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
  2013 vs. 2012
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
 2014 vs. 2013
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
   2016 vs. 2015
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
 2017 vs. 2016
Increase/(Decrease)
Due to Change in
 
  Volume Rate Total Volume Rate Total   Volume Rate Total Volume Rate Total 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Interest bearing liabilities

              

Deposits:

              

Demand deposits

  27   (78 (51 30   (32 (2  49  (45 4  37  (42 (5

Time deposits

   (225  (882  (1,107  (1  (423  (424   35  (583 (548 30  (146 (116

Certificates of deposit

   2    (15  (13  (3  (5  (8   (5 (9 (14 (8 (3 (11

Debts

   (32  (63  (95  (19  (4  (23   41  (23 18  138  19  157 

Debentures

   39    (111  (72  119    (277  (158   89  (103 (14 128  (100 28 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total interest expense

   (189  (1,149  (1,338  126    (741  (615   209  (763 (554 325  (272 53 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total net interest income

  127   (642 (515 237   (344 (107  509  (309 200  974  334  1,308 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Exchange Rates

The table below sets forth, for the periods and dates indicated, information concerning the noon buying rate for Won, expressed in Won per one U.S. dollar. The “noon buying rate” is the rate in New York City for cable transfers in foreign currencies as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Unless otherwise stated, translations of Won amounts into U.S. dollars in this annual report were made at the noon buying rate in effect on December 31, 2014,29, 2017, which was ₩1,090.9₩1,067.42 to US$1.00. We do not intend to imply that the Won or U.S. dollar amounts referred to herein could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Won, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. On April 24, 2015,20, 2018, the noon buying rate was ₩1,075.9₩1,071.0 = US$1.00.

 

  Won per U.S. dollar (noon buying rate)   Won per U.S. dollar (noon buying rate) 
  Low   High   Average (1)   Period-End   Low   High   Average(1)   Period-End 

2010

   1,104.0     1,253.2     1,155.7     1,130.6  

2011

   1,049.2     1,197.5     1,106.9     1,158.5  

2012

   1,063.2     1,185.0     1,126.2     1,063.2  

2013

   1,050.1     1,161.3     1,094.7     1,055.3     1,050.1    1,161.3    1,094.7    1,055.3 

2014

   1,008.9     1,117.7     1,052.3     1,090.9     1,008.9    1,117.7    1,052.3    1,090.9 

2015

   1,063.0    1,196.4    1,131.0    1,169.3 

2016

   1,090.0    1,242.6    1,159.3    1,203.7 

2017

   1,067.4    1,207.2    1,129.0    1,067.4 

October

   1,043.9     1,074.4     1,060.3     1,073.1     1,115.7    1,146.2    1,130.9    1,115.7 

November

   1,077.0     1,114.7     1,097.9     1,112.1     1,079.3    1,120.0    1,099.8    1,084.8 

December

   1,080.8     1,117.7     1,102.6     1,090.9     1,067.4    1,094.6    1,082.9    1,067.4 

2015 (through April 24)

   1,075.9     1,100.4     1,088.1     1,075.9  

2018 (through April20)

   1,054.6    1,093.0    1,070.0    1,071.0 

January

   1,075.3     1,109.1     1,088.1     1,104.3     1,057.6    1,073.6    1,065.6    1,068.3 

February

   1,086.8     1,112.8     1,101.5     1,100.7     1,065.3    1,093.0    1,078.5    1,082.1 

March

   1,095.7     1,135.7     1,112.9     1,107.7     1,060.3    1,081.3    1,069.9    1,061.0 

April (through April 24)

   1,075.3     1,135.7     1,098.2     1,075.9  

April (through April 20)

   1,054.6    1,071.6    1,065.2    1,071.0 

 

Source:Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

(1) 

The average of the daily noon buying rates of the Federal Reserve Bank in effect during the relevant period (or portion thereof).

 

Item 3.B.Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

 

Item 3.C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

 

Item 3.D.Risk Factors

Risks relating to our retail credit portfolio

Future changes in market conditions as well as other factors may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our retail loan portfolio.

In recent years, consumer debt has increased significantly in Korea. Our portfolio of retail loans, including mortgage and home equity loans, decreased slightlyincreased from ₩103,855 billion as of December 31, 2011 to ₩103,432 billion as of December 31, 2012 but increased to ₩107,644 billion as of December 31, 2013 and ₩119,249 billion as of December 31, 2014.2014 to ₩124,194 billion as of December 31, 2015, ₩134,956 billion as of December 31, 2016 and ₩146,150 billion as of December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2014,2017, our domestic retail loans represented 51.0%50.0% of our total lending. Within our retail loan portfolio, the outstanding balance of other consumer loans, which unlike mortgage or home equity loans are often unsecured and therefore tend to carry a higher credit risk, has increased from ₩28,275 billion as of December 31, 2011 to ₩32,255 billion as of December 31, 2014;2014 to ₩48,897 billion as of December 31, 2017; as a percentage of total outstanding retail loans, such balance has remained relatively stable at 27.2% as of December 31, 2011 and

increased from 27.0% as of December 31, 2014.2014 to 33.5% as of December 31, 2017. The growth of our retail lending business, which generally offers higher margins than other lending activities, has contributed significantly to our interest income and profitability in recent years.

The growth of our retail loan portfolio, together with adverse economic conditions in Korea and globally in recent years, may lead to further increases in delinquency levels and a deterioration in asset quality. The amount of ournon-performing retail loans (defined as those loans that are past due by 90 days or more) increaseddecreased from ₩642 billion as of December 31, 2011 to ₩762 billion as of December 31, 2012 but decreased to ₩546 billion as of December 31, 2013 and ₩395 billion as of December 31, 2014.2014 to ₩329 billion as of December 31, 2015, ₩272 billion as of December 31, 2016 and ₩252 billion as of December 31, 2017. However, higher delinquencies in our retail loan portfolio in the future will require us to increase our loan loss provisions andcharge-offs, which in turn will adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our large exposure to consumer debt means that we are exposed to changes in economic conditions affecting Korean consumers. Accordingly, a rise in unemployment, an increase in interest rates, a deterioration of the real estate market oreconomic difficulties in the Korean economy may have an adverse effect on KoreanKorea that hurt consumers which could result in reduced growth and furthera deterioration in the credit quality of our retail loan portfolio. For example, a rise in unemployment, an increase in interest rates or a decline in real estate prices in Korea could adversely affect the ability of consumers to make payments and increase the likelihood of potential defaults. See “Risks relating to Korea—Unfavorable financial and economic developments in Korea may have an adverse effect on us.” In order to minimize our risk as a result of such exposure, we are continuing to strengthen our risk management processes, including further improving the retail lending process, upgrading our retail credit rating system, as well as strengthening the overall management of our portfolio. Despite our efforts, however, there is no assurance that we will be able to prevent significant credit quality deterioration in our retail loan portfolio.

In addition, we are exposed to changes in regulations and policies on retail lending by the Korean government, which may adopt measures to restrict retail lending or encourage financial institutions to provide financial support to certain types of retail borrowers. In 2014 and 2015, the Korean government implemented several measures to encourage consumer spending and revive the housing market in Korea, including loosening regulations on mortgage lending, which contributed to an increase in our portfolio of retail loans. However, the Korean government introduced measures in the second half of 2016 and 2017 to tighten regulations on mortgage lending and housing subscription in response to the rapid growth in consumer debt and concerns over speculative investments in real estate in certain areas. A decrease in housing prices as a result of the implementation of such measures, together with the high level of consumer debt and rising interest rate levels, could result in declines in consumer spending and reduced economic growth, which may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our retail loan portfolio.

In light of adverse conditions in the Korean economy affecting consumers, in March 2009, the Financial Services Commission requested Korean banks, including us, to establish a “pre-workout“pre-workout program,” including a credit counseling and recovery service, for retail borrowers with outstandingshort-term debt. debt defaults. Under thepre-workout program, which has been in operation since April 2009, maturity extensions and/or interest reductions are provided for retail borrowers with total loans of ₩1.5 billion or less (consisting of no more than ₩500 million of unsecured loans and ₩1 billion of secured loans) who are in arrears on their payments for more than 30 days but less than 90 days or for retail borrowers with an annual income of ₩40 million or less who have been in arrears on their payments for more than 30 days or more on an aggregate basis for the 12 months prior to their application.application, among others. In addition, in March 2015, in response to increasing levels of consumer debt and amid concerns over thedebt-servicing capacity of retail borrowers if interest rates were to rise, the Korean government launched, and requested Korean banks to participate in, a mortgage loan refinancing program aimed at reducing the payment burden on and improving the asset quality of outstanding mortgage loans. Under such refinancing program, over 340,000 qualified retail borrowers converted their outstanding non-amortizing floating-ratenon-amortizingfloating-rate mortgage loans from Korean commercial banks (including us) into amortizingfixed-rate mortgage loans with lower interest rates, amounting to an aggregate principal amount of ₩34 trillion for all commercial banks in 2015. Our participation in such refinancing program may lead to a decrease in our interest income on our outstanding mortgage loans, as well as in our overall net interest margin. More generally,Moreover, our participation in suchgovernment-led initiatives to provide financial support to retail borrowers may lead us to offer credit terms for such borrowers that we would not otherwisegenerally offer, in the absence of such initiatives, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our credit card operations may generate losses in the future, which could hurt our financial condition and results of operations.

With respect to our credit card portfolio, our delinquency ratio (which represents the ratio of amounts that are overdue by 30 days or more to total outstanding balances) decreased from 1.5% as of December 31, 20112014 to 1.2% as of December 31, 2015, remained at 1.2% as of December 31, 2016 and increased to 1.3% as of December 31, 2012, increased to 1.7% as of December 31, 2013 and decreased to 1.5% as of December 31, 2014.2017. In line with industry practice, we have restructured a portion of delinquent credit card account balances (defined as balances overdue by 30 days ordaysor more) as loans. As of December 31, 2014,2017, these restructured loans outstanding amounted to ₩45₩55 billion. Because these loans are not treated as being delinquent

at the time of conversion or for a period of time thereafter, our delinquency ratios may not fully reflect all delinquent amounts relating to our outstanding loans. Including all restructured loans, outstanding balances overdue by 30 days or more accounted for 1.9%1.6% of our credit card receivables (including credit card loans) as of December 31, 2014.2017. Delinquencies may further increase further in 20152018 and in the future as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea, andadditional government regulations or the inability of Korean consumers to manage increased household debt.

Despite our continuing efforts to sustain and improve our credit card asset quality and performance, we may experience increased delinquencies or deterioration of the asset quality of our credit card portfolio, which would require us to increase our loan loss provisions andcharge-offs and adversely affect our overall financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, in February 2014, the Financial Services Commission suspended the new credit card issuance and other related activities of our credit card subsidiary, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd., for three months from February to May 2014, in response to an incident involving the misappropriation of the personal information of a large number of its customers by an employee of an external credit information company in the first half of 2013. Specifically, during such suspension period, KB Kookmin Card was prohibited from engaging in the following activities:

adding new subscribers for credit cards, prepaid cards and debit cards or issuing such types of cards (except as permitted by the chairman of the Financial Services Commission for public policy purposes);

providing new or additional credit lines to credit card customers; and

providing new services through mail order or telemarketing channels or related to travel or insurance products.

Furthermore, in connection with the misappropriation incident, a number of customers have filed lawsuits against KB Kookmin Card seeking damages, and it could become subject to additional litigation and regulatory sanctions. See “Item 8A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” KB Kookmin Card has also incurred and may continue to incur significant costs relating to the issuance of replacement cards for customers and the compensation of customers for losses incurred as a result of the fraudulent use of the misappropriated personal information. Accordingly, the misappropriation incident and the resulting regulatory sanctions (including the three-month suspension of KB Kookmin Card’s new business activities), customer claims and costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks relating to oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise loan portfolio

We have significant exposure tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.

One of our core businesses is lending tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises (as defined under “Item 4.B. Business Overview—CorporateBanking—Small- andMedium-sized Enterprise Banking”). Our loans tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises increased from ₩68,730 billion as of December 31, 2011 to ₩71,960 billion as of December 31, 2014. During2014 to ₩97,379 billion as of December 31, 2017.During that period,non-performing loans (defined as those loans that are past due by 90 days or more) tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises increaseddecreased from ₩373 billion as of December 31, 20112014 to ₩680₩178 billion as of December 31, 2012 but decreased to ₩373 billion as of December 31, 2014,2017, and thenon-performing loan ratio for such loans increaseddecreased from 0.5% as of December 31, 20112014 to 0.8%0.2% as of December 31, 2013 but decreased to 0.5% as of December 31, 2014.2017. However, ournon-performing loans andnon-performing loan ratio may increase in 2015.2018. According to data compiled by the Financial Supervisory Service, the

delinquency ratio forWon-currency loans by Korean commercial banks tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises was 0.8%0.5% as of December 31, 2014.2017. The delinquency ratio for loans tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprise is calculated as the ratio of (1) the outstanding balance of such loans in respect of which either principal or interest payments are overdue by one month or more to (2) the aggregate outstanding balance of such loans. Our delinquency ratio for such Won currency loans remained relatively stable at 1.0% as of December 31, 2011, 1.1% as of December 31, 2012 and 0.9% as of December 31, 2013, but decreased tofrom 0.6% as of December 31, 2014. However,2014 to 0.2% as of December 31, 2017.However, our delinquency ratio for such Won currency loans may increase in 2015. 2018.

In recent years, we have taken measures which sought to stem rising delinquencies in our loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through strengthening the review of loan applications and closer monitoringlight of the post-loan performancedeteriorating financial condition and liquidity position ofsmall- andmedium-sized enterprises in Korea since the global financial crisis commencing in the second half of 2008, the Korean government introduced policies and initiatives intended to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprise borrowers. For example, the Korean government requested Korean banks, including us, to establish a “fast track” program to provide liquidity assistance tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises on an expedited basis. Under the “fast track” program we established, we provide liquidity assistance to qualifiedsmall- andmedium-sized enterprise borrowers in industry sectors that are relatively more sensitive to downturnsapplying for such assistance, in the form of new loans or maturity extensions or interest rate adjustments with respect to existing loans, after expedited credit review and approval by us. The overall prospects for the Korean economy in 2018 and have shown higher delinquency ratios,beyond remain uncertain, and the Korean

government may extend or renew existing or past policies and initiatives or introduce new policies or initiatives to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises. Our participation in such as construction, lodging, retailgovernment-led initiatives may lead us to extend credit tosmall- and wholesale, restaurants and real estate. Despitemedium-sized enterprise borrowers that we would not otherwise extend, or offer terms for such efforts, however,credit that we would not otherwise offer, in the absence of such initiatives. Furthermore, there is no assuranceguarantee that delinquency levelsthe financial condition and liquidity position of oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise borrowers benefiting from such initiatives will improve sufficiently for them to service their debt on a timely basis, or at all. Accordingly, increases in our loansexposure tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises will not rise in the future. In particular, financial difficulties experienced by small- and medium-sized enterprises as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea and globally in recent years may lead to a deterioration in the asset quality of our loans to this segment. Any such deterioration would result in increased charge-offs and higher provisioning and reduced interest and fee income enterprise borrowers resulting from this segment, which couldsuchgovernment-led initiatives may have a material adverse impacteffect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, many small- and medium-sized enterprises have close business relationships with the largest Korean commercial conglomerates, known as “chaebols,” primarily as suppliers. Any difficulties encountered by thosechaebols would likely hurt the liquidity and financial condition of related small- and medium-sized enterprises, including those to which we have exposure, also resulting in an impairment of their ability to repay loans.

A substantial part of our small-small and medium-sizedmedium sized enterprise lending comprises loans to “small office/home office” customers, or SOHOs. SOHOs, which we currently define to include sole proprietorships and individual business interests, are usually dependent on a limited number of suppliers or customers. SOHOs tend to be affected to a greater extent than larger corporate borrowers by fluctuations in the Korean economy. In addition, SOHOs often maintain less sophisticated financial records than other corporate borrowers. Although we continue to make efforts to improve our internally developed credit rating systems to rate potential borrowers, particularly with respect to SOHOs, and intend to manage our exposure to these borrowers closely in order to prevent any deterioration in the asset quality of our loans to this segment, we may not be able to do so as intended.

In light ofaddition, many small- andmedium-sized enterprises have close business relationships with the deterioratinglargest Korean commercial conglomerates, known as “chaebols”, primarily as suppliers. Any difficulties encountered by thosechaebols would likely hurt the liquidity and financial condition and liquidity position of related small- andmedium-sized enterprises, including those to which we have exposure, also resulting in Korea sincean impairment of their ability to repay loans.

In recent years, we have taken measures which sought to stem rising delinquencies in our loans tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises, including through strengthening the global financial crisis commencingreview of loan applications and closer monitoring of thepost-loan performance ofsmall- andmedium-sized enterprise borrowers in industry sectors that are relatively more sensitive to downturns in the second half of 2008, the Korean government introduced policieseconomy and initiatives intended to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support to small-have shown higher delinquency ratios, such as shipping, construction, lodging, retail and medium-sized enterprises. For example, in November 2008, we entered into a memorandum of understanding with the Financial Supervisory Service under which we were required to improve the liquidity position of small-wholesale, restaurants and medium-sized enterprises and exporters by providing them with adequate financing and to endeavor to alleviate burdens on low-income debtors by extending maturity dates or by delaying interest payments on loans owed to us. In addition, in October 2008, the Financial Supervisory Service requested Korean banks, including us, to establish a “fast track” program to provide liquidity assistance to small- and medium-sized enterprises on an expedited basis. Under the fast track program we established, which has been extended until December 31, 2015, we provide liquidity assistance to qualified small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers applying forreal estate. Despite such assistance, in the form of new loans or maturity extensions or interest rate adjustments with respect to existing loans, after expedited credit review and approval by us. The overall prospects for the Korean economy in 2015 and beyond remain uncertain, and the Korean government may extend or renew existing or past policies and initiatives or introduce new policies or initiatives to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support to small- and medium-sized enterprises. Our participation in such government-led initiatives may lead us to extend credit to small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers that we would not otherwise extend, or offer terms for such credit that we would not otherwise offer, in the absence of such initiatives. Furthermore,efforts, however, there is no

guarantee assurance that delinquency levels for our loans tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises will not rise in the future. In particular, financial conditiondifficulties experienced by small- and liquidity positionmedium-sized enterprises as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea and globally, as well as aggressive marketing and competition among banks to lend to this segment, may lead to a deterioration in the asset quality of our small-loans to this segment in the future. Any such deterioration would result in increased charge-offs and medium-sized enterprise borrowers benefitinghigher provisioning and reduced interest and fee income from such initiatives will improve sufficiently for them to service their debt on a timely basis, or at all. Accordingly, increases in our exposure to small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers resulting from such government-led initiatives maythis segment, which would have a materialan adverse effectimpact on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have exposure to Korean construction, shipbuilding and shipbuildingshipping companies, and financial difficulties of these companies may have an adverse impact on usus..

As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had loans outstanding to construction companies, shipbuilding companies and shipbuildingshipping companies (many of which aresmall- andmedium-sized enterprises) in the amount of ₩3,778₩3,043 billion, ₩416 billion and ₩820₩377 billion, or 1.6%1.04%, 0.14% and 0.4%0.13% of our total loans, respectively. We also have other exposures to Korean construction, shipbuilding and shipbuildingshipping companies, including in the form of guarantees extended on behalf of such companies (which included ₩710 billion of confirmed guarantees of ₩335 billion for construction companies, and ₩1,179₩690 billion of confirmed guarantees for shipbuilding companies and ₩74 billion for shipping companies as of December 31, 2014)2017) and debt and equity securities of such companies held by us. In the case of construction companies, such exposures include guarantees provided to us by general contractors with respect to financing extended by us for residential and commercial real estate development projects. In the case of shipbuilding companies, such exposures include refund guarantees extended by us on behalf of shipbuilding companies to cover their obligation to return a portion of the ship order contract amount to customers in the event of performance delays or defaults under shipbuilding contracts.

The

Although the construction industry in Korea has experienced a downturn in recent years, due toshown signs of recovery since 2015, excessive investment in residential property development projects, the recent strengthening of mortgage lending regulations by the Korean government, stagnation of real property prices and reduced demand for residential property especially in areas outside of Seoul including as a result ofare expected to continue to negatively impact the deterioration of the Korean economy.construction industry. The shipbuilding industry in Korea has also experienced a severe downturn in recent years due toreflecting a significant decrease in ship orders, primarily due to adverse conditionsoversupply. Although ship orders have started to increase again, the shipbuilding industry has yet to recover fully. In the case of shipping companies in the global economyKorea, reduced shipping rates and high chartering costs, together with the resulting slowdown in global trade. trade, have contributed to the deterioration of their financial condition, requiring some of them to file for bankruptcy or pursue voluntary restructuring of their debt.

In response to the deteriorating financial condition and liquidity position of borrowers in the construction, shipbuilding and shipbuildingshipping industries, which were disproportionately impacted by adverse economic developments in Korea and globally, the Korean government implemented a program in 2009 to promote expedited restructuring of such borrowers by their Korean creditor financial institutions, under the supervision of major commercial banks. In accordance with such program, 24 construction companies and five shipbuilding companies became subject to workout in 2009, following review by their creditor financial institutions (including us) and the Korean government. In addition, in June 2010,Each year since 2009, the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Supervisory Service announced that, following credit risk evaluations conducted by creditor financial institutions (including us) of companies in Korea with outstanding debt of ₩50 billion or more, 65 companies had been selected by such financial institutions for restructuring in the form of workout, liquidation or court receivership. Of such 65 companies, 16 were construction companies and three were shipbuilding and shipping companies. Each year since June 2010, the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Supervisory Service hashave announced the results of subsequent credit risk evaluations conducted by creditor financial institutions (including us) of companies in Korea with outstanding debtcredit exposures of ₩50 billion or more, andpursuant to which a number of companies were selected companiesby such financial institutions for restructuring in the form of workout, liquidation or court receivership. Most recently, in July 2014, 342017, two companies with outstanding debtcredit exposures of ₩50 billion or more (21(one of which werewas a construction companiescompany and three of which werethe other was a shipbuilding and shipping companies)company) were selected by such financial institutions for restructuring. However,restructuring.However, there is no assurance that these measures will be successful in stabilizing the Korean construction, shipbuilding and shipbuildingshipping industries.

The allowances that we have established against our credit exposures to Korean construction, shipbuilding and shipbuildingshipping companies may not be sufficient to cover all future losses arising from these and other exposures. If the credit quality of our exposures to Korean construction and shipbuildingsuch companies declines further, we may be required to takeincur substantial additional provisions (including in connection with restructurings of such companies), and charge-offs, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. See “—Risks relating to our large corporate loan portfolio—We have exposure to companies that are currently or may in the future be put in restructuring, and we may suffer losses as a result of additional loan loss provisions required and/or the adoption of restructuring plans with which we do not agree.” Furthermore, although a portion of our credit exposures to construction, shipbuilding and shipbuildingshipping companies are secured by collateral, such collateral may not be sufficient to cover uncollectible amounts in respect of such credit exposures. See

“— “—Other risks relating to our business—A decline in the value of the collateral securing our loans and our inability to realize full collateral value may adversely affect our credit portfolio.”

We also have construction-related credit exposures under our project financing loans for real estate development projects in Korea. In light of the general deterioration in the asset quality of real estate project financing loans in Korea in recent years, Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, implemented a uniform set of guidelines to apply more stringent criteria in evaluating the asset quality of real estate project financing loans. As a result, we may be required to establish additional allowances with respect to our outstanding real estate project financing loans, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks relating to our financial holding company structure and strategy

We may not succeed in implementing our strategy to take advantage of, or fail to realize the anticipated benefits of, our financial holding company structure.

We were established as a new financial holding company in September 2008 pursuant to a “comprehensive stock transfer” under Korean law, following the completion of which Kookmin Bank, KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., KB Asset Management Co., Ltd., KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd., KB Investment Co., Ltd., KB Futures Co., Ltd., KB Credit Information Co., Ltd., and KB Data Systems Co., Ltd. became our wholly-owned subsidiaries. See “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company—The Establishment of KB Financial Group.” In addition, as a part of our strategy to promote the growth of our credit card operations and enhance its synergies with our other businesses, we effected a horizontal spin-off of Kookmin Bank’s credit card business in March 2011. As a result, our credit card business is operated by a separate wholly-owned subsidiary, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.

One of our principal strategies is to take advantage of our financial holding company structure to become a comprehensive financial services provider capable of offering a full range of products and services to our large existing base of retail and corporate banking customers. The continued implementation of these plans may require additional investments of capital, infrastructure, human resources and management attention. This strategy entails certain risks, including the possibility that we may face significant competition from other financial holding companies and more specialized financial institutions in particular segments. If our strategy does not succeed, we may incur losses on our investments and our results of operations and financial condition may suffer.

Furthermore, our success under a financial holding company structure depends on our ability to realize the anticipated synergies, growth opportunities and cost savings from coordinating the businesses of our various subsidiaries. Although we have been integrating certain aspects of our subsidiaries’ operations into our financial holding company structure, our subsidiaries will generally continue to operate as independent entities with separate management and staff and our ability to direct our subsidiaries’day-to-day operations may be limited.

In addition, one of the intended benefits of our financial holding company structure is that it enhances our ability to engage in mergers and acquisitions which we decide to pursue in the future as part of our strategy. For example, inexample:

In March 2014, we acquired 52.02% of the outstanding shares of KB Capital Co., Ltd. (formerly named Woori Financial Co., Ltd.), a publicly listed Korean consumer finance company, from Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. for ₩280 billion. Furthermore,We conducted a tender offer in May 2017, through which we acquired 5,949,300 shares of KB Capital at ₩27,500 per share, increasing our shareholding in KB Capital to 79.70%. We subsequently acquired the remaining outstanding shares of KB Capital in exchange for 2,269,057 shares of common stock of our company through a comprehensive stock swap effected in July 2017, as a result of which KB Capital became a wholly-owned subsidiary.

In June 2014,2015, we entered into a share purchase agreement, which was amended in March 2015, to acquireacquired 19.47% of the outstanding shares of KB Insurance Co., Ltd. (formerly named LIG Insurance Co., Ltd.), a publicly listed Korean property and casualtynon-life insurance company, from a group of individual shareholders for ₩645₩651 billion. In November 2015, we increased our shareholding in KB Insurance to 33.29% by acquiring its treasury shares for ₩231 billion, and will be required under applicablein December 2016, we further increased our shareholding in KB Insurance to 39.81% by purchasing new shares of KB Insurance for ₩171 billion in a rights offering. Through a tender offer conducted in May 2017, we acquired 36,237,649 shares of KB Insurance at ₩33,000 per share, increasing our shareholding to 94.30%. We subsequently effected a comprehensive stock swap in July 2017 to acquire the remaining outstanding shares of KB Insurance in exchange for 2,170,943 shares of common stock of our company, as a result of which KB Insurance became a wholly-owned subsidiary.

In May 2016, we acquired 22.56% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean lawsecurities firm, from Hyundai Merchant Marine Co., Ltd. and other shareholders for ₩1,242 billion, and further increased our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 29.62% in June 2016 by acquiring treasury shares of Hyundai Securities for ₩107 billion. In October 2016, we effected a comprehensive stock swap of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities for 31,759,844 newly issued shares of common stock of our company, as a result of which Hyundai Securities became a wholly-owned subsidiary. Following such transaction, we merged an existing subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities, with and into Hyundai Securities in December 2016 and changed the name of the surviving entity to KB Securities Co., Ltd.

See “Item 5.A. Operating Results—Overview—Acquisitions.”

We may continue to increase our shareholdingequity interest in LIG Insurance to at least 30% within one year from the date of such acquisition. Weour subsidiaries or investees and may also consider acquiring or merging with other financial institutions to achieve more balanced growth and further diversify our revenue base. The integration of our new subsidiaries’ or investees’ separate businesses and operations, as well as those of any companies we may acquire or merge with in the future, under our financial holding company structure could require a significant amount of time,

financial resources and management attention. Moreover, that process could disrupt our operations (including our risk management operations) or information technology systems, reduce employee morale, produce unintended inconsistencies in our standards, controls, procedures or policies, and affect our relationships with customers and our ability to retain key personnel. The realization of the anticipated benefits of our financial holding company structure and any mergers or acquisitions we decide to pursue may be blocked, delayed or reduced as a result of many factors, some of which may be outside our control. These factors include:

 

difficulties in integrating the diverse activities and operations of our subsidiaries or investees or any companies we may merge with or acquire, including risk management operations and information technology systems, personnel, policies and procedures;

difficulties in reorganizing or reducing overlapping personnel, branches, networks and administrative functions;

 

restrictions under the Financial Holding Company Act and other regulations on transactions between a financial holding company and, or among, its subsidiaries;

 

unforeseen contingent risks, including lack of required capital resources, increased tax liabilities or restrictions in our overseas operations, relating to our financial holding company structure;

 

unexpected business disruptions;

 

failure to attract, develop and retain personnel with necessary expertise;

 

loss of customers; and

 

labor unrest.

Accordingly, we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of our financial holding company structure, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may suffer as a result.

We depend on limited forms of funding to fund our operations at the holding company level.

We are a financial holding company with no significant assets other than the shares of our subsidiaries. Our primary sources of funding and liquidity are dividends from our subsidiaries, direct borrowings and issuances of equity or debt securities at the holding company level. In addition, as a financial holding company, we are required to meet certain minimum financial ratios under Korean law, including with respect to liquidity, leverage and capital adequacy. Ouradequacy.Our ability to meet our obligations to our direct creditors and employees and our other liquidity needs and regulatory requirements at the holding company level depends on timely and adequate distributions from our subsidiaries and our ability to sell our securities or obtain credit from our lenders.

The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us depends on their financial condition and operating results. In the future, our subsidiaries may enter into agreements, such as credit agreements with lenders or indentures relating tohigh-yield or subordinated debt instruments, that impose restrictions on their ability to make distributions to us, and the terms of future obligations and the operation of Korean law could prevent our subsidiaries from making sufficient distributions to us to allow us to make payments on our outstanding obligations. See “—As a financial holding company, we depend on receiving dividends from our subsidiaries to pay dividends on our common stock.” Any delay in receipt of or shortfall in payments to us from our subsidiaries could result in our inability to meet our liquidity needs and regulatory requirements, including minimum liquidity and capital adequacy ratios, and may disrupt our operations at the holding company level.

In addition, creditors of our subsidiaries will generally have claims that are prior to any claims of our creditors with respect to their assets. Furthermore, our inability to sell our securities or obtain funds from our lenders on favorable terms, or at all, could also result in our inability to meet our liquidity needs and regulatory requirements and may disrupt our operations at the holding company level.

As a financial holding company, we depend on receiving dividends from our subsidiaries to pay dividends on our common stock.

Since our principal assets at the holding company level are the shares of our subsidiaries, our ability to pay dividends on our common stock largely depends on dividend payments from those subsidiaries. Those dividend payments are subject to the Korean Commercial Code, the Bank Act and regulatory limitations, generally based on capital levels and retained earnings, imposed by the various regulatory agencies with authority over those entities. For example:

 

under the Korean Commercial Code, dividends may only be paid out of distributable income, an amount which is calculated by subtracting the aggregate amount of a company’spaid-in capital and certain mandatory legal reserves as well as certain unrealized profits from its net assets, in each case as of the end of the prior fiscal period;

under the Bank Act, a bank also must credit at least 10% of its net profit to a legal reserve each time it pays dividends on distributable income until that reserve equals the amount of its totalpaid-in capital; and

 

under the Bank Act and the requirements of the Financial Services Commission, if a bank fails to meet its required capital adequacy ratio or otherwise becomes subject to management improvement measures imposed by the Financial Services Commission, then the Financial Services Commission may restrict the declaration and payment of dividends by that bank.

Our subsidiaries may not continue to meet the applicable legal and regulatory requirements for the payment of dividends in the future. If they fail to do so, they may stop paying or reduce the amount of the dividends they pay to us, which would have an adverse effect on our ability to pay dividends on our common stock.

Although increasing our fee income is an important part of our strategy, we may not be able to do so.

We have historically relied on interest income as our primary revenue source. While we have developed new sources of fee income as part of our business strategy, our ability to increase our fee income and thereby reduce our dependence on interest income will be affected by the extent to which our customers generally accept the concept offee-based services. Historically, customers in Korea have generally been reluctant to pay fees in return forvalue-added financial services, and their continued reluctance to do so will adversely affect the implementation of our strategy to increase our fee income. Furthermore, the fees that we charge to customers are subject to regulation by Korean financial regulatory authorities, which may seek to implement regulations or measures that may also have an adverse impact on our ability to achieve this aspect of our strategy.

We may suffer customer attrition or our net interest margin may decrease as a result of our competition strategy.

We have been pursuing, and intend to continue to pursue, a strategy of maintaining or enhancing our margins where possible and avoid, to the extent possible, entering into price competition. In order to execute this strategy, we will need to maintain relatively low interest rates on our deposit products while charging relatively higher rates on loans. If other banks and financial institutions adopt a strategy of expanding market share through interest rate competition, we may suffer customer attrition due to rate sensitivity. In addition, we may in the future decide to compete to a greater extent based on interest rates, which could lead to a decrease in our net interest margins. Any future decline in our customer base or our net interest margins as a result of our future competition strategy could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks relating to competition

Competition in the Korean financial industry is intense, and we may lose market share and experience declining margins as a result.

Competition in the Korean financial industry has been and is likely to remain intense. Some of the financial institutions that we compete with have longer operating histories as financial holding companies, greater financial resources or more specialized capabilities than us and our subsidiaries. In the retail andsmall- andmedium-sized enterprise lending business, which has been our traditional core business, competition has increased significantly and is expected to increase further. Most Korean banks have been focusing on retail customers andsmall- andmedium-sized enterprises in recent years, although they have begun to generally increase their exposure to large corporate borrowers. In addition, the profitability of our retail lending and credit card operations may decline as a result of growing market saturation in the retail lending and credit card segments, increased interest rate competition, pressure to lower the fee rates applicable to our credit cards (particularly merchant fee rates) and higher marketing expenses. Intense and increasing competition has made and continues to make it more difficult for us to secure retail, credit card andsmall- andmedium-sized customers with the credit quality and on credit terms necessary to achieve our business objectives in a commercially acceptable manner.

Furthermore, the introduction of Internet-only banks in Korea is expected to increase competition in the Korean banking industry. Internet-only banks operate without branches and conduct most of their operations through electronic means, which enables them to minimize costs and offer customers higher interest rates on deposits or lower lending rates. In April 2017, K Bank, the first Internet-only bank in Korea, commenced operations. Kakao Bank, another Internet-only bank, in which we hold a 10% equity interest, commenced operations in July 2017.

In the Korean insurance industry, there has been downward pressure in recent years on margins of insurance products as some of our competitors have sought to obtain or maintain market share by reducing margins and increasing marketing efforts. As the Koreannon-life insurance and life insurance sectors continue to mature, they may experience a slowdown in growth as well as a stagnation in market penetration. Due to these and other factors, we believe that competition in the Korean insurance industry will likely remain intense in the future. Sustained or increased competition may lead to decreases in the market share and profitability of ournon-life insurance and life insurance businesses.

In addition, we believe that regulatory reforms and the general modernization of business practices in Korea will lead to increased competition among financial institutions in Korea. We also believeIn the second half of 2015, the Korean government implemented measures to facilitate bank account portability of retail customers by requiring commercial banks to establish systems that foreignallow retail customers to easily switch their bank accounts at one commercial bank to another and automatically transfer the automatic payment settings of their former accounts to the new ones. Such measures are expected to further intensify competition among financial institutions manyin Korea. Moreover, in March 2016, the Financial Services Commission introduced an individual savings account scheme in Korea, which enables individuals to efficiently manage a wide range of whichretail investment vehicles, including cash deposits, funds and securities investment products, from a single integrated account with one financial institution and offers tax benefits on investment returns. Since the scheme backed by the Korean government allows only one individual savings account per person, financial institutions have greater experiencebeen competing to retain existing customers and resources than we do, will seekattract new customers since the launch of the individual savings account scheme. Over 30 financial institutions, including banks, securities companies and insurance companies, have registered with the Financial Services Commission to compete with us in providing financialsell their individual savings account products and services either by themselves or in partnership with existing Koreancompetition among these financial institutions. Furthermore,institutions is expected to remain intense.

Moreover, a number of significant mergers and acquisitions in the financial industry have taken place in Korea over the past decade,in recent years, including the acquisition of Koram Bank by an affiliate of Citibank in 2004, Standard Chartered Bank’s acquisition of Korea First Bank in 2005, Chohung Bank’s merger with Shinhan Bank in April 2006, Hana Financial Group’s acquisition of a controlling interest in Korea Exchange Bank in February 2012 and the proposedsubsequent merger of Hana Bank into Korea Exchange Bank in the second half of 2015. Moreover,In addition, as part of the Korean government’s plans to privatize Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. (the former financial holding company of Woori Bank), certain subsidiaries of Woori Finance Holdings were sold to other financial institutions and Woori Finance Holdings itself was merged into Woori Bank in 2014. In the insurance sector, China’s Anbang Insurance Group acquired controlling interests in Tong Yang Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and Allianz Life Insurance Korea Co., Ltd. in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while Mirae Asset Life Insurance Co., Ltd. acquired PCA Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in 2017. In the securities sector, in 2016, Mirae Asset Securities Co., Ltd. acquired a 43% interest in KDB Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., which changed its name to Mirae Asset Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., and Mirae Asset Securities merged with and into Mirae Asset Daewoo Securities to create the largest securities company in Korea in terms of capital.

We expect that consolidation in the Korean financial industry will continue. The financial institutions resulting from such consolidation may, by virtue of their increased size and business scope, provide significantly greater competition for us. We also believe that foreign financial institutions, many of which have greater experience and resources than we do, may seek to compete with us in providing financial products and services either by themselves or in partnership with existing Korean financial institutions. Increased competition and continuing consolidation may lead to decreased margins, resulting in a material adverse impact on our future profitability. Accordingly, our results of operations and financial condition may suffer as a result of increasing competition in the Korean financial industry.

Risks relating to our large corporate loan portfolio

We have exposure to chaebols, and, as a result, financial difficulties of chaebols may have an adverse impact on us.

Of our 20 largest corporate exposures (including loans, debt and equity securities and guarantees and acceptances) as of December 31, 2014, 122017, seven were to companies that were members of the 4236 largest highly-indebted business groups amongchaebols in Korea designated as such by the Financial Supervisory Service based on their outstanding exposures. As of that date, the total amount of our exposures to 35 of such 42largest highly-indebted business groups amongchaebols was ₩21,587₩27,779 billion, or 7.5%7.0% of our total exposures. If the credit quality of our exposures tochaebols declines as a result of financial difficulties they experience or for other reasons, we could require substantial additional loan loss provisions, which would hurt our results of operations and financial condition. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Loan Portfolio—Exposure to Chaebols.”

We cannot assure you that the allowances we have established against these exposures will be sufficient to cover all future losses arising from these exposures. In addition, with respect to those companies that are in or in

the future enter into workout or liquidation proceedings, we may not be able to make any recoveries against such companies. We may, therefore, experience future losses with respect to those loans.

We have exposure to companies that are currently or may in the future be put in restructuring, and we may suffer losses as a result of additional loan loss provisions required and/or the adoption of restructuring plans with which we do not agree.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, our loans and guarantees to companies that were in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation amounted to ₩773₩506 billion or 0.3%0.2% of our total loans and guarantees, most of which was classified as impaired. As of the same date, our allowances for credit losses on these loans and guarantees amounted to ₩443₩280 billion, or 57.4%55.3% of these loans and guarantees. These allowances may not be sufficient to cover all future losses arising from our exposure to these companies. Furthermore, we have other exposure to such companies, in the form of debt and equity securities of such companies held by us (including equity securities we acquired as a result ofdebt-to-equity conversions). Our exposures as of December 31, 20142017 with respect to such securities of companies in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation amounted to ₩83₩14 billion, or less than 0.2%0.01% of our total debt securities and equity securities, but may increase in the future. In addition, in the case of borrowers that are or become subject to workout or restructuring, we may be forced to restructure our credits pursuant to restructuring plans approved by other creditor financial institutions of the borrower, or to dispose of our credits to other creditors on unfavorable terms.

In particular, as of December 31, 2017, we had ₩385 billion of outstanding exposures, comprising ₩102 billion of loans, ₩3 billion of debt securities, ₩28 billion of equity securities and ₩252 billion of guarantees (mainly in the form of refund guarantees relating to shipbuilding contracts), to Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., or DSME, which has been pursuing a voluntary restructuring program. In April 2017, the creditors of DSME agreed on a plan to provide additional financial support to DSME in connection with its voluntary restructuring program, under which Korea Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of Korea would provide ₩2.9 trillion of new loans to DSME, on the condition that DSME’s other creditors and bondholders agree to a ₩2.9 trilliondebt-to-equity swap. The financial support plan required the Korean commercial bank creditors of DSME (including us) to swap 80% of our outstanding unsecured loans into equity of DSME and extend the maturity of the remaining loans for a period of three years. The financial support plan also requires DSME’s creditors (including us) to provide additional refund guarantees in connection with future shipbuilding contracts of DSME. The implementation of the financial support plan for DSME has required and may continue to require us to increase our loan loss provisions and recognize write-offs and impairment losses with respect to our exposures to DSME and may therefore have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the plan will be successful in ensuring the financial viability of DSME.

A large portion of our credit exposure is concentrated in a relatively small number of large corporate borrowers, which increases the risk of our corporate credit portfolio.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, our loans and guarantees to our 20 largest borrowers totaled ₩7,180₩6,270 billion and accounted for 2.9%2.1% of our total loans and guarantees. As of that date, our single largest corporate credit exposure was to Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.,the Korea Securities Finance Corporation, to which we had outstanding credit exposures (mostloans and guarantees (the majority of which was in the form of guarantees and acceptances)loans in foreign currencies) of ₩1,165₩207 billion, representing 0.5%0.1% of our total loans and guarantees.guarantees, as well as additional credit exposure of ₩1,938 billion in the form of debt securities. Any further deterioration in the financial condition of the Korea Securities Finance Corporation or our other large corporate borrowers may require us to record substantial additional provisions and charge-offs and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks relating to our insurance operations

Our profitability may be adversely affected if actual benefits and claims amounts on ourin-force insurance policies exceed the amounts that we have reserved, or we increase the amount of reserves due to a change in our underlying assumptions.

We operate our insurance business through KB Insurance Co., Ltd., ournon-life insurance subsidiary which became a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017, as well as KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd., our life insurance subsidiary. With respect to our insurance operations, we establish and carry, as a liability, policy reserves based on the greater of statutory reserves and actuarial estimates of how much we will need to pay for future benefits and claims on ourin-forcenon-life insurance and life insurance policies. The profitability of our insurance operations depends significantly upon the extent to which our actual claims results are consistent with the assumptions used in setting the prices for our insurance products and establishing the liabilities in our financial statements for our obligations for future insurance policy benefits and claims. We establish the liabilities for obligations for future insurance policy benefits and claims based on the expected payout of benefits, calculated through the use of assumptions for investment returns, mortality, morbidity, expenses and persistency, as well as certain macroeconomic factors such as inflation. We also use methods to analyze loss trends with respect to certain risk assumptions relating to natural disasters. These assumptions are based on our previous experience and published data from third party industry sources, as well as judgments made by our management. These assumptions and estimates may deviate from our actual experience due to various factors that are beyond our control, including as a result of unexpected changes in the scope of coverage by the Korean national health insurance program and advancements in health care that result in increased life expectancy and early detection of diseases, as well asre-interpretations of our insurance policy terms by Korean regulators or courts. In addition, the occurrence of unexpected catastrophic events in Korea, including pandemics or natural orman-made disasters, may result in claims that significantly exceed our expectations. As a result, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts that we will pay for, or the timing of payment of, actual benefits and claims or whether the assets supporting the insurance policy liabilities will grow to the level we assume prior to payment of benefits or claims. These amounts may vary from the estimated amounts, particularly when those payments may not occur until well into the future.

We evaluate the adequacy of our insurance policy liabilities periodically based on changes in the assumptions used to determine our best estimates of claims, expenses, persistency rates and interest rates, as well as based on our actual policy benefits and claims results. To the extent that trends in actual claims results are less favorable than our underlying assumptions used in establishing these liabilities, and our total insurance policy liabilities are considered to be inadequate to meet our future contractual obligations as and when they arise, we could be required to increase our liabilities. We record increases in our insurance policy liabilities as expenses in the period in which the liabilities are established orre-evaluated. If actual benefits and claims amounts exceed the amounts that we have reserved, or we increase the amount of insurance policy liabilities due to a change in our underlying assumptions, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our insurance subsidiaries may be required to raise additional capital or reduce their growth or business scale if their risk-based capital adequacy ratio deteriorates or the applicable capital requirements change in the future.

Pursuant to the risk-based capital adequacy requirements implemented by the Financial Services Commission, insurance companies in Korea are required to maintain a statutory ratio of available regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets of not less than 100% on a consolidated basis. Furthermore, the Financial Supervisory Service had previously recommended that insurance companies maintain a risk-based capital adequacy ratio of not less than 150%, and its former administrative guidelines had required insurance companies failing to maintain such recommended 150% ratio to submit a capital increase plan. Although the Financial Supervisory Service has since withdrawn such administrative guidelines, we believe that a minimum risk-based capital adequacy ratio of 150% is still considered standard in the Korean insurance industry. Risk based capital adequacy requirements require insurance companies to hold adequate capital to cover their exposures to interest rate risk, market risk, credit risk and operational risk as well as insurance risk by reflecting such risks in their calculation of risk-weighted assets. As of December 31, 2017, KB Insurance had a risk-based capital adequacy ratio of 190.31%, while KB Life Insurance had a risk-based capital adequacy ratio of 195.56%.

The Financial Supervisory Service has announced that it plans to introduce a new regulatory solvency regime for insurance companies by 2021 based on the International Capital Standard developed by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, which would be similar in substance to the Solvency II Directive of the European Union. The Solvency II Directive, which has been in effect in the European Union since January 1, 2016, is a comprehensive program of regulatory requirements for insurance companies, covering authorization, corporate governance, supervisory reporting, public disclosure and risk assessment and management, as well as solvency. Under the Financial Supervisory Service’s planned new solvency regime in Korea, among other things, insurance contract liabilities are expected to be measured based on market value, rather than book value, which would require a number of insurance companies in Korea with a large portfolio of high guaranteed rate of return products to obtain additional capital to meet their capital adequacy requirements. The Financial Supervisory Service has also announced its plans to implement a series of incremental changes to the calculation methodology for the risk-based capital adequacy ratio of insurance companies, as interim measures. Such changes implemented in 2017 included increasing the maximum statutory duration of insurance liabilities recognized for purposes of such calculation, as well as reducing the coefficient applied in calculating interest rate risk and adjusting the methods used to assess the risk of guaranteed benefits of variable insurance policies. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Insurance Companies—Capital Adequacy.”

The details of the new solvency regime in Korea have not yet been finalized and may be further amended in the future. Accordingly, there is no guarantee that our insurance subsidiaries will not be required to raise additional capital to sustain their risk-based capital adequacy ratio above the required level in connection with the future implementation of the new solvency regime. Any material deterioration in the risk-based capital adequacy ratio of our insurance subsidiaries, as a result of the implementation of the new solvency regime or otherwise, could change their customers’ or business counterparties’ perception of their financial health, which in turn could adversely affect their business and profitability. Furthermore, if they grow rapidly or if their asset quality deteriorates in the future, our insurance subsidiaries may be required to raise additional capital, which we may need to provide in whole or in part, to meet their capital adequacy requirements. If we or our insurance subsidiaries are not able to raise any required additional capital, we may be forced to reduce the growth or scale of our insurance operations.

Changes in accounting standards for insurance contracts could adversely impact our reported results of operations and financial condition.

In response to a lack of comparability in the global insurance industry stemming from variations in accounting policies being applied, the IASB issued IFRS 17 (previously referred to as IFRS 4 Phase II), a new

IFRS accounting standard for insurance contracts, in May 2017 with an effective date of January 1, 2021. Compliance with such revised accounting standards could significantly affect the way in which we and other operators of insurance businesses in Korea account for insurance policies, annuity contracts and financial instruments and how our financial statements are presented.

IFRS 17 will introduce a fundamentally different approach to current accounting policies in terms of both liability measurement and profit recognition. Under IFRS 17, insurance contract liabilities will no longer be calculated based on historical or past assumptions but based on the present value of future insurance cash flows using a discount rate reflecting current interest rates and the characteristics of the insurance contracts, with a risk adjustment and deferral ofup-front profits. Among other effects, this may result in an increase in the level of the liabilities of our insurance subsidiaries, which would lead to a decrease in the balance of their available capital, which in turn may lower their risk-based capital adequacy ratio, depending on the solvency regime applicable at the time. In addition, under IFRS 17, certain parts of premium income from insurance contracts will be allocated over the coverage period in proportion to the value of expected coverage and other services that the insurer will provide over such period, rather than recognized at the time of receipt of premium payments, and the investment component of an insurance contract (which refers to amounts to be repaid to policyholders even if the insured event does not occur) will be disaggregated and excluded from premium income. Such changes to revenue recognition methodology will likely have the effect of, among other things, reducing the reported revenue from our insurance operations.

Given the complexity of IFRS 17 and the significant amount of time and resources that will be required to adopt IFRS 17 accounting, we have established and are in the process of executing an implementation plan, including investments in information technology systems and processes, in order to enhance our financial analysis and impact assessment with respect to our insurance operations. We are also taking other measures to reduce the amount of our statutorily required capital under IFRS 17, including developing new products with improved capital efficiency and strengthening our asset-liability management and our monitoring of interest rate risk. Potential challenges that we may face in terms of implementation of IFRS 17 include:

interpretation of the requirements and potential operational difficulties when applying such requirements;

data collection, storage and analysis;

integration of existing systems and processes with new actuarial systems;

increased finance, actuarial and risk management coordination;

implementation of new business strategies in preparation for IFRS 17, including adjusting the duration of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities and our asset-liability management policies within our insurance operations;

impact of the transition to a new Korean regulatory solvency regime, which is expected to be implemented around the time of the effective date of IFRS 17; and

changes to other aspects of our insurance business, such as product design, remuneration policies and business planning.

Accordingly, the implementation of IFRS 17, as well as any other new or revised insurance accounting standards we are required to adopt in the future, could result in significant costs and may have a material adverse effect on our business and our reported results of operations and financial condition.

Other risks relating to our business

Difficult conditionsUnfavorable changes in the global financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

While the rate of deterioration of the global economy since the commencement of the global financial crisis in 2008 has slowed, with some signs of stabilization and improvement, theThe overall prospects for the Korean and global economy in 2015 and beyond remain uncertain. Starting in the second half of 2011,In recent years, the global financial markets have experienced significant volatility as a result of, among other things:

 

the financial difficulties affecting many governments worldwide, in particular in southern EuropeLatin America and Latin America;

Europe;

 

the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging market economies;

 

interest rate fluctuations amid speculation thatas well as the possibility of further increases in policy rates by the U.S. Federal Reserve would raise interest rates, as well as reductions in policy rates by an increasing number ofand other central banks, including the Bank of Korea;banks; and

 

political and social instability in various countries in the Middle East, and Northern Africa, including Syria, Iraq Syria and Yemen, as well as the United Kingdom’s decision in June 2016 to exit from the European Union, or Brexit.

In addition, the global economy faces a number of uncertainties in 2018, including due to the possibility of higher inflation pressures in the UkraineUnited States and Russia.

elsewhere, which may lead to corrections in the global financial markets, and credit risks arising from yield-seeking investors increasing their exposure to lower-rated corporate and sovereign borrowers, as well as escalations in trade protectionism globally and geopolitical tensions in East Asia and the Middle East. In light of the high level of interdependence of the global economy, unfavorable changes in the global financial markets, including as a result of any of the foregoing developments, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and financial markets, and in turn on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are also exposed to adverse changes and volatility in the global and Korean financial markets as a result of our liabilities and assets denominated in foreign currencies and our holdings of trading and investment securities, including structured products. The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies in general and the U.S. dollar in particular has fluctuated widely in recent years. See “Item 3.A. Selected Financial Data—Exchange Rates.” A depreciation of the Won will increase our cost in Won of servicing our foreigncurrency-denominated debt, while continued exchange rate volatility may also result in foreign exchange losses for us. Furthermore, as a result of adversechanges in global and Korean economic conditions, there has been significant volatility in securities prices, including the stock prices of Korean and foreign companies in which we hold an interest. Such volatility has resulted in and may lead to further trading and valuation losses on our trading and investment securities portfolio as well as impairment losses on our investments accounted for under the equity method, including our noncontrolling equity stake in JSC Bank CenterCredit, a Kazakhstan bank, the initial stake in which we acquired in 2008. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Capital Markets Activities and International Banking—International Banking.”method.

Our business may be materially and adversely affected by legal claims and regulatory actions against us.

We are subject to the risk of legal claims and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of our business, which may expose us to substantial monetary damages and legal costs, injunctive relief, criminal and civil penalties, sanctions against our management and employees and regulatory restrictions on our operations, as well as significant reputational harm. In particular, commencing in November 2013, Kookmin Bank was subject to a number of investigations by the Financial Supervisory Service and other governmental authorities concerning alleged issues with Kookmin Bank’s internal controls and possible legal violations by Kookmin Bank and its employees.

In November 2013, Kookmin Bank filed a complaint against the former head and two former employees of its Tokyo Branch for allegedly extending illegal loans under borrowed names. Each of the Financial Supervisory Service and the Financial Services Agency of Japan launched an investigation into the allegations.

The Financial Supervisory Service launched an investigation into alleged embezzlement of funds by employees at Kookmin Bank’s headquarters, who have since been dismissed, through the presentation for payment of forged Korean government housing bonds.

In May 2014, the Financial Supervisory Service launched an investigation into a dispute between Kookmin Bank and us regarding the replacement of Kookmin Bank’s main computing system.

In August 2014, the Financial Supervisory Agency of Japan suspended Kookmin Bank from conducting new transactions at its branches in Japan for four months from September 2014 to January 2015. Furthermore, in August 2014, the Financial Supervisory Service imposed disciplinary sanctions on Kookmin Bank and a number of its officers, directors and employees, including the then chief executive officer of Kookmin Bank. In September 2014, the Financial Services Commission imposed a disciplinary sanction on our then chief executive officer. Both the chief executive officer of Kookmin Bank and our chief executive officer, as well as a number of our respective outside directors, subsequently resigned from their posts and have been replaced. In September 2014, the Financial Supervisory Service completed its investigation into Kookmin Bank and us with respect to such allegations.

Furthermore, in February 2014, the Financial Services Commission suspended the new credit card issuance and other related activities of KB Kookmin Card for three months from February to May 2014, in response to an incident involving the misappropriation of the personal information of a large number of its customers by an employee of the Korea Credit Bureau in the first half of 2013. In connection with the incident, a number of customers have filed lawsuits against KB Kookmin Card seeking damages, and it could become subject to additional litigation and regulatory sanctions.

In addition, in connection with certain amendments to standard loan policy conditions for mortgage loan agreements that were instituted by the Korea Fair Trade Commission in January 2008 (which require banks to be

responsible for the payment of mortgage registration expenses when issuing mortgage loans and which were upheld by the Supreme Court of Korea in August 2010), a number of Kookmin Bank’s customers have filed lawsuits in recent years seeking the return of mortgage registration expenses paid by such customers. See “Item 8A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

We are unable to predict the outcome of these and other lawsuitsthe legal claims and regulatory actions in which we are involved, and the scope of the claims or actions or the total amount in dispute in thesesuch matters may increase. Furthermore, adverse final determinations, decisions or resolutions in such matters could encourage other parties to bring related claims and actions against us. Accordingly, the outcome of current and future legal claims and regulatory actions, particularly those for which it is difficult to assess the maximum potential exposure or the ultimate adverse impact with any degree of certainty, may materially and adversely impact our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

Our risk management system may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss.

We seek to monitor and manage our risk exposure through agroup-wide risk management platform, encompassing amulti-layered risk management governance structure, reporting and monitoring systems, early warning systems, credit risk management systems for our banking operations and other risk management infrastructure, using a variety of risk management strategies and techniques. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.” However, such risk management strategies and techniques employed by us and the judgments that accompany their application cannot anticipate the economic and financial outcome in all market environments, and many of our risk management strategies and techniques have a basis in historic market behavior that may limit the effectiveness of such strategies and techniques in times of significant market stress or other unforeseen circumstances. Furthermore, our risk management strategies may not be effective in a difficult or less liquid market environment, as other market participants may be attempting to use the same or similar strategies as us to deal with such market conditions. In such circumstances, it may be difficult for us to reduce our risk positions due to the activity of such other market participants.

We are generally subject to Korean corporate governance and disclosure standards, which may differ from those in other countries.

Companies in Korea, including us, are subject to corporate governance standards applicable to Korean public companies which may differ in some respects from standards applicable in other countries, including the United States. As a reporting company registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are subject to certain corporate governance standards as mandated by theSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. However, foreign private issuers, including us, are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements under theSarbanes-Oxley Act or under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange. There may also be less publicly available information about Korean companies, such as us, than is regularly made available by public ornon-public companies in other countries. Such differences in corporate governance standards and less public information could result in corporate governance practices or disclosures that are perceived as less than satisfactory by investors in certain countries.

A decline in the value of the collateral securing our loans and our inability to realize full collateral value may adversely affect our credit portfolio.

A substantial portion of our loans is secured by real estate, the values of which have fluctuated significantly in recent years. Although it is our general policy to lend up to 40% to 80% of the appraised value of collateral (except in areas of high speculation designated by the government where we generally limit our lending to between 40% to 60% of the appraised value of collateral) and to periodicallyre-appraise our collateral, thea downturn in the real estate market in Korea in recent years has resultedmay result in declines in the value of the collateral securing our mortgage and home equity loans. If collateral values decline further in the future, they may not be sufficient to cover uncollectible amounts in respect of our secured loans. Any future declines in the value of the

real estate or other collateral securing our loans, or our inability to obtain additional collateral in the event of such declines, could result in a deterioration in our asset quality and may require us to take additional loan loss provisions.

In Korea, foreclosure on collateral generally requires a written petition to a court. An application, when made, may be subject to delays and administrative requirements that may result in a decrease in the value realized with respect to such collateral. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to realize the full value on our collateral as a result of, among other factors, delays in foreclosure proceedings and defects in the perfection of our security interest in collateral. Our failure to recover the expected value of collateral could expose us to losses.

The secondary market for corporate bonds in Korea is not fully developed, and, as a result, we may not be able to realize the full “marked-to-market”book value of debt securities we hold at the time of any sale of such securities.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, we held debt securities issued by Korean companies and financial institutions (other than those issued by government-owned or -controlled enterprises or financial institutions, which include Korea Electric Power Corporation, the Bank of Korea, Korea Development Bank, KoreaHousing Finance Corporation, and Korea Development Bank,

Industrial Bank of Korea)Korea, the Export-Import Bank of Korea, Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Korea Land & Housing Corporation, which aregovernment-owned or-controlled enterprises or financial institutions) with a total carrying amount of ₩21,337₩34,186 billion in our trading and investment securities portfolio. The market value of these securities could decline significantly due to various factors, including future increases in interest rates or a deterioration in the financial and economic condition of any particular issuer or of Korea in general. Any of these factors individually or a combination of these factors would require us to write down the fair value of these debt securities, resulting in impairment losses. Because the secondary market for corporate bonds in Korea is not fully developed, the market value of many of these securities as reflected on our statements of financial position is determined by references to suggested prices posted by Korean rating agencies or the Korea Securities DealersFinancial Investment Association. These valuations, however, may differ significantly from the actual value that we could realize in the event we elect to sell these securities. As a result, we may not be able to realize the full “marked-to-market”book value at the time of any such sale of these securities and thus may incur losses.

We may be required to make transfers from our general banking operations to cover shortfalls in our guaranteed trust accounts, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We manage a number of money trust accounts through Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary. Under Korean law, trust account assets of a bank are required to be segregated from the assets of that bank’s general banking operations. Those assets are not available to satisfy the claims of a bank’s depositors or other creditors of its general banking operations. For some of the trust accounts we manage, we have guaranteed either the principal amount of the investor’s investment or the principal and a fixed rate of interest.

If, at any time, the income from our guaranteed trust accounts is not sufficient to pay any guaranteed amount, we will have to cover the shortfall first from the special reserves maintained in these trust accounts, then from our fees from such trust accounts and finally from funds transferred from our general banking operations. As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had ₩96₩107 billion of special reserves in respect of trust accounts for which we provided guarantees of principal. There was no transfer from general banking operations to cover deficiencies in guaranteed trust accounts in 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014.2017. However, we may be required to make transfers from our general banking operations to cover shortfalls, if any, in our guaranteed trust accounts in the future. Such transfers may adversely impact our results of operations.

Our activities areoperations have been, and will continue to be, subject to cybersecurity risk.increasing and continually evolving cyber security and other technological risks.

Our activitiesWith the proliferation of new technologies and the increasing use of the Internet and mobile devices to conduct financial transactions, our operations as a large financial institution have been, and will continue to be, subject to an increasing risk of cyber attacks,incidents relating to these activities, the nature of which is continually evolving. For example, manyOur computer systems, software and networks are subject to cyber incidents, such as disruptions, delays or other difficulties from our information technology system, computer viruses or other malicious codes, loss or destruction of data (including confidential client information), unauthorized access, account takeover attempts and cyber attacks. A significant portion of our customers increasingly relydaily operations relies on our Internet banking servicesinformation technology systems, including customer service, billing, the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information as well as our mobile and smartphone banking services for various typesthe timely monitoring of transactions and, while such

transactions are protected by encryption and other security programs, they are not free from security breaches. Wea large number of complex transactions. Although we have made substantial and continuous investments to build systems and defenses to address threats fromcyber security and other technological risks, there is no guarantee that such measures or any other measures can provide adequate security. In addition, because methods used to cause cyber attacks and our monitoring and protection systems have been able to detect and respond to such breaches to date. However,change frequently or, in some cases, are not recognized until launched, we may experience security breachesbe unable to implement effective preventive measures or unexpected disruptions in connectionproactively address these methods. Furthermore, these cyber threats may arise from human error, accidental technological failure and third parties with our serviceswhom we do business. Although we maintain insurance coverage that may cover certain aspects of cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses. If we were to be subject to a cyber incident, it could result in the future, which may result in liabilitydisclosure of confidential client information, damage to our reputation with our customers and third parties and have an adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.in the market, customer dissatisfaction, additional costs to us, regulatory penalties, exposure to

We may experience disruptions, delays

litigation and other difficulties fromfinancial losses to both us and our information technology systems.

We rely on our information technology systems for our daily operations including customer service, transactions, billing and record keeping. We may experience disruptions, delays or other difficulties from our information technology systems,customers, which maycould have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The application of IFRS 9Financial Instruments commencing in 2018 could adversely impact our customers’ confidencereported results of operations and financial condition.

IFRS 9Financial Instruments, issued by the IASB in us.July 2014, is a new IFRS accounting standard aimed at improving and simplifying the accounting treatment of financial instruments and is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. IFRS 9, which replaces International Accounting Standard 39,Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, requires all financial assets to be classified and measured on the basis of an entity’s business model for managing financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets. A new impairment model is introduced which requires recording of allowance for credit losses based on expected losses instead of incurred losses, and recognition of any subsequent changes in expected credit losses in profit or loss. Also, hedge accounting rules are amended to allow more hedging instruments and hedged items to qualify for hedge accounting. The impact on our financial statements due to the application of IFRS 9 will depend on judgments made by us in applying the new standard, the nature of financial instruments held by us and macroeconomic variables.

We have performed an assessment of the financial impact of IFRS 9 on our consolidated financial statements. We expect that the application of IFRS 9 will result in higher impairment loss allowances that are recognized earlier, on a more forward-looking basis and on a broader scope of financial instruments than is the case under International Accounting Standard 39 and, as a result, will have a material impact on our reported financial condition. In addition, the move from incurred to expected credit losses will have the potential to impact our performance under stressed economic conditions or regulatory stress tests. In particular, the application of IFRS 9 will result in aone-off increase in allowance for credit losses and a corresponding decrease in our retained earnings in our consolidated statement of financial position. Measurement will require increased complexity in our impairment modeling as it will involve a greater degree of management judgment with respect to forward-looking information. We expect that impairment charges will tend to be more volatile as a result.

An effective implementation of IFRS 9 requires preparation processes including financial impact assessment, accounting policy establishment, accounting system development and system stabilization, and we have taken measures to enhance our financial analysis and impact assessment capabilities in preparation for IFRS 9. Nevertheless, the application of IFRS 9, as well as any other new or revised accounting standards we are required to adopt in the future, could result in significant additional costs and may have a material adverse effect on our reported results of operations and financial condition. For further information regarding IFRS 9, see note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Risks relating to liquidity and capital management

A considerable increase in interest rates could decrease the value of our debt securities portfolio and raise our funding costs while reducing loan demand and the repayment ability of our borrowers, which, as a result, could adversely affect us.

Interest rates in Korea have been subject to significant fluctuations in recent years. In late 2008 and early 2009, the Bank of Korea reduced its policy rate by a total of 325 basis points to support Korea’s economy amid the global financial crisis, and left such rate unchanged at 2.00% throughout 2009. In an effort to stem inflation amid improved growth prospects, the Bank of Korea gradually increased its policy rate in 2010 and 2011 by a total of 125 basis points to 3.25%. However, thepast. The Bank of Korea reduced its policy rate to 2.00% through a series of reductions from 2012 to 2014 to support Korea’s economy in light of the slowdown in Korea’s growth and uncertain global economic prospects. In March 2015, theThe Bank of Korea further reduced its policy rate to 1.50% in 2015 and again to an unprecedented 1.75%1.25% in June 2016 amid deflationary concerns and interest rate cuts by central banks around the world. However, in November 2017, the Bank of Korea increased its policy rate to 1.50% in light of improved growth prospects in Korea and rising interest rate levels globally. All else being equal, an increasefurther increases in interest rates in the future could lead to a decline in the value of our portfolio of debt securities, which generally pay interest based on a fixed rate. A sustained increase in interest rates will also raise our funding costs, while reducing loan demand, especially among consumers.retail borrowers. Rising

interest rates may therefore require us tore-balance our asset portfolio and our liabilities in order to minimize the risk of potential mismatches and maintain our profitability.

In addition, rising interest rate levels may adversely affect the Korean economy and the financial condition of our corporate and retail borrowers, including holders of our credit cards, which in turn may lead to a deterioration in our credit portfolio. SinceIn particular, since most of our retail and corporate loans bear interest at rates that adjust periodically based on prevailing market rates, a sustained increase in interest rate levels will increase the interest costs of our retail and corporate borrowers and could adversely affect their ability to make payments on their outstanding loans.

Furthermore, in periods of increasing interest rates, the yields on the general account assets of our insurance subsidiaries may not be sufficient to fund the higher floating interest credit rates necessary to keep their interest-sensitive insurance products competitive. They may therefore have to accept a lower spread and thus lower profitability or face a decline in sales and greater attrition among their existing policyholders. In addition, in periods of increasing interest rates, the value of the debt securities and other general account assets of our insurance subsidiaries may decline, resulting in lower unrealized gains within other comprehensive income in their total equity, which in turn would lower their available capital and their risk-based capital adequacy ratio. Moreover, surrenders and withdrawals of insurance policies may increase as policyholders seek to buy products with perceived higher returns. This process may lead to a cash outflow from our insurance subsidiaries. Such cash outflows may require them to sell their investment assets at a time when the prices of those assets are lower because of the increase in market interest rates, which may result in investment losses.

Our funding is highly dependent onshort-term deposits, which dependence may adversely affect our operations.

We meet a significant amount of our funding requirements throughshort-term funding sources, which consist primarily of customer deposits. As of December 31, 2014,2017, approximately 94.4%95.0% of our deposits had maturities of one year or less or were payable on demand. In the past, a substantial proportion of our customer deposits have been rolled over upon maturity. We cannot guarantee, however, that depositors will continue to roll over their deposits in the future. In the event that a substantial number of ourshort-term deposit customers withdraw their funds or fail to roll over their deposits ashigher-yielding investment opportunities emerge, our liquidity position could be adversely affected. We may also be required to seek more expensive sources ofshort-term andlong-term funding to finance our operations. See “Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financial Condition—Liquidity.”

We may be required to raise additional capital if our capital adequacy ratio deteriorates or the applicable capital requirements change in the future, but we may not be able to do so on favorable terms or at all.

Under the capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission, as of December 31, 2017, both we and Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary, arewere required to maintain a total minimum common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio of 4.5%6.25%, Tier I capital adequacy ratio of 6.0%7.75% and combined Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio of 8.0%9.75%, on a consolidated basis from, January 1, 2015.(including applicable additional capital buffers and requirements as described below). As of December 31, 2014,2017, our common equity Tier I capital, Tier I capital and combined Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratios were 13.19%14.60%, 13.29%14.60% and 15.53%15.23%, respectively, and Kookmin Bank’s common equity Tier I capital, Tier I capital and combined Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratios were 13.38%14.86%, 13.38%14.86% and 15.97%16.01%, respectively, all of which exceeded the minimum levels required by the Financial Services Commission. However, our capital base and capital adequacy ratios may deteriorate in the future if our results of operations or financial condition deteriorates for any reason, including as a result of a deterioration in the asset quality of our retail loans (including credit card balances) and loans tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises, or if we are not able to deploy our funding into suitablylow-risk assets.

The current capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission are derived from a new set of bank capital measures, referred to as Basel III, which the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision initially

introduced in 2009 and began phasing in starting from 2013. InCommencing in July 2013 and September 2013, the Financial Services Commission promulgated a series of amended regulations implementing Basel III, pursuant to which Korean banks and bank holding companies were required to maintain a minimum ratio of common equity Tier I capital (which principally includes equity capital, capital surplus and retained earnings less reserve for credit losses)earnings) torisk-weighted assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital torisk-weighted assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. Such requirements are in addition to thepre-existing requirement for a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) torisk-weighted assets of 8.0%, which remains unchanged. The amended regulations also contemplaterequire an additional capital conservation buffer of 0.625% starting1.25% in 2016,2017 and 1.875% in 2018, with such buffer to increase in stages to 2.5% by 2019, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission. Furthermore, we were designated as one of five domestic systemically important banks for 2017 by the Financial Services Commission and were subject to an additional capital requirement of 0.50% in 2017. In June 2017, we were again designated as a domestic systemically important bank for 2018, which would subject us to an additional capital requirement of 0.75% in 2018, with such potential requirement to increase to 1.0% by 2019. The implementation of Basel III in Korea may have a significant effect on the capital requirements of Korean financial institutions, including us. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Capital Adequacy” and “—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Capital Adequacy.”

We may be required to obtain additional capital in the future in order to remain in compliance with more stringent capital adequacy and other regulatory requirements. However, we may not be able to obtain additional capital on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to obtain additional capital at any time may be constrained to the extent that banks or other financial institutions in Korea or from other Asian countries are seeking to raise capital at the same time. To the extent that we fail to comply with applicable capital adequacy ratio or other regulatory requirements in the future, Korean regulatory authorities may impose penalties on us ranging from a warning to suspension or revocation of our banking license.

Risks relating to government regulation and policy

Our income tax expenses may increase as a result of changes to Korean corporate income tax laws.

Pursuant to an amendment to the Corporate Income Tax Law of Korea which became effective in January 2018, the corporate income tax rate applicable to the portion of the tax base of companies that exceeds ₩300 billion has been raised from 24.2% to 27.5%, inclusive of local income surtax in each case. In addition, pursuant to an amendment to the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea which became effective in January 2018, large corporations with net equity in excess of ₩50 billion, including us and certain of our subsidiaries, are subject to a 20% additional levy on the unused amount if a certain portion (i.e., 65% or 15%, depending on the taxation method) of their taxable income is not used for investments or wage increases. Such changes in Korean income tax laws may result in an increase in our and our subsidiaries’ income tax expenses, which, depending on the magnitude of such increase, may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Strengthening of consumer protection laws applicable to financial institutions could adversely affect our operations.

As a financial service provider, we are subject to a variety of regulations in Korea that are designed to protect financial consumers. In recent years, in light of heightened public concern regarding privacy issues, the Korean government has placed greater emphasis on protection of personal information by financial institutions and has implemented a number of measures to enhance consumer protection, including considerably restricting a financial institution’s ability to transfer or provide personal information to its affiliates or holding company. Under the Personal Information Protection Act, as last amended in July 2017, financial institutions, as personal

information managers, may not collect, store, maintain, utilize or provide resident registration numbers of their customers, unless other laws or regulations specifically require or permit the management of resident registration numbers. In addition, under the Use and Protection of Credit Information Act, as last amended in November 2017 with effect from in May 2018, a financial institution has a higher duty to protect all information that it collects from its customers and is required to treat such information as credit information. A financial institution’s ability to transfer or provide the information to its affiliates or holding company is considerably restricted. Treble damages may be imposed on a financial institution for leakage of such information. Furthermore, under the Electronic Financial Transaction Act, as last amended in April 2017, a financial institution is primarily responsible for compensating its customers harmed by a cyber security breach affecting the financial institution even if the breach is not directly attributable to the financial institution.

In June 2016, the Financial Services Commission proposed the enactment of the Act on the Financial Consumer Protection Framework, which was submitted to the Korean National Assembly in May 2017. If the act is adopted as proposed, we as a financial instrument distributor will be subject to heightened investor protection measures, including stricter distribution guidelines, improved financial dispute resolution procedures, increased liability for customer losses and newly imposed penalty surcharges.

These and other measures that may be implemented by the Korean government to strengthen consumer protection laws applicable to financial institutions may limit our operational flexibility and cause us to incur significant additional compliance costs, as well as subject us to increased potential liability to our customers, which could adversely affect our business and performance.

The Korean government may promote lending and financial support by the Korean financial industry to certain types of borrowers as a matter of policy, which financial institutions, including us, may decide to follow.

Through its policies and recommendations, the Korean government has promoted and, as a matter of policy, may continue to attempt to promote lending by the Korean financial industry to particular types of borrowers. For example, the Korean government has in the past provided and may continue to provide policy loans, which encourage lending to particular types of borrowers. It has generally done this by identifying sectors of the economy it wishes to promote and making low-interestlow interest funding available to financial institutions that may voluntarily choose to lend to these sectors. The government has in this manner provided policy loans intended to

promote mortgage lending tolow-income individuals and lending tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises. All loans or credits we choose to make pursuant to these policy loans would be subject to review in accordance with our credit approval procedures. However, the availability of policy loans may influence us to lend to certain sectors or in a manner in which we otherwise would not in the absence of such loans from the government.

In the past, the Korean government has also announced policies under which financial institutions in Korea are encouraged to provide financial support to particular sectors. For example, in light of the deteriorating financial condition and liquidity position ofsmall- andmedium-sized enterprises in Korea as a result of the global financial crisis commencing in the second half of 2008 and adverse conditions in the Korean economy affecting consumers,such enterprises, the Korean government introduced measures intended to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprise and retail borrowers. See “—Risks relating to oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise loan portfolio—We have significant exposure tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.” and “—Risks relating to our retail credit portfolio—Future changes in market conditions as well as other factors may lead to increases in delinquency levels of our retail loan portfolio.” The Korean government may in the future request financial institutions in Korea, including us, to make investments in or provide other forms of financial support to particular sectors of the Korean economy as a matter of policy, which financial institutions, including us, may decide to accept. We may incur costs or losses as a result of providing such financial support.

The Financial Services Commission may impose burdensome measures on us if it deems us or one of our subsidiaries to be financially unsound.

If the Financial Services Commission deems our financial condition or the financial condition of our subsidiaries to be unsound, or if we or our subsidiaries fail to meet applicable regulatory standards, such as minimum capital adequacy and liquidity ratios, the Financial Services Commission may order or recommend, among other things:

 

capital increases or reductions;

 

stock cancellationscancelations or consolidations;

 

transfers of businesses;

 

salessale of assets;

 

closures of subsidiaries or branch offices;

 

mergers with other financial institutions; and

 

suspensions of a part of our business operations.

If any of these measures areis imposed on us by the Financial Services Commission, they could hurt our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if the Financial Services Commission orders us to partially or completely reduce our capital, you may lose part or all of your investment.

Risks relating to Korea

Escalations in tensions with North Korea could have an adverse effect on us and the market price of our ADSs.

Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, since the death of Kim Jong-il in December 2011, there has been increased uncertainty with respect to

the future of North Korea’s political leadership and concern regarding its implications for political and economic stability in the region. Although Kim Jong-il’s third son, Kim Jong-eun, has assumed power as his father’s designated successor, the long-term outcome of such leadership transition remains uncertain.

In addition, there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapon and long-rangeballistic missile programs as well as its hostile military actions against Korea. Some of the significant incidents in recent years include the following:

 

In March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered “a state of war” with Korea, declaring the 1953 armistice invalid, and put its artillery at the highest level of combat readiness to protest the Korea-United States allies’ military drills and additional sanctions imposed on North Korea for its missile and nuclear tests.

North Korea renounced its obligations under the NuclearNon-Proliferation Treaty in January 2003 and conducted threesix rounds of nuclear tests betweensince October 2006, to February 2013,including claimed detonations of hydrogen bombs, which increased tensions inare more powerful than plutonium bombs, and warheads that can be mounted on ballistic missiles. Over the regionyears, North Korea has also conducted a series of ballistic missile tests, including missiles launched from submarines and elicited strong objections worldwide.intercontinental ballistic missiles that it claims can reach the United States mainland. In response, the Korean government has repeatedly condemned the provocations and flagrant violations of relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. In February 2016, the government also closed the inter-Korea Gaesong Industrial Complex in response to North Korea’s fourth nuclear test in January 2016. Internationally, the United Nations Security Council unanimouslyhas passed a series of resolutions that condemnedcondemning North Korea forKorea’s actions and significantly expanding the nuclear tests and expandedscope of sanctions againstapplicable to North Korea, most recently in March 2013.

In December 2012,2017 in response to North Korea launched a satellite into orbit using a long-range rocket, despite concernsKorea’s intercontinental ballistic missile test in November 2017. Over the international community that such a launch would be in violation of the agreement withyears, the United States as well as United Nations Security Council resolutions that prohibitand the European Union have also expanded their sanctions applicable to North Korea.

In August 2015, two Korean soldiers were injured in a landmine explosion near the Korean demilitarized zone. Claiming the landmines were set by North Koreans, the Korean army reinitiated its propaganda program toward North Korea from conducting launches that use ballistic missile technology.utilizing loudspeakers near the demilitarized zone. In retaliation, the North Korean army fired artillery rounds on the loudspeakers, resulting in the highest level of military readiness for both Koreas.

In March 2010, a Korean naval vessel was destroyed by an underwater explosion, killing many of the crewmen on board. The Korean government formally accused North Korea of causing the sinking, while North Korea denied responsibility. Moreover, in November 2010, North Korea fired more than one hundred artillery shells that hit Korea’s Yeonpyeong Island near the Northern Limit Line, which acts as the de facto maritime boundary between Korea and North Korea on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, causing casualties and significant property damage. The Korean government condemned North Korea for the attack and vowed stern retaliation should there be further provocation.

North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges, which may further aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea. There

Although a bilateral summit between the two Koreas was held on April 27, 2018 and there has been an announcement in March 2018 of a potential summit between the United States and North Korea, there can be no assurance that the level of tensions affecting the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future. Any further increase in tensions, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis,high-level contacts between Korea and North Korea break down or further military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the market value of our common stock and ADSs.

Unfavorable financial and economic developments in Korea may have an adverse effect on us.

We are incorporated in Korea, and substantially all of our operations are located in Korea. As a result, we are subject to political, economic, legal and regulatory risks specific to Korea. The economic indicators in Korea in recent years have shown mixed signs of growth and uncertainty, and future growth of the Korean economy is subject to many factors beyond our control.control, including developments in the global economy.

In recent years, adverse conditions and volatility in the worldwide financial markets, fluctuations in oil and commodity prices and the general weakness of the U.S. and global economy have contributed to the uncertainty of global economic prospects in general and have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the Korean economy. See “Other risks relating to our business—Difficult conditionsUnfavorable changes in the global financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.” The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies in general and the U.S. dollar in particular has also fluctuated widely.significantly. See “Item 3.A. Selected Financial Data—Exchange Rates.” Furthermore, as a result of adversechanging global and Korean economic conditions,

there has been significant volatility in the stock prices of Korean companies in recent years. Future declines in the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (known as the “KOSPI”) and large amounts of sales of Korean securities by foreign investors and subsequent repatriation of the proceeds of such sales may adversely affect the value of the Won, the foreign currency reserves held by financial institutions in Korea, and the ability of Korean companies to raise capital. Any future deterioration of the Korean or global economy could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Developments that could hurt Korea’s economy in the future include:

 

difficultiesadverse conditions or uncertainty in the financial sectors ineconomies of countries and regions that are important export markets for Korea, such as China, the United States, Europe and Japan, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere, andas well as increased sovereign default risksuncertainty in select countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;

light of a future Brexit;

 

adverse changes or volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil prices), exchange rates (including fluctuation of the U.S. dollar, the euroEuro or the Japanese yenYen exchange rates or revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi), interest rates, inflation rates or stock markets;

 

a continuing adverse conditionsrise in the economieslevel of countrieshousehold debt and regions that are important export markets for Korea, such as the United States, Europe, Japan and China, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere;

further decreases in the market prices of Korean real estate;

increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by retail or small- andmedium-sized enterprise borrowers;

borrowers in Korea;

 

declines in consumer confidence and a slowdown in consumer spending;

the investigations of several Korean conglomerates and their senior management for bribery, embezzlement and other possible misconduct relating to the impeachment and dismissal of former President ParkGeun-hye;

 

increasing levels of household debt;

difficulties in the financial sector in Korea, including the savings bank sector;

the continued emergence of the Chinese economy, to the extent its benefits (such as increased exports to China) are outweighed by its costs (such as competition in export markets or for foreign investment and the relocation of the manufacturing base from Korea to China);

social and labor unrest;

 

decreases in the market prices of Korean real estate;

a decrease in tax revenues and a substantial increase in the Korean government’s expenditures for fiscal stimulus measures, unemployment compensation and other economic and social programs that, together, would lead to an increased government budget deficit;

 

financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring ofchaebols, other large troubled companies, their suppliers or the financial sector;

loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities and corporate governance issues concerning certainchaebols;

financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring of chaebols, other large troubled companies and their suppliers;

 

loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities, allegations of corruption and corporate governance issues concerning certain chaebols;

increases in social expenditures to support an aging population in Korea or decreases in economic productivity due to the declining population size in Korea;

 

increased sovereign default risks in select countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;

the economic impact of any pending or future free trade agreements or changes in existing free trade agreements;

 

geo-political uncertainty and the risk of further attacks by terrorist groups around the world;

 

natural orman-made disasters that have a significant adverse economic or other impact on Korea or its major trading partners;

 

the occurrence of severe health epidemics in Korea or other parts of the world, includingsuch as the recent Ebola outbreak;

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in Korea in 2015;

 

deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy;

policy (such as the controversy between Korea and China regarding the deployment of a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system in Korea by the United States);

 

political uncertainty or increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea;

hostilities or political or social tensions involving oil producing countries in the Middle East and North Africa and any material disruption in the global supply of oil or sudden increase in the price of oil;

 

an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities between North Korea and Korea or the United States; and

 

changes in financial regulations in Korea.

Labor unrest in Korea may adversely affect our operations.

Economic difficulties in Korea or increases in corporate reorganizations and bankruptcies could result in layoffs and higher unemployment. Such developments could lead to social unrest and substantially increase government expenditures for unemployment compensation and other costs for social programs. According to statistics from the Korea National Statistical Office, the unemployment rate was 3.2%increased from 3.6% in 20122015 to 3.7% in 2016 and decreased to 3.1% in 2013, but increased to 3.5% in 2014. Future2017. Further increases in unemployment and any resulting labor unrest in the future could adversely affect our operations, as well as the operations of many of our customers and their ability to repay their loans, and could adversely affect the financial condition of Korean companies in general, depressing the price of their securities. These developments would likely have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks relating to our common stock and ADSs

We or our major stockholders may sell shares of our common stock or ADSs in the future, and these and other sales may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and ADSs and may dilute your investment and relative ownership in us.

In September 2009, we issued 30,000,000 new shares of our common stock (including 2,775,585 new shares in the form of ADSs) at a subscription price of ₩37,250 per share (and US$29.95 per ADS), pursuant to a rights offering to our existing shareholders. In July 2011, Kookmin Bank, our wholly-owned subsidiary, sold 34,966,962 shares of our common stock in a block sale. We have no current plans for any subsequent public offerings of our common stock, ADSs or securities exchangeable for or convertible into such securities. However, it is possible that we may decide to offer or sell such securities in the future. In addition, our major stockholder, the Korean National Pension Service, held approximately 9.42%9.6% of our total issued common stock as of December 31, 2014,2017, which it may sell at any time.

Any future offerings or sales by us of our common stock or ADSs or securities exchangeable for or convertible into such securities, significant sales of our common stock by a major stockholder, or the public perception that an offering or sales may occur, could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and ADSs. Furthermore, any offerings by us in the future of any such securities could have a dilutive impact on your investment and relative ownership interest in us.

Ownership of our common stock is restricted under Korean law.

Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a single stockholder, together with its affiliates, is generally prohibited from owning more than 10.0% of the issued and outstanding shares of voting stock of a bank holding company such as us that controls a nationwide bank, with the exception of certain stockholders that arenon-financial business group companies, whose applicable limit has been reduced from 9.0% to 4.0% pursuant to an amendment of the Financial Holding Company Act which became effective from February 14, 2014. To the extent that the total number of shares of our common stock (including those represented by ADSs) that a holder and its affiliates own exceeds the applicable limits, that holder will not be entitled to exercise the voting rights for the excess shares, and the Financial Services Commission may order that holder to dispose of the excess shares within a period of up to six months. Failure to comply with such an order would result in an administrative fine of up to 0.03% of the book value of such shares per day until the date of disposal.Non-financial business group

companies can no longer acquire more than 4.0% of the issued and outstanding shares of voting stock of a bank holding company pursuant to the amended Financial Holding Company Act, which grants an exception fornon-financial business group companies which, at the time of the enactment of the amended provisions, held more than 4.0% of the shares thereof with the approval of the Financial Services Commission before the amendment. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company.”

A holder of our ADSs may not be able to exercise dissent and appraisal rights unless it has withdrawn the underlying shares of our common stock and become our direct stockholder.

In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of the whole or any significant part of our business and the merger or consolidation of us with another company, dissenting stockholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares under Korean law. However, holders of our ADSs will not be able to exercise such dissent and appraisal rights if the depositary refuses to do so on their behalf. Our deposit agreement does not require the depositary to take any action in respect of exercising dissent and appraisal rights. In such a situation, holders of our ADSs must withdraw the underlying common stock from the ADS facility (and incur charges relating to that withdrawal) and become our direct stockholder prior to the record date of the stockholders’ meeting at which the relevant transaction is to be approved, in order to exercise dissent and appraisal rights.

A holder of our ADSs may be limited in its ability to deposit or withdraw common stock.

Under the terms of our deposit agreement, holders of common stock may deposit such stock with the depositary’s custodian in Korea and obtain ADSs, and holders of ADSs may surrender ADSs to the depositary

and receive common stock. However, to the extent that a deposit of common stock exceeds the difference between:

 

 (1)the aggregate number of common shares we have deposited or we have consented to allow to be deposited for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions relating to ADSs); and

 

 (2)the number of shares of common stock on deposit with the custodian for the benefit of the depositary at the time of such proposed deposit,

such common stock will not be accepted for deposit unless

 

 (A)our consent with respect to such deposit has been obtained; or

 

 (B)such consent is no longer required under Korean laws and regulations.

Under the terms of the deposit agreement, no consent is required if the shares of common stock are obtained through a dividend, free distribution, rights offering or reclassification of such stock. We have consented, under the terms of the deposit agreement, to any deposit to the extent that, after the deposit, the number of deposited shares does not exceed such number of shares as we determine from time to time (which number shall at no time be less than 100,000,000 shares), unless the deposit would be prohibited by applicable laws or ownership restrictions or violate our articles of incorporation. We might not consent to the deposit of any additional common stock. As a result, if a holder surrenders ADSs and withdraws common stock, it may not be able to deposit the stock again to obtain ADSs.

A holder of our ADSs will not have preemptive rights in some circumstances.

The Korean Commercial Code of 1962, as amended, and our articles of incorporation require us, with some exceptions, to offer stockholders the right to subscribe for new shares of our common stock in proportion to their existing shareholding ratio whenever new shares are issued. If we offer any rights to subscribe for additional shares of our common stock or any rights of any other nature, to the extent practicable, the depositary after consultation with us, may make the rights available to holders of our ADSs or use reasonable efforts to dispose of the rights on behalf of

such holders and make the net proceeds available to such holders. The depositary, however, is not required to make available to holders any rights to purchase any additional shares of our common stock unless it deemstimely receives evidence satisfactory to it from us that doingit may lawfully do so is lawful and feasible and:

 

a registration statement filed by us under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is in effect with respect to those shares; or

 

the offering and sale of those shares is exempt from or is not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

Similarly, holders of our common stock located in the United States may not exercise any such rights they receive absent registration or an exemption from the registration requirements under the Securities Act.

We are under no obligation to file any registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, a holder of our ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in its holdings. If a registration statement is required for a holder of our ADSs to exercise preemptive rights but is not filed by us or is not declared effective, the holder will not be able to exercise its preemptive rights for additional ADSs and it will suffer dilution of its equity interest in us. If the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or feasible,practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case the holder will receive no value for these rights.

Dividend payments and the amount a holder of our ADSs may realize upon a sale of its ADSs will be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Won.

Our common stock is listed on the KRX KOSPI Market and quoted and traded in Won. Cash dividends, if any, in respect of the shares represented by the ADSs will be paid to the depositary in Won and then converted by the depositary into U.S. dollars, subject to certain conditions. Accordingly, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. dollar will affect, among other things, the amounts a holder of our ADSs will receive from the depositary in respect of dividends, the U.S. dollar value of the proceeds that it would receive upon sale in Korea of the shares of our common stock obtained upon surrender of ADSs and the secondary market price of ADSs. Such fluctuations will also affect the U.S. dollar value of dividends and sales proceeds received by holders of our common stock.

The market value of an investment in our ADSs may fluctuate due to the volatility of the Korean securities market.

Our common stock is listed on the KRX KOSPI Market, which has a smaller market capitalization and is more volatile than the securities markets in the United States and many European countries. The market value of ADSs may fluctuate in response to the fluctuation of the trading price of shares of our common stock on the KRX KOSPI Market. The KRX KOSPI Market has experienced substantial fluctuations in the prices and volumes of sales of listed securities and the KRX KOSPI Market has prescribed a fixed range in which share prices are permitted to move on a daily basis. The KOSPI declined from 1,897.1 on December 31, 2007 to 938.8 on October 24, 2008. The KOSPI was 2,159.82,448.1 on April 24, 2015.There25, 2018.There is no guarantee that the stock prices of Korean companies will not decline again in the future. Like other securities markets, including those in developed markets, the Korean securities market has experienced problems including market manipulation, insider trading and settlement failures. The recurrence of these or similar problems could have a material adverse effect on the market price and liquidity of the securities of Korean companies, including our common stock and ADSs, in both the domestic and the international markets.

The Korean government has the potential ability to exert substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector business community, and in the past has exerted that influence from time to time. For example, the

Korean government has promoted mergers to reduce what it considers excess capacity in a particular industry and has also encouraged private companies to publicly offer their securities. Similar actions in the future could have the effect of depressing or boosting the Korean securities market, whether or not intended to do so. Accordingly, actions by the government, or the perception that such actions are taking place, may take place or has ceased, may cause sudden movements in the market prices of the securities of Korean companies in the future, which may affect the market price and liquidity of our common stock and ADSs.

If the Korean government deems that emergency circumstances are likely to occur, it may restrict holders of our ADSs and the depositary from converting and remitting dividends and other amounts in U.S. dollars.

If the Korean government deems that certain emergency circumstances, including, but not limited to, severe and sudden changes in domestic or overseas economic circumstances, extreme difficulty in stabilizing the balance of payments or implementing currency exchange rate and other macroeconomic policies, have occurred or are likely to occur, it may impose certain restrictions provided for under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law,Act, including the suspension of payments or requiring prior approval from governmental authorities for any transaction. See “Item 10.D. Exchange Controls—General.”

A holder of our ADSs may not be able to enforce a judgment of a foreign court against us.

We are a corporation with limited liability organized under the laws of Korea. Substantially all of our directors and officers and other persons named in this document reside in Korea, and all or a significant portion of the assets of our directors and officers and other persons named in this document and substantially all of our

assets are located in Korea. As a result, it may not be possible for holders of our ADSs to effect service of process within the United States, or to enforce against them or us in the United States judgments obtained in United States courts based on the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States. There is doubt as to the enforceability in Korea, either in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts, of civil liabilities predicated on the United States federal securities laws.

 

Item 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

 

Item 4.A.History and Development of the Company

Overview

We were established as a new financial holding company on September 29, 2008 pursuant to a “comprehensive stock transfer” under Korean law, whereby holders of the common stock of Kookmin Bank and certain of its subsidiaries transferred all of their shares to us in return for shares of our common stock. We were established pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act, which was enacted in October 2000 and which, together with associated regulations and a related Enforcement Decree, has enabled banks and other financial institutions, including insurance companies, investment trust companies, credit card companies and securities companies, to be organized and managed under the auspices of a single financial holding company.

Our legal and commercial name is KB Financial Group Inc. Our registered office and principal executive offices are located at 84, Namdaemoon-ro, Jung-gu,26,Gukjegeumyung-ro8-gil,Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 100-703,07331, Korea. Our telephone number is822-2073-7114. Our agent in the United States, Kookmin Bank, New York Branch, is located at 565 Fifth Avenue, 24th Floor, New York, NY 10017. Its telephone number is (212)697-6100.

History of the Former Kookmin Bank

The former Kookmin Bank was established by the Korean government in 1963 under its original name of Citizens National Bank under the Citizens National Bank Act of Korea with majority government ownership. Under this Act, we were limited to providing banking services to the general public and tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises. In September 1994, we completed our initial public offering in Korea and listed our shares on the KRX KOSPI Market.

In January 1995, the Citizens National Bank Act of Korea was repealed and replaced by the Repeal Act of the Citizens National Bank Act. Our status was changed from a specialized bank to a nationwide commercial bank and in February 1995, we changed our name to Kookmin Bank. The Repeal Act allowed us to engage in lending to large businesses.

History of H&CB

H&CB was established by the Korean government in 1967 under the name Korea Housing Finance Corporation. In 1969, Korea Housing Finance Corporation became the Korea Housing Bank pursuant to the Korea Housing Bank Act. H&CB was originally established to provide low and middle income households withlong-term,low-interest mortgages in order to help them purchase their own homes, and to promote the increase of housing supply in Korea by providinglow-interest housing loans to construction companies. Under the Korea Housing Bank Act, up to 20% of H&CB’s lending (excluding lending pursuant to government programs) could be non-mortgage lending. Until 1997 when the Korea Housing Bank Act was repealed, H&CB was the only entity in Korea allowed to provide mortgage loans with a term of longer than ten years. H&CB also had the exclusive ability to offerhousing-related deposit accounts offering preferential rights to subscribe fornewly-built apartments.

In July 1999, H&CB entered into an investment agreement with certain affiliates of the ING Groep N.V., a leading global financial services group. Through ING Insurance International B.V. and ING International Financial Holdings, ING Groep N.V. invested ₩332 billion to acquire 9,914,777 new common shares of H&CB representing 9.99999% of H&CB’s outstanding common shares. As of December 31, 2012, ING Groep N.V. beneficially owned, through its consolidated subsidiary ING Bank N.V., 5.02% of our issued common stock. In February 2013, ING Bank N.V. sold all of its stake in our company in a block trade.

The Merger of the Former Kookmin Bank and H&CB

Effective November 1, 2001, the former Kookmin Bank and H&CB merged into a new entity named Kookmin Bank. This merger resulted in Kookmin Bank becoming the largest commercial bank in Korea.

Kookmin Bank’s ADSs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange on November 1, 2001 and its common shares were listed on the KRX KOSPI Market on November 9, 2001. As of October 31, 2001, H&CB’s total assets were ₩67,399 billion, its total deposits were ₩51,456 billion, its total liabilities were ₩64,537 billion and it had stockholders’ equity of ₩2,849 billion. As required by U.S. GAAP, we recognized H&CB’s total assets and liabilities at their estimated fair values of ₩68,329 billion and ₩64,840 billion, respectively. These amounts reflect the recognition of ₩562 billion of negative goodwill, which was allocated to the fixed assets, core deposit intangible assets and credit card relationship intangible assets assumed.

The Establishment of KB Financial Group

We were established on September 29, 2008 pursuant to a “comprehensive stock transfer” underArticle 360-15 of the Korean Commercial Code, whereby holders of the common stock of Kookmin Bank and certain of its subsidiaries transferred all of their shares to us, a new financial holding company, and in return received shares of our common stock. In the stock transfer, each holder of one share of Kookmin Bank common stock received one share of our common stock, par value ₩5,000 per share. Holders of Kookmin Bank ADSs and global depositary shares, each of which represented one share of Kookmin Bank common stock, received one of our ADSs for every ADS or global depositary share they owned. In addition, holders of the common stock of KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., KB Asset Management Co., Ltd., KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd., KB Investment Co., Ltd., KB Futures Co., Ltd., KB Credit Information Co., Ltd., and KB Data Systems Co., Ltd., all of which were Kookmin Bank’s subsidiaries, transferred all of their shares to us and, as consideration for such transferred shares, received shares of our common stock in accordance with the specified stock transfer ratio applicable to each such subsidiary. Following the completion of the stock transfer, Kookmin Bank, KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., KB Asset Management Co., Ltd., KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd., KB

Investment Co., Ltd., KB Futures Co., Ltd., KB Credit Information Co., Ltd., and KB Data Systems Co., Ltd. became ourwholly-owned subsidiaries. The stock transfer was accounted for under U.S. GAAP as a transaction between entities under common control and, with respect to the transfer by noncontrolling stockholders of Kookmin Bank’s subsidiaries included in the stock transfer, the acquisition by us of such noncontrolling interests of such subsidiaries was accounted for using the purchase method.

The following chart illustrates the organizational structure of Kookmin Bank prior to the completion of the stock transfer:

LOGO

The following chart illustrates our organizational structure after the completion of the stock transfer:

LOGO

The purpose of the stock transfer and our establishment as a financial holding company was to reorganize the different businesses of Kookmin Bank and its subsidiaries under a holding company structure, the adoption of which we believe will:believed would:

 

assist us in creating an integrated system that facilitates the sharing of customer information and the development of integrated products and services by the different businesses within our subsidiaries;

 

assist us in expanding our business scope to include new types of business with higher profit margins;

enhance our ability to pursue strategic investments or reorganizations by way of mergers, acquisitions,spin-offs or other means;

 

maximize our management efficiency; and

 

further enhance our capacity to expand our overseas operations.

Following the stock transfer, our common stock was listed on the KRX KOSPI Market on October 10, 2008 and our ADSs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange on September 29, 2008.

In connection with the stock transfer, Kookmin Bank common stockholders who opposed the stock transfer were entitled to exercise appraisal rights and require Kookmin Bank to repurchase their shares in the event the stock transfer was completed. The purchase price for shares in respect of which appraisal rights were exercised was set at ₩63,293 per share. Kookmin Bank repurchased 38,263,249 shares of its common stock as a result of the exercise of appraisal rights by dissenting stockholders. In addition, prior to the stock transfer, Kookmin Bank executed a share buy back program, pursuant to which it repurchased 16,840,000 shares of its common stock. Accordingly, as a result of the transfer by Kookmin Bank of such treasury shares and the shares it held in its subsidiaries to us, Kookmin Bank received 73,607,601 shares of our common stock in the stock transfer, all of which it subsequently sold.

Item 4.B.Business Overview

Business

We are one of the largest financial holding companies in Korea, in terms of consolidated total assets, and our operations include Kookmin Bank, one of the leading commercial banks in Korea. Our subsidiaries collectively engage in a broad range of businesses, including commercial banking, credit cards, asset management, life insurance, capital markets activities and international banking and finance. As of December 31, 2017, we had consolidated total assets of ₩437 trillion, consolidated total deposits of ₩256 trillion and consolidated total equity of ₩34 trillion.

As part of our commercial banking activities, we provide credit and related financial services to individuals andsmall- andmedium-sized enterprises and, to a lesser extent, to large corporate customers. We also provide a full range of deposit products and related services to both individuals and enterprises of all sizes. We provide these services predominantly through Kookmin Bank.

By their nature, our core consumer andsmall- andmedium-sized enterprise operations place a high premium on customer access and convenience. Our combined banking network of 1,062 branches as of December 31, 2017, one of the most extensive in Korea, provides a solid foundation for our business and is a major source of our competitive strength. This network provides us with a large, stable and cost effective funding source, enables us to provide our customers convenient access and gives us the ability to provide the customer attention and service essential to conducting our business, particularly in an increasingly competitive environment. Our branch network is further enhanced by automated banking machines andfixed-line, smartphone and Internet banking. As of December 31, 2017, we had a customer base of approximately 33.6 million retail customers, which represented overone-half of the Korean population.

The following table sets forth the principal components of our lending business as of the dates indicated. As of December 31, 2017, retail loans and credit card loans and receivables accounted for 55.2% of our total loan portfolio:

   As of December 31, 
   2015  2016  2017 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Retail

          

Mortgage and home equity(1)

  87,882    35.5 93,327    34.9 97,253    33.3

Other consumer(2)

   36,312    14.6   41,629    15.5   48,897    16.7 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total retail

   124,194    50.1   134,956    50.4   146,150    50.0 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Credit card

   12,136    4.9   13,530    5.1   15,205    5.2 

Corporate

   108,847    44.0   116,271    43.4   127,381    43.6 

Foreign

   2,410    1.0   3,007    1.1   3,497    1.2 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total loans

  247,587    100.0 267,764    100.0 292,233    100.0
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)Includes ₩1,040 billion, ₩817 billion and ₩699 billion of the largest financial holding companiesoverdraft loans secured by real estate in Korea, in terms of consolidated total assets, and our operations include Kookmin Bank, the largest commercial bank in Korea in terms of total assets (including loans). Our subsidiaries collectively engage in a broad range of businesses, including commercial banking, credit cards, asset management, life insurance, capital markets activities and international banking. As of December 31, 2014, we had consolidated total assets of ₩308 trillion, consolidated total deposits of ₩212 trillion and consolidated stockholders’connection with home equity of ₩28 trillion.

We were established as a financial holding company in September 2008, pursuant to a “comprehensive stock transfer” under Korean law. See “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company—The Establishment of KB Financial Group.”

On the asset side, we provide credit and related financial services to individuals and small- and medium-sized enterprises and, to a lesser extent, to large corporate customers. On the deposit side, we provide a full range of deposit products and related services to both individuals and enterprises of all sizes. We provide these services predominantly through Kookmin Bank.

By their nature, our core consumer and small- and medium-sized enterprise operations place a high premium on customer access and convenience. Our combined banking network of 1,161 branchesloans as of December 31, 2014, one2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively.

(2)Includes ₩7,546 billion, ₩7,670 and ₩7,791 billion of the most extensive in Korea, provides a solid foundation for our business and is a major source of our competitive strength. This network provides us with a large, stable and cost effective funding source, enables us to provide our customers convenient access and gives us the ability to provide the customer attention and service essential to conducting our business, particularly in an increasingly competitive environment. Our branch network is further enhanced by automated banking machines and fixed-line, mobile telephone and Internet banking. Asoverdraft loans as of December 31, 2014, we had a customer base of approximately 29.2 million retail customers, which represented over one-half of the Korean population.

The following table sets forth the principal components of our lending business as of the dates indicated. As of December 31, 2014, retail loans2015, 2016 and credit card loans and receivables accounted for 56.0% of our total loan portfolio:

   As of December 31, 
   2012  2013  2014 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Retail

          

Mortgage and home equity (1)

  74,463     34.3 77,969     35.1 86,994     37.2

Other consumer (2)

   28,969     13.4    29,675     13.4    32,255     13.8  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total retail

   103,432     47.7    107,644     48.5    119,249     51.0  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Credit card

   11,874     5.5    11,784     5.3    11,632     5.0  

Corporate

   99,683     45.9    100,534     45.3    100,878     43.1  

Foreign

   1,925     0.9    1,900     0.9    2,143     0.9  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total loans

  216,914     100.0 221,862     100.0 233,902     100.0
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)

Includes ₩942 billion, ₩945 billion and ₩1,035 billion of overdraft loans secured by real estate in connection with home equity loans as of December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014,2017, respectively.

(2)

Includes ₩7,978 billion, ₩7,181 billion and ₩6,941 billion of overdraft loans as of December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

We provide a full range of personal lending products and retail banking services to individual customers, including mortgage loans. We are the largest private sector mortgage lender in Korea.

Lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises is the single largest component of our non-retail credit portfolio and represents a widely diversified exposure to a broad spectrum of the Korean corporate community, both by type of lending and type of customer, with one of the categories being collateralized loans to SOHO customers that are among the smallest of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. The volume of our loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises requires a customer-oriented approach that is facilitated by our large and geographically diverse branch network.

With respect to large corporate customers, we continue to seek to maintain and expand quality relationships by providing them with an increasing range of fee-related services.

Since the former Kookmin Bank initiated the issuance of domestic credit cards in 1980, we have seen our credit card business grow rapidly over the past decade as the nationwide trend towards credit card use accelerated. In March 2011, we effected a horizontal spin-off of the credit card business from Kookmin Bank. As a result, our credit card business is operated by a separate wholly-owned subsidiary, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. As of December 31, 2014, we had approximately 18.2 million holders of check cards or credit cards issued by KB Kookmin Card.

Strategy

Our strategic focus is to become a full range of personal lending products and retail banking services to individual customers, including mortgage loans. We are the largest private sector mortgage lender in Korea.

Lending tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises is the single largest component of ournon-retail credit portfolio and represents a widely diversified exposure to a broad spectrum of the Korean corporate community, both by type of lending and type of customer, with one of the categories being collateralized loans to SOHO customers that are among the smallest of thesmall- andmedium-sized enterprises. The volume of our loans tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises requires acustomer-oriented approach that is facilitated by our large and geographically diverse branch network.

With respect to large corporate customers, we continue to seek to maintain and expand quality relationships by providing them with an increasing range offee-related services.

Strategy

Our strategic focus is to become aworld-class financial group that ranks among the leaders of the financial industry in Asia and globally. We plan to continue to solidify our market position as Korea’s leading financial group, that ranks among the leaders of the financial industry in Asia and globally. We plan to continue to solidify our market position as Korea’s leading bank, enhance our ability to provide comprehensive financial services to our retail and corporate customers and strengthen our overseas operating platform and network. We believe our strong market position in the commercial banking area in Korea is an important competitive advantage, which will enable us to compete more effectively based on convenient delivery, product breadth and differentiation, and service quality while focusing on our profitability.

The key elements of our strategy are as follows:

Providing comprehensive financial services and maximizing synergies among our subsidiaries through our financial holding company structure

We believe the Korean financial services market has been undergoing and will continue to undergo significant change, resulting from, among other things, fluctuations in the Korean and global economy and the evolving social landscape in Korea, including the acceleration of population aging in Korea, the prevalence of smartphone usage, developments in digital and mobile technologies and the ensuing trend towardhigh-tech “smart banking” in the banking sector. In the context of such changes, we plan to become a comprehensive financial services provider capable of offering a full range of products and services to our large existing base of retail and corporate customers, as well as a global firm that can effectively compete with leading international financial institutions. To that end, we are continuing to implement specific initiatives including the enhancement of ourgroup-wide integrated customer relationship management system to facilitate the sharing of customer information in accordance with applicable laws and the integration of various customer loyalty programs among our subsidiaries.

We believe our financial holding company structure gives us a competitive advantage over commercial banks and unaffiliated financial services providers by:

allowing us to offer a more extensive range of financial products and services;

enabling us to share customer information, which is not permitted outside a financial holding company structure, thereby enhancing our risk management capabilities;

enhancing our ability to reduce costs in areas such asback-office processing and procurement; and

enabling us to raise and manage capital on a centralized basis.

Identifying, targeting and marketing to attractive customer segments and providing superior customer value and service to such segments

In recent years, rather than focusing on developing products and services to satisfy the overall needs of the general population, we have increasingly targeted specific market segments in Korea that we expect to generate superior growth and profitability. We will continue to implement a targeted marketing approach that seeks to identify the most attractive customer segments and to develop strategies to build market share in those segments. In particular, we intend to increase our “wallet share” of superior existing customers by using our advanced customer relationship management technology to better identify and meet the needs of our most creditworthy and high net worth customers, on whom we intend to concentrate our marketing efforts. For example, as part of this strategy, we operate a “priority customer” program called KB Star Club through five of our subsidiaries, Kookmin Bank, KB Securities, KB Life Insurance, KB Kookmin Card and KB Insurance. We select and classify KB Star Club customers based on their transaction history with the five entities and provide such customers with preferential treatment in various areas, including interest rates and transaction fees, depending upon how they are classified. We also provide private banking services, including personal wealth management services through our exclusive brand “Gold & Wise,” to increase our share of the priority customer market and in turn increase our profitability and strengthen our position in retail banking.

We are also focusing on attracting and retaining creditworthy customers by offering more differentiatedfee-based products and services that are tailored to meet their specific needs. The development and marketing of our products and services are, in part, driven by customer segmentation to ensure that we meet the needs of each customer segment. For instance, we continue to develop hybrid financial products with enhanced features, including various deposit products and investment products, for which consumer demand has increased in recent years.We are also focusing on addressing the needs of our customers by providing thehighest-quality products and services and developing anopen-architecture strategy, which allows us to sell such products through one of

the largest branch networks in Korea. In short, we aim to offer our customers a convenientone-stop financial services destination where they can meet their traditional retail and corporate banking requirements, as well as find a broad array offee-based products and services tailored to address more specific financial needs, including in investment banking, securities brokerage, insurance and wealth management. We believe such differentiated, comprehensive services andcross-selling will not only enhance customer loyalty but also increase profitability.

One of our keycustomer-related strategies continues to be creating greater value and better service for our customers. We intend to continue improving our customer service, including through:

Improved customer relationship management technology. Management has devoted substantial resources toward development of our customer relationship management system, which is designed to provide our employees with the information needed to continually improve the level of service and incentives offered to our preferred customers. Our integrated customer relationship system allows for better customer management and streamlines our customer reward system. We have also developedstate-of-the-art call centers, smartphone applications and online Internet capabilities to provide shorter response times to customers seeking information or to execute transactions. Our goals are to continually focus on improving customer service to satisfy our customers’ needs through continuing efforts to deliver new and improved services and to upgrade our customer relationship management system to provide the best possible service to our customers in the future.

Enhanced distribution channels. We also believe we can improve customer retention and usage rates by increasing the range of products and services we offer and by developing a differentiated,multi-channel distribution network, including branches, ATMs, call centers, smartphone banking and Internet banking. We believe that our leading market position in the commercial banking area in Korea is an important competitive advantage, which will enable us to compete more effectively based on convenient delivery, product breadth and differentiation, and service quality while focusing on our profitability.

The key elements of our strategy are as follows:

Providing comprehensive financial services and maximizing synergies among our subsidiaries through our financial holding company structure

We believe the Korean financial services market has been undergoing and will continue to undergo significant change, resulting from, among other things, fluctuations in the Korean and global economy and the evolving social landscape in Korea, including the acceleration of population aging in Korea, the prevalence of smartphone usage, developments in digital and mobile technologies and the ensuing trend toward high-tech “smart banking” in the banking sector. In the context of such changes, we plan to become a comprehensive financial services provider capable of offering a full range of products and services to our large existing base of retail and corporate banking customers, as well as a global firm that can effectively compete with leading international financial institutions. To that end, we are continuing to implement specific initiatives including the enhancement of our group-wide integrated customer relationship management system to facilitate the sharing of customer information and the integration of various customer loyalty programs among our subsidiaries.

We believe our financial holding company structure gives us a competitive advantage over commercial banksin developing and unaffiliated financial services providers by:enhancing our distribution capabilities.

Focusing on expanding and improving credit quality in our corporate lending business and increasing market share in the corporate financial services market

We plan to focus on corporate lending as one of our core businesses through attractingtop-tier corporate customers and providing customized and distinctive products and services to build our position as a leading service provider in the Korean corporate financial market. To increase our market share in providing financial services to the corporate market, we intend to:

promote a more balanced and strengthened portfolio with respect to our corporate business by developing our large corporate customer base and utilizing our improved credit management operations to better evaluate new large corporate andsmall- andmedium-sized enterprise customers;

develop and sell more varied corporate financial products, consisting of transactional banking products which provide higher margin and less risk;

generate more fee income from large corporate customers throughbusiness-to-business transactions, foreign exchange transactions and derivative and other investment products, as well as investment banking services;

strengthen our marketing system based on our accumulated expertise in order to attracttop-tier corporate customers;

focus on enhancing our channel network in order to provide the best service by strengthening our corporate customer management; and

further develop and train our core professionals with respect to this market, including through programs such as the “Career Development Path.”

Strengthening internal risk management capabilities

We believe that ensuring strong asset quality through effective credit risk management is critical to maintaining stable growth and profitability and risk management will continue to be one of our key focus areas.

One of our highest priorities is to improve our asset quality and more effectively price our lending products to take into account inherent credit risk in our portfolio. Our goal is to maintain the soundness of our credit portfolio, profitability and capital base. To this end, we intend to continue to strengthen our internal risk management capabilities by tightening our underwriting and management policies and improving our internal compliance policies. To accomplish this objective, we have undertaken the following initiatives:

 

allowing us
Strengthening underwriting procedures with advanced credit scoring techniques. We have centralized our credit management operations into our Credit Group. Through such centralization, we aim to offerenhance our credit management expertise and improve our system ofchecks-and-balances with respect to our credit portfolio. We have also improved our ability to evaluate the credit of oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise customers through assigning experienced credit officers to our regional credit offices. We also require the same officer to evaluate, review and monitor the outstanding loans and other credits with respect to a more extensive rangecustomer, which we believe enhances the expertise and improves the efficiency and accountability of financial products and services;

such officer, while enabling us to share customer information,maintain a consistent credit policy. We have also, as a general matter, implemented enhanced credit analysis and scoring techniques, which is not permitted outside a financial holding company structure, thereby enhancing our risk management capabilities;

enhancingwe believe will enable us to makebetter-informed decisions about the credit we extend and improve our ability to reduce costs in areas such as back-office processing and procurement; and

enabling usrespond more quickly to raise and manage capital on a centralized basis.

Identifying, targeting and marketing to attractive customer segments and providing superior customer value and service to such segments

In recent years, rather than focusing on developing products and services to satisfy the overall needs of the general population, we have increasingly targeted specific market segments in Korea that we expect to generate superior growth and profitability. We will continue to implement a targeted marketing approach that seeks to identify the most attractive customer segments and to develop strategies to build market share in those segments. In particular, we intend to increase our “wallet share” of superior existing customers by using our advanced customer relationship management technology to better identify and meet the needs of our most creditworthy and high net worth customers, on whom we intend to concentrate our marketing efforts. For example, as part of this strategy, we operate a “priority customer” program called KB Star Club through four of our subsidiaries: Kookmin Bank, KB Investment & Securities, KB Life Insurance and KB Kookmin Card. We select and classify KB Star Club customers based on their transaction history with the four subsidiaries and provide such customers with preferential treatment in various areas, including interest rates and transaction fees, depending upon how they are classified. We also provide private banking services, including personal wealth management services through our exclusive brand “Gold & Wise,” to increase our share of the priority customer market and in turn increase our profitability and strengthen our position in retail banking.

incipient credit problems. We are also focusing on attracting and retaining creditworthy customers by offering more differentiated fee-based products and services that are tailored to meet their specific needs. The development and marketingenhancing our asset quality through improvement of our productsearly monitoring systems and collection procedures.

Improving our internal compliance policy and ensuring strict application in our daily operations. We have improved our monitoring capabilities with respect to our internal compliance by providing training and educational programs to our management and employees. We have also implemented strict compliance policies to maintain the integrity of our risk management system.

Cultivating aperformance-based,customer-oriented culture that emphasizes market best practices

We believe a strong and dedicated workforce is critical to our ability to offer our customers the highest quality financial services and is integral to our goal of maintaining our position as one of Korea’s leading financial services providers. In the past, we have dedicated significant resources to develop and train our core professionals, and we intend to continue to enhance the productivity of our employees, including by regularly sponsoringin-house training and educational programs. We have also been seeking to cultivate aperformance-based culture to create a work environment where members of our staff are incentivized to maximize their potential and in which our employees are directly rewarded for superior performance. We intend to maintain a professional workforce whose high quality of customer service reflects our goal to achieve and maintain global best practice standards in all areas of operations.

Retail Banking

Due to Kookmin Bank’s history and development as a retail bank and theknow-how and expertise we have acquired from our activities in that market, retail banking has been and will continue to remain one of our core businesses. Our retail banking activities consist primarily of lending anddeposit-taking.

Lending Activities

We offer various loan products that target different segments of the population, with features tailored to each segment’s financial profile and other characteristics. The following table sets forth the balances and the percentage of our total retail lending represented by the categories of our retail loans as of the dates indicated:

   As of December 31, 
   2015  2016  2017 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Retail:

          

Mortgage and home equity loans

  87,882    70.8 93,327    69.2 97,253    66.5

Other consumer loans(1)

   36,312    29.2   41,629    30.8   48,897    33.5 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  124,194    100.0 134,956    100.0 146,150    100.00
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)Excludes credit card loans, but includes overdraft loans.

Our retail loans consist of:

Mortgage loans, which are in part, drivenloans made to customers to finance home purchases, construction, improvements or rentals; and home equity loans, which are loans made to our customers secured by customer segmentationtheir homes to ensure we meet the needs of each customer segment. For instance, we continue to develop hybrid financial productsloan repayment. We also provide overdraft loans in connection with enhanced features, including various deposit products and investment products, for which consumer demand has increased in recent years. We are also focusing on addressing the needs of our customers by providing the highest-quality products and services and developing an open-architecture strategy, which allows us to sell such products through one of the largest branch networks in Korea. In short, we aim to offer our customers a convenient one-stop financial services destination where they can meet their traditional retail and corporate banking requirements, as well as

find a broad array of fee-based products and services tailored to address more specific financial needs, including in investment banking, insurance and wealth management. We believe such differentiated, comprehensive services and cross-selling will not only enhance customer loyalty but also increase profitability.

One of our key customer-related strategies continues to be creating greater value and better service for our customers. We intend to continue improving our customer service, including through:

Improved customer relationship management technology. Management has devoted substantial resources toward development of our customer relationship management system, which is designed to provide our employees with the needed information to continually improve the level of service and incentives offered to our preferred customers. Our system is based on an integrated customer database, which allows for better customer management and streamlines our customer reward system. We have also developed state-of-the-art call centers and online Internet capabilities to provide shorter response times to customers seeking information or to execute transactions. Our goals are to continually focus on improving customer service to satisfy our customer’s needs through continuing efforts to deliver new and improved services and to upgrade our customer relationship management system to provide the best possible service to our customers in the future.

home equity loans.

 

  

Enhanced distribution channels. We also believe we can improve customer retention and usage rates by increasing the range of products and services we offer and by developing a differentiated, multi-channel distribution network, including branches, ATMs, call centers, mobile-banking and Internet banking. We believe that our leading market position in the commercial banking area in Korea gives us a competitive advantage in developing and enhancing our distribution capabilities.

Focusing on expanding and improving credit quality in our corporate lending business and increasing market share in the corporate financial services market

We plan to focus on corporate lending as one of our core businesses through attracting top-tier corporate customers and providing customized and distinctive products and services to build our position as a leading service provider in the Korean corporate financial market. To increase our market share in providing financial services to the corporate market, we intend to:

promote a more balanced and strengthened portfolio with respect to our corporate business by developing our large corporate customer base and utilizing our improved credit management operations to better evaluate new large corporate and small- and medium-sized enterprise customers;

develop and sell more varied corporate financial products, consisting of transactional banking products which provide higher margin and less risk;

generate more fee income from large corporate customers through business-to-business transactions, foreign exchange transactions and derivative and other investment products, as well as investment banking services;

strengthen our marketing system based on our accumulated expertise in order to attract top-tier corporate customers;

focus on enhancing our channel network in order to provide the best service by strengthening our corporate customer management; and

further develop and train our core professionals with respect to this market, including through programs such as the “Career Development Path.”

Strengthening internal risk management capabilities

We believe that ensuring strong asset quality through effective credit risk management is critical to maintaining stable growth and profitability and risk management will continue to be one of our key focus areas. One of our highest priorities is to improve our asset quality and more effectively price our lending products to

take into account inherent credit risk in our portfolio. Our goal is to maintain the soundness of our credit portfolio, profitability and capital base. To this end, we intend to continue to strengthen our internal risk management capabilities by tightening our underwriting and management policies and improving our internal compliance policies. To accomplish this objective, we have undertaken the following initiatives:

Strengthening underwriting procedures with advanced credit scoring techniques. We have centralized our credit management operations into our Credit Management & Analysis Group. Through such centralization, we aim to enhance our credit management expertise and improve our system of checks-and-balances with respect to our credit portfolio. We have also improved our ability to evaluate the credit of our small- and medium-sized enterprise customers through assigning experienced credit officers to our regional credit offices. We also require the same officer to evaluate, review and monitor the outstanding loans and other credits with respect to a customer, which we believe enhances the expertise and improves the efficiency and accountability of such officer, while enabling us to maintain a consistent credit policy. We have also, as a general matter, implemented enhanced credit analysis and scoring techniques, which we believe will enable us to make better-informed decisions about the credit we extend and improve our ability to respond more quickly to incipient credit problems. We are also focusing on enhancing our asset quality through improvement of our early monitoring systems and collection procedures.

Improving our internal compliance policy and ensuring strict application in our daily operations. We have improved our monitoring capabilities with respect to our internal compliance by providing training and educational programs to our management and employees. We have also implemented strict compliance policies to maintain the integrity of our risk management system.

Cultivating a performance-based, customer-oriented culture that emphasizes market best practices

We believe a strong and dedicated workforce is critical to our ability to offer our customers the highest quality financial services and is integral to our goal of maintaining our position as one of Korea’s leading financial services providers. In the past, we have dedicated significant resources to develop and train our core professionals, and we intend to continue to enhance the productivity of our employees, including by regularly sponsoring in-house training and educational programs. We have also been seeking to cultivate a performance-based culture to create a work environment where members of our staff are incentivized to maximize their potential and in which our employees are directly rewarded for superior performance. We intend to maintain a professional workforce whose high quality of customer service reflects our goal to achieve and maintain global best practice standards in all areas of operations.

Retail Banking

Due to Kookmin Bank’s history and development as a retail bank and the know-how and expertise we have acquired from our activities in that market, retail banking has been and will continue to remain one of our core businesses. Our retail banking activities consist primarily of lending and deposit-taking.

Lending Activities

We offer various loan products that target different segments of the population, with features tailored to each segment’s financial profile and other characteristics. The following table sets forth the balances and the percentage of our total retail lending represented by the categories of our retail loans as of the dates indicated:

   As of December 31, 
   2012  2013  2014 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Retail:

          

Mortgage and home equity loans

  74,463     72.0 77,969     72.4 86,994     73.0

Other consumer loans (1)

   28,969     28.0    29,675     27.6    32,255     27.0
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  103,432     100.0 107,644     100.0 119,249     100.0
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)

Excludes credit card loans, but includes overdraft loans.

Our retail loans consist of:

Mortgage loans, which are loans made to customers to finance home purchases, construction, improvements or rentals; andhome equity loans, which are loans made to our customers secured by their homes to ensure loan repayment. We also provide overdraft loans in connection with our home equity loans.

Other consumer loans, which are loans made to customers for any purpose (other than mortgage and home equity loans). These include overdraft loans, which are loans extended to customers to cover insufficient funds when they withdraw funds from their demand deposit accounts with us in excess of the amount in such accounts up to a limit established by us.

For secured loans, including mortgage and home equity loans, our policy is to lend up to 100% of the adjusted collateral value (except in areas of high speculation designated by the government where we generally limit our lending to between 40% to 60% of the appraised value of collateral) minus the value of any lien or other security interests that are prior to our security interest. In calculating the adjusted collateral value for real estate, we use the appraisal value of the collateral multiplied by a factor, generally between 40% to 80% (40% to 70% in the case of mortgage and home equity loans). This factor varies depending upon the location and useThese include overdraft loans, which are loans extended to customers to cover insufficient funds when they withdraw funds from their demand deposit accounts with us in excess of the real estate and isamount in such accounts up to a limit established in part by taking into account us.

For secured loans, including mortgage and home equity loans, our policy is to lend up to 100% of the adjusted collateral value (except in areas of high speculation designated by the government where we generally limit our lending to between 40% to 60% of the appraised value of collateral) minus the value of any lien or other security interests that are prior to our security interest. In calculating the adjusted collateral value for real estate, we use the appraisal value of the collateral multiplied by a factor, generally between 40% to 80% (40% to 70% in the case of mortgage and home equity loans). This factor varies depending upon the location and use of the real estate and is established in part by taking into accountcourt-supervised auction prices for nearby properties.

A borrower’s eligibility for our mortgage loans depends on the value of the mortgage property, the appropriateness of the use of proceeds and the borrower’s creditworthiness. A borrower’s eligibility for home equity loans is determined by the borrower’s credit and the value of the property, while the borrower’s eligibility for other consumer loans is primarily determined by the borrower’s credit. If the borrower’s credit deteriorates, it may be difficult for us to recover the loan. As a result, we review the borrower’s creditworthiness, collateral value, credit scoring and third party guarantees when evaluating a borrower. In addition, to reduce the interest rate of a loan or to qualify for a loan, a borrower may provide collateral, deposits or guarantees from third parties.

Mortgage and Home Equity Lending

The housing finance market in Korea is divided into public sector and private sector lending. In the public sector, two government entities, the National Housing Urban Fund and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, are responsible for most of the mortgage lending.

Private sector mortgage and home equity lending in Korea has expanded substantially in recent years. We provide customers with a number of mortgage and home equity loan products that have flexible features,

including terms, repayment schedules, amounts and eligibility for loans, and we offer interest rates on a commercial basis. The maximum term of mortgage loans is 35 years and the majority of our mortgage loans havelong-term maturities, which may be renewed.Non-amortizing home equity loans have an initiala maturity of one year, which may be extended on an annual basis for a maximum ofto five years. Homeyears and home equity loans subject to amortization of principal may have a maximum term of up to 35 years. As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had ₩29,384₩30,502 billion of amortizing home equity loans, representing 85.3%92.1% of our total home equity loans, and ₩5,079₩2,611 billion ofnon-amortizing home equity loans, representing 14.7%7.9% of our total home equity loans. Any customer is eligible for a mortgage or an individual home equity loan regardless of whether it participates in one of our housing related savings programs and so long as that customer is not barred by regulation from obtaining a loan because of bad credit history. However, customers with whom we frequently transact business and provide us with significant revenue receive preferential interest rates on loans.

As of December 31, 2014, 71.1%2017, 59.7% of our mortgage loans were secured by residential property which is the subject of the loan, 17.8%22.6% of our mortgage loans were guaranteed by the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee

Fund, a governmenthousing-related entity, and the remaining 11.1%17.7% of our mortgage loans, contrary to general practices in the United States, were unsecured (although the use of proceeds from these loans areis restricted for the purposeto financing of financing home purchases and some of these loans wereare guaranteed by a third party). One reason that a relatively high percentage of our mortgage loans are unsecured is that we, along with other Korean banks, provide advance loans to borrowers for the down payment of new housing (particularly apartments) that is in the process of being built. Once construction is completed, which may take several years, these mortgage loans become secured by the new housing purchased by these borrowers. For the year ended December 31, 2014,2017, the average initialloan-to-value ratio of our mortgage loans, which is a measure of the amount of loan exposure to the appraised value of the security collateralizing the loan, was approximately 50.8%52.4%. There are three reasons that ourloan-to-value ratio is relatively lower (as is the case with other Korean banks) compared to similar ratios in other countries, such as the United States. The first reason is that housing prices are high in Korea relative to average income, so most people cannot afford to borrow an amount equal to the entire value of their collateral and make interest payments on such an amount. The second reason relates to the “jeonsae” system, through which people provide a key money deposit while residing in the property prior to its purchase. At the time of purchase, most people use the key money deposit as part of their payment and borrow the remaining amount from Korean banks, which results in a loan that will be for an amount smaller than the appraised value of the property for collateral and assessment purposes. The third reason is that Korean banks discount the appraised value of the borrower’s property for collateral and assessment purposes so that a portion of the appraised value is reserved in order to provide recourse to a renter who lives at the borrower’s property. This is in the event that the borrower’s property is seized by a creditor, and the renter is no longer able to reside at that property. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Other risks relating to our business—A decline in the value of the collateral securing our loans and our inability to realize full collateral value may adversely affect our credit portfolio.”

The following table sets forth our unsecured and secured mortgage loans and home equity loans as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, based on their loan classification categories under IFRS and our internal credit ratings for loans (which are described in Note 4.2.4 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements):

 

  As of December 31, 2012 
  Non-impaired  Impaired  Total 
  Not Past Due  Past Due             
  Grade 1  Grade 2  Grade 3  Grade 4  Grade 5     Past Due Up
to 89 Days
  Past Due 90 Days
to 179 Days
  Past Due
180 Days or
More
    
                 (in billions of Won)          

Mortgage:

          

Secured (1)

 33,783   4,271   478   141   98   665   45   70   55   39,606  

Unsecured

  3,441    989    135    72    95    94    5    53    387    5,271  

Home Equity:

          

Secured

  25,081    3,269    472    106    102    452    44    30    30    29,586  

Unsecured

  —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 62,305   8,529   1,085   319   295   1,211   94   153   472   74,463  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  As of December 31, 2013 
  Non-impaired  Impaired  Total 
  Not Past Due  Past Due       
  Grade 1  Grade 2  Grade 3  Grade 4  Grade 5     Past Due Up
to 89 Days
  Past Due 90 Days
to 179 Days
  Past Due
180 Days or
More
    
                 (in billions of Won)          

Mortgage:

          

Secured (1)

 37,642   4,171   361   116   78   808   74   44   76   43,370  

Unsecured

  2,131    531    74    24    11    119    9    28    188    3,115  

Home Equity:

          

Secured

  27,512    2,767    356    98    89    541    63    26    32    31,484  

Unsecured

  —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 67,285   7,469   791   238   178   1,468   146   98   296   77,969  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 As of December 31, 2014  As of December 31, 2015 
 Non-impaired Impaired Total  Non-impaired Impaired Total 
 Not Past Due Past Due          Not Past Due Past Due     
 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5   Past Due Up
to 89 Days
 Past Due 90 Days
to 179 Days
 Past Due
180 Days or

More
    Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5   Past Due Up to
89 Days
 Past Due 90 Days
to 179 Days
 Past Due
180 Days or
More
   
           (in billions of Won)                  (in billions of Won)       

Mortgage:

                    

Secured(1)

 44,315   3,979   309   94   74   688   61   53   62   49,635    45,284  4,935  498  123  91  519  50  43  64  51,607 

Unsecured

  2,338    478    16    7    3    26    4    2    22    2,896   1,719  370  37  3  3  31  1  1  8  2,173 

Home Equity:

                    

Secured

  31,088    2,412    244    80    77    434    58    34    36    34,463   30,882  2,255  387  90  70  317  45  26  30  34,102 

Unsecured

  —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —     —     —     —     —     —     —     —     —     —   
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 77,741   6,869   569   181   154   1,148   123   89   120   86,994   77,885  7,560  922   216   164   867  96  70   102   87,882 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
 As of December 31, 2016 
 Non-impaired Impaired Total 
 Not Past Due Past Due         
 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5   Past Due Up to
89 Days
 Past Due 90 Days
to 179 Days
 Past Due
180 Days or
More
   
           (in billions of Won)       

Mortgage:

          

Secured(1)

 49,284  7,055  562  121  76  360  59  27  48  57,592 

Unsecured

 1,040  310  55  2  1  5  1  1  8  1,423 

Home Equity:

          

Secured

 30,722  2,654  430  100  68  251  47  14  26  34,312 

Unsecured

  —     —     —     —     —     —     —     —     —     —   
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 81,046   10,019   1,047  223  145  616   107  42  82  93,327 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
 As of December 31, 2017 
 Non-impaired Impaired Total 
 Not Past Due Past Due         
 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5   Past Due Up to
89 Days
 Past Due 90 Days
to 179 Days
 Past Due
180 Days or
More
   
           (in billions of Won)       

Mortgage:

          

Secured(1)

  54,547   6,645   336  76  75  426  67  23  42   62,237 

Unsecured

 1,800  88  2  2  1  5  1  1  3  1,903 

Home Equity:

          

Secured

 30,039  2,358  259  56  57  260  44  15  25  33,113 

Unsecured

  —     —     —     —     —     —     —     —     —     —   
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 86,386  9,091  597   134   133   691   112  39  70  97,253 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

(1) 

Includes advance loans guaranteed by the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund to borrowers for the down payment of new housing that is in the process of being built.

Our home equity loan portfolio includes loans that are in a second lien position. In addition to the underwriting procedures we perform when we issue home equity loans in general, we perform additional underwriting procedures with respect to home equity loans secured by a second lien to assess and confirm the value and status of any loans secured by security interests on the collateral which would be prior to our security interest under the second lien home equity loan. Under regulations implemented by the Financial Supervisory Service, our home equity loans are subject to maximumloan-to-value ratios (i.e., the ratio of the aggregate principal amount of loans, including first and second lien loans, secured by a particular item of collateral to the appraised value of such collateral) of between 40% and 70%. As such, for home equity loans, we do not lend more than an amount equal to the adjusted collateral value (i.e., the collateral value as discounted by the requiredloan-to-value ratio) minus the value of any loans secured by security interests on the collateral that are prior to

our security interest. Accordingly, in order to ascertain the value of loans secured by security interests on the collateral which would be prior to our security interest and to confirm the status of such loans, we perform additional underwriting procedures including a review of the relevant title and security interest registration documents and bank documents and certificates regarding such loans. In addition, for purposes of calculatingdebt-to-income ratios applicable to loans secured by certain types of housing under regulations implemented by the Financial Supervisory Service (see “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Regulations Relating to Retail Household Loans”), which we apply on a nationwide basis for our home equity loans, we perform additional adjustments in ourdebt-to-income ratio calculations with respect to second lien home equity loans to account for the value of loans secured by security interests on the collateral that are prior to our security interest.

Following the issuance of a home equity loan, we make use of the Korea Federation of Bank’s database of delinquent borrowers to generally monitor the compliance of our borrowers with their other loan obligations, including the compliance of our second lien borrowers with their first lien loans. If a borrower in Korea is past due on payments of interest or principal for more than three months on any of its outstanding loans to Korean financial institutions (including mortgage, home equity, other consumer and credit card loans), such borrower is registered on the Korea Federation of Banks’ database of delinquent borrowers, which we monitor on a daily basis. The information disclosed by such database, which includes the outstanding loan amount which is past due, the identity of the delinquent borrower and the name of the applicable lending institution for such loan, provides an early warning about such borrower to our loan officers at the branch level, who then closely monitor our outstanding loans to such delinquent borrower and take appropriate preventive and remedial measures (including requiring such borrower to provide additional collateral) as necessary. Upon the occurrence of a default in the first lien position, we treat the second lien home equity loan as part of our potential problem loans ornon-performing loans. More specifically, upon learning of the occurrence of a default in the first lien position, we examine our second lien home equity loan to determine whether the loan should bere-classified as “precautionary,” “substandard” or “doubtful” according to the asset classification guidelines of the Financial Services Commission. Assuming that such second lien home equity loan is not delinquent, if the outstanding

principal amount of the relevant first lien loan is less than ₩15 million, we classify the entire amount of the second lien home equity loan as “precautionary” and closely monitor it as a loan that may potentially become problematic. If the outstanding principal amount of the relevant first lien loan is ₩15 million or above or the borrower is undergoing, or preparing to undergo, foreclosure proceedings with respect to the underlying collateral, we classify the estimated recoverable amount of the second lien home equity loan as “substandard” and the rest of such loan amount as “doubtful.”

Pricing. The interest rates on our retail mortgage loans are generally based on a periodic floating rate (which is based on a base rate determined forthree-month,six-month ortwelve-month periods using our Market Opportunity Rate system, which reflects our internal cost of funding, further adjusted to account for our expenses related to lending). Our interest rates also incorporate a margin based among other things on the type of security, the credit score of the borrower and the estimated loss on the security. We can adjust the price to reflect the borrower’s current and/or expected future contribution to us. The applicable interest rate is determined at the time of the loan. If a loan is terminated prior to its maturity, the borrower is obligated to pay us an early termination fee of approximately 0.7%0.9% to 1.4%1.5% of the loan amount in addition to the accrued interest.

The interest rates on our home equity loans are determined on the same basis as our retail mortgage loans.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, ourthree-month,six-month andtwelve-month base rates were 2.13%1.66%, 2.17%1.80% and 2.18%1.96%, respectively.

As of December 31, 2014, 75.7%2017, 66.3% of our outstanding mortgage and home equity loans were priced based on a floating rate.

Other Consumer Loans

Other consumer loans are primarily unsecured. However, such loans may be secured by real estate, deposits or securities. As of December 31, 2014,2017, approximately ₩16,035₩26,724 billion, or 49.7%54.7% of our consumer loans (other than mortgage and home equity loans) were unsecured loans (although some of these loans were guaranteed by a third party). Overdraft loans are also classified as other consumer loans, are primarily unsecured and generally have an initial maturity of one year, which is typically extended automatically on an annual basis and may be extended up to a maximum of five years. The amount of overdraft loans as of December 31, 20142017 was approximately ₩6,941₩7,791 billion.

Pricing. The interest rates on our other consumer loans (including overdraft loans) are determined on the same basis as on our mortgage and home equity loans, except that, for unsecured loans, the borrower’s credit score as determined during our loan approval process is also taken into account. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Credit Risk Management.”

As of December 31, 2014, 97.9%2017, 54.7% of our other consumer loans had interest rates that were not fixed but were variable in reference to our base rate, which is based on the Market Opportunity Rate.

Deposit-taking Activities

Due to our extensive nationwide network of branches, together with our long history of development and our resultingknow-how and expertise, as of December 31, 2014,2017, we had the largest number of retail customers and retail deposits among Korean commercial banks. The balance of our deposits from retail customers was ₩126,581₩146,630 billion, ₩132,733 billion₩161,232 and ₩138,246₩169,246 billion as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, respectively, which constituted 64.1%65.4%, 66.1%67.3% and 65.3%66.2%, respectively, of the balance of our total deposits.

We offer many deposit products that target different segments of our retail customer base, with features tailored to each segment’s financial profile, characteristics and needs, including:

 

  

Demand deposits, which either do not accrue interest or accrue interest at a lower rate than time deposits. Demand deposits allow the customer to deposit and withdraw funds at any time and, if they

are interest bearing, accrue interest at a variable rate depending on the amount of deposit. Retail and corporate demand deposits constituted 34.5%43.7% of our total deposits as of December 31, 20142017 and paid average interest of 0.42%0.26% for 2014.

2017.

 

  

Time deposits, which generally require the customer to maintain a deposit for a fixed term, during which the deposit accrues interest at a fixed rate or a variable rate based on the KOSPI, or to deposit specified amounts on an installment basis. If the amount of the deposit is withdrawn prior to the end of the fixed term, the customer will be paid a lower interest rate than that originally offered. The term for time deposits typically ranges from one month to fivethree years, and the term for installment savings deposits ranges from six months to tenfive years. Retail and corporate time deposits constituted 58.9%48.8% of our total deposits as of December 31, 20142017 and paid average interest of 2.7%1.58% for 2014.2017. Most installment savings deposits offer fixed interest rates.

 

  

Certificates of deposit, the maturities of which typically range from 30 days to 730 days with a required minimum deposit of ₩10 million. Interest rates on certificates of deposit are determined based on the length of the deposit and prevailing market rates. Our certificates of deposit are sold at a discount to their face value, reflecting the interest payable on the certificates of deposit.

 

  

Foreign currency deposits, which are available to Korean and foreign residents,non-residents and overseas immigrants. We offer foreign currency demand deposits and time deposits as well as checking accounts in eleven11 currencies.Foreign currency demand deposits, which accrue interest at a variable rate, allow customers to deposit and withdraw funds at any time.Foreign currency demand deposits accrue interest at a lower rate thanforeign currency time deposits, which generally require customers to maintain the deposit for a fixed term, during which itthe deposit accrues interest at a fixed rate.

If the funds in a foreign currency time deposit are withdrawn prior to the end of the fixed term, the customer will be paid a lower interest rate than that originally offered.

We offer varying interest rates on our deposit products depending upon average funding costs, the rate of return on our interest earning assets and the interest rates offered by other commercial banks.

We also offer comprehensive savings deposits for housing subscription, which are monthly installment savings deposits that provide the holder with preferential rights to subscribe for both public and private housing subscriptionsunder the Housing Act. This law is the basic law setting forth various measures supporting the purchase of houses and eligibilitythe supply of such houses by construction companies. These deposits require monthly installments of ₩20,000 to ₩500,000 and accrue interest at variable rates depending on the term. An eligible account holder with ₩70 million or less in annual salary income may also claim a tax deduction for mortgage loans. These products include:40% of its annual installment amounts, subject to a maximum deductible amount, in its income tax return for the year under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law.

Housing subscription time deposits, which are special purpose time deposit accounts providing the holder with a preferential right to subscribe for new private apartment units under the Housing Law. This law is the basic law setting forth various measures supporting the purchase of houses and the supply of such houses by construction companies. These products accrue interest at a fixed rate for one year, and at an adjustable rate after one year. Deposit amounts per account range from ₩2 million to ₩15 million depending on the location of the holder’s current residence and the size of the desired apartment unit. These deposit products target high and middle income households.

Housing subscription installment savings deposits, which are monthly installment savings programs providing the holder with a preferential subscription right for new private apartment units under the Housing Law. Account holders are also eligible for our mortgage loans. These deposits require monthly installments of ₩50,000 to ₩500,000, have maturities of between two and five years and accrue interest at fixed or variable rates depending on the term. These deposit products target low- and middle-income households.

In 2002, after significant research and planning, we launched private banking operations at Kookmin Bank’s headquarters. Shortly thereafter, we launched a comprehensive strategy with respect to customers with higher net worth, which included staffing appropriate representatives, marketing aggressively, establishing IT systems, selecting appropriate branch locations and readying such branches with the necessary facilities to service such customers. As of December 31, 2014,2017, we operated 2321 private banking centers through Kookmin Bank.

The Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of Korea, (the “Monetaryor the Monetary Policy Committee”)Committee, imposes a reserve requirement on Won currency deposits of commercial banks based generally on the type of deposit

instrument. The reserve requirement is currently up to 7%. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Liquidity.”

The Depositor Protection Act provides for a deposit insurance system where the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation guarantees to depositors the repayment of their eligible bank deposits. The deposit insurance system insures up to a total of ₩50 million per depositor per bank. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Deposit Insurance System.” We paid ₩330₩385 billion of premium for 2014.2017.

Credit Cards

Credit cards are another of our core retail products. We issue most of our credit cards under the “KB Kookmin Card” brand. In March 2011, we effected a horizontal spin-off of the credit card business from Kookmin Bank. As a result, ourOur credit card business is operated by a separate wholly-ownedour subsidiary, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.

The following table sets forth certain data relating to our credit card operations, on anon-consolidated basis, as of the dates and for the periods indicated:

 

  As of and for the Year Ended December 31,   As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 
          2012                 2013                 2014                   2015                 2016                 2017         
  (in billions of Won, except number of
holders, accounts and percentages)
   (in billions of Won, except number of
holders, accounts and percentages)
 

Number of credit cardholders (at year end) (thousands)

        

General accounts

   10,112    8,987    8,487     8,797  8,896  9,217 

Corporate accounts

   424    435    416     436  484  502 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

   10,536    9,422    8,903     9,233  9,380  9,719 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Number of merchants (at year end) (thousands)

   2,024    2,058    2,178     2,279  2,414  2,499 

Active ratio (at year end) (1)

   81.0  88.6  87.7   87.2 88.4 90.0

Credit card fees

        

Merchant fees (2)

  1,484   1,480   1,503    1,589  1,633  1,816 

Installment and cash advance fees

   683    578    475     405  380  406 

Annual membership fees

   66    68    63     86  105  127 

Other fees

   542    539    493     604  664  807 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  2,775   2,665   2,534    2,684  2,782  3,156 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Charge volume (3)

        

General purchase

  45,768   46,735   45,295    47,894  51,876  60,657 

Installment purchase

   12,153    10,852    10,861     11,778  13,134  15,553 

Cash advance

   11,606    10,516    9,535     8,777  8,619  8,885 

Card loan (4)

   3,800    4,688    4,227     5,201  6,060  5,736 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  73,327   72,791   69,918    73,650  79,689  90,831 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Outstanding balance (at year end)

        

General purchase

  4,533   4,716   4,496    4,556  4,747  5,356 

Installment purchase

   2,679    2,600    2,786     2,865  3,349  4,090 

Cash advance

   2,032    1,525    1,323     1,210  1,178  1,240 

Card loan (4)

   2,647    2,959    3,046     3,528  4,287  4,552 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  11,891   11,800   11,651    12,159  13,561  15,238 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Average outstanding balances

        

General purchase

  4,461   4,601   4,533    4,565  4,749  5,373 

Installment purchase

   2,728    2,474    2,528     2,802  3,060  3,777 

Cash advance

   2,134    1,717    1,390     1,226  1,177  1,186 

Card loan (4)

   2,759    2,829    2,869     3,323  3,855  4,560 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  12,082   11,621   11,320    11,916  12,841  14,896 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Delinquency ratios (at year end) (5)

        

From 1 month to 3 months

   0.94  0.81  0.64   0.61 0.60 0.62

From 3 months to 6 months

   0.25    0.83    0.77     0.47  0.57  0.63 

Over 6 months

   0.13    0.07    0.08     0.07  0.04  0.04 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

   1.32  1.71  1.48   1.15 1.21 1.29
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Non-performing loan ratio

   0.40  0.91  0.85   0.58 0.60 0.66

Write-offs (gross)

  541   404   427    ��377  357  401 

Recoveries (6)

   185    141    131     138  134  133 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net write-offs

  356   263   296    239  223  268 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Gross write-off ratio (7)

   4.48  2.93  3.77   3.16 2.78 2.69

Net write-off ratio (8)

   2.95  1.91  2.61   2.00 1.74 1.80

 

(1) 

The active ratio represents the ratio of accounts used at least once within the last six months to total accounts as of year end.

year-end.
(2) 

Merchant fees consist of maintenance fees and costs associated with prepayment by us (on behalf of customers) of sales proceeds to merchants, processing fees relating to sales and membership applications, costs relating to the management of delinquencies and

 recoveries, provision for loan losses, general variable expenses and other fixed costs that are charged to our member merchants. We typically charge our member merchants fees that range from 1.5%0.8% to 2.7%.2.5%.We offer discounts for member merchants that are small- andmedium-sized enterprises pursuant to applicable laws.
(3)

Represents the aggregate cumulative amount charged during the year.

(4) 

Card loans consist of loans that are provided on an unsecured basis to cardholders upon prior agreement. Payment on such a loan can be due either in one payment or in installments after a fixed period, in the case of principal payments, and will be due in installments, in the case of interest payments.

(5) 

Represents ratio of credit card balances overdue by one month or more to outstanding balance. In line with industry practice, we have restructured a portion of delinquent credit card account balances as loans. As of December 31, 2014,2015, 2016 and 2017, these restructured loans amounted to ₩45 billion.₩36 billion, ₩43 billion and ₩55 billion, respectively. Because these restructured loans are not treated as being delinquent at the time of conversion or for a period of time thereafter, our delinquency ratios may not fully reflect all delinquent amounts relating to our outstanding balances.

(6) 

Does not include proceeds that we received from sales of ournon-performing loans that were written off.

(7) 

Represents the ratio of grosswrite-offs for the year to average outstanding balance for the year. Ourcharge-off policy is generally to write off balances which have been overdue for four payment cycles or more or which have been classified as expected loss.

(8) 

Represents the ratio of netwrite-offs for the year to average outstanding balances for the year. Ourcharge-off policy is generally to write off balances which have been overdue for four payment cycles or more or which have been classified as expected loss.

In contrast to the system in the United States and many other countries, where most credit cards are revolving cards that allow outstanding amounts to be rolled over from month to month so long as a required minimum percentage is repaid, credit cardholders in Korea are generally required to pay for their purchases within approximately 14 to 44 days of purchase depending on their payment cycle. However, we also offer revolving payment plans to individuals that allow outstanding amounts to be rolled over to subsequent payment periods. Delinquent accounts (defined as amounts overdue for one day or more) are charged penalty interest and closely monitored. For installment purchases, we charge interest on unpaid installments at rates that vary according to the individual cardholder’s membership level, which is based on, among others, transaction history, the length of the cardholder’s relationship with us and contribution to our profitability.

We are committed to continuing to enhance our credit card business by strengthening our risk management and maximizing our operational efficiency. In addition, we believe that our extensive branch network, brand recognition and overall size will enable us tocross-sell products such as credit cards to our existing and new customers.

To promote our credit card business, we offer services targeted to various financial profiles and customer requirements and are concentrating on:on:

 

strengtheningcross-sales to existing customers and offering integrated financial services;

 

offering cards that provide additional benefits such as frequent flyer miles and reward program points that can be redeemed by the customer for complementary services, prizes and cash;

 

offering platinum cards, VVIP cards and other prime members’ cards, which have a higher credit limit and provide additional services in return for a higher fee;

 

acquiring new customers through strategic alliances andcross-marketing with retailers;

 

encouraging increased use of credit cards by existing customers through special offers for frequent users;

 

introducing new features such as travel services and insurance through alliance partners; and

 

developing fraud detection and security systems to prevent the misuse of credit cards.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had approximately 8.99.7 million credit cardholders. Of the credit cards outstanding, approximately 87.7%90.0% were active, meaning that they had been used at least once during the previous six months.

Our card revenues consist principally of cash advance fees, merchant fees, credit card installment fees, interest income from credit card loans, annual fees paid by cardholders, interest and fees on late payments and, with respect to revolving payment plans we offer, interest and fees relating to revolving balances. Cardholders

are generally required to pay for their purchases within 14 to 44 days after the date of purchase, depending on their payment cycle. Except in the case of installment purchases, accounts which remain unpaid after this period are deemed to be delinquent.

We generate other fees through a processing charge on merchants, which ranges from 1.5% to 2.7%.

Undernon-exclusive license agreements with overseas financial services corporations, we also issue MasterCard, Visa, American Express, JCB and China UnionPay credit cards.

We issue debit cards and charge merchants commissions that range from 1.0% to 2.0% of the amounts purchased using a debit card. Wecard.We also issue “check cards,” which are similar to debit cards except that “check cards” are accepted by all merchants that accept credit cards, and charge merchants commissions that typically range from 1.0%0.5% to 1.7%2.5%. Much like debit cards, check card purchases are also debited directly from customers’ accounts with us.

In the second half of 2012, we (through KB Kookmin Card) commenced accounts receivable factoring activities in partnership with SK Telecom Co., Ltd., a leading Korean mobile telecommunications company, pursuant to which we purchase accounts receivable arising from SK Telecom’s installment sale of mobile handsets to its customers. The outstanding balance of factored receivables amounted to ₩2,806 billion as of December 31, 2014.

In February 2014, the Financial Services Commission suspended the new credit card issuance and other related activities of KB Kookmin Card for three months from February to May 2014, in response to an incident involving the misappropriation of the personal information of a large number of its customers by an employee of an external credit information company in the first half of 2013. See “Item 8A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

Corporate Banking

We lend to and take deposits fromsmall- andmedium-sized enterprises and, to a lesser extent, large corporate customers. We had over 230,000 287,686small- andmedium-sized enterprise borrowers and medium-sized enterprise1,812 large corporate borrowers forWon-currency loans as of December 31, 2012, over 220,000 small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers as of December 31, 2013 and over 220,000 small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers as of December 31, 2014, for Won-currency loans. As of December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014, we had 1,486, 1,654 and 1,784 large corporate borrowers, respectively, for Won-currency loans.2017. For 2012, 2013 and 2014,2017, we received fee revenue from cash management services offered to corporate customers, which include “firm-banking”“firm-banking” services such asinter-account transfers, transfers of funds from various branches and agencies of a company (such as insurance premium payments) to the account of the headquarters of such company and transfers of funds from various customers of a company to the main account of such company, in the amount of ₩115 billion, ₩117 billion and ₩119 billion, respectively.₩145 billion. Of our branch network as of December 31, 2014,2017, we had eightthree branches that primarily handled large corporate banking.

The following table sets forth the balances and the percentage of our total corporate lending represented by oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise business loans and our large corporate business loans as of the dates indicated, estimated based on our internal classifications of corporate borrowers:

 

   As of December 31, 
   2012  2013  2014 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Corporate:

          

Small- and medium-sized enterprise loans

  70,471     70.7 71,045     70.7 71,960     71.3

Large corporate loans

   29,212     29.3    29,489     29.3    28,918     28.7  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  99,683     100.0 100,534     100.0 100,878     100.0
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

   As of December 31, 
   2015  2016  2017 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Corporate:

          

Small- andmedium-sized enterprise loans

  78,665    72.3 86,065    74.0 97,379    76.4

Large corporate loans

   30,182    27.7   30,206    26.0   30,002    23.6 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  108,847    100.0 116,271    100.0 127,381    100.0
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

On thedeposit-taking side, we currently offer our corporate customers several types of corporate deposits. Our corporate deposit products can be divided into two general categories: (1) demand deposits that have no restrictions on deposits or withdrawals, but which offer a relatively low interest rate; and (2) deposits from which withdrawals are restricted for a period of time, but offer higher interest rates. We also offer installment savings deposits, certificates of deposit and repurchase instruments. We offer varying interest rates on deposit products depending upon the rate of return on ourincome-earning assets, average funding costs and interest rates offered by other nationwide commercial banks.

The total amount of deposits from our corporate customers amounted to ₩66,389₩81,473 billion as of December 31, 2014,2017, or 31.4%31.9% of our total deposits.

Small- andMedium-sized Enterprise Banking

Oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise banking business has traditionally been and will remain one of our core businesses because of both our historical development and our accumulated expertise. We believe that we possess the necessary elements to succeed in thesmall- andmedium-sized enterprise market, including our extensive branch network, our credit rating system for credit approval, our marketing capabilities (which we believe have provided us with significant brand loyalty) and our ability to take advantage of economies of scale.

We use the term “small-“small- andmedium-sized enterprises” as defined in the Framework Act on Small and Medium Industry Basic ActEnterprises and related regulations. Under the amended Framework Act on Small and Medium Industry Basic Act,Enterprises, which became effective on February 3, 2015,April 27, 2016, and related regulations, an enterprise must meet each of the following criteria in order to meet the definition of asmall- andmedium-sized enterprise: (i) total assets at the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year must be less than ₩500 billion, (ii) the average or annual sales revenue standards as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Small and Medium Industry Basic ActEnterprises that are applicable to the enterprise’s primary business must be met and (iii) the standards of management independence as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Small and Medium Industry Basic ActEnterprises must be met. However, even if an enterprise that qualified as asmall- andmedium-sized enterprise under the Framework Act on Small and Medium Industry Basic ActEnterprises prior to the amendment thereof no longer meetsmet the definition due to such amendments, such enterprise will continuecontinued to be deemed asmall- andmedium-sized enterprise until March 31, 2018. Further, certified social enterprises (as defined in the Social Enterprise Promotion Act of Korea), as well as cooperatives or federations of cooperatives (as defined in the Framework Act on Cooperatives) that satisfy the requirements prescribed by the Framework Act on Small and Medium Industry Basic Act,Enterprises, may also qualify assmall- andmedium-sized enterprises.

Industry-wide delinquency ratios for Won-denominated loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises decreased from 2012 to 2014. However, our delinquency ratio for loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises may increase in the future as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea and globally. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Other risks relating to our business—Difficult conditions in the global financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.” In addition, in light of the deteriorating financial condition and liquidity position of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Korea, the Korean government has in recent years introduced measures intended to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support to small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our small- and medium-sized enterprise loan portfolio—We have significant exposure to small- and medium-sized enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.”

Lending Activities

Our principal loan products for oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise customers are working capital loans and facilities loans. Working capital loans are provided to finance working capital requirements and include notes discounted and trade financing. Facilities loans are provided to finance the purchase of equipment and the establishment of manufacturing assembly plants. As of December 31, 2014,2017, working capital loans and facilities

loans accounted for 56.7%50.7% and 43.3%49.3%, respectively, of our totalsmall- andmedium-sized enterprise loans. As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had over 220,000 287,686small- andmedium-sized enterprise customers on the lending side.

Loans tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises may be secured by real estate or deposits or may be unsecured. As of December 31, 2014,2017, secured loans and guaranteed loans accounted for, in the aggregate, 86.6%85.1% of oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise loans. Among the secured loans, 95.9%96.3% were secured by real estate and 4.1%3.7% were secured by deposits or securities. Working capital loans generally have a maturity of one year, but may be extended for additional terms of up to one year in length for an aggregate term of five years. Facilities loans have a maximum maturity of 15 years.

When evaluating the extension of working capital loans, we review the corporate customer’s creditworthiness and capability to generate cash. Furthermore, we take credit guaranty letters from other financial institutions and use time deposits that the borrower has with us as collateral, and may require additional collateral.

The value of any collateral is defined using a formula that takes into account the appraised value of the property, any prior liens or other claims against the property and an adjustment factor based on a number of considerations including, with respect to property, the value of any nearby property sold in acourt-supervised auction during the previous five years. We revalue any collateral on a periodic basis (generally every year) or if a trigger event occurs with respect to the loan in question.

We also offer mortgage loans to home builders or developers who build or sellsingle- ormulti-family housing units, principally apartment buildings. Many of these builders and developers are categorized assmall- andmedium-sized enterprises. We offer a variety of such mortgage loans, including loans to purchase property or finance the construction of housing units and loans to contractors used for working capital purposes. Such mortgage loans subject us to the risk that the housing units will not be sold. As a result, we review the probability of the sale of the housing unit when evaluating the extension of a loan. We also review the borrower’s creditworthiness and the adequacy of the intended use of proceeds. Furthermore, we take a lien on the land on which the housing unit is to be constructed as collateral. If the collateral is not sufficient to cover the loan, we also take a guarantee from the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund as security.

A substantial number of oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise customers are SOHOs, which we currently define to include sole proprietorships and individual business interests. With respect to SOHOs, we apply credit risk evaluation models, which not only use quantitative analysis related to a customer’s accounts, personal credit and financial information and due amounts but also require our credit officers to perform a qualitative analysis of each potential SOHO customer. With respect to SOHO loans in excess of ₩1 billion, our credit risk evaluation model also includes a quantitative analysis of the financial statements of the underlying business. We generally lend to SOHOs on a secured basis, although a small portion of our SOHO exposures are unsecured.

Pricing

We establish the price for our corporate loan products based principally on transaction risk, our cost of funding and market considerations. Transaction risk is measured by such factors as the credit rating assigned to a particular borrower, the size of the borrower and the value and type of collateral. Our loans are priced based on the Market Opportunity Rate system, which is a periodic floating rate system that takes into account the current market interest rate. As of December 31, 2014,2017, the Market Opportunity Rate was 2.13%1.66% for three months, 2.17%1.80% for six months and 2.18%1.96% for one year.

While we generally utilize the Market Opportunity Rate system, depending on the price and other terms set by competing banks for similar borrowers, we may adjust the interest rate we charge to compete more effectively with other banks.

Large Corporate Banking

Large corporate customers include all companies that are notsmall- andmedium-sized enterprise customers. Kookmin Bank’s articles of incorporation provide that financial services to large corporate customers must be no more than 40% of the total amount of ourWon-denominated loans. Our business focus with respect to large corporate banking is to selectively increase the proportion of high quality large corporate customers. Specifically, we are carrying out various initiatives to improve our customer relationship with large corporate customers and have been seeking to expand our service offerings to this segment.

Lending Activities

Our principal loan products for our large corporate customers are working capital loans and facilities loans. As of December 31, 2014,2017, working capital loans and facilities loans accounted for 79.6%74.6% and 20.4%25.4%, respectively, of our total large corporate loans. We also offer mortgage loans to large corporate clients who build or sellsingle- ormulti-family housing units, as described above under “—“—Small- andMedium-sized Enterprise Banking—Lending Activities.”

As of December 31, 2014,2017, secured loans and guaranteed loans accounted for, in the aggregate, 18.2%23.3% of our large corporate loans. Among the secured loans, 80.4%81.5% were secured by real estate and 19.6%18.5% were secured by deposits or securities. Working capital loans generally have a maturity of one year, but may be extended for additional terms ranging from three months to one year in length for an aggregate term of five years. Facilities loans have a maximum maturity of 15 years.

In our unsecured lending to large corporate customers, a critical consideration in our policy regarding the extension of such unsecured loans is the borrower’s creditworthiness. We assign each borrower a credit rating based on the judgment of our experts or scores calculated using the appropriate credit rating system, taking into account both financial factors andnon-financial factors (such as our perception of a borrower’s reliability, management and operational risk and risk relating to the borrower’s industry). The credit ratings, along with such factors, are key determinants that informin our lending to large corporate customers. Large corporate customers generally have higher credit ratings due to their higher repayment capability compared to other types of borrowers, such assmall- andmedium-sized enterprise borrowers. In addition, large corporate borrowers generally are affected to a

lesser extent thansmall- andmedium-sized enterprise borrowers by fluctuations in the Korean economy and also maintain more sophisticated financial records. As of December 31, 2014, 85.4%2017, 84.9% of our large corporate customers had credit ratings orBBB- or above according to the internal credit rating system of Kookmin Bank, compared to 48.4%70.2% of oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise customers. A credit rating ofBBB- is assigned to customers whose ability to repay the principal and interest on their outstanding loans is determined by us to be generally satisfactory but nonetheless subject to adverse effects under unfavorable economic conditions or during downturns in the business environment. Based on our internal analysis of historical data, we believe that the probability of default for loans extended to large corporate customers with a credit rating ofBBB- or above is between 0.00% and 2.26%.

We monitor the credit status of large corporate borrowers and collect information to adjust our ratings appropriately. We also manage and monitor our large corporate customers through a dedicated Corporate Banking Branch and Kookmin Bank’s Large Corporate Business Department. In addition, Kookmin Bank’s Credit Risk Department manages the exposures to each large corporate customer and conductsin-depth analysis of various economic andindustry-related risks that are relevant to large corporate customers.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, in terms of our outstanding loan balance, 32.5%36.6% was extended to borrowers in the manufacturing industry, 27.6%26.0% of our large corporate loans was extended to borrowers in the financial institutions industry, and 21.2%20.9% was extended to borrowers in the service industry.

Pricing

We determine pricing of our large corporate loans in the same way as we determine the pricing of oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise loans. See “—“—Small- andMedium-sized Enterprise Banking—Pricing” above. As of December 31, 2014,2017, the Market Opportunity Rate, which is utilized in pricing loans offered by us, was the same for our large corporate loans as for oursmall- andmedium-sized enterprise loans.

Capital Markets Activities and International BankingBanking/Finance

Through our capital markets operations, we invest and trade in debt and equity securities and, to a lesser extent, engage in derivatives and asset securitization transactions and make call loans. We also provide investment banking services to corporate customers.and securities brokerage services.

Securities Investment and Trading

We invest in and trade securities for our own account in order to maintain adequate sources of liquidity and to generate interest and dividend income and capital gains. As of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, our investment portfolio, which consists primarily ofheld-to-maturity financial assets andavailable-for-sale financial assets, and our trading portfolio had a combined total carrying amount of ₩46,962₩52,049 billion, ₩44,933₩74,777 billion and ₩46,389₩99,171 billion (including the investment and trading portfolios of our insurance operations) and represented 16.4%15.8%, 15.4%19.9% and 15.0% 22.7%of our total assets, respectively.

Our trading and investment portfolios consist primarily of Korean treasury securities and debt securities issued by Korean government agencies, local governments or certaingovernment-invested enterprises and debt securities issued by financial institutions. As of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, we held debt securities with a total carrying amount of ₩42,285₩45,230 billion, ₩39,776₩61,942 billion and ₩41,642₩82,989 billion, respectively, of which:

 

held-to-maturity debt securities accounted for ₩12,256₩14,150 billion, ₩13,017₩11,178 billion and ₩12,569₩18,492 billion, or 29.0%31.3%, 32.7%18.0% and 30.2%22.3%, respectively;

 

available-for-sale debt securities accounted for ₩21,737₩21,611 billion, ₩18,933₩27,445 billion and ₩19,360₩38,959 billion, or 51.4%47.8%, 47.6%44.4% and 46.5%46.9%, respectively; and

 

debt securities at fair value through profit or loss accounted for ₩8,292₩9,469 billion, ₩7,826₩23,319 billion and ₩9,713₩25,538 billion, or 19.6%20.9%, 19.7%37.6% and 23.3%30.8%, respectively.

Of these amounts, debt securities issued by the Korean government and government agencies as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017 amounted to:

 

4,4492,592 billion, ₩4,357₩2,218 billion and ₩3,557₩5,448 billion, or 36.3%18.3%, 33.5%19.8% and 28.3%29.5%, respectively, of ourheld-to-maturity debt securities;

 

6,2563,757 billion, ₩6,926₩7,111 billion and ₩4,702₩3,629 billion, or 28.8%17.4%, 36.6%25.9% and 24.3%9.3%, respectively, of ouravailable-for-sale debt securities; and

 

2,3762,510 billion, ₩2,085₩5,390 billion and ₩3,067₩6,233 billion, or 28.7%26.5%, 26.6%23.1% and 31.6%24.4%, respectively, of our debt securities at fair value through profit or loss.

From time to time we also purchase equity securities for our securities portfolios. Our equity securities consist primarily of marketable beneficiary certificates and equities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market, the KRX KOSDAQ Market or the KRX KOSDAQKONEX Market. As of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014:2017:

 

equity securities in ouravailable-for-sale portfolio had a carrying amount of ₩2,474₩3,377 billion, ₩2,899₩6,525 billion and ₩3,032₩9,157 billion, or 10.2%13.5%, 13.3%19.2% and 13.5%19.0%, respectively, of ouravailable-for-sale portfolio, respectively; portfolio; and

 

equity securities in our trading portfolio had a carrying amount of ₩1,035₩838 billion, ₩1,217₩3,107 billion and ₩492₩5,003 billion, or 10.8%7.5%, 13.0%11.1% and 4.6%15.5%, respectively, of our debt and equity trading portfolio, respectively.

portfolio.

Our trading portfolio also includes derivative instruments.derivative-linked securities, the underlying assets of which were linked to, among other things, interest rates, exchange rates, stock price indices or credit risks. As of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, derivative-linked securities in our trading portfolio had a carrying amount of ₩798 billion, ₩1,362 billion and ₩1,613 billion, or 7.1%, 4.9% and 5.0% of our trading portfolio, respectively. See “—Derivatives Trading.”

The following tables show, as of the dates indicated, the gross unrealized gains and losses onavailable-for-sale andheld-to-maturity financial assets within our investment portfolio, and the amortized cost and fair value of the portfolio by type of financial asset:

 

  As of December 31, 2012   As of December 31, 2015 
  Amortized
Cost
   Gross
Unrealized Gain
   Gross
Unrealized Loss
   Fair Value   Amortized
Cost
   Gross
Unrealized Gain
   Gross
Unrealized Loss
   Fair Value 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets:

                

Debt securities

                

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

  6,171    87    2    6,256    3,728   34   5   3,757 

Financial institutions(1)

   7,436     40     —       7,476     7,211    34    4    7,241 

Corporate(2)

   6,470     139     3     6,606     4,918    65    3    4,980 

Asset-backed securities

   1,396     4     1     1,399  

Asset-backed securities(3)

   5,201    21    6    5,216 

Others

   —       —       —       —       416    2    1    417 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Subtotal

   21,473     270     6     21,737     21,474    156    19    21,611 

Equity securities

   1,825     659     10     2,474     1,992    1,401    16    3,377 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total available-for-sale financial assets

  23,298    929    16    24,211    23,466   1,557   35   24,988 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets:

                

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

  4,449    272    1    4,720    2,592   115   —     2,707 

Financial institutions(3)(4)

   1,316     22     —       1,338     1,864    21    —      1,885 

Corporate(4)(5)

   6,213     285     —       6,498     5,530    176    —      5,706 

Asset-backed securities

   278     3     —       281  

Asset-backed securities(6)

   4,164    44    —      4,208 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total held-to-maturity financial assets

  12,256    582    1    12,837    14,150   356   —     14,506 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

   As of December 31, 2016 
   Amortized
Cost
   Gross
Unrealized Gain
   Gross
Unrealized Loss
   Fair Value 
   (in billions of Won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets:

        

Debt securities

        

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

  7,213   10   112   7,111 

Financial institutions(1)

   11,189    10    27    11,172 

Corporate(2)

   5,891    38    25    5,904 

Asset-backed securities(3)

   2,717    18    5    2,730 

Others

   558    5    35    528 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

   27,568    81    204    27,445 

Equity securities

   5,343    1,223    41    6,525 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Totalavailable-for-sale financial assets

  32,911   1,304   245   33,970 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets:

        

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

  2,218   113   —     2,331 

Financial institutions(4)

   1,869    —      44    1,825 

Corporate(5)

   3,488    114    —      3,602 

Asset-backed securities(6)

   3,603    40    —      3,643 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Totalheld-to-maturity financial assets

  11,178   267   44   11,401 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

   As of December 31, 2013 
   Amortized
Cost
   Gross
Unrealized Gain
   Gross
Unrealized Loss
   Fair Value 
   (in billions of Won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets:

        

Debt securities

        

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

  6,910    30    14    6,926  

Financial institutions(1)

   5,771     15     4     5,782  

Corporate(2)

   4,948     57     7     4,998  

Asset-backed securities

   1,208     2     2     1,208  

Others

   19     —       —       19  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

   18,856     104     27     18,933  

Equity securities

   2,092     823     16     2,899  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total available-for-sale financial assets

  20,948    927    43    21,832  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets:

        

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

  4,357    180    —      4,537  

Financial institutions(3)

   893     9     —       902  

Corporate(4)

   7,400     180     —       7,580  

Asset-backed securities

   367     1     —       368  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total held-to-maturity financial assets

  13,017    370    —      13,387  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

  As of December 31, 2014   As of December 31, 2017 
  Amortized
Cost
   Gross
Unrealized Gain
   Gross
Unrealized Loss
   Fair Value   Amortized
Cost
   Gross
Unrealized Gain
   Gross
Unrealized Loss
   Fair Value 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets:

                

Debt securities

                

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

  4,651    54    3    4,702    3,640   7   18   3,629 

Financial institutions(1)

   6,944     38     1     6,981     21,001    13    68    20,946 

Corporate(2)

   6,031     90     1     6,120     10,593    36    58    10,571 

Asset-backed securities

   1,210     4     3     1,211  

Asset-backed securities(3)

   2,408    2    8    2,402 

Others

   342     4     —       346     1,446    2    37    1,411 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Subtotal

   19,178     190     8     19,360     39,088    60    189    38,959 

Equity securities

   1,561     1,471     —       3,032     7,775    1,477    95    9,157 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total available-for-sale financial assets

  20,739    1,661    8    22,392    46,863   1,537   284   48,116 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets:

                

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

  3,557    215    —      3,772    5,448   —     16   5,432 

Financial institutions(3)(4)

   1,262     18     —       1,280     2,475    15    —      2,490 

Corporate(4)(5)

   7,278     247     —       7,525     6,219    —      4    6,215 

Asset-backed securities

   472     2     —       474  

Asset-backed securities(6)

   4,306    —      3    4,303 

Others

   44    —      1    43 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total held-to-maturity financial assets

  12,569    482    —      13,051    18,492   15   24   18,483 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1) 

Includes debt securities issued by the Bank of Korea, Korea Housing Finance Corporation, Korea Development Bank, Industrial Bank of Korea Finance Corporation and Industrialthe Export-Import Bank of Korea in the aggregate amount of ₩5,702₩4,516 billion as of December 31, 2012, ₩4,4632015, ₩6,749 billion as of December 31, 20132016 and ₩5,025₩15,834 billion as of December 31, 2014.2017. These financial institutions are owned or controlled by the Korean government.

(2)

Includes debt securities issued by Korea Electric PowerHousing Finance Corporation, Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation and Korea Land & Housing Corporation in the aggregate amount of ₩1,208 billion as of December 31, 2015, ₩1,490 billion as of December 31, 2016 and ₩2,254 billion as of December 31, 2017.These entities are owned or controlled by the Korean government.

(3)Includes mortgage-backed securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation, which have residential mortgage loans as underlying assets, in the amount of ₩5,181 billion as of December 31, 2015, ₩2,730 billion as of December 31, 2016 and ₩2,277 billion as of December 31, 2017. Korea Housing Finance Corporation is controlled by the Korean government, in the amount of ₩393 billion as of December 31, 2012, ₩143 billion as of December 31, 2013 and ₩114 billion as of December 31, 2014.

government.
(3)(4) 

Includes debt securities issued by theKorea Development Bank, Industrial Bank of Korea Korea Development Bank, Korea Finance Corporation and Industrialthe Export-Import Bank of Korea in the aggregate amount of ₩986₩1,057 billion as of December 31, 2012, ₩5192015, ₩328 billion as of December 31, 20132016 and ₩1,103₩1,055 billion as of December 31, 2014.2017. These financial institutions are owned or controlled by the Korean government.

(4)(5)

Includes debt securities issued by Korea Electric PowerHousing Finance Corporation, Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation and Korea Land & Housing Corporation in the aggregate amount of ₩1,770 billion as of December 31, 2015, ₩1,169 billion as of December 31, 2016 and ₩1,616 billion as of December 31, 2017. These entities are owned or controlled by the Korean government.

(6)Includes mortgage-backed securities issued by Korea Housing Finance Corporation, which have residential mortgage loans as underlying assets, in the amount of ₩4,144 billion as of December 31, 2015, ₩3,583 billion as of December 31, 2016 and ₩4,205 billion as of December 31, 2017. Korea Housing Finance Corporation is controlled by the Korean government, in the amount of ₩432 billion as of December 31, 2012, ₩545 billion as of December 31, 2013 and ₩553 billion as of December 31, 2014.

government.

Derivatives Trading

Until the full-scale launch of our derivatives operationsWe engage in mid-1999, we had been engaged in limited volumes of derivatives trading, mostlyincluding on behalf of our customers. Since then, ourOur trading volume significantly increased to ₩195,879from ₩163,030 billion in 2012 but decreased2015 to ₩194,307₩264,110 billion in 20132016 and ₩154,872₩324,786 billion in 2014.2017. Our net trading revenue (expense) from derivatives for the year ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017 was ₩456₩(11) billion, ₩544₩173 billion and ₩98₩906 billion, respectively.

We provide and trade a range of derivatives products, including:

 

Won interest rate swaps, relating to Won interest rate risks;

 

cross-currency swaps, forwards and options relating to foreign exchange risks; and

 

stock price index options linked to the KOSPI index.

Our derivatives operations focus on addressing the needs of our corporate clients to hedge their risk exposure and the need to hedge our risk exposure that results from such client contracts. We also engage in derivatives trading activities to hedge the interest rate and foreign currency risk exposures that arise from our own assets and liabilities. In addition, we engage in proprietary trading of derivatives within our regulated open position limits.

The following shows the estimated fair value of our derivatives as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014:2017:

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  Estimated
Fair Value
Assets
   Estimated
Fair Value
Liabilities
   Estimated
Fair Value
Assets
   Estimated
Fair Value
Liabilities
   Estimated
Fair Value
Assets
   Estimated
Fair Value
Liabilities
   Estimated
Fair Value
Assets
   Estimated
Fair Value
Liabilities
   Estimated
Fair Value
Assets
   Estimated
Fair Value
Liabilities
   Estimated
Fair Value
Assets
   Estimated
Fair Value
Liabilities
 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Foreign exchange derivatives(1)

  846    943    938    996    762    668    1,131   1,103   2,139   2,148   2,361   2,036 

Interest rate derivatives (1)

   1,100     1,040     766     731     1,120     1,103     1,076    1,061    793    911    641    689 

Equity derivatives

   74     68     47     50     62     15     46    140    375    687    233    373 

Credit derivatives

   —       —       —       —       —       —       13    13    55    50    42    37 

Commodity derivatives

   —       —       —       —       —       —       1    —      1    5    4    —   

Others(1)

   71     4     68     18     24     11     11    9    18    6    29    8 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  2,091    2,055    1,819    1,795    1,968    1,797    2,278   2,326   3,381   3,807   3,310   3,143 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1) 

Includes those for trading purposes and hedging purposes.

The following table shows certain information related to our derivatives designated as fair value hedges for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014:2017:

 

 Year Ended December 31,  Year Ended December 31, 
 2012 2013 2014  2015 2016 2017 
 Derivatives Hedged
Items
 Hedge
Ineffectiveness
 Derivatives Hedged
Items
 Hedge
Ineffectiveness
 Derivatives Hedged
Items
 Hedge
Ineffectiveness
  Derivatives Hedged
Items
 Hedge
Ineffectiveness
 Derivatives Hedged
Items
 Hedge
Ineffectiveness
 Derivatives Hedged
Items
 Hedge
Ineffectiveness
 
 (in billions of Won)  (in billions of Won) 

Foreign exchange derivatives(1)

 (58 74   16   (11 36   25   (29 46   17   (8 8  —    (27 28  1  78  (41 37 

Interest rate derivatives

  32    (25  7    (29  37    8    (4  13    9   (42 43  1  (63 64  1  15  (15  —   

Other derivatives

  11    (11  —      (8  8    —      7    (7  —     3  (3  —    1  (1  —     —     —     —   
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 (15 38   23   (48 81   33   (26 52   26   (47 48  1  (89 91  2  93  (56 37 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

(1)Amounts for 2016 include ₩19 billion of offsetting profit and loss relating tonon-derivative financial instruments designated as hedging instruments, which did not result in hedge ineffectiveness.

The following table shows certain information related to our derivatives designated as cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014:2017:

 

 Year Ended December 31,  Year Ended December 31, 
 2012 2013   2014  2015 2016 2017 
 Derivatives Effective
Portion
 Ineffective
Portion
 Derivatives Effective
Portion
 Ineffective
Portion
   Derivatives Effective
Portion
 Ineffective
Portion
  Derivatives Effective
Portion
 Ineffective
Portion
 Derivatives Effective
Portion
 Ineffective
Portion
 Derivatives Effective
Portion
 Ineffective
Portion
 
 (in billions of Won)  (in billions of Won) 

Foreign exchange derivatives

 (22 (22 —     (5 (5 —      3   4   (1 21  21  —    9  9  —    (133 (121 (12

Interest rate derivatives

  (5  (5  —      2    2    —       (11  (11  —     3  2  1  8  7  1  20  20   —   
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 (27 (27 —     (3 (3 —      (8 (7 (1 24  23  1  17  16  1  (113 (101 (12
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Asset Securitization Transactions

We are active in the Koreanasset-backed securities market. Based on our diverse experience with respect to product development and management capabilities relating to asset securitization, we offer customers a wide range of financial products and participate in various asset securitization transactions, including through our subsidiary KB Investment & Securities, to reinforce our position as a leading financial services provider with respect to the asset securitization market. We were involved in asset securitization transactions with an initial

aggregate issue amount of ₩5,040₩10,711 billion in 2012, ₩7,2962015, ₩8,867 billion in 20132016 (excluding such amount of Hyundai Securities for the period before it became our consolidated subsidiary) and ₩5,524₩9,724 billion in 2014, all2017, a significant portion of which were public offerings ofasset-backed securities. Most of these securities were sold to institutional investors through Korean securities houses.

Call Loans

We make call loans and borrow call money in theshort-term money market. Call loans are defined asshort-term lending among banks and financial institutions either in Won or in foreign currencies with maturities of 90 days or less. Typically, call loans have maturities of one day. As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had made call loans of ₩2,032₩3,579 billion and borrowed call money of ₩2,882₩1,299 billion, compared to ₩3,206₩2,052 billion and ₩2,648₩2,940 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 20132016 and ₩2,534₩2,620 billion and ₩2,597₩2,091 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2012.2015.

Investment Banking

We have focused on selectively expanding our investment banking activities in order to increase our fee income and diversify our revenue base. The main focus of ourWe provide investment banking operations is project financeservices primarily through KB Securities and financial advisory services.Kookmin Bank. Our principal investment banking services include:

 

securities underwriting;

financing and financial advisory services for mergers and acquisitions;

project finance and financial advisory services for social overhead capital projects such as highway, port, power, water and sewage projects;

 

financing and financial advisory services for real estate development projects;

and

 

structured finance; and

financing for mergers and acquisitions.

finance.

In 2014,May 2016, we acquired 22.56% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean securities firm, and further increased our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 29.62% in June 2016 by acquiring treasury shares of Hyundai Securities. In October 2016, we effected a comprehensive stock swap of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities for newly issued shares of our company, as a result of which Hyundai Securities became a wholly-owned subsidiary. Following such transaction, we merged our existing subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities, with and into Hyundai Securities in December 2016 and changed the name of the surviving entity to KB Securities. Through the acquisition of Hyundai Securities and the creation of an integrated securities firm, we sought to strengthen our investment banking and securities brokerage capabilities, as well as to achieve economies of scale.

In 2017, we generated investment banking revenuerevenues of ₩203₩488 billion, consisting of ₩32₩91 billion of interest income, and ₩171₩347 billion of fee income and ₩50 billion of other income.

Securities Brokerage

We provide securities brokerage services through KB Securities. Our activities include provision of brokerage services to our retail and corporate customers relating to a wide range of investment products, including stocks, investment company products, futures, options, equity- and derivative-linked securities and debt instruments, as well as provision of prime brokerage services to hedge funds. In addition, we offer self-directed brokerage services through KB Securities’ online and smartphone brokerage platforms.

As of December 31, 2017, KB Securities operated a brokerage network consisting of 120 branches in Korea. In 2017, KB Securities generated commission income of ₩266 billion through its securities brokerage activities.

International Banking and Finance

We engage in various international banking and finance activities, including foreign exchange services and derivatives dealing, import andexport-related services, offshore lending, syndicated loans, and foreign currency securities investment.investment andnon-life insurance. These services are provided primarily to our domestic customers and overseas subsidiaries and affiliates of Korean corporations.corporations and, to a limited extent, to local companies and individuals. We also raise foreign currency funds through our international banking and finance operations.

The table below sets forth certain information regarding our foreign currency assets and borrowings:

 

   As of December 31, 
   2012   2013   2014 
   (in millions of US$) 

Total foreign currency assets

  US$14,459    US$14,989    US$15,171  

Foreign currency borrowings:

      

Debts

   7,087     6,637     6,531  

Debentures

   2,974     3,123     2,949  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total borrowings

  US$10,061    US$9,760    US$9,480  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   As of December 31, 
   2015   2016   2017 
   (in millions of US$) 

Total foreign currency assets

  US$18,249   US$20,256   US$31,847 

Foreign currency borrowings:

      

Debts

   6,101    6,355    7,254 

Debentures

   3,535    3,182    3,459 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total borrowings

  US$9,636   US$9,537   US$10,713 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

The table below sets forth our overseas subsidiaries, branches and representative offices currently in operation as of December 31, 2014:2017:

 

Business Unit(1)

  Location

Subsidiaries

  

Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC

  Cambodia

Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd.

  China

Kookmin Bank Hong Kong Ltd.

 Hong Kong

Kookmin Bank International Ltd.

  United Kingdom

BranchesKBFG Securities America Inc.

  United States

KB Securities Hong Kong Ltd.

Hong Kong

KB Securities Vietnam Joint Stock Company

Vietnam

KB Asset Management Singapore Pte. Ltd.

Singapore

KB Microfinance Myanmar Co., Ltd.

Myanmar

Leading Insurance Services, Inc.

United States

LIG Insurance (China) Co., Ltd.

China

PT. KB Insurance Indonesia

Indonesia

KB KOLAO Leasing Co., Ltd.

Laos

Branches

Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd., Beijing Branch

  China

Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd., Guangzhou Branch

  China

Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd., Harbin Branch

  China

Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd., Shanghai Branch

China

Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd., Suzhou Branch

  China

Kookmin Bank, Osaka Branch

 Japan

Kookmin Bank, Tokyo Branch

  Japan

Kookmin Bank, Auckland Branch

  New Zealand

Kookmin Bank, New York Branch

  United States

Kookmin Bank, Ho Chi Minh City Branch

  Vietnam

Kookmin Bank, Hong Kong Branch

Hong Kong

Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC, Toul Kork Branch

  Cambodia

Representative OfficeKookmin Bank Cambodia PLC, Toul Tom Pounh Branch

  Cambodia

Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC, Tuek Thla Branch

Cambodia

KB Microfinance Myanmar Co., Ltd., Hlaingtharya Branch

Myanmar

Representative Offices

Kookmin Bank, MumbaiGurgaon Representative Office

  India

Kookmin Bank, Yangon Representative Office

  Myanmar

Kookmin Bank, Hanoi Representative Office

  Vietnam

KB Securities Shanghai Representative Office

China

KB Kookmin Card, Yangon Representative Office

Myanmar

 

(1) 

Does not include subsidiaries and branches in liquidation or dissolution.

Our overseas branches and subsidiaries principally provide Korean companies and nationals in overseas markets with trade financing, local currency funding and foreign exchange services, in conjunction with the operations of our headquarters.

In March 2008, we entered into agreements to acquire shares of JSC Bank CenterCredit, a Kazakhstan bank, and acquired an initial equity stake of 29,972,840 common shares (equal to 23.0% of the then-outstanding voting shares) for approximately ₩528 billion in August 2008. Pursuant to the terms of such agreements, we acquired an aggregate of 14,163,836 additional common shares of JSC Bank CenterCredit in November and December 2008. In addition, in September 2009, we entered into agreements with International Finance Corporation and certain shareholders of JSC Bank CenterCredit pursuant to which we acquired 3,886,574 additional common shares and 36,561,465 non-voting convertible preferred shares of JSC Bank CenterCredit in January and February 2010. As of December 31, 2014, we held 29.6% of the outstanding common shares of JSC Bank CenterCredit. Our investment in JSC Bank CenterCredit is accounted for under the equity method from the initial acquisition date and we applied the purchase method to account for each acquisition.

In May 2009, we acquired 132,600 common shares of Khmer Union Bank, a Cambodian bank, for approximately ₩10 billion. As a result, we acquired 51% of the voting rights in Khmer Union Bank, which was renamed Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC. In December 2010, July 2012 and June 2013, we acquired additional 37,602 common shares, 125,592 common shares and 24,206 common shares of Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC, respectively. As of December 31, 2014, we held 100.0% of the outstanding common shares of Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC. We applied the purchase method to account for the initial acquisition of Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC in May 2009. The subsequent acquisitions in December 2010, July 2012 and June 2013 were accounted for as equity transactions.

Trustee and Custodian Services Relating to Investment Trusts and Other Functions

We act as a trustee for 6684 financial investment companies with a collective investment license, which invest in investment assets using funds raised by the sale of beneficiary certificates of investment trusts to investors. We also act as custodian for 141164 financial institutions and as fund administrator for 4455 financial institutions with respect to various investments, as well as acting as settlement agent in connection with such services. We receive a fee for acting in these capacities and generally perform the following functions:

 

holding assets for the benefit of the investment trusts or institutional investors;

 

receiving and making payments in respect of such investments;

 

acting as settlement agent in respect of such investments on behalf of the investment trust or institutional investors, in the domestic and overseas markets;

 

providing reports on assets held in custody;

 

providing certain foreign exchange services for overseas investment and foreign investors; and

 

providingfund-related administration and accounting services.

For the year ended December 31, 2014,2017, our fee income from our trustee and custodian services was ₩24₩27 billion and revenue collected as a result of administration of the underlying investments was ₩6₩8 billion.

Other Businesses

Trust Account Management Services

Money Trust Management Services

We provide trust account management services for both specified money trusts and unspecified money trusts. We receive fees for our trust account management services consisting of basic fees that are based upon a percentage of either the net asset value of the assets or the principal under management and, for certain types of trust account operations, performance fees that are based upon the performance of the trust account operations. In 2014,2017, our basic fees ranged from 0.1% to 2.0% of total assets under management depending on the type of trust account. We also charge performance fees with respect to certain types of trust account products. We receive penalty payments when customers terminate their trust accounts prior to the original contract maturity.

We currently provide trust account management services for 20 types of money trusts. The money trusts we manage are generally trusts with a fixed maturity. Approximately 7.4%4.7% of our money trusts also provide periodic payments of dividends which are added to the assets held in such trusts and not distributed.

Under Korean law, the assets of our trust accounts are segregated from our banking account assets and are not available to satisfy the claims of any of our potential creditors. We are, however, permitted to deposit surplus funds generated by trust assets into our banking accounts in certain circumstances as set forth under the TrustFinancial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea.and the regulations thereunder.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, the total balance of our money trusts was ₩29,041₩38,754 billion (as calculated in accordance with Statement of Korea Accounting Standard No. 5004,Trust Accounts, and the Enforcement Regulations of Financial Investment Services under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, which we refer to as an “SKAS basis”). As.As for unspecified money trust accounts, we have investment discretion over all money trusts, which are pooled and managed jointly for each type of trust account. Specified money trust accounts are established on behalf of individual customers who direct our investment of trust assets.

The following table shows the balances of our money trusts by type as of the dates indicated. Under IFRS, commencing in 2013, we consolidate trust accounts for which we guarantee both the repayment of the principal amount and a fixed rate of interest as well as trust accounts for which we guarantee only the repayment of the principal amount.

 

   As of December 31, 
   2012   2013   2014 
   (in billions of Won) 

Principal and interest guaranteed trusts (1)

  0.2    0.2    0.2  

Principal guaranteed trusts (1)

   2,919     3,070     3,187  

Performance trusts (1)(2)

   18,066     20,842     25,854  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  20,985    23,912    29,041  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   As of December 31, 
   2015   2016   2017 
   (in billions of Won) 

Principal and interest guaranteed trusts(1)

  0.2   0.2   0.1 

Principal guaranteed trusts(1)

   3,324    3,532    3,694 

Performance trusts(1)(2)

   31,499    36,375    35,060 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  34,823   39,907   38,754 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1) 

Calculated on an SKAS basis.

(2) 

Trusts which are primarilynon-guaranteed.

The balance of our money trusts increased 38.4%11.3% between December 31, 20122015 and December 31, 2014.2017. As of December 31, 2014,2017, the trust assets we managed consisted principally of securities investments and loans from the trust accounts. As of December 31, 2014,2017, on an SKAS basis, our trust accounts had invested in securities in the aggregate amount of ₩15,906₩19,000 billion, of which ₩13,972₩15,179 billion was debt securities andderivative-linked securities. Securities investments consist ofgovernment-related debt securities, corporate debt securities, including bonds and commercial paper, equity securities,derivative-linked securities and other securities. Loans made by our trust account operations are similar in type to the loans made by our bank account operations. As of December 31, 2014,2017, on an SKAS basis, our trust accounts had made loans in the principal amount of ₩152₩167 billion (excluding loans from the trust accounts to our banking accounts of ₩948₩1,257 billion), which accounted for 0.52%0.4% of our money trust assets. Loans by our money trusts are subject to the same credit approval process as loans from our banking accounts. As of December 31, 2014,2017, substantially all loans from our money trust accounts were collateralized or guaranteed.

Our money trust accounts also invest, to a lesser extent, in equity securities, including beneficiary certificates issued by financial investment companies with a collective investment license. On an SKAS basis, as of December 31, 2014,2017, equity securities in our money trust accounts amounted to ₩1,934₩3,822 billion, which accounted for 6.6%9.6% of our total money trust assets. Of this amount, ₩1,883₩3,752 billion was from specified money trusts and ₩51₩70 billion was from unspecified money trusts.

We continue to offerpension-type money trusts that provide a guarantee of the principal amount of the investment. On an SKAS basis, as of December 31, 2014,2017, the balance of the money trusts for which we guaranteed the principal was ₩3,187₩3,683 billion.

If the income from a money trust for which we provide a guarantee is less than the amount of the payments we have guaranteed, we will need to pay the amount of the shortfall with funds from special reserves maintained with respect to trust accounts followed by basic fees from that money trust and funds from our general banking operations. In 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, we made no payment from our banking accounts to cover shortfalls in our guaranteed trusts. On an SKAS basis, we derived trust fees with regard to trust account management services (including those fees related to property trust management services) of ₩136₩235 billion in 2012, ₩1312015, ₩174 billion in 20132016 and ₩198₩293 billion in 2014.2017.

Property Trust Management Services

We also offer property trust management services, where we managenon-cash assets in return for a fee.Non-cash assets include mostly securities, but can also include other liquid receivables and real estate. Under these arrangements, we render custodial services for the property in question and collect fee income in return.

In 2014,2017, our property trust fees ranged from 0.001% to 0.3% of total assets under management depending on the type of trust accounts. On an SKAS basis, as of December 31, 2014,2017, the aggregate balance of our property trusts increased to ₩1,879₩7,769 billion, compared to ₩1,377₩6,862 billion as of December 31, 20132016 and ₩1,171₩2,344 billion as of December 2012.31, 2015.

Under IFRS, the property trusts are not consolidated within our financial statements.

Investment Trust Management

Through KB Asset Management and KB Securities, we offer investment trust products to customers and manage the funds invested by them in investment trusts. As of December 31, 2014,2017, KB Asset Management and KB Securities had ₩27,780an aggregate of ₩45,305 billion of investment trust assets under management.

ManagementInsurance

Non-Life Insurance

In June 2015, we acquired a 19.47% stake in KB Insurance Co., Ltd. (formerly named LIG Insurance Co., Ltd.), a publicly listed Koreannon-life insurance company. In November 2015 and December 2016, we increased our shareholding in KB Insurance to 33.29% and 39.81%, respectively. Through a tender offer conducted in May 2017, we acquired 36,237,649 shares of KB Insurance at ₩33,000 per share, increasing our shareholding to 94.30%. We subsequently effected a comprehensive stock swap in July 2017 to acquire the remaining shares of KB Insurance in exchange for 2,170,943 shares of common stock of our company, as a result of which KB Insurance became a wholly-owned subsidiary. KB Insurance offers a variety ofnon-life insurance products, including principally the following:

Long-term insurance products. Long-term insurance products are sold to retail customers and provide protection against various types of losses, with specified coverage periods of at least three years and ranging up to 30 years or ending at specified ages. Unlike general property and casualty insurance products, which usually have a coverage period of one year or less and only have pure protection features, substantially all long-term insurance policies in Korea also have an integrated savings feature. KB Insurance offers a broad range of long-term insurance products covering the policyholder’s injuries, illnesses, long-term care, disabilities, accidents, property losses or other events.

Automobile insurance products. Automobile insurance products are sold to both retail and institutional customers and generally provide coverage for the following types of losses resulting from the policyholder’s ownership or use of an insured automobile: (i) liability to third parties for bodily injuries or death as well as damage to automobiles or other personal property; and (ii) the policyholder’s own bodily injuries and automobile damage or theft. KB Insurance’s automobile insurance policies typically have a coverage period of one year or less.

General property and casualty insurance products. General property and casualty insurance products are sold to institutional customers and include the following: (i) fire and allied lines insurance policies, providing protective coverage for damage to buildings and facilities and their contents against fire, flood, storm, lightening, explosion, theft and other risks; (ii) marine insurance policies, providing protective coverage for damage to marine vessels and their cargo; and (iii) specialty insurance policies, which cover various other types of specified risks faced by businesses, including liabilities and business interruption.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the operations of KB Insurance, on a standalone basis, as of the National Housing Funddates or for the periods indicated:

The National Housing Fund is

   As of or for the Year Ended December 31, 
   2015  2016  2017 
   (in billions of Won, except as otherwise indicated) 

Total policies in force (in thousands)

   13,015   13,692   14,427 

Number of new policies sold (in thousands)

   8,481   8,617   8,965 

Gross direct written premiums(1)

  9,119  9,425  9,724 

Long-term insurance

   6,006   6,073   6,298 

Automobile insurance

   1,832   2,031   2,098 

General property and casualty insurance

   814   883   917 

Other

   467   438   411 

Net earned premiums(2)

  8,141  8,427  8,795 

Loss ratio(3)

   86.59  84.15  82.15

Risk-based capital adequacy ratio(4)

   170.18  168.69  190.31

(1)The amount of direct written premiums recognized in a specified period in respect of policies in force during such period, on a standalone basis.
(2)The sum of (i) gross direct written premiums for the specified period, (ii) reinsurance premium income for such period, (iii) return of surrender refunds for such period and (iv) total unearned premiums deferred from the previous period, less the sum of (x) reinsurance expenses for the specified period, (y) surrender refunds for such period and (z) total unearned premiums deferred to the next period, on a standalone basis.
(3)The ratio of (i) total claims paid for the specified period to (ii) net earned premiums for such period, on a standalone basis.
(4)Calculated in accordance with the applicable requirements of the Financial Supervisory Service. See “—Regulation and Supervision—Principal Regulations Applicable to Insurance Companies—Capital Adequacy.”

KB Insurance operates a government fund that provides financial support to low-income householdsmulti-channel distribution platform in Korea, by providing mortgage financingcomprising agencies (which are independent insurance brokerage companies), a network of financial consultants, bancassurance arrangements with commercial banks and construction loans for projects to build small-sized housing. The operations of the National Housing Fund include providing and managing National Housing Fund loans, issuing National Housing Fund bonds and collecting subscription savings deposits.

In February 2013, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (formerly the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) designated us as one of the managers of the National Housing Fund. During the five years preceding such designation, we chose not to participate in the bidding process to become a designated manager of the National Housing Fund and only managed pre-existing Fund accounts. In return for managing such pre-existing Fund accounts, we received quarterly fund management fees, calculated based on activity levels for the relevant quarter. In 2014, we received total fees of ₩23 billion for managing the National Housing Fund, compared to ₩28 billion in each of 2013 and 2012.

Theother financial accounting for the National Housing Fund is entirely separate from our financial accounting,institutions, direct marketing channels (including home shopping television networks and the non-performingInternet) and a corporate sales force.

As of December 31, 2017, KB Insurance had ₩25,114 billion of general account investment assets on a standalone basis, of which domestic debt securities, loans, beneficiary certificates, domestic equity securities and loan losses of the National Housing Fund, in general, do not impact our financial condition. Regulationsoverseas securities accounted for 35.0%, 25.8%, 9.3%, 1.7% and guidelines for managing the National Housing Fund are issued by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport pursuant to the Housing Act.18.6%, respectively.

Bancassurance

The Korean government’s liberalization of the bancassurance market in Korea has allowed us to offer insurance products of other institutions since September 2003. We currently market a wide range of bancassurance products and hope to develop additional fee-based revenues by expanding our offering of these products.

Currently, our bancassurance business has alliances with 17 life insurance companies (including our subsidiary, KB Life Insurance) and nine non-life insurance companies and offers 66 different products through our branch network. These products are composed of 43 types of life insurance policies such as annuities, savings insurance and variable life insurance, and 23 types of non-life insurance products. In 2014, our commission income from our bancassurance business amounted to ₩97 billion.

Insurance

Through KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd., we offer a variety of individual and group life insurance products, including annuities, savings insurance, variable life insurance, whole life insurance and term life insurance as well as health insurance. KB Life Insurance utilizes itsmulti-channel distribution platform to market these products, which includes sales through agents,agencies, financial consultants, telemarketers and bancassurance arrangements with commercial banks and other financial institutions.

In June 2014, we entered into a share purchase agreement, which was amended in March 2015, to acquire a 19.47% stake in LIG Insurance Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean property and casualty insurance company, and will be required under applicable Korean law to increase our shareholding in LIG Insurance to at least 30% within one year from the date of such acquisition. LIG Insurance provides non-life insurance products, including automobile insurance, property insurance, marine insurance, fire insurance, accident insurance and casualty insurance, as well as long-term care insurance. We expect to achieve synergies between KB Life Insurance generated gross premiums (not including separate account premiums) of ₩1,604 billion in 2015, ₩1,292 billion in 2016 and LIG₩1,246 billion in 2017 on a standalone basis. As of December 31, 2017, KB Life Insurance through cross-sellinghad ₩7,738 billion of general account investment assets on a standalone basis, of which domestic debt securities, beneficiary certificates, loans, domestic equity securities and overseas securities accounted for 58.9%, 12.1%, 11.9%, 0.3% and 6.2%, respectively. As of such date, KB Life Insurance’s risk-based capital adequacy ratio was 195.56%.

For further information regarding our lifeinsurance-related assets and non-lifeliabilities, see Note 37 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Bancassurance

Through the bancassurance operations of Kookmin Bank, we offer insurance products of other institutions to retail customers in Korea. We currently market a wide range of bancassurance products and seek to generate additionalfee-based revenues by expanding our customer base.offering of these products.

Currently, our bancassurance business has alliances with 21 life insurance companies (including our subsidiary, KB Life Insurance) and ninenon-life insurance companies (including our subsidiary, KB Insurance) and offers 67 different products through our branch network. These products are composed of 44 types of life insurance policies, such as annuities, savings insurance and variable life insurance, and 23 types ofnon-life insurance products.In 2017, our commission income from our bancassurance business amounted to ₩56.9 billion.

Consumer Finance

We provide consumer finance services through KB Capital Co., Ltd. We acquired 52.02% of the outstanding shares of KB Capital (formerly known as Woori Financial Co., Ltd.) in March 2014.2014 for ₩280 billion. We conducted a tender offer in May 2017, through which we acquired 5,949,300 shares of KB Capital at ₩27,500 per share, increasing our shareholding in KB Capital to 79.70%. We subsequently acquired the remaining outstanding shares of KB Capital in exchange for 2,269,057 shares of common stock of our company through a comprehensive stock swap effected in July 2017, as a result of which KB Capital became a wholly-owned subsidiary. KB Capital provides leasing services and installment finance services for various products, including automobiles, heavy machineries and medical equipment, as well as microlending services. We expect KB Capital to continue to expand our customer base by providing a variety ofnon-banking financial services to retail customers, as well as synergies through coordinated business operations with our other subsidiaries, including Kookmin Bank.

Management of the National Housing Urban Fund

The National Housing Urban Fund is a government fund that provides financial support tolow-income households in Korea by providing mortgage financing and construction loans for projects to buildsmall-sized housing. The operations of the National Housing Urban Fund include providing and managing National Housing Urban Fund loans, issuing National Housing Urban Fund bonds and collecting subscription savings deposits.

In February 2013, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (formerly the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) designated us as one of the managers of the National Housing Urban Fund. In 2017, we received total fees of ₩32 billion for managing the National Housing Urban Fund, compared to ₩31 billion in 2016 and ₩29 billion in 2015.

The financial accounting for the National Housing Urban Fund is entirely separate from our financial accounting, and thenon-performing loans and loan losses of the National Housing Urban Fund, in general, do not impact our financial condition. Regulations and guidelines for managing the National Housing Urban Fund are issued by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport pursuant to the Housing Act.

Distribution Channels

Banking Branch Network

As of December 31, 2014,2017, Kookmin Bank operated a network of 1,1611,062 branches andsub-branches in Korea, which was one of the largest branch networks among Korean commercial banks. Anbanks.An extensive branch network is important to attracting and maintaining retail customers, who use branches extensively and value convenience. We believe that our extensive branch network in Korea and retail customer base provide us with a source of stable and relatively low cost funding. Approximately 37.0%35.5% of our branches andsub-branches are located in

Seoul, and approximately 23.4%23.9% of our branches are located in the six next largest cities. The following table presents the geographical distribution of our branch network in Korea as of December 31, 2014:2017:

 

Area

  Number of
Branches
   Percentage   Number of
Branches
   Percentage 

Seoul

   429     37.0   377    35.5

Six largest cities (other than Seoul)

   272     23.4     254    23.9 

Other

   460     39.6     431    40.6 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

   1,161     100.0   1,062    100.0
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

In addition, we have continued to implement the specialization of our branch functions. Of our branch network as of December 31, 2014,2017, we had eightthree branches that primarily handled large corporate banking.

In order to support our branch network, we have established an extensive network of ATMs, which are located in branches and in unmanned outlets known as “autobanks.” As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had 9,2657,988 ATMs.

We have actively promoted the use of these distribution outlets in order to provide convenient service to customers, as well as to maximize the marketing and sales functions at the branch level, reduce employee costs and improve profitability. The aggregate number of transactions conducted using our ATMs amounted to approximately 640548 million in 2012, 6062015, 505 million in 20132016 and 573460 million in 2014.

2017.

Other DistributionBanking Channels

The following table sets forth information, for the periods indicated, on the number of users and transactions of the other distributionbanking channels for our retail and corporate banking customers, which are discussed below:

 

   For the Year Ended December 31, 
   2012   2013   2014 

Internet banking:

      

Number of users (1)

   14,049,444     15,634,113     16,767,588  

Number of transactions (thousands) (2)

   4,117,653     5,024,132     4,569,185  

Phone banking:

      

Number of users (3)

   4,766,251     4,870,204     4,914,616  

Number of transactions (thousands) (2)

   213,941     183,434     165,130  

Smartphone banking:

      

Number of users (4)

   5,460,955     8,002,176     9,484,234  

Number of transactions (thousands) (2)

   3,377,862     6,554,649     7,504,638  
   For the Year Ended December 31, 
   2015   2016   2017 

Internet banking:

      

Number of users(1)

   17,930,962    19,095,749    20,059,806 

Number of transactions (thousands)(2)

   4,755,832    5,094,063    5,427,142 

Phone banking:

      

Number of users(3)

   4,955,278    4,989,769    5,020,272 

Number of transactions (thousands)(2)

   152,404    147,157    119,059 

Smartphone banking:

      

Number of users(4)

   10,862,526    12,301,753    13,533,359 

Number of transactions (thousands)(2)

   4,083,426    5,169,324    6,192,633 

 

(1) 

Number of users is defined as the total cumulative number of retail and corporate customers who have registered through our branch offices to use our Internet banking services.

(2) 

Number of transactions includes balance and transaction inquiries, fund transfers and other transactions.

(3) 

Number of users is defined as the total cumulative number of retail and corporate customers who have registered through our branch offices to use our phone banking services.

(4) 

Number of users is defined as the total cumulative number of retail customers who have registered through our branch offices, or the customers’ smartphones, to use our smartphone banking services.

Internet Banking

Our goal is to consolidate our position as a market leader in on-lineonline banking. Our Internet banking services currently include:

 

basic banking services, including fund transfers, balance and transaction inquiries,pre-set automatic transfers, product inquiries, on-lineonline bill payments and foreign exchange services;

investment services, including opening deposit accounts and investing in funds;

 

processing of loan applications;

 

electronic certification services, which permit our Internet banking service users to authenticate transactions on a confidential basis through digital signatures; and

 

wealth management and advisory services, including financial planning and real estate information services.

Phone Banking

We offer a variety of phone banking services, includinginter-account fund transfers, balance and transaction inquiries, customer service inquiries and bill payments. We also have call centers, which we primarily use to:

 

advise clients with respect to deposits, loans and credit cards and to provide our customers a way to report any emergencies with respect to their accounts;

 

allow our customers to conduct transactions with respect to their accounts, such as balance and transfer inquiries, transfers or payments and opening accounts; and

 

conduct telemarketing to our customers or potential customers to advertise products or services.

Smartphone Banking

“KB Star Banking,” our mobile banking application for smartphones, allows our customers the flexibility to conduct a variety of financial transactions, including balance and transaction inquiries, fund transfers and asset management, anywhere at any time. Our smartphone banking services currently include:

 

basic banking services, including fund transfers, balance and transaction inquiries, bill payments and foreign exchange services;

 

investment services, including investing in savings deposits that are designed specifically for and offered to smartphone banking customers; and

 

processing of loan applications and bancassurance services.

We also continue to develop innovative mobile applications that cater to specific customer needs and lifestyles. For example, we offer “Liiv,” a mobile banking platform designed to make routine transactions easier for our customers, including providing easy access to banking services without the additional electronic certification process, foreign currency exchange services with lower fees and functions that allow customers to easily split bills and transfer money. We provide our customers with a number of other useful tools, such as “KB Star Alerts,” which are free text messages that contain real-time account activity information as well as security alerts, and “KB My Money,” a mobile application that allows customers to manage a wide range of assets deposited with various financial institutions.

Other Channels

We provide cash management services, which include automatic transfers, connection services to other financial institutions,real-time firm banking, automatic fund concentration and transmittal of trading information.

Distribution Channels for Other Services

Through ournon-banking subsidiaries, we operate a network of dedicated branches and other distribution channels through which our customers can access credit card, securities brokerage, insurance and consumer

finance products and services. The following table sets forth information regarding the number and geographical distribution of the branches in Korea operated by KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities and KB Insurance as of December 31, 2017:

Area

  KB Kookmin Card   KB Securities   KB Insurance 

Seoul

   7    45    17 

Six largest cities (other than Seoul)

   7    27    14 

Other

   11    48    28 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   25    120    59 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

KB Life Insurance and KB Capital also operate a number of branches in the Seoul area.

We also provide credit card, securities brokerage, insurance and consumer finance services through dedicated call centers, smartphone applications and Internet websites operated by KB Kookmin Card, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Life Insurance and KB Capital.

Competition

We compete principally with other financial institutions in Korea, including other financial holding companies and nationwide commercial banks, as well as regional banks, development banks, specialized banks and branches of foreign banks operating in Korea and installment finance corporations for mortgage loan products.Korea. We also compete for customer funds with other types of financial service institutions in Korea, including savings institutions (such as mutual savings and finance companies and credit unions and credit cooperatives), investment institutions (such as merchant banking corporations), life insurance companies,non-life insurance companies, securities companies and other financial investment companies.

Competition in the domestic banking industry is generally based on the types and quality of the products and services offered, including the size and location of retail networks, the level of automation and interest rates charged and paid.

Competition has increased significantly in our traditional core businesses, retail banking,small- andmedium-sized enterprise banking and credit card lending, contributing to some extent to the asset quality deterioration in retail andsmall- andmedium-sized loans. As a result, our margins on lending activities may decrease in the future.

Furthermore, the introduction of Internet-only banks in Korea is expected to increase competition in the Korean banking industry. Internet-only banks operate without branches and conduct most of their operations through electronic means, which enables them to minimize cost and offer customers higher interest rates on deposits or lower lending rates. In April 2017, K Bank, the first Internet-only bank in Korea, commenced operations. Kakao Bank, another Internet-only bank, in which we hold a 10% equity interest, commenced operations in July 2017.

In the Korean insurance industry, competition is based on a number of factors, including brand recognition, service, product features and pricing, investment performance and perceived financial strength. There has been downward pressure in recent years on margins of insurance products as some of our competitors have sought to obtain or maintain market share by reducing margins and increasing marketing efforts. As the Koreannon-life insurance and life insurance sectors continue to mature, they may experience a slowdown in growth as well as a stagnation in market penetration. Due to these and other factors, we believe that competition in the Korean insurance industry will likely remain intense in the future.

In addition, general regulatory reforms in the Korean financial industry have increased competition among banks and other financial institutions in Korea. As the reform of the financial sector continues, foreign financial institutions, some with greater resources than us, have entered, and may continue to enter, the Korean market either by themselves or in partnership with existing Korean financial institutions and compete with us in providing financial and related services.

In addition,

Moreover, the Korean financial industry is undergoing significant consolidation. The number of nationwide commercial banks in Korea has decreased from 16 as of December 31, 1997, to seven banks and five financial holding companiessix as of December 31, 2014. Furthermore, a2017. A number of significant mergers and acquisitions in the financial industry have taken place in Korea over the past decade,in recent years, including the acquisition of Koram Bank by an affiliate of Citibank in 2004, Standard Chartered Bank’s acquisition of Korea First Bank in April 2005, Chohung Bank’s merger with Shinhan Bank in April 2006, Hana Financial Group’s acquisition of a controlling interest in Korea Exchange Bank in February 2012 and the proposedsubsequent merger of Hana Bank into Korea Exchange Bank in the second half of 2015. Moreover,In addition, as part of the Korean government’s plans to privatize Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. (the financial holding company of Woori Bank), certain subsidiaries of Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. were sold to other financial institutions and Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. itself was merged into Woori Bank in 2014. In the insurance sector, China’s Anbang Insurance Group acquired controlling interests in Tong Yang Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and Allianz Life Insurance Korea Co., Ltd. in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while Mirae Asset Life Insurance Co., Ltd. acquired PCA Life Insurance Co., Ltd. in 2017. In the securities sector, in 2016, Mirae Asset Securities Co., Ltd. acquired a 43% interest in KDB Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., which changed its name to Mirae Asset Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd., and Mirae Asset Securities merged with and into Mirae Asset Daewoo Securities to create the largest securities company in Korea in terms of capital. We expect that consolidation in the Korean financial industry will continue. The

financial institutions resulting from such consolidation may, by virtue of their increased size and business scope, provide significantly greater competition for us. We intend to review potential acquisition opportunities as they arise. We cannot guarantee that we will not be involved in any future mergers or acquisitions.

For additional information, you should read the section entitled “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to competition.”

Information Technology

Pursuant to our establishment as a financial holding company, we are implementingWe regularly implement various ITsystem-related initiatives and upgrades at the group and subsidiary level. We believe that continuous improvement of our IT systems is crucial in supporting our operations and management and providinghigh-quality customer service. Accordingly, we continue to upgrade and improve our systems through various activities, including projects to develop next generation banking systems for Kookmin Bank, further strengthen system security and timely develop and implement various new IT systems and services (includinggroup-wide software) that support our business operations and risk management activities.

Ourmainframe-based banking and credit card IT systems are designed to ensure continuity of services even where there is a failure of the host data center due to a natural disaster or other accidents by utilizing backup systems in disaster recovery data centers. In addition, through the implementation of Parallel Sysplex, a “multi-CPU“multi-CPU system,” our bank and credit card systems are designed and operated to be able to process transactions without material interruption in the event of CPU failure. In 2010, we launched anext-generation banking and credit card IT system that is designed to ensure greater reliability in financial transactions and allow more efficient development of new financial products. We also launched a new disaster recovery system to ensure continuity of operations. In addition, we implemented new technologies, including Multi Channel Integration and Enterprise Application Integration systems, to standardize our IT system and better manage IT system operational risk.

In 2011, we launched a mobile weblink to provide online banking services for smartphone users. In addition, we implemented virtual storage technology for our server systems to achieve a more flexible and cost-effective information storage capability.

The integrity of our IT systems, and their ability to withstand potential catastrophic events (such as natural calamities and internal system failures), are crucial to our continuing operations. We currently test our disaster recovery systems on a quarterly basis. For additional information, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Operational Risk Management.”

In 2014,2017, we spent approximately ₩478₩557 billion for our IT systems,system implementation and operations, including expenses related to the construction of new IT systems, implementation of hardware and software technologies and other new systems. systems, as well as related labor costs.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, we employed a total of 973 1,079full-time employees in our IT operations.

Assets and Liabilities

The tables below set out selected financial highlights regarding our banking operations and individualour assets and liabilities. Except as otherwise indicated, amounts as of and for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 20142017 are presented on a consolidated basis under IFRS.

Loan Portfolio

As of December 31, 2014,2017, our total loan portfolio was ₩233,902₩292,233 billion compared to ₩221,862₩267,764 billion as of December 31, 20132016 and ₩216,914₩247,587 billion as of December 31, 2012.2015. As of December 31, 2014, 94.8%2017, 95.6% of our total loans wereWon-denominated loans compared to 94.6%95.2% as of December 31, 20132016 and 94.4%94.3% as of December 31, 2012.

2015.

Loan Types

The following table presents loans by type as of the dates indicated. Except where we specify otherwise, all loan amounts stated below are before deduction of allowances for loan losses. Total loans reflect our loan portfolio, including past due amounts.

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2010   2011   2012   2013   2014   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Domestic:

                    

Corporate

                    

Small- and medium-sized enterprise

  65,132    68,730    70,471    71,045    71,960    71,045   71,960   78,665   86,065   97,379 

Large corporate (1)

   23,143     28,509     29,212     29,489     28,918     29,489    28,918    30,182    30,206    30,002 

Retail

                    

Mortgage and home equity

   71,715     75,580     74,463     77,969     86,994     77,969    86,994    87,882    93,327    97,253 

Other consumer

   27,281     28,275     28,969     29,675     32,255     29,675    32,255    36,312    41,629    48,897 

Credit cards

   12,413     12,421     11,874     11,784     11,632     11,784    11,632    12,136    13,530    15,205 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total domestic

   199,684     213,515     214,989     219,962     231,759     219,962    231,759    245,177    264,757    288,736 

Foreign

   1,693     2,040     1,925     1,900     2,143     1,900    2,143    2,410    3,007    3,497 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total gross loans

  201,377    215,555    216,914    221,862    233,902    221,862   233,902   247,587   267,764   292,233 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1) 

Large corporate loans include ₩53 billion, ₩35 billion, ₩33 billion, ₩132 billion, ₩191 billion, ₩248 billion, ₩285 billion and ₩191₩222 billion of loans to the Korean government and government related agencies (including the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation) as of December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2014,2017, respectively.

Loan Concentrations

On a consolidated basis, our exposure to any single borrower or any singlechaebol is limited by law to 20% and 25%, respectively, of our “net aggregate equity capital,” as defined under the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act. See “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer and Major Shareholder.Investor.” In addition, Kookmin Bank’s exposure to any single borrower or any singlechaebolis limited by the Bank Act to 20% and 25%, respectively, of its total Tier I and Tier II capital.

20 Largest Exposures by Borrower

As of December 31, 2014,2017, our 20 largest exposures totaled ₩11,309₩17,937 billion and accounted for 3.9%5.1% of our total exposures. The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2014,2017, our total exposures to these top 20 borrowers or issuers:

 

  

Loans
        Guarantees
and
Acceptances
     Amounts
Classified
as
Impaired
Loans
 

Company (1)

 Won
Currency
  Foreign
Currency
  Equity
Securities
  Debt
Securities
   Total
Exposures
  
  (in billions of Won) 

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

 22   180   —     —     963   1,165   —    

Mizuho Bank, Ltd.

  —      984    —      —      —      984    —    

POSCO

  —      77    489    205    —      771    —    

Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

  —      —      —      10    715    725    —    

Korea Securities Finance Corp.

  —      500    154    30    —      684    —    

Hyundai Capital Services Inc.

  330    —      —      294    —      624    —    

Hyundai Steel Company

  224    239    —      24    136    623    —    

National Agricultural Cooperative Federation

  —      —      —      616    —      616    —    

Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

  —      267    3    —      331    601    —    

Daewoo International Corporation

  —      255    1    35    215    506    —    

Woori Bank

  —      133    3    338    —      474    —    

Shinhan Bank

  —      102    —      353    —      455    —    

SK C&C Co., Ltd.

  —      —      438    —      —      438    —    

Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corp.

  —      —      —      430    —      430    —    

NongHyup Bank

  30    37    —      337    —      404    —    

LG Electronics Inc.

  390    —      3    6    —      399    —    

SK Energy Co., Ltd.

  —      111    —      91    178    380    —    

Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd.

  —      100    257    —      —      357    —    

Bank of China Limited

  —      341    —      —      —      341    —    

Korean Airlines Co., Ltd.

  1    75    —      12    244    332    —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 997   3,401   1,348   2,781   2,782   11,309   —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  Loans        Guarantees
and
Acceptances
     Amounts
Classified
as
Impaired
Loans
 

Company(1)

 Won
Currency
  Foreign
Currency
  Equity
Securities
  Debt
Securities
   Total
Exposures
  
  (in billions of Won) 

The Korea Securities Finance Corporation

 7  200  50  1,938  —    2,195   —   

Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd

  —     1,530   180   —     3   1,713   —   

KEB Hana Bank

  237   302   —     1,055   —     1,594   —   

Korea Exchange

  —     —     1,301   —     —     1,301   —   

Nonghyup Bank

  113   —     —     909   —     1,022   —   

Woori Bank

  64   156   2   755   —     977   —   

Hyundai Capital Services Inc.

  428   16   —     521   —     965   —   

Shinhan Bank

  —     96   —     768   —     864   —   

Kia Motors Corp

  200   547   3   73   —     823   —   

SK

  —     92   508   126   —     726   —   

POSCO

  1   2   579   63   43   688   —   

Mirae Asset Global Investment Co., Ltd.

  —     —     672   —     —     672   —   

Mirae Asset Daewoo Co., Ltd.

  4   300   7   335   —     646   —   

Shinhan Card Co. Ltd.

  100   —     —     497   —     597   —   

Shinhan Financial Group Co., Ltd.

  —     —     9   562   —     571   —   

LG Electronics Inc.

  421   —     9   110   —     540   —   

Agricultural Bank of China

  —     536   —     —     —     536   —   

Hyundai Steel Company

  375   32   3   67   45   522   —   

S-Oil Corp.

  81   246   4   120   43   494   —   

Shinhan Investment Corp.

  —     50   51   390   —     491   —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 2,031  4,105  3,378  8,289  134  17,937  —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

(1) 

Excludes exposures togovernment-owned or-controlled enterprises or financial institutions, including Bank of Korea, Korea Housing Finance Corporation, Korea Land & Housing Corporation, Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation and Korea Development Bank.

As of December 31, 2014, 122017, seven of these top 20 borrowers or issuers were companies belonging to the 4236 largest highly-indebted business groups amongchaebolsin Korea designated as such by the Financial Supervisory Service based on their outstanding exposures.

Exposure to Chaebols

As of December 31, 2014, 7.5%2017, 7.0% of our total exposure was to the 4236 largest highly-indebted business groups amongchaebols in Korea designated as such by the Financial Supervisory Service based on their outstanding exposures. The following table shows, as of December 31, 2014,2017, our total exposures to the tenchaebolgroups to which we have the largest exposure:

 

  Loans  Equity
Securities
  Debt
Securities
  Guarantees
and
Acceptances
  Total
Exposures
  Amounts
Classified as
Impaired Loans
 

Chaebol

 Won
Currency
  Foreign
Currency
      
  (in billions of Won) 

Hyundai Motor (1)

 887   521   11   766   801   2,986   —    

Samsung (2)

  307    645    119    581    1,157    2,809    —    

SK (3)

  237    654    449    417    498    2,255    —    

POSCO (4)

  173    331    525    261    236    1,526    —    

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (5)

  45    178    —      —      964    1,187    —    

Hyundai Heavy Industries (6)

  43    322    47    —      768    1,180    —    

LG (7)

  631    117    11    163    28    950    —    

Hanwha (8)

  595    40    144    6    111    896    —    

GS (9)

  89    128    2    288    327    834    —    

Lotte (10)

  255    48    25    399    84    811    —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 3,262   2,984   1,333   2,881   4,974   15,434   —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  Loans          Guarantees
and
Acceptances
       Amounts
Classified
as
Impaired
Loans
 

Chaebol

 Won
Currency
  Foreign
Currency
  Equity
Securities
   Debt
Securities
     Total
Exposures
   
  (in billions of Won) 

Hyundai Motor(1)

 1,269  1,200  90   2,038   386   4,983   —   

Samsung(2)

  346   2,000   929    904    574    4,753    —   

SK(3)

  129   377   630    929    168    2,233    —   

Lotte(4)

  665   138   70    1,239    54    2,166    —   

POSCO(5)

  131   159   753    257    384    1,684    —   

LG(6)

  454   18   170    412    520    1,574    —   

Hanwha(7)

  803   100   160    281    22    1,366    —   

GS(8)

  288   79   21    645    102    1,135    —   

Hyundai Heavy Industries(9)

  176   64   50    56    652    998    —   

LS (10)

  55   256   9    102    402    824    —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

 4,316  4,391  2,882   6,863   3,264   21,716   —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1) 

Includes principally Hyundai Capital Services Inc., Hyundai Steel Company and Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.

Motor.
(2) 

Includes principally Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., and Samsung Card and Samsung C&T Corporation.

Co., Ltd.
(3) 

Includes principally SK C&CHoldings Co., Ltd., SK EnergyShipping Co., Ltd. and SK Networks Co., Ltd.

Company Limited.
(4) 

Includes principally Lotte Capital Co., Ltd., Lotte Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd and Hotel Lotte Co., Ltd.

(5)Includes principally POSCO Daewoo International Corporation, POSCO and POSCO Energy Co., Ltd.

(5)

Includes principally Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., Shinhan Machinery Co., Ltd. and DSME Construction Co., Ltd.

(6) 

Includes principally Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., Ltd. and Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

(7)

Includes principally LG Electronics Inc., LG Chem, Ltd. and LG UplusInternational Corp.

(8)(7) 

Includes principally Hanwha Engineering & Construction Corp.Corp, Hanwha Techwin Co., Hanwha CorporationLtd and Hanwha Advanced Materials Corporation.

E&C.
(9)(8) 

Includes principally GS Engineering & Construction Corporation,Co., Ltd., GS Caltex Corporation,Retail Co., Ltd and GS Holdings Corp.

Energy.
(10)(9) 

Includes principally Lotte Engineering & ConstructionHyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Lotte CardLtd, Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. and Lotte CapitalHyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., Ltd.

(10)Includes principallyLS-Nikko Copper Inc., LS Cable & System Ltd. and Ewon Co., Ltd.

Loan Concentration by Industry

The following table presents the aggregate balance of our domestic and foreign corporate loans, by industry concentration, as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014:2017:

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2012 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 

Industry

  Amount   % Amount   % Amount   %   Amount   % Amount   % Amount   % 
  (in billions of Won, except percentages)   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Services

  38,650     38.1 38,375     37.5 39,385     38.2  44,372    39.9 48,529    40.7 54,268    41.5

Manufacturing

   31,320     30.8    31,161     30.5    32,694     31.7     35,373    31.8  36,505    30.6  40,201    30.7 

Wholesale and retail

   15,124     14.9    13,874     13.6    13,287     12.9     13,704    12.3  14,247    12.0  15,061    11.5 

Financial institutions

   7,291     7.2    10,524     10.3    9,117     8.9     9,070    8.2  10,603    8.9  11,094    8.5 

Construction

   4,689     4.6    4,428     4.3    3,862     3.8     3,569    3.2  3,381    2.9  3,022    2.4 

Public sector

   520     0.5    655     0.6    755     0.7     812    0.7  887    0.7  1,057    0.8 

Others

   3,941     3.9    3,318     3.2    3,871     3.8     4,316    3.9  5,053    4.2  6,054    4.6 
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Total

  101,535     100.0 102,335     100.0 102,971     100.0  111,216    100.0 119,205    100.0 130,757    100.0
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Maturity Analysis

We typically roll over our working capital loans and unsecured consumer loans (other than those payable in installments) after we conduct our normal loan review in accordance with our loan review procedures. Working capital loans may generally be extended on an annual basis for an aggregate term of five years and unsecured consumer loans may generally be extended for another term of up to 12 months for an aggregate term of 10 years.

The following table sets out the scheduled maturities (time remaining until maturity) of our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2014.2017. The amounts disclosed are before deduction of allowances for loan losses:

 

  1 Year or
Less
   Over 1 Year
But Not More

Than 5 Years
   Over 5 Years   Total   1 Year or
Less
   Over 1 Year
But Not More

Than 5 Years
   Over 5 Years   Total 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Domestic:

                

Corporate

                

Small- and medium-sized enterprises

  52,276    13,940    5,744    71,960    70,301   20,962   6,116   97,379 

Large corporate

   20,454     5,721     2,743     28,918     19,851    5,861    4,290    30,002 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total corporate

   72,730     19,661     8,487     100,878     90,152    26,823    10,406    127,381 

Retail

                

Mortgage and home equity

   7,547     6,171     73,276     86,994     11,390    7,605    78,258    97,253 

Other consumer

   18,019     10,699     3,537     32,255     27,485    15,232    6,180    48,897 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total retail

   25,566     16,870     76,813     119,249     38,875    22,837    84,438    146,150 

Credit cards

   10,249     1,181     202     11,632     12,655    2,201    349    15,205 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total domestic

   108,545     37,712     85,502     231,759     141,682    51,861    95,193    288,736 

Foreign:

   1,789     264     90     2,143     2,735    642    120    3,497 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total gross loans

  110,334    37,976    85,592    233,902    144,417   52,503   95,313   292,233 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Interest Rate Sensitivity

The following table shows, as of December 31, 2014,2017, the total amount of loans due after one year, which have fixed interest rates and variable or adjustable interest rates:

 

   As of
December 31, 20142017
 
   (in billions of Won) 

Fixed rate(1)

  19,20726,000 

Variable or adjustable rates(2)

   104,361121,816 
  

 

 

 

Total gross loans

  123,568147,816 
  

 

 

 

 

(1) 

Fixed rate loans are loans for which the interest rate is fixed for the entire term.

(2) 

Variable or adjustable rate loans are loans for which the interest rate is not fixed for the entire term.

For additional information regarding our management of interest rate risk, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Market Risk Management—Market Risk Management forNon-Trading Activities.”

Credit Exposures to Companies in Workout, Restructuring or Rehabilitation

Workout is a voluntary procedure through which we, together with the borrower and other creditors, seek to restore the borrower’s financial stability and viability. Previously, workouts were regulated under the prior Corporatea series of

Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act,Acts, which last expired on December 31, 2013.2015. In December 2013,March 2016, the National Assembly of Korea adopted another Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, or the New Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, which became effective on January 1, 2014. Workouts that had been initiated under the Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act are also governed by the New Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act effective from January 1, 2014. Under the Newa new Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, which is similarscheduled to expire on June 30, 2018. Under the new Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, all creditor financial institutionscreditors of a financially troubled borrower are required tomay participate in a creditors’ committee, which is authorized to prohibit such creditor financial institutionscreditors from exercising their rights against the borrower, commencingcommence workout procedures and approve or approvingmake revisions to a reorganization plan prepared by the borrower.lead creditor bank, the borrower and external experts. The composition of the creditors’ committee is determined at the initial meeting of the committee by the approval of creditors holding not less than 75% of the borrower’s total outstanding debt held by creditors who were notified of the initial meeting of the committee. Although creditors that are not financial institutions or hold less than 1% of the total outstanding debt of the borrower need not be notified of the initial meeting of the creditors’ committee, if such creditors wish to participate, they may not be excluded. Any decision of the creditors’ committee requires the approval of creditor financial institutionscreditors holding not less than 75% of the total outstanding debt of the borrower. However, if a single creditor holds 75% or more of the borrower’s total outstanding debt held by the creditors comprising the creditors’ committee, any decision of a borrower.the creditors’ committee requires the approval of not less than 40% of the total number of creditors (including such single creditor) comprising the committee. An additional approval of creditor financial institutionscreditors holding not less than 75% of the secured debt is required with respect to the borrower’s debt restructuring. Once approved, any decision made by the creditors’ committee is binding on all the creditor financial institutionscreditors of the borrower. Creditor financial institutionsborrower, with the exception of those creditors that were excluded by a resolution of the committee at its initial meeting and those who exercised their right to request that their claims be purchased. Creditors that voted against commencement of workout, approval or revision of the reorganization plan, debt restructuring, or granting of new credit, extension of the joint management process or other resolutions of the committee have the right to request the creditor financial institutionscreditors that voted in favor of such matters to purchase their claims at a mutually agreed price. In the event that the parties are not able to agree on the terms of purchase, a coordination committee consisting of experts would determine the terms. The creditor financial institutionscreditors that oppose a decision made by the coordination committee may request a court to change such decision. The New Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2015.

Upon approval of the workout plan, a credit exposure is initially classified as precautionary or lower and thereafter cannot be classified higher than precautionary with limited exceptions. If a corporate borrower is in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation, we take the status of the borrower into account in valuing our loans to and collateral from that borrower for purposes of establishing our allowances for credit losses.

Korean law also provides for corporate rehabilitation proceedings, which arecourt-supervised procedures to rehabilitate an insolvent company. Under these procedures, a restructuring plan is adopted at a meeting of interested parties, including creditors of the company. Such restructuring plan is subject to court approval.

A portion of our loans to and debt securities of corporate customers are currently in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation. As of December 31, 2014, ₩6832017, ₩491 billion or 0.2%0.1% of our total loans and debt securities were in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation. Thisrehabilitation.This included ₩309₩142 billion of loans to and debt securities of large corporate borrowers and ₩374₩349 billion of loans tosmall- and debt securities of small- and medium-sized enterprises.

The following table shows, as of December 31, 2014,2017, our ten largest credit exposures that were in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation:

 

  Loans        Guarantees
and
Acceptances
     Amounts
Classified as
Impaired
Loans
 

Company

 Won
Currency
  Foreign
Currency
  Equity
Securities
  Debt
Securities
   Total
Exposures
  
  (in billions of Won) 

Orient Shipyard Co., Ltd.

 53   2   —     —     65   120   56  

Kumho Industrial Co., Ltd.

  58    —      26    —      13    97    58  

Dongmoon Construction Co., Ltd.

  65    —      —      —      —      65    65  

Keangnam Enterprises, Ltd.

  41    —      6    —      1    48    41  

Samho International Co., Ltd.

  31    —      12    5    —      48    31  

Dongil Construction Co., Ltd.

  42    —      —      —      —      42    42  

Hongwon Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd.

  9    7    —      —      1    17    15  

Hyundai Cement Co., Ltd.

  1    —      15    —      —      16    1  

Young Gwang Stainless Co., Ltd.

  1    9    —      —      3    13    9  

SolarPark Korea Co., Ltd.

  13    —      —      —      —      13    13  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 314   18   59   5   83   479   331  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

  Loans        Amounts
Classified as
Impaired
Loans
 

Company

 Won
Currency
  Foreign
Currency
  Guarantees
and
Acceptances
  Total
Exposures
  
  (in billions of Won) 

Dongmoon Construction Co., Ltd.

 70  —    —    70  70 

Orient Shipyard Co., Ltd

  49   2   —     51   51 

Dongil Construction LTD

  41   —     —     41   41 

Ubcell Co., Ltd.

  15   —     1   16   16 

Dreample Co., Ltd.

  —     13   1   14   14 

Trans-Pacific Resources Ltd.

  —     10   4   14   14 

Woojeon & Handan Co., Ltd

  —     10   —     10   10 

Shindongah Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.

  9   —     —     9   9 

JM Advanced Materials

  8   —     —     8   8 

Echoroba Co., Ltd.

  8   —     —     8   8 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 200  35  6  241  241 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Provisioning Policy

We establish allowances for loan losses with respect to loans to absorb such losses. WeUnder International Accounting Standard 39,Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, we assess individually significant loans on acase-by-case basis and other loans on a collective basis. In addition, if we determine that no objective evidence of impairment exists for a loan, we include such loan in a group of loans with similar credit risk characteristics and assess them collectively for impairment regardless of whether such loan is significant. For individually significant loans, allowances for loan losses are recorded if objective evidence of impairment exists as a result of one or more events that occurred after initial recognition. For collectively assessed loans, we base the level of allowances for loan losses on our evaluation of the risk characteristics of such loans, taking into account such factors as historical loss experience, the financial condition of the borrowers and current economic conditions.

IFRS 9Financial Instruments is effective, and replaces International Accounting Standard 39, for annual periods commencing on or after January 1, 2018. See “Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Recent Accounting Pronouncements.” IFRS 9 introduces a new impairment model which requires recording of allowance for credit losses based on expected losses instead of incurred losses (as is the case under International Accounting Standard 39), and recognition of any subsequent changes in expected credit losses in profit or loss. Under IFRS 9, the allowance required to be established with respect to a loan or receivable is the amount of the12-month expected credit loss or the lifetime expected credit loss for the applicable loan or receivable, according to three stages of credit risk deterioration since initial recognition.

If additions or changes to the allowances for loan losses are required, then we record a provision for loan losses, which is included in impairment losses on credit loss and treated as a charge against current income. Credit exposures that we deem to be uncollectible, including actual loan losses, net of recoveries of previouslycharged-off amounts, are charged directly against the allowances for loan losses. See “Item 5.A. Operating Results—Critical Accounting Policies—Impairment of Loans and Allowances for Loan Losses.”

We generally consider the following loans to be impaired loans:

 

loans that are past due by 90 days or more;

 

loans that are subject to legal proceedings related to collection;

loans to a borrower that has received a warning from the Korea Federation of Banks indicating that such borrower has exhibited difficulties in making timely payments of principal and interest;

 

loans to corporate borrowers that are rated C or D according to Kookmin Bank’s internal credit ratings for large companies or small-and medium-sizedsmall-andmedium-sized enterprises;

 

loans for whichaccount-specific provisions have been made resulting from a significant perceived decline in credit quality; and

 

loans with respect to which the amount of principal and interest payable has been materially decreased due to restructuring.

The actual amount of incurred loan losses may vary from loss estimates due to changing economic conditions or changes in industry or geographic concentrations. We have procedures in place to monitor differences between estimated and actual incurred loan losses, which include detailed periodic assessments by senior management of both individual loans and loan portfolios and the use of models to estimate incurred loan losses in those portfolios.

We regularly evaluate the adequacy of the overall allowances for loan losses and we believe that the allowances for loan losses reflect our best estimate of probable loan losses as of each balance sheet date.

Loan Aging Schedule

The following table shows our loan aging schedule (excluding accrued interest) as of the dates indicated:

 

As of December 31,

  Normal
Amount
   %  Amount
Past Due
1-3 Months
   %  Amount
Past Due
3-6
Months
   %  Amount
Past Due
6 Months
or More
   %  Total
Amount
 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

2010

  199,013     98.8 752     0.4 608     0.3 1,004     0.5 201,377  

2011

   213,515     99.0    860     0.4    327     0.2    853     0.4    215,555  

2012

   214,489     98.9    819     0.4    532     0.2    1,074     0.5    216,914  

2013

   219,777     99.1    664     0.3    426     0.2    995     0.4    221,862  

2014

   232,159     99.2    675     0.3    385     0.2    683     0.3    233,902  

As of December 31,

  Normal
Amount
   %  Amount
Past Due
1-3 Months
   %  Amount
Past Due
3-6 Months
   %  Amount
Past Due
6 Months
or More
   %  Total
Amount
 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

2013

  219,777    99.1 664    0.3 426    0.2 995    0.4 221,862 

2014

   232,159    99.2   675    0.3   385    0.2   683    0.3   233,902 

2015

   246,116    99.5   549    0.2   359    0.1   563    0.2   247,587 

2016

   266,381    99.5   460    0.2   295    0.1   628    0.2   267,764 

2017

   291,074    99.6   401    0.1   267    0.1   491    0.2   292,233 

Non-Accrual Loans and Past Due Accruing Loans

We generally consider impaired loans to benon-accrual loans. However, we exclude fromnon-accrual status and continue to accrue interest on loans that are fully secured by cash on deposit or on which there are financial guarantees from the government, Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation or certain financial institutions.

We no longergenerally recognize interest income onnon-accrual loans fromusing the dateinterest rate used to discount the loan is placed on non-accrual status.future cash flows of such loans for purposes of measuring impairment loss, as well as upon receipt of cash interest payments. We reclassify loans as accruing when interest and principal payments areup-to-date and future payments of principal and interest are reasonably assured. We generally do not recognize interest income on non-accrual loans unless collected.

Interest foregone is the interest due onnon-accrual loans that has not been accrued in our books of account. ForThe table below shows, for the year ended December 31, 2014,years indicated, the amount of gross interest income that we would have recorded gross interest income of ₩275 billion compared to ₩332 billion for the year ended December 31, 2013, ₩309 billion for the year ended December 31, 2012, ₩336 billion for the year ended December 31, 2011 and ₩328 billion for the year ended December 31, 2010 on loans accounted for on anon-accrual basis throughout the year, or since origination for loans held for part of the year, had we not foregone interest on those loans. Theloans, as well as the amount of interest income on those loans that was included in our profit for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 was ₩194 billion, ₩192 billion, ₩187 billion, ₩206 billion and ₩175 billion, respectively.year.

   Year Ended December 31, 
   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
   (in billions of Won) 

Gross interest income that would have been recorded

  332   275   220   195   198 

Interest income included in profit for the year

  206   175   151   129   135 

The following table shows, as of the dates indicated, the amount of loans that were placed on anon-accrual basis and accruing loans which were past due 90 days or more. The category “accruing but past due 90 days” includes loans which are still accruing interest but on which principal or interest payments are contractually past due 90 days or more.

 

 As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
 (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Loans accounted for on a non-accrual basis

               

Corporate

 2,466   2,021   1,851   2,220   1,673    2,220   1,673   1,607   1,403   1,108 

Consumer

  1,012    1,200    1,290    1,253    1,022     1,253    1,022    763    766    759 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

  3,478    3,221    3,141    3,473    2,695     3,473    2,695    2,370    2,169    1,867 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Accruing loans which are contractually past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest

               

Corporate

  5    4    84    98    39     98    39    47    27    66 

Consumer

  28    45    97    116    72     116    72    88    79    33 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

  33    49    181    214    111     214    111    135    106    99 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

 3,511   3,270   3,322   3,687   2,806    3,687   2,806   2,505   2,275   1,966 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Troubled Debt Restructurings

The following table presents, as of the dates indicated, our loans that are “troubled debt restructurings” for which we, for economic or legal reasons relating to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grant a concession to the debtor that we would not otherwise consider. These loans consist principally of corporate loans that have been restructured (through the process of workout, court receivership or composition) and which are accruing interest at rates lower than the original contractual terms as a result of a variation of terms upon restructuring.

 

   As of December 31, 
   2010   2011   2012   2013   2014 
   (in billions of Won) 

Loans classified as “troubled debt restructurings”

  573    412    465    269    256  

   As of December 31, 
   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
   (in billions of Won) 

Loans classified as “troubled debt restructurings”

  269   256   228   168   170 

For 2014,2017, interest income that would have been recorded under the original contract terms of restructured loans amounted to ₩30₩15 billion, out of which ₩16₩10 billion was reflected as interest income during 2014.2017.

Potential Problem Loans

We classify potential problem loans as loans that are designated as “early warning loans” and reported to the Financial Services Commission. “Early warning loans” are loans extended to borrowers that have been (i) identified by our early warning system as exhibiting signs of credit risk based on the relevant borrower’s financial data, credit information and/or transactions with banks and, following such identification and (ii) designated by our loan officers as potential problem borrowers based on their evaluation of known information about such borrowers’ possible credit problems. Such loans are required to be reported on a quarterly basis to the Financial Services Commission. If a borrower’s loans are designated as “early warning loans” pursuant to the process described above and included in our quarterly report to the Financial Services Commission, we consider such borrowers to have serious doubt as to their ability to comply with repayment terms in the near future.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had ₩2,490₩843 billion of potential problem loans.

Other Problematic Interest Earning Assets

We have certain other interest earning assets received in connection with troubled debt restructurings that, if they were loans, would be required to be disclosed as part of thenon-accrual, past due or restructuring or potential problem loan disclosures provided above. As of December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2014,2017, we did not have any debt securities received in connection with troubled debt restructurings on which interest was past due.

Non-Performing Loans

Non-performing loans are defined as loans that are past due by 90 days or more. These loans are generally classified as “substandard” or below. For further information on the classification ofnon-performing loans under Korean regulatory requirements, see “—Regulatory Reserve for Credit Losses” below.

The following table shows, as of the dates indicated, certain details of our totalnon-performing loan portfolio:

 

   As of December 31, 
   2010  2011  2012  2013  2014 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Total non-performing loans

  1,612   1,180   1,606   1,421   1,068  

As a percentage of total loans

   0.8  0.5  0.7  0.6  0.5

   As of December 31, 
   2013  2014  2015  2016  2017 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Totalnon-performing loans

  1,421  1,068  922  923  758 

As a percentage of total loans

   0.6  0.5  0.4  0.3  0.3

Analysis ofNon-Performing Loans

The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, our totalnon-performing loans by type of borrower:

 

 As of December 31,  As of December 31, 
 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 
 Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount %  Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % 
 (in billions of Won, except percentages)  (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Domestic:

                    

Corporate

                    

Small- and medium sized enterprise

 686    42.5 373    31.6 680    42.4 568    40.0 373    34.9 568  40.0 373  34.9 309  33.5 302  32.7 178  23.5

Large corporate

  241    15.0    84    7.1    97    6.0    158    11.1    137    12.8   158  11.1  137  12.8  187  20.3  247  26.8  209  27.6 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total corporate

  927    57.5    457    38.7    777    48.4    726    51.1    510    47.7   726  51.1  510  47.7  496  53.8  549  59.5  387  51.1 

Retail

                    

Mortgage and home equity

  478    29.7    510    43.2    625    38.9    394    27.7    209    19.6   394  27.7  209  19.6  172  18.7  124  13.4  110  14.5 

Other consumer

  163    10.1    132    11.2    137    8.5    152    10.7    186    17.4   152  10.7  186  17.4  157  17.0  148  16.0  142  18.7 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total retail

  641    39.8    642    54.4    762    47.4    546    38.4    395    37.0   546  38.4  395  37.0  329  35.7  272  29.4  252  33.2 

Credit cards

  39    2.4    62    5.3    47    2.9    107    7.5    99    9.3   107  7.5  99  9.3  70  7.6  81  8.8  100  13.2 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total domestic

  1,607    99.7    1,161    98.4    1,586    98.7    1,379    97.0    1,004    94.0   1,379  97.0  1,004  94.0  895  97.1  902  97.7  739  97.5 

Foreign:

  5    0.3    19    1.6    20    1.3    42    3.0    64    6.0   42  3.0  64  6.0  27  2.9  21  2.3  19  2.5 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total non-performing loans

 1,612    100.0 1,180    100.0 1,606    100.0 1,421    100.0 1,068    100.0 1,421  100.0 1,068  100.0 922  100.0 923  100.0 758  100.0
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Top 20Non-Performing Loans

As of December 31, 2014,2017, our 20 largestnon-performing loans accounted for 28.5%35.9% of our totalnon-performing loan portfolio. The following table shows, as of December 31, 2014,2017, certain information regarding our 20 largestnon-performing loans:

 

  Industry  Gross Principal
Outstanding
   Allowances for
Loan  Losses(1)
   Industry   Gross Principal
Outstanding
   Allowances for
Loan Losses(1)
 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Borrower A

  Services  63    7     Manufacturing   51   51 

Borrower B

  Construction   37     23     Services    42    42 

Borrower C

  Services   25     2     Services    39    17 

Borrower D

  Services   24     8     Construction    26    21 

Borrower E

  Manufacturing   22     2     Construction    17    7 

Borrower F

  Manufacturing   18     —       Manufacturing    17    3 

Borrower G

  Construction   17     4     Construction    14    12 

Borrower H

  Financial institutions   15     15     Construction    10    3 

Borrower I

  Manufacturing   10     1     Services    9    9 

Borrower J

  Manufacturing   9     9     Manufacturing    8    4 

Borrower K

  Others   9     —       Manufacturing    5    1 

Borrower L

  Financial institutions   9     9     Construction    5    2 

Borrower M

  Others   8     —       Financial institutions    5    5 

Borrower N

  Services   8     1     Services    4    4 

Borrower O

  Others   7     1     Manufacturing    4    1 

Borrower P

  Construction   7     —       Wholesale & Retail    4    2 

Borrower Q

  Construction   4     4     Services    3    2 

Borrower R

  Manufacturing   4     4     Financial institutions    3    —   

Borrower S

  Construction   4     —       Manufacturing    3    —   

Borrower T

  Wholesale and retail   4     —       Services    3    —   
    

 

   

 

     

 

   

 

 

Total

    304    90      272   186 
    

 

   

 

     

 

   

 

 

 

(1) 

If the estimated recovery value of collateral for anon-performing loan is sufficient compared to the outstanding loan balance, we record no allowances for loan losses for suchnon-performing loan.

Non-Performing Loan Strategy

One of our primary objectives is to prevent our loans from becomingnon-performing. Through our corporate credit rating systems, we believe that we have reduced our risks relating to futurenon-performing loans. Our credit rating systems are designed to prevent our loan officers from extending new loans to borrowers with high credit risks based on the borrower’s credit rating. Our early warning system is designed to bring any sudden increase in a borrower’s credit risk to the attention of our loan officers, who then closely monitor such loans. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Credit Risk Management—Credit Review and Monitoring.”

Notwithstanding the above, if a loan becomesnon-performing, an officer at the branch level responsible for monitoringnon-performing loans will commence a due diligence review of the borrower’s assets, send a notice either demanding payment or stating that we will take legal action and prepare for legal action.

At the same time, we also initiate ournon-performing loan management process, which begins with:

 

identifying loans subject to a proposed sale by assessing the estimated losses from such sale based on the estimated recovery value of collateral, if any, for suchnon-performing loans;

identifying loans subject tocharge-off based on the estimated recovery value of collateral, if any, for suchnon-performing loans and the estimated rate of recovery of unsecured loans; and

on a limited basis, identifying corporate loans subject to normalization efforts based on thecash-flow situation of the borrower.

Once the details of anon-performing loan are identified, we pursue early solutions for recovery. While the overall process is the responsibility of Kookmin Bank’s Credit Division, actual recovery efforts onnon-performing loans are handled at the operating branch level.

In addition, we use the services of ourwholly-owned loan collection subsidiary, KB Credit Information Co., Ltd., which receives payments from recoveries made oncharged-off loans and certain loans that are overdue for over three months (28 days on average in the case of credit card loans). KB Credit Information has overapproximately 140 employees, including legal experts and management employees. The fees that it receives are based on the amounts ofnon-performing and charged off loans that are recovered. In 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, the amount recovered was ₩589₩395 billion, ₩473₩404 billion and ₩443₩313 billion, respectively.

Methods for resolvingnon-performing loans include the following:

 

non-performing loans are managed by the operating branches of Kookmin Bank until such loans are charged off;

 

a demand note is dispatched by mail if payment is generally one month past due;

 

calls and visits are made by Kookmin Bank’s operating branches to customers encouraging them to make payments;

 

borrowers who are past due on payments of interest and principal are registered on the Korea Federation of Banks’ database ofnon-performing loans;

 

for unsecured loans other than credit card loans, the loans are transferred to KB Credit Information for collection on acase-by-case basis;

 

for secured loans, actions to enforce or protect the security interests (including foreclosure and auction of the collateral) are commenced within fourfive months of such loans becoming past due; and

 

charged off loans are given to KB Credit Information for collection, except for loans where the cost of collection exceeds the possible recovery or where the statute of limitations for collection has expired.

In addition, credit card loans that are in arrears for over 28 days on average are transferred to KB Credit Information for collection.

If a loan becomesnon-performing, it is managed by an operating branch of Kookmin Bank until such loan is charged off. However, in order to promote speedy recovery on loans subject to foreclosures and litigation, our policy is to permit the branch responsible for handling these loans to request one of Kookmin Bank’s regional head offices for assistance with litigation proceedings and proceedings related to foreclosure and auction of the collateral.

In addition to making efforts to collect on thesenon-performing loans, we also undertake measures to reduce the level of ournon-performing loans, which include:

 

selling ournon-performing loans to third parties, including the Korea Asset Management Corporation; and

 

entering into asset securitization transactions with respect to ournon-performing loans.

We generally expect to suffer a partial loss on loans that we sell or securitize, to the extent such sales and securitizations are recognized under IFRS as sale transactions.

Pursuant to a memorandum of understanding among the Financial Supervisory Service and seven banks, including Kookmin Bank, a private equity fund was established in June 2011 to acquire approximately ₩1.2 trillion of non-performing bank loans to construction companies in workout, restructuring or rehabilitation. The general partner of the fund is United Asset Management Corp. and the limited partners consist of the seven banks and other investors. The fund purchases non-performing bank loans at market price and the funds required to purchase such loans are contributed or lent by the same banks that sell such loans to the fund. In June 2011, we agreed to make a capital commitment of ₩148 billion and provide a ₩109 billion revolving loan facility to the fund. From June to December 2011, we contributed the entire amount of our capital commitment to the fund in connection with its purchase of ₩148 billion of non-performing loans from us. In September 2012, we agreed to increase our capital commitment to ₩241 billion. From September to December 2012, we contributed ₩44 billion to the fund. Our revolving loan facility to the fund was decreased to ₩55 billion in 2013 and terminated in 2014. We have made no additional capital commitments to the fund in 2013 or 2014.

Allocation and Analysis of Allowances for Loan Losses

The following table presents, as of the dates indicated, the allocation of our allowances for loan losses by loan type. The ratio represents the percentage of allowances for loan losses in each category to total allowances for loan losses.

 

  As of December 31,  As of December 31, 
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014  2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 
  Amount   % Amount   % Amount   % Amount   % Amount   %  Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % 
  (in billions of Won, except percentages)  (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Domestic:

                          

Corporate

                          

Small- and medium sized enterprise

  2,028     54.0 1,533     44.4 1,234     37.7 1,023     35.8 819     33.4 1,023  35.8 819  33.4 775  30.0 644  28.3 522  24.7

Large corporate

   863     23.0    910     26.4    999     30.6    785     27.4    656     26.8   785  27.4  656  26.8  875  33.9  696  30.6  666  31.6 
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total corporate

   2,891     77.0    2,443     70.8    2,233     68.3    1,808     63.2    1,475     60.2 1,808  63.2  1,475  60.2  1,650  63.9  1,340  58.9  1,188  56.3 
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Retail

                          

Mortgage and home equity

   88     2.3    111     3.2    123     3.8    93     3.3    48     2.0   93  3.3  48  2.0  37  1.4  29  1.3  24  1.2 

Other consumer

   432     11.5    524     15.2    565     17.2    486     17.0    488     19.9   486  17.0  488  19.9  454  17.6  452  19.8  404  19.2 
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total retail

   520     13.8    635     18.4    688     21.0    579     20.3    536     21.9   579  20.3  536  21.9  491  19.0  481  21.1  428  20.4 

Credit cards

   328     8.7    350     10.2    329     10.1    410     14.3    390     15.9   410  14.3  390  15.9  398  15.4  414  18.1  449  21.2 
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total domestic

   3,739     99.5    3,428     99.4    3,250     99.4    2,797     97.8    2,401     97.9   2,797  97.8  2,401  97.9  2,539  98.3  2,235  98.1  2,065  97.9 

Foreign (1):

   17     0.5    20     0.6    19     0.6    64     2.2    51     2.1  

Foreign:(1)

 64  2.2  51  2.1  43  1.7  43  1.9  45  2.1 
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total allowances for loan losses

  3,756     100.0 3,448     100.0 3,269     100.0 2,861     100.0 2,452     100.0 2,861  100.0 2,452  100.0 2,582  100.0 2,278  100.0 2,110  100.0
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

(1) 

Consists primarily of loans to corporations.

The following table analyzes our allowances for loan losses and loan loss experience for each of the years indicated:

 

  Year Ended December 31,   Year Ended December 31, 
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014   2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 
  (in billions of Won, except percentages)   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Balance at the beginning of the period

  3,269   3,756   3,448   3,269   2,861    3,269  2,861  2,452  2,582  2,278 

Amounts charged against income

   2,464    1,645    1,653    1,427    1,211     1,427  1,211  1,100  579  583 

Sale

   (193  (240  (105  (84  (72   (84 (72 (50 (78 (66

Gross charge-offs:

            

Domestic:

            

Corporate

            

Small- and medium-sized enterprise

   1,541    1,274    943    691    746     691  746  412  467  308 

Large corporate

   55    204    260    454    326     454  326  275  278  87 

Retail

            

Mortgage and home equity

   37    20    62    134    149     134  149  16  7  7 

Other consumer

   237    267    391    447    425     447  425  338  288  335 

Credit cards

   389    413    541    404    427     404  427  377  357  400 

Foreign:

   20    3    —      2    18     2  18  1  2   —   
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total gross charge-offs

   (2,279  (2,181  (2,197  (2,132  (2,091   (2,132 (2,091 (1,419 (1,399 (1,137
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Recoveries:

      

Domestic:

      

Corporate

      

Small-and medium-sized enterprise

   133    162    149    145    259  

Large corporate

   1    6    9    —      —    

Retail

      

Mortgage and home equity

   14    13    7    22    31  

Other consumer

   114    104    97    105    109  

Credit cards

   246    204    185    141    131  

Foreign:

   4    1    3    2    1  
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total recoveries

   512    490    450    415    531  
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net charge-offs

   (1,767  (1,691  (1,747  (1,717  (1,560

Other charges (1)

   (17  (22  20    (34  12  
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Balance at the end of the period

  3,756   3,448   3,269   2,861   2,452  
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ratio of net charge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding during the period

   0.9  0.8  0.8  0.8  0.7

   Year Ended December 31, 
   2013  2014  2015  2016  2017 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Recoveries:

      

Domestic:

      

Corporate

      

Small-andmedium-sized enterprise

   145   259   156   214   280 

Large corporate

   —     —     —     1   —   

Retail

      

Mortgage and home equity

   22   31   63   43   30 

Other consumer

   105   109   132   124   116 

Credit cards

   141   131   138   133   133 

Foreign:

   2   1   4   —     —   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total recoveries

   415   531   493   515   559 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Netcharge-offs

   (1,717  (1,560  (926  (884  (578

Other charges(1)

   (34  12   6   79   (107
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Balance at the end of the period

  2,861  2,452  2,582  2,278  2,110 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ratio of netcharge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding during the period

   0.8  0.7  0.4  0.3  0.2

 

(1) 

The amount for 2014 reflects an increase in allowances for loan losses of ₩83 billion attributable to the addition of KB Capital Co., Ltd. as a consolidated subsidiary in March 2014.

The amount for 2016 reflects an increase in allowances for loan losses of ₩136 billion attributable to the addition of KB Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016. The amount for 2017 reflects an increase in allowance for loan losses of ₩60 billion attributable to the addition of KB Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017.

RegulatoryRegulatory Reserve for Credit Losses

If our allowances for credit losses are deemed insufficient for regulatory purposes, we are required to compensate for the difference by recording a regulatory reserve for credit losses, which is segregated within our retained earnings. Regulatory reserve for credit losses are not available for distribution to shareholders as dividends. Thedividends.The level of regulatory reserve for credit losses required to be recorded is equal to the amount by which our allowances for credit losses under IFRS are less than the greater of (x) the amount of expected loss calculated using the internalratings-based approach under Basel III and as approved by the Financial Supervisory Service and (y) the required amount of credit loss reserve calculated based on standards prescribed by the Financial Services Commission. As of December 31, 2014,2017, our regulatory reserve for credit losses was ₩2,456₩3,148 billion.

The following tables set forth the Financial Services Commission’s guidelines for the classification of loans and the minimum percentages of the outstanding principal amount of the relevant loans or balances that the credit loss reserve must cover:

 

Loan Classification

  

Loan Characteristics

Normal

  Loans extended to customers that, based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, do not raise concerns regarding their ability to repay the loans.

Precautionary

  Loans extended to customers that (i) based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, show potential risks with respect to their ability to repay the loans, although showing no immediate default risk or (ii) are in arrears for one month or more but less than three months.

Substandard

  

(i) Loans extended to customers that, based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, are judged to have incurred considerable default risks as their ability to repay has deteriorated; or

Loan Classification 

Loan Characteristics

 

(ii) the portion that we expect to collect of total loans (a) extended to customers that have been in arrears for three months or more, (b) extended to customers that have incurred serious default risks due to the occurrence of, among other things, final refusal to pay their debt instruments, entry into liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings or closure of their businesses, or (c) extended to customers who have outstanding loans that are classified as “doubtful” or “estimated loss.”

Doubtful

  

Loans exceeding the amount that we expect to collect of total loans to customers that:

 

(i) based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, have incurred serious default risks due to noticeable deterioration in their ability to repay; or

 

(ii) have been in arrears for three months or more but less than twelve months.six months (or three months or more but less than 12 months in the case of loans of Kookmin Bank).

Estimated loss  

Loans exceeding the amount that we expect to collect of total loans to customers that:

 

(i) based on our consideration of their business, financial position and future cash flows, are judged to be accounted as a loss because the inability to repay became certain due to serious deterioration in their ability to repay;

 

(ii) have been in arrears for twelvesix months or more;more (or 12 months or more in the case of loans of Kookmin Bank); or

 

(iii) have incurred serious risks of default in repayment due to the occurrence of, among other things, final refusal to pay their debt instruments, liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings or closure of their business.

 

Loan Classifications

  Corporate  (1)   Consumer   Credit Card
Balances (2)
   Credit Card
Loans (3)
   Corporate(1)   Consumer   Credit Card
Balances(2)
   Credit Card Loans(3) 

Normal

   0.85% or above     1% or above     1.1% or above     2.5% or above     0.85% or above    1% or above    1.1% or above    2.5% or above 

Precautionary

   7% or above     10% or above     40% or above     50% or above     7% or above    10% or above    40% or above    50% or above 

Substandard

   20% or above     20% or above     60% or above     65% or above     20% or above    20% or above    60% or above    65% or above 

Doubtful

   50% or above     55% or above     75% or above     75% or above     50% or above    55% or above    75% or above    75% or above 

Estimated loss

   100%     100%     100%     100%     100%    100%    100%    100% 

 

(1) 

Subject to certain exceptions pursuant to the Banking Industry Supervision Regulations of Korea.

(2) 

Applicable for credit card balances from general purchases.

(3) 

Applicable for cash advances, card loans and revolving credit card assets.

LoanCharge-Offs

Basic Principles

We attempt to minimize loans to be charged off by adhering to a sound credit approval process based on credit risk analysis prior to extending loans and a systematic management of outstanding loans. However, ifcharge-offs are necessary, we charge off loans subject to ourcharge-off policy at an early stage in order to maximize accounting transparency, to minimize any waste of resources in managing loans which have a low probability of being collected and to reduce ournon-performing loan ratio.

Loans To Be Charged Off

Loans are charged off if they are deemed to be uncollectible by falling under any of the following categories:

 

loans for which collection is not foreseeable due to insolvency, bankruptcy, compulsory execution, disorganization, dissolution or the shutting down of the business of the debtor;

loans for which collection is not foreseeable due to the death or disappearance of the debtor;

 

loans for which expenses of collection exceed the collectable amount;

 

loans on which collection is not possible through legal or any other means;

 

payments in arrears in respect of credit cards that have been overdue for a period of six months or more and have been classified as expected loss (excluding instances where there has been partial payment of the overdue balance, where a related balance is not overdue or where a charge off is not possible due to Korean regulations); and

 

the portion of loans classified as “estimated loss,” net of any recovery from collateral, which is deemed to be uncollectible.

Procedure forCharge-off Approval

In order to charge off corporate loans, an application for acharge-off must be submitted to Kookmin Bank’s Credit Management Department promptly after the corporate loan is classified as estimated loss or deemed uncollectible. The Credit Management Department refers thecharge-off application to Kookmin Bank’s Branch Audit Department for their review to ensure compliance with our internal procedures forcharge-offs. Then, the Credit Management Department, after reviewing the application to confirm that it meets relevant requirements, seeks an approval from the Financial Supervisory Service for ourcharge-offs, which is typically granted. Once we receive approval from the Financial Supervisory Service, we must also obtain approval from our senior management to charge off those loans. For accounting purposes, we recognize charge-offs of corporate loans under IFRS prior to approval from the Financial Supervisory Service.

With respect to credit card balances and unsecured retail loans, we follow a different process to determine which credit card balances and unsecured retail loans should be charged off, based on the length of time those loans or balances are past due. We charge off unsecured retail loans deemed to be uncollectible and credit card balances which have been overdue for a period of six months or more or which have been deemed to be uncollectible under IFRS.

Treatment of Loans Charged Off

Once loans are charged off, we classify them ascharged-off loans and remove them from our balance sheet. These loans are managed based on a different set of procedures. We continue our collection efforts in respect of these loans, including through our subsidiary, KB Credit Information, although loans may be charged off before we begin collection efforts in some circumstances.

If a collateralized loan is overdue, we will, typically within one year from the time that such loan became overdue (or after a longer period in certain circumstances), petition a court to foreclose and sell the collateral through acourt-supervised auction. If a debtor ultimately fails to repay and the court grants its approval for foreclosure, we will sell the collateral, net of expenses incurred from the auction.

Credit Rehabilitation Programs for Delinquent Consumer Borrowers

In light of the rapid increase in delinquencies in credit card and other consumer credit in recent years, and concerns regarding potential social issues posed by the growing number of individuals with bad credit, the

Korean government has implemented a number of measures intended to support the rehabilitation of the credit of delinquent consumer borrowers. These measures may affect the amount and timing of our collections and recoveries on our delinquent consumer credits.

For example, in March 2009, the Financial Services Commission requested Korean banks, including us, to establish a “pre-workout program,” including a credit counseling and recovery service, for retail borrowers with outstanding short-term debt. Under the pre-workout program, which has been in operation since April 2009, maturity extensions and/or interest reductions are provided for retail borrowers with total loans of ₩1.5 billion or less (consisting of no more than ₩500 million of unsecured loans and ₩1 billion of secured loans) who are in arrears on their payments for more than 30 days but less than 90 days or for retail borrowers with an annual income of ₩40 million or less who have been in arrears on their payments for more than 30 days on an aggregate basis for the 12 months prior to their application.

In March 2013, in order to support low income consumer borrowers experiencing difficulty in repaying their unsecured long-term debt, the Financial Services Commission announced the establishment of a “National Happiness Fund” to provide one-time relief to such borrowers by:

purchasing from creditors unsecured loans of individual borrowers not exceeding ₩100 million in principal amount in the aggregate, which loans have been in arrears for a period of six months or more as of February 28, 2013 and, if requested by the borrower, reducing the balance of such loans by up to 50% and/or extending the maturity of such loans to up to ten years based on the borrower’s expected ability to repay;

purchasing from certain creditors student loans of individual borrowers, which loans have been in arrears for a period of six months or more as of February 28, 2013 and, if requested by the borrower, restructuring the balance and/or extending the maturity of such loans based on the borrower’s expected ability to repay or extending the maturity of such loans until the borrower is employed; and

for individuals with annual income of ₩40 million or less with loans of a principal amount not exceeding ₩30 million in the aggregate and with an interest rate of 20% or higher, facilitating the refinancing of such loans at lower interest rates, provided that such loans have not been in default during the six months prior to the application for relief.

Over 4,000 Korean financial institutions and private lenders, including our subsidiaries, Kookmin Bank, KB Savings Bank and KB Kookmin Card, have signed a memorandum of understanding with the National Happiness Fund to sell eligible loans to the fund. The price and volume of such loans to be sold are subject to further negotiations between the National Happiness Fund and such financial institutions and lenders. The National Happiness Fund accepted applications from individual borrowers to participate in such relief programs until October 2013 and until January 2014 for individual borrowers of student loans from the Korea Student Aid Foundation.

Investment Portfolio

Investment Policy

We invest in and tradeWon-denominated and, to a lesser extent, foreigncurrency-denominated securities for our own account to:

 

maintain the stability and diversification of our assets;

 

maintain adequate sources ofback-up liquidity to match our funding requirements; and

 

supplement income from our core lending activities.

We also invest in and trade such securities as part of the general account investments of our insurance subsidiaries that support their insurance policy liabilities. In making securities investments, we take into account a number of factors, including macroeconomic trends, industry analysis, and credit evaluation and maturity in determining whether to make particular investments in securities.

Our investments in securities are also subject to a number of guidelines, including limitations prescribed under the Financial Holding Company Act and the Bank Act. Under these regulations, a bank holding company may not own (i) more than 5% of the total issued and outstanding shares of anotherfinance-related company, (ii) any shares of its affiliates, other than its direct or indirect subsidiaries or (iii) any shares of anon-finance-related company. In addition, Kookmin Bank must limit its investments in equity securities and bonds with a maturity in excess of three years (other than monetary stabilization bonds issued by the Bank of Korea and national government bonds) to 100.0% of its total Tier I and Tier II capital amount (less any capital deductions). Generally, Kookmin Bank is also prohibited from acquiring more than 15.0% of the shares with voting rights issued by any other corporation subject to certain exceptions. Pursuant to the Bank Act, a bank and its trust accounts are prohibited from acquiring the shares of a major shareholder (for the definition of “major shareholder,” see “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer and Major Shareholders”Shareholder”) of that bank in excess of an amount equal to 1% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). Further information on the regulatory environment governing our investment activities is set out in “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Liquidity,” “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies,” “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Liquidity” and “—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies.”

The following table sets out the definitions of the four categories of securities we hold:

 

Category

  

Classification

Financial assets held for trading  Financial assets bought and held for trading.
Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss  

Financial assets which were not bought and held for

trading but are otherwise designated as at fair value through profit or loss.

Available-for-sale financial assets  Non-derivative financial assets not classified asheld-to-maturity, at fair value through profit or loss or loans and receivables.
Held-to-maturity financial assets  Non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity dates that the Bank has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity.

See “Item 5.A. Operating Results—Critical Accounting Policies—Valuation of Securities and Financial Instruments.”

We also hold limited balances of venture capital securities,non-marketable and restricted equity securities and derivative instruments.

Carrying Amount and Market Value

The following table sets out the carrying amount and market value of securities in our securities portfolio as of the dates indicated:

 

 As of December 31,  As of December 31, 
 2012 2013 2014  2015 2016 2017 
 Carrying
Amount
 Market
Value
 Carrying
Amount
 Market
Value
 Carrying
Amount
 Market
Value
  Carrying
Amount
 Market
Value
 Carrying
Amount
 Market
Value
 Carrying
Amount
 Market
Value
 
 (in billions of Won)  (in billions of Won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets:

            

Equity securities

 2,474   2,474   2,899   2,899   3,032   3,032   3,377  3,377  6,525  6,525  9,157  9,157 

Debt securities

            

Korean treasury securities and government agency securities

  6,256    6,256    6,926    6,926    4,702    4,702   3,757  3,757  7,111  7,111  3,629  3,629 

Debt securities issued by financial institutions

  7,476    7,476    5,782    5,782    6,981    6,981   7,241  7,241  11,172  11,172  20,946  20,946 

Corporate debt securities

  6,606    6,606    4,998    4,998    6,120    6,120   4,980  4,980  5,904  5,904  10,571  10,571 

Asset-backed securities

  1,399    1,399    1,208    1,208    1,211    1,211   5,216  5,216  2,730  2,730  2,402  2,402 

Others

  —      —      19    19    346    346   417  417  528  528  1,411  1,411 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total available-for-sale

  24,211    24,211    21,832    21,832    22,392    22,392   24,988  24,988  33,970  33,970  48,116  48,116 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets:

            

Debt securities

            

Korean treasury securities and government agency securities

  4,449    4,720    4,357    4,537    3,557    3,772   2,592  2,707  2,218  2,331  5,448  5,432 

Debt securities issued by financial institutions

  1,316    1,338    893    902    1,262    1,280   1,864  1,885  1,869  1,825  2,475  2,490 

Corporate debt securities

  6,213    6,498    7,400    7,580    7,278    7,525   5,530  5,706  3,488  3,602  6,219  6,215 

Asset-backed securities

  278    281    367    368    472    474   4,164  4,208  3,603  3,643  4,306  4,303 

Others

  —     —     —     —    44  43 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total held-to-maturity

  12,256    12,837    13,017    13,387    12,569    13,051   14,150  14,506  11,178  11,401  18,492  18,483 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:

            

Financial assets held for trading

            

Equity securities

  876    876    1,101    1,101    358    358   642  642  3,041  3,041  4,935  4,935 

Debt securities

            

Korean treasury securities and government agency securities

  2,376    2,376    2,085    2,085    3,067    3,067   2,510  2,510  5,390  5,390  6,233  6,233 

Debt securities issued by financial institutions

  4,018    4,018    3,266    3,266    4,049    4,049   3,973  3,973  11,186  11,186  11,324  11,324 

Corporate debt securities

  1,679    1,679    1,760    1,760    1,827    1,827   2,106  2,106  4,595  4,595  5,133  5,133 

Asset-backed securities

  105    105    510    510    319    319   316  316  222  222  162  162 

Others

  114    114    205    205    451    451   418  418  1,594  1,594  2,317  2,317 

Others

  40    40    40    40    51    51   69  69  71  71  74  74 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

  9,208    9,208    8,967    8,967    10,122    10,122   10,034  10,034  26,099  26,099  30,178  30,178 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

            

Equity securities

  159    159    116    116    134    134   196  196  66  66  68  68 

Debt securities

  —      —      —      —      —      —     146  146  332  332  369  369 

Derivative-linked securities

  193    193    246    246    502    502   798  798  1,361  1,361  1,613  1,613 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

  352    352    362    362    636    636   1,140  1,140  1,759  1,759  2,050  2,050 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

  9,560    9,560    9,329    9,329    10,758    10,758   11,174  11,174  27,858  27,858  32,228  32,228 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total securities

 46,027   46,608   44,178   44,548   45,719   46,201   50,312  50,668  73,006  73,229  98,836  98,827 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Maturity Analysis

The following table categorizes our debt securities by maturity and weighted average yield as of December 31, 2014:2017:

 

 Within
1 Year
 Weighted
Average
Yield (1)
 Over 1
But
within 5
Years
 Weighted
Average
Yield (1)
 Over 5
But
within
10 Years
 Weighted
Average
Yield (1)
 Over 10
Years
 Weighted
Average
Yield (1)
 Total Weighted
Average
Yield (1)
  Within 1
Year
 Weighted
Average
Yield(1)
 Over 1 But
within 5
Years
 Weighted
Average
Yield(1)
 Over 5 But
within 10
Years
 Weighted
Average
Yield(1)
 Over 10
Years
 Weighted
Average
Yield(1)
 Total Weighted
Average
Yield(1)
 
 (in billions of Won, except percentages)  (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Available-for-sale financial assets:

                    

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

 1,076    3.48 3,502    3.26 114    2.57 10    4.30 4,702    3.29 1,043  2.51 2,300  1.89 260  2.21 26  3.23 3,629  2.10

Debt securities issued by financial institutions

  3,584    2.44    3,326    2.99    71    3.28    —      —      6,981    2.71   9,609  1.62  9,359  2.08  1,441  3.49  537  4.13  20,946  2.02 

Corporate debt securities

  1,523    3.83    4,444    3.33    140    4.45    13    5.45    6,120    3.48   2,942  2.58  6,077  2.62  1,339  2.98  213  5.10  10,571  2.71 

Asset-backed securities

  321    2.76    466    2.68    —      —      424    3.21    1,211    2.89   1,145  1.80  622  2.30  300  2.65  335  2.62  2,402  2.13 

Others

  153    3.18    —      —      62    4.54    131    4.25    346    3.83    —     —     —     —    130  3.57  1,281  4.06  1,411  4.02 
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

Total

 6,657    2.96 11,738    3.18 387    3.70 578    3.51 19,360    3.13 14,739  1.89 18,358  2.24 3,470  3.13 2,392  3.96 38,959  2.29
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

Held-to-maturity financial assets:

                    

Korean treasury securities and government agencies

 989    4.63 2,293    4.39 163    3.81 112    5.38 3,557    4.46 1,203  5.05 559  3.16 634  3.09 3,052  2.29 5,448  3.08

Debt securities issued by financial institutions

  636    2.54    573    3.59    53    3.67    —      —      1,262    3.06   722  1.96  246  3.53  286  3.49  1,221  4.61  2,475  3.60 

Corporate debt securities

  2,221    4.59    4,337    4.12    581    4.51    139    3.46    7,278    4.28   1,350  3.68  1,337  3.64  558  2.75  2,974  3.18  6,219  3.35 

Asset-backed securities

  270    2.85    202    2.89    —      —      —      —      472    2.87   623  1.73  3,572  2.29  10  3.09  101  3.09  4,306  2.23 

Others

  —     —     —     —     —     —    44  1.78  44  1.78 
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

Total

 4,116    4.17 7,405    4.13 797    4.31 251    4.32 12,569    4.16 3,898  3.47 5,714  2.74 1,488  3.04 7,392  3.04 18,492  3.04
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:

                    

Financial assets held for trading:

                    

Korean treasury securities and government agency securities

 1,088    3.35 927    3.45 814    3.43 238    2.71 3,067    3.35 979  3.34 3,247  2.22 951  2.38 1,056  2.52 6,233  2.47

Debt securities issued by financial institutions

  1,671    2.83    2,069    2.79    269    3.48    40    3.51    4,049    2.86   6,634  1.94  4,304  2.21  334  3.33  52  4.41  11,324  2.09 

Corporate debt securities

  737    3.48    891    3.42    125    3.82    74    4.71    1,827    3.52   2,445  2.39  2,227  2.66  334  3.84  127  4.49  5,133  2.65 

Asset-backed securities

  144    3.32    165    2.94    10    3.71    —      —      319    3.14   103  1.97  59  1.94   —     —     —     —    162  1.96 

Others

  451    1.75    —      —      —      —      —      —      451    1.75   2,238  1.75  78  2.04  1  1.02   —     —    2,317  1.75 
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

Sub-total

 4,091    2.98 4,052    3.08 1,218    3.48 352    3.22 9,713    3.10 12,399  2.10 9,915  2.31 1,620  2.88 1,235  2.81 25,169  2.27
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

 —      —     —      —     —      —     —      —     —      —              

Corporate debt securities

 79  3.50 275  2.40 —     —    15  6.48 369  2.80
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

Sub-total

 79  3.50 275  2.40 —     —    15  6.48 369  2.80
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

Total

 4,091    2.98 4,052    3.08 1,218    3.48 352    3.22 9,713    3.10 12,478  2.11 10,190  2.32 1,620  2.88 1,250  2.85 25,538  2.28
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

(1) 

The weighted average yield for the portfolio represents the yield to maturity for each individual security, weighted using its carrying amount (which is the amortized cost in the case ofheld-to-maturity financial assets and the fair value in the case ofavailable-for-sale financial assets and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss).

Concentrations of Risk

As of December 31, 2014,2017, we held the following securities of individual issuers where the aggregate carrying amount of those securities exceeded 10% of our stockholders’ equity at such date. As of December 31, 2014,2017, our stockholders’ equity was ₩27,315₩34,039 billion.

 

  Carrying
Amount
   Market
Value
   Carrying
Amount
   Market Value 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Name of issuer:

        

Korean government

  10,192    10,374     13,698   13,671 

Bank of Korea

   4,006     4,006     9,676    9,676 

Korea Housing Finance Corporation

   8,155    8,141 

Korea Development Bank

   6,552    6,568 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  14,198    14,380    38,081    38,056 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

The Korea Housing Finance Corporation is owned by the Korean government and the Bank of Korea. The Bank of Korea is controlled by the Korean government, whereas the Korea Development Bank is wholly-owned by the Korean government.

Funding

We obtain funding for our lending activities from a variety of sources, both domestic and foreign. Our principal source of funding is customer deposits. In addition, we acquire funding throughlong-term borrowings (comprising debentures and debts),short-term borrowings, including borrowings from the Bank of Korea, and call money.

Our primary funding strategy has been to achievelow-cost funding by increasing the average balances oflow-cost retail deposits, in particular demand deposits and time deposits. We also have focused our marketing efforts on higher net worth individuals, who account for a significant portion of the assets in our retail deposit base. Customer deposits accounted for 83.1%82.1% of total funding as of December 31, 2012, 83.0%2015, 79.7% of total funding as of December 31, 20132016 and 82.4%77.6% of total funding as of December 31, 2014.2017.

Our borrowings consist of issuances of debentures and debt from financial institutions, the Korean government andgovernment-affiliated funds. The majority of our debt islong-term, with maturities ranging from one year to 30 years.

Deposits

Although the majority of our deposits areshort-term, it has been our experience that the majority of our depositors generally roll over their deposits at maturity, providing us with a stable source of funding.

The following table shows the average balances of our deposits and the average rates paid on our deposits for the periods indicated:

 

  2012 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 
  Average
Balance (1)
   Average
Rate Paid
 Average
Balance (1)
   Average
Rate Paid
 Average
Balance (1)
   Average
Rate Paid
   Average
Balance(1)
   Average
Rate Paid
 Average
Balance(1)
   Average
Rate Paid
 Average
Balance(1)
   Average
Rate Paid
 
  (in billions of Won, except percentages)   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Demand deposits:

                    

Non-interest bearing

  3,075     —     3,252     —     3,486     —      3,836    —    4,073    —    4,114    —   

Interest bearing

   56,154     0.60  60,894     0.47  67,612     0.42   82,614    0.35 97,858    0.30 110,945    0.26

Time deposits

   136,617     3.69    130,286     3.02    130,258     2.70     123,977    2.16  125,612    1.69  127,478    1.58 

Certificates of deposit

   1,735     3.86    1,780     3.03    1,689     2.72     3,645    1.92  3,387    1.65  2,863    1.57 
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Average total deposits

  197,581     2.76 196,212     2.18 203,045     1.89   214,072    1.42  230,930    1.09  245,400    0.97
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

 

(1) 

Average balances are based on daily balances for our banking, credit card and investment and securities operations and monthly or quarterly balances for our other operations.

For a description of our retail deposit products, see “—Business—Retail Banking—Lending Activities—Mortgage and Home Equity Lending” and “—Business—RetailBanking—Deposit-Taking Activities.”

Time Deposits and Certificates of Deposit

The following table presents the remaining maturities of our time deposits and certificates of deposit which had a fixed maturity in excess of ₩100 million as of December 31, 2014:2017:

 

  Time Deposits   Certificates
of Deposit
   Total   Time
Deposits
   Certificates
of Deposit
   Total 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Maturing within three months

  22,410    613    23,023     19,533   921    20,454 

After three but within six months

   16,775     363     17,138     16,819    757    17,576 

After six but within 12 months

   21,971     567     22,538     28,063    1,447    29,510 

After 12 months

   2,922     —       2,922     2,960    55    3,015 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  64,078    1,543    65,621    67,375    3,180   70,555 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Long-term borrowings

The aggregate amount of contractual maturities of alllong-term borrowings (comprising debentures and debt) as of December 31, 20142017 was as follows:

 

   As of December 31, 20142017 
   (in billions of Won)

Due in 2015

8,781

Due in 2016

10,343

Due in 2017

5,154 

Due in 2018

  2,08012,301 

Due in 2019

   1,13312,212

Due in 2020

10,690

Due in 2021

3,880

Due in 2022

5,242 

Thereafter

   4,6183,717 
  

 

 

 

Grosslong-term borrowings

   32,10948,042 

Fair value adjustments

   54(6) 

Deferred financing costs

   (2

Discount

   (539
  

 

 

 

Totallong-term borrowings, net

  32,156 47,995 
  

 

 

 

Short-term borrowings

The following table presents information regarding ourshort-term borrowings (borrowings with an original maturity of one year or less) for the periods indicated:

 

   As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 
   2012  2013  2014 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Call money:

    

Year-end balance

  2,597   2,648   2,882  

Average balance (1)

   4,788    4,679    4,164  

Maximum balance (2)

   5,043    5,835    5,503  

Average interest rate (3)

   2.38  2.12  1.87

Year-end interest rate

   0.15-2.72  0.17-5.23  0.10-3.61

Borrowings from the Bank of Korea: (4)

    

Year-end balance

  782   558   1,003  

Average balance (1)

   745    649    763  

Maximum balance (2)

   953    917    1,048  

Average interest rate (3)

   1.48  1.08  0.92

Year-end interest rate

   1.25  0.50-1.00  0.50-1.00

Other short-term borrowings: (5)

    

Year-end balance

  7,382   4,963   9,025  

Average balance (1)

   9,766    6,166    7,460  

Maximum balance (2)

   12,340    7,064    9,164  

Average interest rate (3)

   2.11  1.25  1.41

Year-end interest rate

   0.24-5.47  0.00-4.81  0.00-8.62
   As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 
   2015  2016  2017 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Call money:

    

Year-end balance

  2,091  2,940  1,299 

Average balance(1)

   3,016   2,576   3,405 

Maximum balance(2)

   4,049   3,422   3,997 

Average interest rate(3)

   1.20  1.06  1.31

Year-end interest rate

   0.24-5.00  0.08-3.30  1.20-2.20

Borrowings from the Bank of Korea:(4)

    

Year-end balance

  1,421  1,644  1,889 

Average balance(1)

   1,323   1,571   1,805 

Maximum balance(2)

   1,610   1,714   1,935 

Average interest rate(3)

   0.72  0.68  0.69

Year-end interest rate

   0.50-0.75  0.50-0.75  0.50-0.75

Othershort-term borrowings:(5)

    

Year-end balance

  7,220  17,283  22,632 

Average balance(1)

   7,989   10,437   20,601 

Maximum balance(2)

   8,766   13,727   23,436 

Average interest rate(3)

   1.18  0.98  1.26

Year-end interest rate

   0.00-8.62  0.00-5.40  0.00-7.00

 

(1) 

Average balances are based on daily balances for our banking, credit card and investment and securities operations and monthly or quarterly balances for our other operations.

(2) 

Maximum balances are based onmonth-end balances.

(3)

Average interest rates for the year are calculated by dividing the total interest expense by the average amount borrowed.

(4) 

Borrowings from the Bank of Korea generally mature within one month for borrowings in Won and six months for borrowings in foreign currencies. Theseshort-term borrowings were secured by securities totaling ₩990₩1,978 billion as of December 31, 2014.

2017.
(5) 

Othershort-term borrowings include securities sold under repurchase agreement, bills sold, borrowings and debentures. Othershort-term borrowings have maturities of one year or less. Securities sold under repurchase agreements were secured by securities totaling ₩2,412₩10,136 billion as of December 31, 2014.

2017.

Supervision and Regulation

Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies

General

The Financial Holding Company Act, last amended on May 28, 2014,April 18, 2017, regulates Korean financial holding companies and their subsidiaries. The entities that regulate and supervise Korean financial holding companies and their subsidiaries are the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Supervisory Service.

The Financial Services Commission exerts direct control over financial holding companies pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act. Among other things, the Financial Services Commission approves the establishment of financial holding companies, issues regulations on the capital adequacy of financial holding companies and their subsidiaries, and drafts regulations relating to the supervision of financial holding companies.

Following the instructions and directives of the Financial Services Commission, the Financial Supervisory Service supervises and examines financial holding companies and their subsidiaries. In particular, the Financial Supervisory Service sets requirements relating to Korean financial holding companies’ liquidity and capital

adequacy ratios and establishes reporting requirements within the authority delegated under the Financial Services Commission regulations. Financial holding companies must submit quarterly reports to the Financial Supervisory Service discussing business performance, financial status and other matters identified in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act.

Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a financial holding company is a company which primarily engages in controlling its subsidiaries by holding equity stakes in them equal in aggregate to at least 50% of the financial holding company’s aggregate assets based on its balance sheet as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year. A company is required to obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission to become a financial holding company.

A financial holding company may engage only in controlling the management of its subsidiaries, as well as certain ancillary activities including:

 

financially supporting its direct and indirect subsidiaries;

 

raising capital necessary for investment in its subsidiaries or providing financial support to its direct and indirect subsidiaries;

 

supporting the business of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, forincluding the joint development and marketing of newfinancial products;

 

providing data processing, legal, accounting and other resources and services that have been commissioned by its direct and indirect subsidiaries so as to support their operations; and

 

any other businesses exempted from authorization, permission or approval under the applicable laws and regulations.

The Financial Holding Company Act requires every financial holding company (other than a financial holding company that is controlled by another financial holding company) and its subsidiaries to obtain prior approval from the Financial Services Commission before acquiring control of another company or to file a report with the Financial Services Commission within 30 days thereafter in certain cases (including acquiring control of another company whose assets are less than ₩100 billion as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year). In addition, the Financial Services Commission must grant permission to liquidate or to merge with any other company before the liquidation or merger. A financial holding company must report to the Financial Services Commission when certain events, including the following, occur:

 

when its officers orthe largest shareholder changes;

 

in the case of a bank holding company, when a major shareholderinvestor changes;

 

when the shareholding of the controlling shareholder (i.e., the “largest shareholder” or a “principal shareholder,” each as defined in the Financial Holding Company Act) or a person who has a “special relationship” with such controlling shareholder (as defined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act) changes by 1% or more of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of the financial holding company;

 

when it changes its corporate name;

 

when there is a cause for its dissolution; and

 

when it or its subsidiaries cease to control any of their respective direct or indirect subsidiaries by disposing of their shares of such direct or indirect subsidiary.

Capital Adequacy

The Financial Holding Company Act does not provide for a minimumpaid-in capital requirement related to financial holding companies. However, all financial holding companies are required to maintain a specified level

of solvency. In addition, with respect to the allocation of net profit earned in a fiscal term, a financial holding company must set aside in its legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of its net income after tax each time it pays dividends on its net profits earned until its legal reserve reaches at least the aggregate amount of itspaid-in capital.

A bank holding company, which is a financial holding company controlling banks or other financial institutions conducting banking business as prescribed in the Financial Holding Company Act, iswas required to maintain a total minimum consolidated capital adequacy ratio of 8.0%.8.875% (including applicable additional capital buffers and requirements as described below) as of December 31, 2016. “Consolidated capital adequacy ratio” is defined as the ratio of equity capital as a percentage ofrisk-weighted assets on a consolidated basis, determined in accordance with the Financial Services Commission requirements that have been formulated based on Bank of International Settlements (“BIS”) standards. “Equity capital,” as applicable to bank holding companies, is defined as the sum of common equity Tier I capital, additional Tier I capital and Tier II capital less any deductible items, each as defined under the Regulation on the Supervision of Financial Holding Companies. “Risk-weighted“Risk-weighted assets” is defined as the sum of creditrisk-weighted assets and marketrisk-weighted assets.

Pursuant to the amended regulations promulgated by the Financial Services Commission commencing in 2013 to implement Basel III, Korean bank holding companies were required to maintain a minimum ratio of common equity Tier I capital torisk-weighted assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital torisk-weighted assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. Such requirements are in addition to thepre-existing requirement for a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) torisk-weighted assets of 8.0%, which remains unchanged. The amended regulations also contemplaterequire an additional capital conservation buffer of 0.625% starting1.25% in 2016,2017 and 1.875% in 2018, with such buffer to increase in stages to 2.5% by 2019, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission. Furthermore, we were designated as one of five domestic systemically important banks for 2017 by the Financial Services Commission and were subject to an additional capital requirement of 0.50% in 2017. In June 2017, we were again designated as a domestic systemically important bank for 2018, which would subject us to an additional capital requirement of 0.75% in 2018, with such potential requirement to increase to 1.0% by 2019.

Liquidity

All financial holding companies are required to match the maturities of their assets and liabilities on anon-consolidated basis in accordance with the Financial Holding Company Act in order to ensure liquidity. Financial holding companies must:

 

maintain a Won liquidity ratio (defined as Won assets due within one month, including marketable securities, divided by Won liabilities due within one month) of not less than 100% on anon-consolidated basis;

 

maintain a foreign currency liquidity ratio (defined as foreign currency liquid assets due within three months divided by foreign currency liabilities due within three months) of not less than 80% on anon-consolidated basis (except that such requirement is not applicable to a financial holding company whose foreign currency liabilities constitute less than 1% of its total assets);

 

maintain a ratio of foreign currency liquid assets due within seven days less foreign currency liabilities due within seven days as a percentage of total foreign currency assets of not less than 0% on anon-consolidated basis (except that such requirement is not applicable to a financial holding company whose foreign currency liabilities constitute less than 1% of its total assets);

 

maintain a ratio of foreign currency liquid assets due within a month less foreign currency liabilities due within a month as a percentage of total foreign currency assets of not less than negative 10% on anon-consolidated basis (except that such requirement is not applicable to a financial holding company whose foreign currency liabilities constitute less than 1% of its total assets);and

make quarterly reports regarding their Won liquidity and foreign currency liquidity to the Financial Supervisory Service.

Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer and Major ShareholderInvestor

Subject to certain exceptions, the aggregate credit (as defined in the Financial Holding Company Act, the Bank Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Mutual

Savings Bank Act and the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, respectively) of a financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies, insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies (which we refer to as “Financial Holding Company Total Credit”) to a single group of companies that belong to the same conglomerate as defined in the Monopoly Regulations and Fair Trade Act will not be permitted to exceed 25% of net aggregate equity capital (as defined below).

“Net aggregate equity capital” is defined under the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act as the sum of:

(1) in case of a financial holding company, the capital amount as defined in Article 24-3(7), Item 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act;

(1)in case of a financial holding company, the capital amount as defined in Article24-3(7), Item 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act;

(2) in case of a bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 2(1), Item 5 of the Bank Act;

(2)in case of a bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 2(1), Item 5 of the Bank Act;

(3) in case of a merchant bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 342(1) of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act; and

(3)in case of a merchant bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 342(1) of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act; and

(4) in case of a financial investment company, the capital amount as defined in Article 37(3) of the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act;

(4)in case of a financial investment company, the capital amount as defined in Article 37(3) of the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act;

(5) in case of an insurance company, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 15 of the Insurance Business Act;

(5)in case of an insurance company, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 15 of the Insurance Business Act;

(6) in case of a savings bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 4 of the Mutual Savings Bank Act; and

(6)in case of a savings bank, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 4 of the Mutual Savings Bank Act; and

(7) in case of a specialized credit financial business company, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item 19 of the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act;

(7)in case of a specialized credit financial business company, the capital amount as defined in Article 2, Item  19 of the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act;

less the sum of:

(1) the amount of shares of direct and indirect subsidiaries held by the financial holding company;

(1)the amount of shares of direct and indirect subsidiaries held by the financial holding company;

(2) the amount of shares that are cross-held by each direct and indirect subsidiary that is a bank, merchant bank, financial investment company, insurance company, savings bank or specialized credit financial business company; and

(2)the amount of shares that arecross-held by each direct and indirect subsidiary that is a bank, merchant bank, financial investment company, insurance company, savings bank or specialized credit financial business company; and

(3) the amount of shares of a financial holding company held by such direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies, insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies.

(3)the amount of shares of a financial holding company held by such direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies, insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies.

The Financial Holding Company Total Credit to a single individual or judicial person may not exceed 20% of the net aggregate equity capital. In addition, the Financial Holding Company Total Credit to a shareholder holding (together with the persons who have a “special relationship” with the shareholder, as defined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act) in aggregate more than 10% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of a financial holding company generally may not exceed the lesser of (x) 25% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) the amount of the equity capital of the financial holding company multiplied by the shareholding ratio of the shareholder (together with the persons who have a special relationship with the shareholder).

Further, the total sum of credits (as defined in the Financial Holding Company Act, the Bank Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Insurance Business Act, the Mutual Savings Bank Act and the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, respectively) of a bank holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries that are banks, merchant banks, financial investment companies, insurance companies, savings banks or specialized credit financial business companies as applicable (“Bank Holding Company Total Credit”) extended to a “major shareholder”investor” (as defined below) (together with the persons who have a special

relationship with that major shareholder)investor) will not be permitted to exceed the lesser of (x) 25% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) the amount of the equity capital of the bank holding company multiplied by the shareholding ratio of the major shareholder,investor, except for certain cases.

“Major shareholder”Investor” is defined as:

 

a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder), in excess of 10% (or in the case of a bank holding company controlling regional banks only, 15%) in the aggregate of the bank holding company’s total issued and outstanding voting shares; or

 

a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder), more than 4% in the aggregate of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of the bank holding company controlling nationwide banks, where the shareholder is the largest shareholder or has actual control over the major business affairs of the bank holding company through, for example, appointment and dismissal of the officers pursuant to the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act.

In addition, the total sum of the Bank Holding Company Total Credit granted to all of a bank holding company’s major shareholdersinvestor must not exceed 25% of the bank holding company’s net aggregate equity capital. Furthermore, any bank holding company that, together with its direct and indirect subsidiaries, intends to extend credit to the bank holding company’s major shareholderinvestor in an amount equal to or exceeding the lesser of (x) the amount equivalent to 0.1% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) ₩5 billion, in any single transaction, must obtain prior unanimous board resolutions and then, immediately after providing the credit, must file a report to the Financial Services Commission and publicly disclose the filing of the report.

Restrictions on Transactions Among Direct and Indirect Subsidiaries and Financial Holding Company

Generally, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company may not extend credits (excluding the amount of corporate credit card payments issued by a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company that is engaged in the banking business) to that financial holding company. In addition, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company may not extend credits (excluding the amount of corporate credit card payments issued by a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company that is engaged in the banking business) to other direct or indirect subsidiaries of the financial holding company in excess of 10% of its capital amount on an individual basis or to those subsidiaries in excess of 20% of its capital amount on an aggregate basis. The subsidiary extending the credit must also obtain an adequate level of collateral depending on the type of such collateral from the other subsidiaries unless the credit is otherwise approved by the Financial Services Commission. The adequate level of collateral for each type of collateral is as follows:

(1)

(1)for deposits and installment savings, obligations of the Korean government or the Bank of Korea, obligations guaranteed by the Korean government or the Bank of Korea, obligations secured by securities issued or guaranteed by the Korean government or the Bank of Korea, 100% of the credit extended;

(2)for obligations of municipal governments under the Local Autonomy Act, local public enterprise under the Local Public Enterprises Act and investment institutions and otherquasi-investment institutions under the Basic Act on the Management ofGovernment-Invested Institution or for obligations guaranteed by, or secured by the securities issued or guaranteed by, the aforementioned entities pursuant to the relevant regulations, 110% of the credit extended; and

(2) for obligations of municipal governments under the Local Autonomy Act, local public enterprise under the Local Public Enterprises Act and investment institutions and other quasi-investment institutions under the Basic Act on the Management of Government-Invested Institution or for obligations guaranteed by, or secured by the securities issued or guaranteed by, the aforementioned entities pursuant to the relevant regulations, 110% of the credit extended; and

(3) for any property other than those set forth in paragraphs (1) and (2) above, 130% of the credit extended.

(3)for any property other than those set forth in paragraphs (1) and (2) above, 130% of the credit extended.

Subject to certain exceptions, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company is prohibited from owning the shares of any other direct or indirect subsidiaries (other than those directly controlled by that direct or indirect subsidiary) under the common control of the financial holding company.

Subject to certain exceptions, a direct or indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company is also prohibited from owning the shares of the financial holding company controlling that direct or indirect subsidiary. The transfer of certain assets classified as precautionary or below between a financial holding company and its direct or indirect subsidiary or between the direct and indirect subsidiaries of a financial holding company is prohibited except for:

(1) transfers to a special purpose company, or entrustment with a trust company, for an asset-backed securitization transaction under the Asset-Backed Securitization Act;

(1)transfers to a special purpose company, or entrustment with a trust company, for anasset-backed securitization transaction under theAsset-Backed Securitization Act;

(2) transfers to a mortgage-backed securities issuance company for a mortgage securitization transaction;

(2)transfers to amortgage-backed securities issuance company for a mortgage securitization transaction;

(3) transfers or in-kind contributions to a corporate restructuring vehicle under the Corporate Restructuring Investment Companies Act; and

(3)transfers orin-kind contributions to a corporate restructuring vehicle under the Corporate Restructuring Investment Companies Act; and

(4) transfers to a corporate restructuring company under the Industry Promotion Act.

(4)transfers to a corporate restructuring company under the Industry Promotion Act.

Disclosure of Management Performance

For the purpose of protecting the depositors and investors in the subsidiaries of financial holding companies, the Financial Services Commission requires financial holding companies to disclose certain material matters including:

(1) financial condition and profit and loss of the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries;

(1)financial condition and profit and loss of the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries;

(2) fund-raising by the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries and the appropriation of such funds;

(2)fund-raising by the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries and the appropriation of such funds;

(3) any sanctions levied on the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries under the Financial Holding Company Act or any corrective measures or sanctions under the Law on Improvement of Structure of Financial Industry; and

(3)any sanctions levied on the financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries under the Financial Holding Company Act or any corrective measures or sanctions under the Law on Improvement of Structure of Financial Industry; and

(4) occurrence of any non-performing assets or financial incident that may have a material adverse effect, or any other event as prescribed in the applicable regulations.

(4)occurrence of anynon-performing assets or financial incident that may have a material adverse effect, or any other event as prescribed in the applicable regulations.

Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies

Generally, a financial holding company may not own (i) more than 5% of the total issued and outstanding shares of anotherfinance-related company, (ii) any shares of its affiliates, other than its direct or indirect subsidiaries or (iii) any shares of anon-finance-related company.

Restrictions on Shareholdings by Direct and Indirect Subsidiaries

Generally, a direct subsidiary of a financial holding company may not control any other company other than, as an indirect subsidiary of the financial holding company:

 

financial institutions established in foreign jurisdictions;

 

certain financial institutions which are engaged in any business that the direct subsidiary may conduct without any licenses or permits;

certain financial institutions whose business is related to the business of the direct subsidiary as described by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act (for example, a bank subsidiary may control only credit information companies, credit card companies and financial investment companies with a dealing, brokerage, collective investment, investment advice, discretionary investment management and/or trust license);

 

certain financial institutions whose business is related to the financial business as prescribed by the regulations of the Ministry of Strategy and Finance; and

certain companies which are not financial institutions but whose business is related to the financial business of the financial holding company as prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act (for example, afinance-related research company or afinance-related information technology company).

Acquisition of such indirect subsidiaries by direct subsidiaries of a financial holding company requires prior permission from the Financial Services Commission or the submission of a report to the Financial Services Commission, depending on the types of the indirect subsidiaries and the amount of total assets of the indirect subsidiaries.

Subject to certain exceptions, an indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company may not control any other company. If an indirect subsidiary of a financial holding company had control over another company at the time it became such an indirect subsidiary, the indirect subsidiary is required to dispose of its interest in the other company within two years from such time.

Restrictions on Transactions between a Bank Holding Company and its Major ShareholderInvestor

A bank holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries may not acquire (including through their respective trust accounts) shares issued by the bank holding company’s major shareholderinvestor in excess of 1% of the net aggregate equity capital (as defined above). In addition, if those entities intend to acquire shares issued by that major shareholderinvestor in any single transaction equal to or exceeding the lesser of (x) the amount equivalent to 0.1% of the net aggregate equity capital and (y) ₩5 billion, that entity must obtain prior unanimous board resolutions and then, immediately after the acquisition, file a report to the Financial Services Commission and publicly disclose the filing of the report.

Restriction on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company

Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a financial institution generally may not control a financial holding company. In addition, any single shareholder and persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10% of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of a bank holding company that controls nationwide banks or 15% of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of a bank holding company that controls only regional banks, subject to certain exceptions. Among others, the Korean government and the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation are not subject to this limit. “Non-financial“Non-financial business group companies” (as defined below), however, may not acquire the beneficial ownership of shares of a bank holding company controlling nationwide banks in excess of 4% of that bank holding company’s outstanding voting shares unless they obtain the approval of the Financial Services Commission and agree not to exercise voting rights in respect of shares in excess of the 4% limit, in which case they may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10%. Any other person (whether a Korean national or a foreign investor) may acquire no more than 10% of total voting shares issued and outstanding of a bank holding company controlling nationwide banks unless they obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission in each instance where the total holding will exceed 10% (or 15% in the case of a bank holding company controlling only regional banks), 25% or 33% of the total voting shares issued and outstanding of that bank holding company controlling nationwide banks.

Furthermore, in the case where a person (including Korean and foreign investors, but excluding certain persons prescribed under the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act) (i) acquires in excess of 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of any bank holding company (other than a bank holding company controlling only regional banks), (ii) becomes the largest shareholder of such bank holding company in which such person has acquired in excess of 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares, (iii) changes its shareholding in such bank holding company, in which it has acquired in excess of 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares, by 1% or more of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of such bank holding company or (iv) is a private equity fund or an investment purpose company holding in excess of 4% of the total outstanding voting shares of a bank holding company and changes its members or shareholders, such person must

file a report on such change with the Financial Services Commission (x) in case of (i) and (iii), within ten days after the end of the monthquarter in which such change occurred, or (y) in case of (ii) and (iv), within ten days after the end of the quartermonth in which such change occurred.

“Non-financial business group companies” as defined under the Financial Holding Company Act include:

(1) any same shareholder group where the aggregate net assets of all non-financial business companies belonging to that group equals or exceeds 25% of the aggregate net assets of all members of that group;

(1)any same shareholder group where the aggregate net assets of allnon-financial business companies belonging to that group equals or exceeds 25% of the aggregate net assets of all members of that group;

(2) any same shareholder group where the aggregate assets of all non-financial business companies belonging to that group equals or exceeds ₩2 trillion;

(2)any same shareholder group where the aggregate assets of allnon-financial business companies belonging to that group equals or exceeds ₩2 trillion;

(3) any mutual fund where a same shareholder group identified in (1) or (2) above beneficially owns and/or exercises the voting rights of more than 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of that mutual fund;

(3)any mutual fund where a same shareholder group identified in (1) or (2) above beneficially owns and/or exercises the voting rights of more than 4% of the total issued and outstanding voting shares of that mutual fund;

(4) any private equity fund (a) where a person falling under any of items (1) through (3) above is a limited partner holding not less than 10% of the total amount of contributions to the private equity fund, or (b) where a person falling under any of items (1) through (3) above is a general partner, or (c) where the total equity of the private equity fund acquired by each affiliate belonging to several enterprise groups subject to the limitation on mutual investment is 30% or more of the total amount of contributions to the private equity fund; or

(4)any private equity fund (a) where a person falling under any of items (1) through (3) above is a limited partner holding not less than 10% of the total amount of contributions to the private equity fund, or (b) where a person falling under any of items (1) through (3) above is a general partner, or (c) where the total equity of the private equity fund acquired by each affiliate belonging to several enterprise groups subject to the limitation on mutual investment is 30% or more of the total amount of contributions to the private equity fund; or

(5) the investment purpose company concerned, where a private equity fund falling under item (4) above acquires or holds stocks in excess of 4% of the stock or equity of such company or exercises de facto control over significant managerial matters of such company through appointment or dismissal of executives or in any other manner.

(5)the investment purpose company concerned, where a private equity fund falling under item (4) above acquires or holds stocks in excess of 4% of the stock or equity of such company or exercisesde facto control over significant managerial matters of such company through appointment or dismissal of executives or in any other manner.

Sharing of Customer Information among Financial Holding Company and its Subsidiaries

Under the Act on Use and Protection of Credit Information, any individual customer’s credit information must be disclosed or otherwise used by financial institutions only to determine, establish or maintain existing commercial transactions with them and only after obtaining written consent to use that information. In addition, under the Act on Real Name Financial Transactions and Confidentiality, an individual working at a financial institution may not provide or reveal information or data concerning the contents of financial transactions to other persons unless such individual receives a request or consent in writing from the holder of a title deed, except under certain exceptions stipulated in the Act. Under the Financial Holding Company Act, a financial holding company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, however, may share certain credit information of individual customers among themselves for internal management purposes outlined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act (such as credit risk management, internal control and customer analysis), without the customers’ written consent, subject to the methods and procedures for provision of such information set forth therein. A subsidiary financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license of a financial holding company may provide that financial holding company and its other direct and indirect subsidiaries information relating to the aggregate amount of cash or securities that a customer of the financial

investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license has deposited, for internal management purposes outlined in the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Holding Company Act, subject to the methods and procedures for provision of such information set forth therein. Recent amendments to the Financial Holding Company Act, which became effective on November 29, 2014, limit the scope of credit information that may be shared without the customers’ prior consent and require certain procedures for provision of customer information as prescribed by the Financial Services Commission. Beginning in MayNovember 29, 2015,2014, notice must be given to customers at least once a year regarding (i) the provider of customer information, (ii) the recipient of customer information, (iii) the purpose of providing the information and (iv) the categories of the information provided.

Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks

The banking system in Korea is governed by the Bank Act of 1950, as amended (the “Bank Act”) and the Bank of Korea Act of 1950, as amended (the “Bank of Korea Act”). In addition, Korean banks are subject to the

regulations and supervision of the Bank of Korea, the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of Korea, the Financial Services Commission and its executive body, the Financial Supervisory Service.

The Bank of Korea, established in June 1950 under the Bank of Korea Act, performs the customary functions of a central bank. It seeks to contribute to the sound development of the national economy by price stabilization through establishing and implementing efficient monetary and credit policies.policies with a focus on financial stability. The Bank of Korea acts under instructions of the Monetary Policy Committee, the supremepolicy-making body of the Bank of Korea.

Under the Bank of Korea Act, the Monetary Policy Committee’s primary responsibilities are to formulate monetary and credit policies and to determine the operations, management and administration of the Bank of Korea.

The Financial Services Commission, established on April 1, 1998, regulates commercial banks pursuant to the Bank Act, including establishing guidelines on capital adequacy of commercial banks, and promulgates regulations relating to supervision of banks. Furthermore, pursuant to the Amendment to the Government Organization Act and the Bank Act on May 24, 1999, the Financial Services Commission, instead of the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, now regulates market entry into the banking business.

The Financial Supervisory Service, was established on January 2, 1999, as a unified body of the former Bank Supervisory Authority (the successor to the Office of Bank Supervision), the Securities Supervisory Board, the Insurance Supervisory Board and the Credit Management Fund. The Financial Supervisory Service is subject to the instructions and directives of the Financial Services Commission and carries out supervision and examination of commercial banks. In particular, the Financial Supervisory Service sets requirements both for the prudent control of liquidity and for capital adequacy and establishes reporting requirements pursuant to the authority delegated to it under the Financial Services Commission regulations, pursuant to which banks are required to submit annual reports on financial performance and shareholdings, regular reports on management strategy andnon-performing loans, includingwrite-offs, and management of problem companies and plans for the settlement of bad loans.

Under the Bank Act, approval to commence a commercial banking business or along-term financing business must be obtained from the Financial Services Commission. Commercial banking business is defined as the lending of funds acquired predominantly from the acceptance of demand deposits for a period not exceeding one year or subject to the limitation established by the Financial Services Commission, for a period between one year and three years.Long-term financing business is defined as the lending, for periods in excess of one year, of funds acquired predominantly frompaid-in capital, reserves or other retained earnings, the acceptance of time deposits with maturities of at least one year, or the issuance of debentures or other bonds. A bank wishing to enter into any business other than commercial banking andlong-term financing businesses, such as thea trust business, must obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission. Approval to merge with any other banking institution, to liquidate, to spin off, to close a banking business or to transfer all or a part of a business must also be obtained from the Financial Services Commission.

If the Financial Services Commission deems a bank’s financial condition to be unsound or if a bank fails to meet the applicable capital adequacy ratio set forth under Korean law, the Financial Services Commission may order:

 

admonitions warnings or reprimandswarnings with respect to its officers and employees;

officers;

 

capital increases or reductions;

 

assignments of contractual rights and obligations relating to financial transactions;

 

a suspension of performance by its officers of their duties and the appointment of receivers;

 

stock cancellations or consolidations;

disposals of property holdings;

holdings or closures of subsidiaries or branch offices or downsizing;

 

stock cancelations or consolidations;

mergers with other financial institutions;

 

acquisition of such bank by a third party; or

and

 

suspensions of a part or all of its business operations.

Capital Adequacy

The Bank Act requires nationwide banks, such as us, to maintain a minimumpaid-in capital of ₩100 billion and regional banks to maintain a minimumpaid-in capital of ₩25 billion. All banks, including foreign bank branches in Korea, are also required to maintain a prescribed solvency position. A bank must also set aside in its legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of the net income after tax each time it pays dividends on net profits earned until its legal reserve reaches at least the aggregate amount of itspaid-in capital.

Under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, the capital of a bank is divided into two categories, Tier I and Tier II capital. Tier I capital (core capital) consists of (i) common equity Tier I capital, includingpaid-in capital, capital surplus and retained earnings related to common equity and accumulated other comprehensive gains and losses, and (ii) additional Tier I capital, includingpaid-in capital and capital surplus related to hybrid Tier I capital instruments that, among other things, qualify as contingent capital and are subordinated to subordinated debt. Tier II capital (supplementary capital) consists of, among other things, capital and capital surplus from the issuance of Tier II capital, allowances for loan losses on loans classified as “normal” or “precautionary,” subordinated debt and other capital securities which meet the standards prescribed by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service under Article 26(2) of the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business.

All banks must meet minimum ratios of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) torisk-weighted assets, determined in accordance with Financial Services Commission requirements that have been formulated based on BIS standards. These requirements were adopted and became effective in 1996, and were amended effective January 1, 2008 upon the implementation by the Financial Supervisory Service of Basel II. Under such requirements, all domestic banks and foreign bank branches mustwere required to meet a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) torisk-weighted assets of 8%. InCommencing in July and September 2013, the Financial Services Commission promulgated a series of amended regulations implementing Basel III, in Korea, pursuant to which Korean banks and bank holding companies were required to maintain a minimum ratio of common equity Tier I capital torisk-weighted assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital torisk-weighted assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. Such requirements are in addition to thepre-existing requirement for a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) torisk-weighted assets of 8.0%, which remains unchanged. The amended regulations also contemplaterequire an additional capital conservation buffer of 0.625% starting1.25% in 2016,2017 and 1.875% in 2018, with such buffer to increase in stages to 2.5% by 2019, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly

basis by the Financial Services Commission. Furthermore, we were designated as one of five domestic systemically important banks for 2017 by the Financial Services Commission and were subject to an additional capital requirement of 0.50% in 2017. In June 2017, we were again designated as a domestic systemically important bank for 2018, which would subject us to an additional capital requirement of 0.75% in 2018, with such potential requirement to increase to 1.0% by 2019.

Under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, the followingrisk-weight ratios must be applied by Korean banks in respect of home mortgage loans:

 

 (1)for those banks which adopted a standardized approach for calculating credit risk capital requirements, arisk-weight ratio of 35% (only in the case where the loan is fully secured by a first ranking mortgage) and, with respect tohigh-risk home mortgage loans, 50% or 70%; and

 

 (2)for those banks which adopted an internalratings-based approach for calculating credit risk capital requirements, arisk-weight ratio calculated with reference to the probability of default, loss given default and exposure at default, each as defined under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business.

Liquidity

All banks are required to ensure adequate liquidity by matching the maturities of their assets and liabilities in accordance with the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business. Banks may not invest an amount exceeding 100% of their Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) in equity securities and certain other securities with a redemption period of over three years. This stipulation does not apply to Korean government bonds, Monetary Stabilization Bonds issued by the Bank of Korea or debentures and stocks referred to in items 1 and 2, respectively, of paragraph (6) of Article 11 of the Act on the Improvement of the Structure of the Financial Industry. The Financial Services Commission alsouses the liquidity coverage ratio (described below) as the principal liquidity risk management measure, and currently requires each Korean bank to:

 

maintain a liquidity coverage ratio (defined as the ratio of highly liquid assets to total net cash outflows over a one-month30-day period) of not less than 80%95%, from January 1, 20152018 until December 31, 2015,2018, with such minimum liquidity coverage ratio to increase in increments of 5% per annum to 100% by 2019;

 

maintain a foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio (defined as the ratio of foreign currency assets due within three months to foreign currency liabilities due within three months) of not less than 85%;

70% from January 1, 2018 until December 31, 2018, with such minimum foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio to increase to 80% in 2019; and

 

maintain a ratio of foreign currency assets due within seven days less foreign currency liabilities due within seven days, divided by total foreign currency assets, of not less than negative 3%;

maintain a ratio of foreign currency assets due within a month less foreign currency liabilities due within a month, divided by total foreign currency assets, of not less than negative 10%; and

submit monthly reports with respect to the maintenance of these ratios.

The Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of Korea is empowered to fix and alter minimum reserve requirements that banks must maintain against their deposit liabilities. The current minimum reserve ratio is:ratios are:

 

7% of average balances for Won currency demand deposits outstanding;

 

0% of average balances for Won currency employee asset establishment savings deposits, employeelong-term savings deposits, employee house purchase savings deposits,long-term house purchase savings deposits, householdlong-term savings deposits and employee preferential savings deposits outstanding (with respect toemployee-related deposits, only if such deposits were made prior to February 28, 2013); and

 

2% of average balances for Won currency time deposits, installment savings deposits, mutual installments, housing installments and certificates of deposit outstanding.

For foreign currency deposit liabilities, a 2% minimum reserve ratio is applied to time deposits with a maturity of one month or longer, certificates of deposit with a maturity of 30 days or longer and savings deposits with a maturity of six months or longer and a 7% minimum reserve ratio is applied to other deposits. A 1%

minimum reserve ratio applies to deposits in offshore accounts, immigrant accounts and resident accounts opened by foreign exchange banks as well as foreign currency certificates of deposit held by account holders of such offshore accounts, immigrant accounts and resident accounts opened by foreign exchange banks.

Furthermore, pursuant tounder the Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business, foreign exchange agencies, including our subsidiary, Kookmin Bank, are required to hold “foreign currency safe assets” in an aggregate amount that is not less than the lower of (i) the product of (x) its total foreign currency-denominated debt maturing in one year or less multiplied by 2/12 and (y) an amount equal to one minus the “lowest rollover ratio” and (ii) 2% of its total foreign currency-denominated assets as shown in the balance sheet for the immediately preceding quarter. The “lowest rollover ratio” of a foreign exchange agency means the ratio of (A) its total debt with a maturity of one year or less (excluding overnight money) incurred in a particular month to (B) its total debt with maturity of one year or less (excluding overnight money) payable in that particular month, and is calculated by taking the lowest three month average from a period to be designated by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service. Under the Regulation on the Supervision of Banking Business, foreign

currency-denominated debt maturing in one year or less includes financial bonds, borrowings, call monies and repurchase selling denominated in foreign currencies and such other similar debt instruments denominated in a foreign currency as designated by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service. “Foreign currency safe assets” are defined as cash denominated in foreign currency, deposits denominated in foreign currency with a central bank or financial institutions rated A or above, bonds issued or guaranteed by a government or central bank rated A or above or corporate bonds issued or guaranteed by corporations rated A or above. Under the Regulation on the Supervision of Banking Business, Kookmin Bank is also required to maintain a minimum “mid-“mid- tolong-term foreign exchange funding ratio” of 100%. “Mid-to“Mid-to long term foreign exchange funding ratio” refers to the ratio of (1) the total outstanding amount of foreign exchange borrowing with a maturity of more than one year to (2) the total outstanding amount of foreign exchange lending with a maturity of one year or more.

Amendments Relating to Net Stable Funding Ratio and Leverage Ratio Requirements

Effective January 31, 2018, the Financial Services Commission implemented amendments to the Regulation on Supervision of the Banking Business that impose certain liquidity- and leverage-related ratio requirements on banks in Korea, in accordance with Basel III. Pursuant to these amendments, each Korean bank is required to:

maintain a net stable funding ratio (defined as the ratio of the available amount of stable funding to the required amount of stable funding) of not less than 100%, where (i) the available amount of stable funding generally refers to the portion of liabilities and capital expected to be reliable over aone-year time horizon and (ii) the required amount of stable funding generally refers to the portion of assets requiring stable funding over a time horizon of one year or longer, each as calculated in accordance with the Detailed Regulation on Supervision of the Banking Business;

maintain a leverage ratio (defined as the ratio of core capital to total exposures) of not less than 3%, where (i) core capital includespaid-in capital, capital surplus, retained earnings and hybrid Tier I capital instruments and (ii) total exposures includeon-balance sheet exposures andoff-balance sheet exposures, each as calculated in accordance with the Detailed Regulation on Supervision of the Banking Business; and

submit monthly reports with respect to the maintenance of these ratios.

Financial Exposure to Any Individual Customer andor Major Shareholder

Under the Bank Act, subject to certain exceptions, the sum of large exposures by a bank—in other words, the total sum of its credits to single individuals, juridical persons or business groups that exceed 10% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions)—generally must not exceed five times the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). In addition, subject to certain exceptions, banks generally may not extend credit (including loans, guarantees, purchases of securities (only in the nature of a credit) and any other transactions that directly or indirectly create credit risk) in excess of 20% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to a single individual or juridical person, or grant credit in excess of 25% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to a single group of companies as defined in the Monopoly Regulations and Fair Trade Act.

Amendments to theThe Bank Act which became effective on July 28, 2002 strengthenedalso provides for certain restrictions on extending credits to a major shareholder. A “major shareholder” is defined as:

 

a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) in excess of 10%; (or 15% in the case of regional banks) in the aggregate of the bank’s total issued and outstanding voting shares; or

 

a shareholder holding (together with persons who have a special relationship with such shareholder) in excess of 4% in the aggregate of the bank’s (excluding regional banks) total issued and outstanding voting shares of a bank (excluding shares subject to the shareholding restrictions on “non-financial“non-financial business group companies” as described below), where such shareholder is the largest shareholder or has actual control over the major business affairs of the bank through, for example, appointment and dismissal of the officers pursuant to the Enforcement Decree of the Bank Act. Non-financial business group companies primarily consist of: (i) any single shareholding group whose non-financial company assets comprise no less than 25% of its aggregate net assets; (ii) any single shareholding group whose non-financial company assets comprise no less than ₩2 trillion in aggregate; or (iii) any mutual fund of which any single shareholding group identified in (i) or (ii) above, owns more than 9% of the total issued and outstanding shares.

has actual control over the major business affairs of the bank through, for example, appointment and dismissal of the officers pursuant to the Enforcement Decree of the Bank Act.Non-financial business group companies primarily consist of: (i) any single shareholding group whosenon-financial company assets comprise no less than 25% of its aggregate net assets; (ii) any single shareholding group whosenon-financial company assets comprise no less than ₩2 trillion in aggregate; or (iii) any investment company under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of which any single shareholding group identified in (i) or (ii) above, owns more than 4% of the total issued and outstanding shares.

Under these amendments,restrictions, banks may not extend credits to a major shareholder (together with persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder) in an amount greater than the lesser of (x) 25% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) and (y) the relevant major shareholders’shareholder’s shareholding ratio multiplied by the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). In addition, the total sum of credits granted to all major shareholders must not exceed 25% of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions).

Interest Rates

Korean banks generally depend on deposits as their primary funding source. Under the Act on Registration of Credit Business and Protection of Finance Users and the regulations thereunder, interest rates on loans made by registered banks in Korea

to individuals or small corporations, as defined under the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises, may not exceed 34.9%24% per annum. Historically, interest rates on deposits and lending rates were regulated by the Monetary Policy Committee. ControlsThere are no controls on deposit interest rates in Korea, have been gradually reduced and, in February 2004, the Korean government removed restrictions on all interest rates, except for the prohibition on interest payments on current account deposits. This deregulation process has increased competition for deposits based on interest rates offered and, therefore, may increase a bank’s interest expense.

Lending toSmall- andMedium-sized Enterprises

In order to obtain funding from the Bank of Korea at concessionary rates for theirsmall- andmedium-sized enterprise loans, banks are required to allocate a certain minimum percentage of any quarterly increase in their Won currency lending tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises. Currently, this minimum percentage is 45% in the case of nationwide banks and 60% in the case of regional banks. If a bank does not comply with this requirement, the Bank of Korea may:

 

require the bank to prepay all or a portion of funds provided to that bank in support of loans tosmall- andmedium-sized enterprises; or

 

lower the bank’s credit limit.

Disclosure of Management Performance

For the purpose of protecting depositors and investors in commercial banks, the Financial Services Commission requires commercial banks to publicly disclose certain material matters, including:

 

financial condition and profit and loss of the bank and its subsidiaries;

 

fund raising by the bank and the appropriation of such funds;

 

any sanctions levied on the bank under the Bank Act or any corrective measures or sanctions under the Law on Improvement of Structure of Financial Industry; and

 

except as may otherwise have been disclosed by a bank or its financial holding company listed on the KRX KOSPI Market in accordance with the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, occurrence of any of the following events or any other event as prescribed by the applicable regulations:

 

 (i)

loans bearing no profit made to a single business group in an amount exceeding 10% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) as of the end of the previous

month (where the loan exposure to that borrower is calculated pursuant to the criteria under the Detailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business), unless the loan exposure to that group is not more than ₩4 billion; and

 

 (ii)the occurrence of any financial incident involving embezzlement, malfeasance or misappropriation of funds with respect to which damages are expected to exceed ₩1 billion, or any financial incident regarding which the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service has made a public announcement; and

(iii)any loss due to court judgments or similar decisions in civil proceedings in an amount exceeding 1% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) as of the end of the previous month, unless the loss is not more than ₩1 billion.

Restrictions on Lending

Pursuant to the Bank Act and itssub-regulations, commercial banks may not provide:

 

loans directly or indirectly secured by a pledge of a bank’s own shares;

 

loans directly or indirectly to enable a natural or juridical person to buy the bank’s own shares;

  

loans to any of the bank’s officers or employees, other thande minimis loans of up to (i) ₩20 million in the case of a general loan, (ii) ₩50 million in the case of a general loan plus a housing loan or (iii) ₩60 million in the aggregate for general loans, housing loans and loans to pay damages arising from wrongful acts of employees in financial transactions;

 

credit (including loans) secured by a pledge of shares of a subsidiary corporation of the bank or to enable a natural or juridical person to buy shares of a subsidiary corporation of the bank; or

 

loans to any officers or employees of a subsidiary corporation of the bank, other than general loans of up to ₩20 million or general and housing loans of up to ₩50 million in the aggregate.

Regulations Relating to Retail Household Loans

The Financial Services Commission has implemented a number of changes in recent years to the regulations relating to retail household lending by banks. Under the currently applicable regulations:

 

as to loans secured by a collateral of housing (including apartments) located nationwide, theloan-to-value ratio (the aggregate principal amount of loans secured by such collateral over the appraised value of the collateral) should not exceed 60%70%;

 

as to loans secured by collateral of housing (including apartments) located in areas of excessive investment or housing (excluding(including apartments) located in areas of high speculation, in each case, as designated by the government, (i) theloan-to-value ratio for loans with a maturity of not more than three years should not exceed 40%, except that such maximumloan-to-value ratio is 50% forlow-income households that (i) have an annual income of less than ₩70 million (or ₩80 million for first-home buyers), (ii) do not currently own any housing and (ii)(iii) are using the loan-to-value ratio for loans with a maturity of moreloan to purchaselow-price housing valued at less than three years should not exceed 60%;

₩600 million;

 

as to any new loans secured by collateral of housing to be extended to a household, any member of which has already received one or more loans secured by collateral of housing, the maximumloan-to-value ratio is 10% lower than the applicableloan-to-value ratio described above;

as to loans secured by collateral of housing (including apartments) located outsidein areas of Seoul, Incheon and Gyeong-gi province, whichexcessive investment or housing was offered for sale on or before June 10, 2008 and with respect to which a sale contract is executed and earnest money deposit paid during the period between June 11, 2008 and June 30, 2009, the loan-to-value ratio should not exceed 70%;

as to loans secured by apartments(including apartments) located in areas of high speculation, in each case, as designated by the government, (i) the loan-to-value ratio for loans with a maturity of not more than ten years should not exceed 40%; and (ii) the loan-to-value ratio for loans with a maturity of more than ten years should not exceed (a) 40%, if the price of such apartment is over ₩600 million, and (b) 60%, if the price of such apartment is ₩600 million or lower;

as to loans secured by collateral of housing (regardless of housing type or location) to be amortized over a period of ten years, further requirements relating to which are set forth in the Regulation on the Supervision of Banking Business, the loan-to-value ratio should not exceed 70%;

as to loans secured by apartments with appraisal value of more than ₩600 million in areas of high speculation as designated by the government or certain metropolitan areas designated as areas of excessive investment by the government, the borrower’sdebt-to-income ratio (calculated as (i)(1) the aggregate annual total payment amount of (x) the principal of and interest on loans secured by such apartment(s)housing and (y) the interest on other debts of the borrower over (ii)(2) the borrower’s annual income) should not exceed 40%;, except that such maximumdebt-to-income ratio is 50% forlow-income households that (i) have an annual income of less than ₩70 million (or ₩80 million for first-home buyers), (ii) do not currently own any housing and (iii) are using the loan to purchaselow-price housing valued at less than ₩600 million;

as to any new loans secured by collateral of housing to be extended to a household, any member of which has already received one or more loans secured by collateral of housing, the maximumdebt-to-income ratio is 10% lower than the applicabledebt-to-income ratio described above;

 

as to apartments located in areas of high speculation as designated by the government, a borrowerhousehold is permitted to have only one new loan secured by such apartment;

and

 

where a borrowerhousehold has two or more loans secured by apartments located in areas of high speculation as designated by the government, the loan with the earliest maturity date must be repaid first and the number of loans must be eventually reduced to one; and

one.

in the case of a borrower (i) whose spouse already has a loan secured by housing or (ii) who is single and under 30 years old, the debt-to-income ratio of the borrower in respect of loans secured by apartment(s) located in areas of high speculation as designated by the government should not exceed 40%.

Restrictions on Investments in Property

A bank may not invest in securities set forth below in excess of 100% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions):

 

debt securities (within the meaning of paragraph (3) of Article 4 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) the maturity of which exceeds three years, but excluding government bonds, monetary stabilization bonds issued by the Bank of Korea and bonds within the meaning of item 2, paragraph (6) of Article 11 of the Act on the Improvement of the Structure of the Financial Industry;

 

equity securities, but excluding securities within the meaning of item 1, paragraph (6) of Article 11 of the Act on the Improvement of the Structure of the Financial Industry;

 

derivatives linked securities (within the meaning of paragraph (7) of Article 4 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) the maturity of which exceeds three years; and

 

beneficiary certificates, investment contracts and depositary receipts (within the meaning of paragraph (2) of Article 4 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) the maturity of which exceeds three years.

A bank may possess real estate property only to the extent necessary for the conduct of its business. The aggregate value of such property may not exceed 60% of the sum of the bank’s Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions). Any property that a bank acquires by exercising its rights as a secured party, or which a bank is prohibited from acquiring under the Bank Act, must be disposed of within one year.three years, unless specified otherwise by the regulations thereunder.

Restrictions on Shareholdings in Other Companies

Under the Bank Act, a bank may not own more than 15% of shares outstanding with voting rights of another corporation, except where, among other reasons:

 

that corporation engages in a category of financial businesses set forth by the Financial Services Commission; or

 

the acquisition of shares by the bank is necessary for the corporate restructuring of such corporation and is approved by the Financial Services Commission.

In the above exceptional cases, the total investment in corporations in which the bank owns more than 15% of the outstanding shares with voting rights may not exceed (i) 15%20% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) or (ii) 30% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) where the acquisition satisfies the requirements determined by the Financial Services Commission.

The Bank Act provides that a bank using its bank accounts and its trust accounts is not permitted to acquire the shares issued by the major shareholder of such bank in excess of an amount equal to 1% of the sum of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions).

Restrictions on Bank Ownership

Under the Bank Act, a single shareholder and persons who have a special relationship with that shareholder generally may acquire beneficial ownership of no more than 10% of a nationwide bank’s total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights and no more than 15% of a regional bank’s total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights. The Korean government, the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation and bank holding companies qualifying under the Financial Holding Company Act are not subject to this limit. However, pursuant to an amendment to the Bank Act which became effective on February 14, 2014,non-financial business group companies may not acquire beneficial ownership of shares of a nationwide bank in excess of 4% (or 15% in the

case of a regional bank) of that bank’s outstanding voting shares, unless they satisfy certain requirements set forth by the Enforcement Decree of the Banking Act, obtain the approval of the Financial Services Commission and agree not to exercise voting rights in respect of shares in excess of the 4% limit (or the 15% limit in the case of a regional bank), in which case they may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10% of a nationwide bank’s outstanding voting shares. Such amendment grants an exception fornon-financial business group companies which, at the time of the enactment of the amended provisions, held more than 4% of the shares of a bank.

In addition, if a foreign investor, as defined in the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, owns in excess of 4% of a nationwide bank’s outstanding voting shares,non-financial business group companies may acquire beneficial ownership of up to 10% (or 15% in the case of a regional bank) of that bank’s outstanding voting shares, and in excess of 10% (or 15% in the case of a regional bank), 25% or 33% of that bank’s outstanding voting shares with the approval of the Financial Services Commission in each instance, up to the number of shares owned by the foreign investor. Any other person (whether a Korean national or a foreign investor), with the exception ofnon-financial business group companies described above, may acquire no more than 10% of a nationwide bank’s total voting shares issued and outstanding, unless they obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission in each instance where the total holding will exceed 10% (or 15% in the case of regional banks), 25% or 33% of the bank’s total voting shares issued and outstanding provided that, in addition to the foregoing threshold shareholding ratios, the Financial Services Commission may, at its discretion, designate a separate and additional threshold shareholding ratio.

Deposit Insurance System

The Depositor Protection Act provides insurance for certain deposits of banks in Korea through a deposit insurance system. Under the Depositor Protection Act, all banks governed by the Bank Act are required to pay an insurance premium to the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation on a quarterly basis and the rate is determined under the Enforcement Decree to the Depositor Protection Act. If the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation makes a payment on an insured amount, it will acquire the depositors’ claims with respect to that payment amount. The Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation insures a maximum of ₩50 million per individual for deposits and interest in a single financial institution, regardless of when the deposits were made and the size of the deposits.

Restrictions on Foreign Exchange Position

Under the Korean Foreign Exchange Transaction Law, each of a bank’s net overpurchased and oversold positions may not exceed 50% of its shareholder’s equity as of the end of the prior month.

Laws and Regulations Governing Other Business Activities

A bank must register with the Ministry of Strategy and Finance to enter the foreign exchange business, which is governed by the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea. A bank must obtain the permission of the Financial Services Commission to enter the securities business, which is governed by regulations under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. Under these laws, a bank may engage in the foreign exchange business, securities repurchase business, governmental/public bond underwriting business and governmental bond dealing business.

Trust Business

A bank must obtain approval from the Financial Services Commission to engage in trust businesses. The Trust Act and the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act govern the trust activities of banks, and they are subject to various legal and accounting procedures and requirements, including the following:

 

under the Trust Act, assets accepted in trust by a bank in Korea must be segregated from other assets in the accounts of that bank; and

 

depositors and other general creditors cannot obtain or assert claims against the assets comprising the trust accounts in the event the bank is liquidated orwound-up.

The bank must make a special reserve of 25% or more of fees from each unspecified money trust account for which a bank guarantees the principal amount and a fixed rate of interest until the total reserve for that account equals 5% of the trust amount. Since January 1999, the Korean government has prohibited Korean banks from offering new guaranteed fixed rate trust account products whose principal and interest are guaranteed.

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, which became effective in February 2009, a bank with a trust business license (such as Kookmin Bank) is permitted to offer both specified money trust account products and unspecified money trust account products. Previously, banks were not permitted to offer unspecified money trust account products pursuant to the Indirect Investment Asset Management Act, which is no longer in effect following the effectiveness of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.

Credit Card Business

General

In order to enter the credit card business, a company must register withobtain a license from the Financial Services Commission. Credit card businesses are governed by the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, enacted on August 28, 1997 and last amended on January 20, 2015,April 18, 2017, which sets forth specific requirements with respect to the credit card business as well as generally prohibiting unsound business practices relating to the credit card business which may infringe on the rights of credit card holders or negatively affect the soundness of the credit card industry. Credit card companies, including ourwholly-owned subsidiary, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd., are regulated by the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Supervisory Service.

Disclosure and Reports

Under the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act and the regulations thereunder, a credit card company is required to disclose on a periodic andon-going basis certain material matters and events. In addition, a credit card company must submit its businessperiodic reports with respect to its results of operations to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service, within one month fromin accordance with the endguidelines of each quarter.the Financial Supervisory Service.

Restrictions on Funding

Under the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act and the regulations thereunder, a credit card company must ensure that its total assets do not exceed an amount equal to six times its equity capital.capital and that the ratio of its adjusted equity capital to its adjusted total assets is not less than 8%. However, if a credit card company is unable to comply with such limit upon the occurrence of unavoidable events, such as drastic changes in the domestic and global financial markets, such limit may be adjusted through a resolution of the Financial Services Commission.

Risk of Loss Due to Lost, Stolen, Forged or Altered Credit Cards

Under the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, a credit card company is liable for any loss arising from the unauthorized use of credit cards or debit cards after it has received notice from the holder of the loss or

theft of the card. A credit card company is also responsible for any losses resulting from the use of forged or altered credit cards, debit cards andpre-paid cards. A credit card company may, however, transfer all or part of this latter risk of loss to holders of credit card in the event of willful misconduct or gross negligence by holders of credit card if the terms and conditions of the agreement entered between the credit card company and members of such cards specifically provide for that transfer.

For these purposes, disclosure of a customer’s password that is made intentionally or through gross negligence, or the transfer of or giving as collateral of the credit card or debit card, is considered willful misconduct or gross negligence. However, a disclosure of a cardholder’s password that is made under irresistible

force or threat to cardholder or his/her relatives’ life or health will not be deemed as willful misconduct or negligence of the cardholder.

Each credit card company must institute appropriate measures to fulfill these obligations, such as establishing provisions, purchasing insurance or joining a cooperative association.

Pursuant to the Enforcement Decree to Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, a credit card company will be liable for any losses arising from loss or theft of a credit card (which was not from the holder’s willful misconduct or negligence) during the period beginning 60 days before the notice by the holder to the credit card company.

Pursuant to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, the Financial Services Commission may either restrict the limit or take other necessary measures against the credit card company with respect to such matters as the maximum limits on the amount per credit card, details of credit card terms and conditions, management of credit card merchants and collection of claims, including the following:

 

maximum limits for cash advances on credit cards;

 

use restrictions on debit cards with respect to per day or per transaction usage;

 

aggregate issuance limits and maximum limits on the amount per card onpre-paid cards; and

 

other matters prescribed by the Enforcement Decree to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act.

Lending Ratio in Ancillary Business

Pursuant to the Enforcement Decree to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act, a credit card company must maintain an aggregate quarterly average outstanding lending balance to credit cardholders (including cash advances and credit card loans, but excluding restructured loans) no greater than the sum of (i) its aggregate quarterly average outstanding credit card balance arising from the purchase of goods and services and (ii) the aggregate quarterly debit card transaction volume.

Issuance of New Cards and Solicitation of New Cardholders

The Enforcement Decree to the Specialized Credit Financial Business Act establishes the conditions under which a credit card company may issue new cards and solicit new members. New credit cards may be issued only to the following persons:

 

persons who are at least 19 years old when they apply for a credit card;

 

persons whose capability to pay bills as they come due has been verified using standards established by the credit card company; and

 

in the case of minors who are 18 years old, persons who submit documents evidencing employment as of the date of the credit card application, such as an employment certificate, or persons for whom the issuance of a credit card is necessitated by governmental policies, such as financial aid.

In addition, a credit card company may not solicit credit card members by:

 

providing economic benefits or promising to provide economic benefits in excess of 10% of the annual credit card fee (in the case of credit cards with annual fees that are less than the average of the annual fees charged by the major credit cards in Korea, the annual fee will be deemed to be equal to such average annual fee) in connection with issuing a credit card;

provided, however, that providing economic benefits or promising to provide economic benefits not exceeding the amount of the annual credit card fee to an applicant that becomes a credit card member through an online platform is permissible;

 

soliciting applicants on roads, public places or along corridors used by the general public;

 

soliciting applicants through visits, except those visits made upon prior consent and visits to a business area;

soliciting applicants through the Internet without verifying whether the applicant is who he or she purports to be, by means of a certified digital signature under the Digital Signature Act; and

 

soliciting applicants through pyramid sales methods.

Compliance Rules on Collection of Receivable Claims

Pursuant to Supervisory Regulation on the Specialized Credit Financial Business, a credit card company may not:

 

exert violence or threaten violence;

 

inform a related party (a guarantor of the debtor, blood relative or fiancée(e) of the debtor, a person living in the same household as the debtor or a person working in the same workplace as the debtor) of the debtor’s obligations without just cause;

 

provide false information relating to the debtor’s obligation to the debtor or his or her related parties;

 

threaten to sue or sue the debtor for fraud despite lack of affirmative evidence to establish that the debtor has submitted forged or false documentation with respect to his/his or her capacityability to make payment;

 

visit or telephone the debtor during late evening hours (between the hours of 9:00 p.m. and 8:00 a.m.); and

 

utilize other uncustomary methods to collect the receivables that interfere with the privacy or the peace in the workplace of the debtor or his or her related parties.

Principal Regulations Applicable to Insurance Companies

General

Under the Insurance Business Act, a company seeking to engage in the insurance business in Korea is required to obtain business authorizations and licenses from the Financial Services Commission, and such company is required to comply with the Insurance Business Act and the regulations thereunder. These rules and regulations cover, among other things: (i) the requirements for obtaining business authorizations and licenses to operate an insurance company; (ii) the scope of business an insurance company may undertake; (iii) the operations of an insurance company, including its asset management activities; (iv) the methods of insurance solicitation; (v) the supervision of the insurance business; and (vi) the disciplinary actions for violation of the Insurance Business Act, which may include revocation of a license, imprisonment, suspension of operations, fines, surcharges and penalties.

The Financial Services Commission has the authority to oversee matters involving licenses necessary for, and supervision of, the operation of an insurance business. Pursuant to the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business and the Regulation on Corporate Governance of Financial Companies, the Financial Services

Commission sets forth detailed criteria for obtaining the authorization necessary to engage in the insurance business, as well as various comprehensive standards required to be met by an insurance company. The Financial Services Commission entrusts the Financial Supervisory Service with certain matters pursuant to the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business, as specified under the Detailed Enforcement Regulations on Insurance Supervision.

Since an insurance company falls within the scope of a financial institution under the Act on the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry, special provisions thereunder apply to an insurance company in the event (i) it merges with, or converts into, another financial institution, (ii) it becomes bankrupt or insolvent or is dissolved or (iii) members of its business group acquire shares of another company in excess of a certain percentage. In addition, an insurance company that offers and sells investment-type insurance products, such as variable insurance products, and manages assets under special accounts for variable insurance policies is deemed a financial investment company under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. Such insurance company is subject to certain provisions under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, such as regulations on the control of conflicts of interest as well as the establishment and maintenance of firewalls for asset management of special accounts related to variable insurance policies. In addition, pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act, an insurance company is required to obtain prior approval from the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, the Bank of Korea, the Financial Supervisory Service or a foreign exchange bank and may be required to file periodic reports if the company engages in any of the following: (a) a transaction involving a foreign currency; (b) a transaction with anon-resident involving either the Won or a foreign currency; (c) a transaction that requires an outgoing overseas payment; (d) a transaction that requires receipt of an overseas payment; and (e) any other transaction prescribed under the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act. Furthermore, an insurance company is required to comply with the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies.

Scope of Business of Insurance Companies

Under the Insurance Business Act, an insurance company is prohibited from concurrently operating a life insurance business and anon-life insurance business (including property, marine and cargo and liability insurance), provided that an insurance company may concurrently operate a “type three” insurance business (including casualty, disease and health care insurance) and provide reinsurance to other insurance companies. However, limitedcross-selling of life insurance andnon-life insurance products by insurance sales agents working for life insurance ornon-life insurance companies in Korea is permitted by the Financial Services Commission.

Upon approval by the FSC, a life insurance company may operate (i) a life insurance business, (ii) a pension insurance (including retirement insurance) business and (iii) type three insurance businesses, while anon-life insurance company may operate (i) various types ofnon-life insurance businesses (including property, marine and cargo, automobile, guarantee, reinsurance and certain other enumeratednon-life insurance as designated under the Enforcement Decree of the Insurance Business Act as well as liability insurance) and (ii) type three insurance businesses.

Both life insurance andnon-life insurance companies may also operate certain financial businesses and incidental businesses designated under the Enforcement Decree of the Insurance Business Act.

Requirements Relating to Insurance Solicitation

The Insurance Business Act limits entities that may engage in insurance solicitation to insurance sales agents, insurance agencies (including those of financial institutions), insurance brokers and officers and employees of an insurance company. Any person or entity wishing to act as an insurance sales agent, insurance agency (including those of financial institutions) or insurance broker must register with the Financial Services Commission and report promptly to the Financial Services Commission the occurrence of certain changes prescribed under the Insurance Business Act.

Insurance brochures used for insurance solicitation must clearly specify the terms required under the Insurance Business Act in aneasy-to-understand manner. Where an insurance company or any person engaging in insurance solicitation persuades an ordinary policyholder to enter into an insurance contract, it must explain to such ordinary policyholder about certain critical matters of the insurance contract prescribed by the Enforcement Decree of the Insurance Business Act, including insurance premiums, coverage scope and restrictions on the payment of insurance proceeds, in a manner the policyholder can easily understand.

Where an insurance company or any person engaging in insurance solicitation advertises an insurance product, it must include the details of such insurance product in such advertisement as prescribed under the Insurance Business Act and must not engage in any act which, among other things, may lead to a misunderstanding that such insurance product would provide a large amount of insurance proceeds by emphasizing selective terms and conditions of such product or introducing cases where a large amount of insurance proceeds were paid.

In connection with the execution or solicitation of an insurance contract, any person engaging in insurance solicitation must not engage in any act prohibited under the Insurance Business Act, including acts of providing a policyholder with false information regarding an insurance product and acts intended to interrupt or prevent a policyholder from notifying an insurance company of an important matter relevant to an insurance policy.

Any person engaging in insurance solicitation is prohibited from providing special benefits (including, but not limited to, cash over a certain amount and discounts on insurance premiums) in connection with the execution of an insurance contract unless such special benefits are stipulated in the underlying documents for such insurance product. In addition, an insurance company is prohibited from entrusting any person other than those who are eligible under the Insurance Business Act to engage in insurance solicitation or paying any compensation to any ineligible persons for his or her insurance solicitation. The Insurance Business Act and the Enforcement Decree of the Insurance Business Act also prescribe in detail certain practices that insurance agencies of financial institutions are restricted from engaging in, including, but not limited to:

offering additional services, such as providing a loan, on condition that the individual purchase a life insurance policy; and

including insurance premiums in loan transactions without the prior consent of the borrower.

The Insurance Business Act permits insurance sales agents working for life insurance companies tocross-sellnon-life insurance products of onenon-life insurance company, and insurance sales agents working fornon-life insurance companies are correspondingly permitted tocross-sell the life insurance products of one life insurance company.

Capital Adequacy

Pursuant to the risk-based capital adequacy requirements implemented by the Financial Services Commission, insurance companies in Korea are required to maintain a statutory ratio of available regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets of not less than 100% on a consolidated basis (although a risk-based capital adequacy ratio of not less than 150% is still considered standard in the Korean insurance industry). Risk based capital adequacy requirements require insurance companies to hold adequate capital to cover their exposures to interest rate risk, market risk, credit risk and operational risk as well as insurance risk by reflecting such risks in their calculation of risk-weighted assets. The statutoryrisk-based capital adequacy ratio for insurance companies is computed by dividing available capital by required capital. Available capital of an insurance company is computed as the sum of, among other things, capital stock, reserve for policyholder dividends and bad debt allowance after deducting, among other things, deferred acquisition costs, goodwill, and prepaid expenses. Required capital is computed based on the sum of (i) the square root of the sum of the squares of (w) insurance risk amounts, (x) interest rate risk amounts, (y) credit risk amounts and (z) market risk amounts, and (ii) the operating risk amounts, with each risk amount being calculated in accordance with the detailed criteria set forth

under the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business and the Detailed Enforcement Regulations on Insurance Supervision.

The Financial Supervisory Service has announced that it plans to introduce a new regulatory solvency regime for insurance companies by 2021 based on the International Capital Standard developed by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, which would be similar in substance to the Solvency II Directive of the European Union. The Solvency II Directive, which has been in effect in the European Union since January 1, 2016, is a comprehensive program of regulatory requirements for insurance companies, covering authorization, corporate governance, supervisory reporting, public disclosure and risk assessment and management, as well as solvency. Under the Financial Supervisory Service’s planned new solvency regime in Korea, among other things, insurance contract liabilities are expected to be measured based on market value, rather than book value, which would require a number of insurance companies in Korea with a large portfolio of high guaranteed rate of return products to obtain additional capital to meet their capital adequacy requirements. The Financial Supervisory Service has also announced its plans to implement a series of incremental changes to the calculation methodology for the risk-based capital adequacy ratio of insurance companies, as interim measures. Such changes implemented in 2017 included increasing the maximum statutory duration of insurance liabilities recognized for purposes of such calculation, as well as reducing the coefficient applied in calculating interest rate risk and adjusting the methods used to assess the risk of guaranteed benefits of variable insurance policies. The details of the new solvency regime in Korea have not yet been finalized and may be further amended in the future.

Regulations on Class Actions Regarding Securities

The Law on Class Actions Regarding Securities was enacted as of January 20, 2004 and last amended on May 28, 2013. The Law on Class Actions Regarding Securities governs class actions suits instituted by one or more representative plaintiff(s) on behalf of 50 or more persons who claim to have been damaged in a capital markets transaction involving securities issued by a listed company in Korea.

Applicable causes of action with respect to such suits include:

 

claims for damages caused by misleading information contained in a securities statement;

 

claims for damages caused by the filing of a misleading business report,semi-annual report, or quarterly report;

 

claims for damages caused by insider trading or market manipulation; and

 

claims instituted against auditors for damages caused by accounting irregularities.

Any such class action may be instituted upon approval from the presiding court and the outcome of such class action will have a binding effect on all potential plaintiffs who have not joined the action, with the exception of those who have filed an opt out notice with such court.

Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act

On July 3, 2007,The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, which became effective in February 2009, regulates and governs the National Assembly of Korea passedfinancial investment business in Korea. The entities that regulate and supervise financial investment companies are the Financial Services Commission, the Financial Supervisory Service and the Securities and Futures Commission.

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, a new law consolidating six laws regulating capital markets. Thecompany must obtain a license from the Financial Services Commission to commence a financial investment business such as a brokerage business, a dealing business or an underwriting business, or register with the Financial Services Commission to commence a financial investment business such as an investment advisory business or a discretionary investment management

business. A bank is permitted to engage in certain types of financial investment business as specified under the Enforcement Decree of the Bank Act. Prior to commencing a financial investment business, a bank must file a report with the Financial Services Commission and apply for a license pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act became effective in February 2009..

The following is a summary of the major changes introduced under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.

Consolidation of CapitalMarkets-Related Laws

Prior to the effectiveness of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, there were separate laws regulating various types of financial institutions depending on the type of financial institution (for example, securities companies, futures companies, trust business companies and asset management companies) and subjecting financial institutions to different licensing and ongoing regulatory requirements (for example, the Korean Securities Exchange Act, the Futures Business Act and the Indirect Investment Asset Management Business Act). By applying one uniform set of rules to the same financial business having the same economic function, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act attempts to improve and address issues caused by the currentprevious regulatory system under which the same economic function relating to capitalmarkets-related businesses are governed by multiple regulations. To this end, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act categorizes capitalmarkets-related businesses into six different functions, as follows:

 

dealing, (tradingtrading and underwriting of “financial investment products” (as defined below)),

;

 

brokerage (brokerage of financial investment products),

products;

 

collective investment (establishmentestablishment of collective investment schemes and the management thereof),

thereof;

 

investment advice,

advice;

 

discretionary investment management,management; and

 

trusts (together with the five businesses set forth above, the “Financial Investment Businesses”).

Therefore,Accordingly, all financial businesses relating to financial investment products have been reclassified as one or more of the Financial Investment Businesses described above, and financial institutions are subject to the regulations applicable to their relevant Financial Investment Business(es), irrespectiveBusinesses, regardless of the type of the financial institution (forinstitution. For example, in principle,under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, derivative businesses conducted by former securities companies and futuresfuture companies arewill be subject to the same regulations under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act).regulations.

The banking businessBanking and insurance businessbusinesses are not subject to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and will continue to be regulated under separate laws. However, they may become subject to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act if their activities involve any financial investment businesses requiring a license pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.

Comprehensive Definition of Financial Investment Products

In an effort to encompass the various types of securities and derivative products available in the capital markets, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act sets forth a comprehensive term “financial investment products,” defined to mean all financial products with a risk of loss in the invested amount (in contrast to “deposits,” which are financial products for which the invested amount is protected or preserved). Financial investment products are classified into two major categories: (i) “securities” (relating to financial(financial investment products wherein which the risk of loss is limited to the invested amount) and (ii) “derivatives” (relating to financial(financial investment products wherein which the risk of loss may exceed the invested amount). As a result of the general and open-ended manner in which financial investment products are defined, any future financial product could potentially come within the scope of thebroad definition of financial investment products, thereby enablinga variety of financial products may be defined as a financial investment product, which would enable Financial Investment Companies (as defined(defined below) to handle a broader range of financial products. Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, entities formerly licensed as securities companies, asset management companies, futures companies and other entities engaging in any Financial Investment Business are classified as “Financial Investment Companies.”

New License System and the Conversion of Existing Licenses

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, Financial Investment Companies are able to choose whatthe type of Financial Investment Business in which to engage in (via(through a “check the box” method set forth in the

relevant license application), by specifying the desired (i) Financial Investment Business, (ii) financial investment product and (iii) target customers to which financial investment products may be sold or dealt to (i.e.,distributed (that is, general investors or professional investors). Licenses will be issued under the specific businesssub-categories described in the foregoing sentence. For example, it would be possible for a Financial Investment Company to obtain a license to engage in the Financial Investment Business of (i) dealing (ii) over the counter derivatives products (iii) only with sophisticated investors.

Financial institutions that engage in business activities constituting a Financial Investment Business are required to take certain steps, such as renewal of their license or registration, in order to continue engaging in such business activities. Financial institutions that are not licensed Financial Investment Companies are not permitted to engage in any Financial Investment Business, subject to the following exceptions: (i) banks and insurance companies are permitted to engage in certain categories of Financial Investment Business;Business for a period not exceeding six months commencing on the effective date of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act; and (ii) other financial institutions that engaged in any Financial Investment Business prior to the effective date of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (whether in the form of a concurrent business or an incidental business) are permitted to continue such Financial Investment Business for a period not exceeding six months commencing on the effective date of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.

Expanded Business Scope of Financial Investment Companies

Under the previous regulatory systemregime in Korea, it was difficult for a financial institution to explore a new line of business or expand upon its existing line of business. For example, previously a financial institution licensed as a securities company generally was not permitted to engage in the asset management business. In contrast, under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, pursuant to the integration of its current businesses involving financial investment products into a single Financial Investment Business, a licensed Financial Investment Company is permitted to engage in all types of Financial Investment Businesses, subject to satisfying relevant regulations (for example, maintaining an adequate “Chinese Wall,” to the extent required). As to incidental businesses (i.e.,(that is, a financial related business which is not a Financial Investment Business), the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act generally allows a Financial Investment Company to freely engage in such incidental businesses by shifting away from the previouspositive-list system towards a more comprehensive system. In addition, a Financial Investment Company is permitted to (i) outsource marketing activities by contracting “introducing brokers” that are individuals but not employees of the Financial Investment Company. Financial Investment Companies are permitted (i) toCompany, (ii) engage in foreign exchange businesses related to their Financial Investment Business and (ii) to(iii) participate in the settlement network, pursuant to an agreement among the settlement network participants.

Improvement in Investor Protection Mechanism

While the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act widens the scope of financial businesses in which financial institutions are permitted to engage, a more rigorousinvestor-protection mechanism is also imposed upon Financial Investment Companies dealing in financial investment products. The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act distinguishes general investors from sophisticated investors and provides new or enhanced protections to general investors. For instance, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act expressly provides for a strictknow-your-customer rule for general investors and imposes an obligation that Financial Investment Companies should market financial investment products suitable to each general investor, using written explanatory materials. Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, a Financial Investment Company could be liable if a general investor proves (i) damage or losses

relating to such general investor’s investment in financial investment products solicited by such Financial Investment Company and (ii) the absence of the requisite written explanatory materials, without having to prove fault or causation. With respect to conflicts of interest between Financial Investment Companies and investors, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act expressly requires (i) disclosure of any conflict of interest to investors and (ii) mitigation of conflicts of interest to a comfortable level or abstention from the relevant transaction.

Other Changes of Securities/to Securities / Fund Regulations

The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act also affectedchanged various securities regulations including those relating to public disclosure, insider trading and proxy contests, which were previously governed by the Korean Securities Exchange Act. For example, the 5% and 10% reporting obligations under the Korean Securities Exchange Act hashave become more stringent. The Indirect Investment and Asset Management Business Act strictly limited the kind of vehicles that could be utilized under a collective investment scheme, restricting the range of potential vehicles to trusts and corporations, and the type of funds that can be used for investments. However, under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, these restrictions have been significantly liberalized, permitting all vehicles that may be created under Korean law, such as limited liability companies or partnerships, to be used for the purpose of collective investments and allowing investment funds to be much more flexible as to their investments.

Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies

The Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies, which became effective on August 1, 2016, was enacted to address the need for strengthened regulations on corporate governance of financial institutions and to serve as a uniform set of regulations on corporate governance matters applicable to financial institutions across a variety of industry sectors. It contains several key measures, including (i) eligibility requirements for officers of financial institutions and standards for determining whether officers of financial institutions may hold concurrent positions in other companies, (ii) standards for composition and operation of the board of directors of financial institutions, (iii) standards for establishment, composition and operation of various committees of the board of directors of financial institutions, (iv) regulations on internal control and risk management, (v) requirements and procedures for the approval of a change of major shareholders and (vi) special regulations to protect the rights of minority shareholders of financial institutions.

Environment

In 2015, our operations became subject to the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth, which was enacted in April 2010, and the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System Act, which was enacted in May 2012. The Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth and the regulations thereunder establish the greenhouse gas target management system, which requires companies to establish and achieve greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption targets on an annual basis. The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System Act and the regulations thereunder establish the Korean emissions trading scheme, under which companies are allocated a limited volume of emission allowances and are allowed to trade excess emission allowances.

We actively seek to engage in environmentally responsible management of our operations. We have developed a program for our operations to achieve energy efficiency objectives and reduce our greenhouse gas emissions to lessen our impact on the environment.

Item 4.C.Organizational Structure

The following chart provides an overview of our structure, including our significant subsidiaries and our ownership of such subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report:

 

LOGOLOGO

Our largest subsidiary is Kookmin Bank, the assets of which represented approximately 89.3%75.5% of our total assets as of December 31, 2014.2017. The following table provides summary information for our operating subsidiaries that are consolidated in our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014,2017, including their consolidated total assets, operating revenue, profit (loss) and total equity:

 

Subsidiaries

  Total Assets   Operating Revenue   Profit (Loss)  Total Equity 
   (in millions of Won) 

Kookmin Bank

  275,453,664    16,283,978    1,029,041   21,940,473  

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. .

   15,886,769     2,864,957     332,701    3,480,455  

KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd.

   4,131,568     578,345     25,624    576,740  

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. .

   7,680,184     1,453,057     6,537    583,725  

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd. .

   254,481     105,234     49,560    201,940  

KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.

   204,888     50,283     14,818    183,958  

KB Investment Co., Ltd. .

   225,353     33,371     1,382    134,784  

KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.

   28,805     38,796     (1,605  20,850  

KB Data Systems Co., Ltd.

   31,397     59,129     367    14,523  

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd. .

   772,676     56,712     (15,079  152,794  

KB Capital Co., Ltd. (1)

   4,023,965     250,042     29,990    411,815  

(1)

KB Capital Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Woori Financial Co., Ltd.) was added as a subsidiary in March 2014 as a result of our purchase of 52.02% of its shares.

Subsidiaries

  Total Assets   Operating Revenue   Profit (Loss)  Total Equity 
   (in millions of Won) 

Kookmin Bank

  329,765,927   19,291,294   2,174,705  25,323,434 

KB Securities Co., Ltd.

   37,351,680    5,974,054    271,701   4,415,656 

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

   32,351,778    8,740,682    330,286   3,223,031 

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.

   17,658,310    3,326,048    296,831   4,041,829 

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

   9,125,741    1,331,105    21,086   539,413 

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.

   201,481    117,746    52,022   156,621 

KB Capital Co., Ltd.

   8,743,672    588,253    120,797   939,752 

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

   1,158,829    79,428    21,150   198,017 

KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.

   246,685    76,700    36,408   199,330 

KB Investment Co., Ltd.

   355,763    41,150    (4,954  137,092 

KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.

   26,121    31,737    (5,316  15,142 

KB Data Systems Co., Ltd.

   41,945    117,946    945   14,705 

Further information regarding our subsidiaries is provided below:

 

  

Kookmin Bank was established in Korea in 2001 as a result of the merger of the former Kookmin Bank (established in 1963) and H&CB (established in 1967). Kookmin Bank provides a wide range of banking and other financial services to individuals,small- andmedium-sized enterprises and large

corporations in Korea. As of December 31, 2014,2017, Kookmin Bank was one of the largest commercial banks in Korea based upon total assets (including loans) and deposits. As of December 31, 2014,2017, Kookmin Bank had approximately 28.730.6 million customers, with 1,1611,062 branches nationwide.

 

  KB Securities Co., Ltd., formerly known as Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., was established in Korea in 1962 to provide various securities brokerage and investment banking services. In 2016, we acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities, merged another subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., with and into Hyundai Securities and changed the name of the surviving entity to KB Securities Co., Ltd.

KB Insurance Co., Ltd., formerly known as LIG Insurance Co., Ltd., was established in Korea in January 1959 to providenon-life insurance products. KB Insurance became our wholly-owned subsidiary in July 2017 after a series of stock purchases, a tender offer and a comprehensive stock swap.

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. was established in March 2011 as a separate entity upon the completion of a horizontalspin-off of Kookmin Bank’s credit card business, to provide credit card services.

 

  

KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in 1995 to provide various investment banking services. KB Investment & Securities was formerly known as Hannuri Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. and was acquired by Kookmin Bank on March 11, 2008. In March 2011, KB Investment & Securities was merged with KB Futures Co., Ltd., with KB Investment & Securities as the surviving entity.

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in April 2004 to provide life insurance and wealth management products primarily through our branch network.

 

  

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in April 1988 as a subsidiary of Citizens Investment Trust Company to provide investment advisory services.

 

  

KB Capital Co., Ltd., which provides leasing services and installment finance services, was formerly known as Woori Financial Co., Ltd. and was acquired by us onin March 20, 2014.

KB Capital became our wholly-owned subsidiary in July 2017 after a tender offer followed by a comprehensive stock swap.

 

  

KB Savings BankCo., Ltd. was established in Korea in January 2012 to providesmall-loan finance services. KB Savings Bank was established in connection with our purchase of assets and assumption of liabilities of Jeil Savings Bank in January 2012. We2012.We acquired Yehansoul Savings Bank, which providedsmall-loan finance services, in September 2013 and merged it with KB Savings Bank in January 2014, with KB Savings Bank as the surviving entity.

  

KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in December 1996 to provide real estate development and brokerage services by managing trusts related to the real estate industry.

 

  

KB Investment Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in March 1990 to invest in and financesmall- andmedium-sized enterprises.

 

  

KB Credit Information Co., Ltd. was established in Korea in October 1999 to collect delinquent loans and to check credit history.

 

  

KB Data Systems Co., Ltd.was established in Korea in September 1991 to provide software services to us and other financial institutions.

Item 4.D.Property, Plants and Equipment

Our registered office and corporate headquarters are located at 84, Namdaemoon-ro, Jung-gu,26,Gukjegeumyung-ro8-gil,Yeongdeungpo-gu,Seoul 100-703,07331, Korea. The following table presents information regarding certain of our properties in Korea:

 

Type of facility/building

  

Location

  Area
(square meters)
 

Registered office and corporate headquarters and Kookmin Bank headquarters

  

84, Namdaemoon-ro,

Jung-gu,26,Gukjegeumyung-ro8-gil,Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 100-703

1,749

Kookmin Bank headquarters building

26, Gukjegeumyung-ro 8-gil,

Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul

150-758

07331
   5,354 

KB Kookmin Card headquarters building

  Jongro-gu, Seoul   3,7973,923 

Kookmin Bank training institute

  Ilsan   207,659207,560 

Kookmin Bank training institute

  Daecheon   4,158 

Kookmin Bank training institute

  Sokcho   15,58415,559 

Kookmin Bank training institute

  Cheonan   196,649 

Kookmin Bank IT center

  Gangseo-gu, Seoul   13,116 

Kookmin Bank IT center

  Yeouido, Seoul   5,928 

Kookmin Bank IT center

  Yeouido, Seoul   2,006 

Kookmin Bank support center

  Seongbuk-gu, Seoul   4,7489,939

KB Securities training institute

Kiheung-gu, Yongin64,600 

In addition, we entered into a land purchase agreement in March 2016 to purchase a site of approximately 4,727 square meters located in Yeouido, Seoul, on which we plan to construct a new headquarters building for Kookmin Bank (with a floor space of approximately 67,683 square meters). We anticipate that our total capital expenditures for the construction of the building, which is scheduled to be completed in 2020, will amount to approximately ₩425 billion, of which an aggregate amount of ₩162 billion was incurred as of December 31, 2017. We also entered into a land purchase agreement in August 2016 to purchase a site of approximately 13,144 square meters located in Gimpo, in the outskirts of Seoul, in order to construct a new IT center for Kookmin Bank (with a floor space of approximately 40,232 square meters). We anticipate that our total capital expenditures for the construction of the IT center, which is scheduled to be completed in 2019, will amount to approximately ₩229 billion, of which an aggregate amount of ₩26 billion was incurred as of December 31, 2017.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had a countrywide network of 1,1611,062 banking branches andsub-branches, as well as 121566 branches andsub-branches and 6sixty representative offices for our other operations including our credit card, investment bankingsecurities brokerage, insurance and insurance-relatedconsumer finance businesses. Approximatelyone-quarter of these facilities are housed in buildings owned by us, while the remaining branches are leased properties. Lease terms are generally from two to three years and seldom exceed five years. We also have subsidiaries in Cambodia, China,Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia, the United States and the United Kingdom and branches of Kookmin Bank in Osaka and Tokyo in Japan, Auckland in New Zealand, New York in the United States and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam and Hong Kong, as well as a branchbranches of Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC in Phnom PenhToul Kork, Toul Tom Pounh and Tuek Thla in Cambodia, a branch of KB Microfinance Myanmar Co., Ltd. in Hlaingtharya in Myanmar and branches of Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd. in Beijing, Guangzhou, Harbin, Shanghai and Suzhou in China. Kookmin Bank Hong Kong Ltd., previously one of our operating subsidiaries, was converted to a branch as of January 4, 2017. We also have representative offices of Kookmin Bank in MumbaiGurgaon in India, Yangon in Myanmar and Hanoi in Vietnam.Vietnam, as well as a representative office of KB Securities in Shanghai in China and a representative office of KB Kookmin Card in Yangon in Myanmar. We do not own any material properties outside of Korea.

The net carrying amount of all the properties owned by us at December 31, 20142017 was ₩2,826₩3,846 billion.

 

Item 4A.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

We do not have any unresolved comments from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission staff regarding our periodic reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

Item 5.OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

 

Item 5.A.Operating Results

Overview

The following discussion is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of subsidiaries over which substantive control is exercised through majority ownership of voting stock and/or other means. Investments in jointly controlled entities and associates (companies(which are companies over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence) are accounted for by the equity method of accounting.

Trends in the Korean Economy

Our financial position and results of operations have been and will continue to be significantly affected by financial and economic conditions in Korea. Substantial growth in lending in Korea to small- and medium-sized enterprises in recent years, and financial difficulties experienced by such enterprises as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea and globally, have generally led to increasing delinquencies and a deterioration in overall asset quality in the credit exposures of Korean banks to small- and medium-sized enterprises. In 2014, we recorded charge-offs of ₩746 billion in respect of our loans to small- and medium-sized enterprises, compared to charge-offs of ₩691 billion in 2013 and charge-offs of ₩943 billion in 2012. In light of the difficult financial condition and liquidity position of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Korea since the second half of 2008, the Korean government introduced measures intended to encourage Korean banks to provide financial support to small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our small- and medium-sized enterprise loan portfolio—We have significant exposure to small- and medium-sized enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.”

In recent years, commercial banks, consumer finance companies and other financial institutions in Korea have also made significant investments and engaged in aggressive marketing in retail lending (including mortgage and home equity loans), leading to substantially increased competition in this segment. Furthermore, inIn 2014 and 2015, the Korean government announcedimplemented several measures to encourage consumer spending and revive the housing market in Korea, including loosening regulations on mortgage lending, which contributed to an increase in our portfolio of retail loans. However, the Korean government introduced measures in the second half of 2016 and 2017 to tighten regulations on mortgage lending and housing subscription in response to the rapid growth in consumer debt and concerns over speculative investments in real estate in certain areas. Notwithstanding such measures, demand for residential property in certain areas, including Seoul, has continued to increase, and our portfolio of retail loans increased from ₩107,644₩124,194 billion as of December 31, 20132015 to ₩119,249₩134,956 billion as of December 31, 2014. The rapid growth2016 and ₩146,150 billion as of December 31, 2017. Nevertheless, a decrease in retail lending,housing prices as a result of the implementation of such measures, together with adversethe high level of consumer debt and rising interest rate levels, could result in declines in consumer spending and reduced economic conditions in recent years,growth, which may lead to increasing delinquencies and a deteriorationincreases in asset quality.delinquency levels of our portfolio of retail loans. In 2014,2017, we recorded charge-offs of ₩574₩342 billion and provision for loan losses of ₩340₩233 billion in respect of our retail loan portfolio, compared to charge-offs of ₩581₩295 billion and provision for loan losses of ₩361₩82 billion in 20132016 and charge-offs of ₩453₩354 billion and provision for loan losses of ₩402₩116 billion in 2012.2015. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our retail credit portfolio.

Our loans to small- andmedium-sized enterprises increased from ₩78,665 billion as of December 31, 2015 to ₩97,379 billion as of December 31, 2017. Substantial growth in lending in Korea to small- andmedium-sized enterprises in recent years, and financial difficulties experienced by such enterprises as a result of, among other things, adverse changes in economic conditions in Korea and globally, may lead to increasing delinquencies and a deterioration in overall asset quality in the credit exposures of Korean banks to small- andmedium-sized enterprises. In 2017, we recorded charge-offs of ₩308 billion in respect of our loans to small- andmedium-sized enterprises, compared to charge-offs of ₩467 billion in 2016 and ₩412 billion in 2015. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our small- andmedium-sized enterprise loan portfolio—We have significant exposure to small- andmedium-sized enterprises, and any financial difficulties experienced by these customers may result in a deterioration of our asset quality and have an adverse impact on us.

The Korean economy is closely tied to, and is affected by developments in, the global economy. While the rate of deterioration of the global economy since the commencement of the global financial crisis in 2008 has slowed, with some signs of stabilization and improvement, theThe overall prospects for the Korean and global economy in 2015 and beyond remain uncertain. Starting in the second half of 2011,In recent years, the global financial markets have experienced significant volatility as a result of, among other things:

 

the financial difficulties affecting many governments worldwide, in particular in southern EuropeLatin America and Latin America;

Europe;

 

the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging market economies;

interest rate fluctuations amid speculation thatas well as the possibility of further increases in policy rates by the U.S. Federal Reserve would raise interest rates, as well as reductions in policy rates by an increasing number ofand other central banks, including the Bank of Korea;banks; and

political and social instability in various countries in the Middle East, and Northern Africa, including Syria, Iraq Syria and Yemen, as well as the United Kingdom’s decision in June 2016 to exit from the European Union, or Brexit.

In addition, the global economy faces a number of uncertainties in 2018, including due to the possibility of higher inflation pressures in the UkraineUnited States and Russia.

elsewhere, which may lead to corrections in the global financial markets, and credit risks arising from yield-seeking investors increasing their exposure to lower-rated corporate and sovereign borrowers, as well as escalations in trade protectionism globally and geopolitical tensions in East Asia and the Middle East. In light of the high level of interdependence of the global economy, unfavorable changes in the global financial markets, including as a result of any of the foregoing developments, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and financial markets, and in turn on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are also exposed to adverse changes and volatility in the global and Korean financial markets as a result of our liabilities and assets denominated in foreign currencies and our holdings of trading and investment securities, including structured products. The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies in general and the U.S. dollar in particular has fluctuated widely in recent years. See “Item 3.A. Selected Financial Data—Exchange Rates.” A depreciation of the Won will increase our cost in Won of servicing our foreigncurrency-denominated debt, while continued exchange rate volatility may also result in foreign exchange losses for us. Furthermore, as a result of adversechanges in global and Korean economic conditions, there has been significant volatility in securities prices, including the stock prices of Korean and foreign companies in which we hold an interest. Such volatility has resulted in and may lead to further trading and valuation losses on our trading and investment securities portfolio as well as impairment losses on our investments accounted for under the equity method, including our noncontrolling equity stake in JSC Bank CenterCredit, a Kazakhstan bank, the initial stake in which we acquired in 2008. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Capital Markets Activities and International Banking—International Banking.”method.

As a result of volatileuncertain conditions and weakness in the Korean and global economies and financial markets, as well as factors such as the uncertainty surrounding the global financial markets, fluctuations in oil and commodity prices, interest and exchange rate fluctuations, higher unemployment, lower consumer confidence, increased inflationstock market volatility, potential tightening of fiscal and monetary policies and continued tensions with North Korea, the economic outlook for the financial services sector in Korea in 20152018 and for the foreseeable future remains uncertain.

Acquisitions

In January 2012,recent years, we established KB Savings Bankhave engaged in a number of acquisitions, which have affected, and may continue to provide small-loan finance servicesaffect, our results of operations and their comparability from period to retail customers. KB Savings Bank was established in connection with our purchase of the assets of Jeil Savings Bank and assumption of its liabilities pursuant to a purchase and assumption agreement among Jeil Savings Bank, the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation and us. In May 2012, pursuant to the purchase and assumption agreement, we transferred to the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation a portion of the assets we purchased and related liabilities we assumed. In connection with such purchase and assumption (and after giving effect to the transfer to the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation), we recognized an acquisition of ₩2,546 billion of assets and an assumption of ₩2,654 billion of liabilities and also ₩108 billion of goodwill.

In June 2013, we purchased ING Insurance International II B.V.’s 49% interest in KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. for ₩167 billion, as a result of which KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd. became our wholly-owned subsidiary.

In September 2013, we purchased 100% of the shares of Yehansoul Savings Bank from the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation for ₩38 billion. In connection with such purchase, we recognized an acquisition of ₩470 billion of assets and an assumption of ₩439 billion of liabilities and also ₩7 billion of goodwill. In January 2014, KB Savings Bank merged with Yehansoul Savings Bank, with KB Savings Bank as the surviving entity.period.

In March 2014, we acquired 52.02% of the outstanding shares of Woori Financial Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean consumer finance company, from Woori Finance Holdings Co., Ltd. for ₩280 billion, and subsequently renamed the entity KB Capital Co., Ltd. As a result, KB Capital became a consolidated subsidiary. We conducted a tender offer in May 2017, through which we acquired 5,949,300 shares of KB Capital at ₩27,500 per share, increasing our shareholding in KB Capital to 79.70%. We subsequently acquired the remaining outstanding shares of KB Capital in exchange for 2,269,057 shares of common stock of our company through a comprehensive stock swap effected in July 2017, as a result of which KB Capital became a wholly-owned subsidiary. As of December 31, 2017, KB Capital had total assets of ₩8,744 billion and total equity of ₩940 billion, and in 2017, its total revenues amounted to ₩588 billion and its profit for the year amounted to ₩121 billion.

In addition, in June 2014,2015, we entered into a share purchase agreement, which was amended in March 2015, to acquireacquired 19.47% of the outstanding shares of LIG Insurance Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean property and casualtynon-life insurance company, from a group of individual shareholders for ₩645 billion. Pursuant to applicable Korean law,₩651 billion, and subsequently renamed the entity KB Insurance Co., Ltd. In November 2015, we will be required to increaseincreased our shareholding in LIGKB Insurance to at least 30% within one year

from the date of such acquisition. As of December 31, 2014, LIG Insurance had total assets of ₩23,929 billion and total equity of ₩1,78533.29% by acquiring its treasury shares for ₩231 billion, and in 2014, its total revenues amountedDecember 2016, we further increased our

shareholding to ₩10,87839.81% by purchasing new shares of KB Insurance for ₩171 billion and its profitin a rights offering. Subsequently, through a tender offer conducted in May 2017, we acquired 36,237,649 shares of KB Insurance at ₩33,000 per share, increasing our shareholding to 94.30%, as a result of which KB Insurance became a consolidated subsidiary. In July 2017, we effected a comprehensive stock swap to acquire the remaining outstanding shares of KB Insurance in exchange for the year amounted to ₩139 billion.

Changes in Accounting Policies

Pursuant to the adoption2,170,943 shares of IFRS 10,Consolidated Financial Statements, which is effective beginning in 2013, our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014 include trust accounts for which we guarantee only the repayment of principal, as well as certain other entities, which were not previously subject to consolidation, while excluding certain other entities that were previously consolidated. We included in our scope of consolidation those entities with respect to which (i) we had existing rights that gave us the current ability to direct the relevant activities of such entities, (ii) we had exposure or rights to variable returns from our investment in such entities and (iii) we had the ability to use our power over such entities to affect the amountcommon stock of our returns. Our consolidated financial statementscompany, as a result of and for the year ended December 31, 2012 have been restated to retroactively apply this change.

Upon the adoption of IFRS 10,Consolidated Financial Statements, in 2013, we applied the standard described above and consolidated five asset-backed securitization specialty companies and seven funds (includingwhich KB Insurance became a subsidiary of a fund), while excluding KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund 1, NPS KBIC Private Equity No. 1 and KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3 from our scope of consolidation. The asset-backed securitization specialty companies that were consolidated in 2013 are Samho Kyungwon Co., Ltd., Taejon Samho The First Co., Ltd., Prince DCM Co., Ltd. and KH First Co., Ltd. The funds that were consolidated in 2013 are KB Hope Sharing BTL Private Special Asset, Hanbando BTL Private Special Asset Fund 1, Global Logistics Infra Private Fund 1, Global Logistics Infra Private Fund 2, KB Mezzanine Private Securities Fund 1, KB Private Real Estate Securities Fund 1 (NPL), K Star KTB ETF (Bond) and Woori KA First Asset Securitization (a subsidiary of KB Private Real Estate Securities Fund 1 (NPL)). For further information regarding changes in our consolidated subsidiaries, seewholly-owned subsidiary. See Note 4044 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. In connection with our acquisition of additional shares of KB Insurance in May 2017, we recognized ₩2,434 billion of intangible assets, consisting mainly of the value of business acquired, which represents the difference between the fair value of KB Insurance’s insurance contract liabilities acquired and their book value as of the acquisition date. The value of business acquired is amortized over an estimated useful life of 60 years using the declining balance method, and the related amortization expense is recorded as part of our insurance expense. See Notes 3.10 and 15 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. As of December 31, 2017, KB Insurance had total assets of ₩32,352 billion and total equity of ₩3,223 billion, and in 2017, its total revenues amounted to ₩8,741 billion and its profit for the year amounted to ₩330 billion.

In addition, in 2014,May 2016, we changedacquired 22.56% of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd., a publicly listed Korean securities firm, from Hyundai Merchant Marine Co., Ltd. and other shareholders for ₩1,242 billion, and further increased our accounting policyshareholding in Hyundai Securities to 29.62% in June 2016 by acquiring treasury shares of Hyundai Securities for ₩107 billion. In October 2016, we increased our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 100% by effecting a comprehensive stock swap of the outstanding shares of Hyundai Securities for 31,759,844 newly issued shares of common stock of our company, as a result of which Hyundai Securities became a consolidated subsidiary. In connection with respect to uncertain tax positions. Prior to January 1, 2014,such comprehensive stock swap, we had recognized gains on bargain purchase of ₩629 billion, representing the excess of the total identifiable net assets of Hyundai Securities over the total consideration transferred (consisting of the sum of the fair value of our uncertain tax positionsholdings of Hyundai Securities shares at the time of the comprehensive stock swap and the value of our common shares issued in the financial statements based on the guidance in International Accounting Standards 37, or IAS 37,Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetscomprehensive stock swap), which allows recognitionwas recorded as part of ournon-operating income for 2016. Following such transaction, we merged an existing subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities, with and into Hyundai Securities in December 2016 and changed the name of the best estimatesurviving entity to KB Securities Co., Ltd. As of expenditures as tax expenses if the uncertain tax position is probableDecember 31, 2017, KB Securities had total assets of resulting₩37,352 billion and total equity of ₩4,416 billion, and in an additional payment2017, its total revenues amounted to the tax authorities. Under IAS 37, however, tax benefits are recognized only when it has become virtually certain that a tax refund from a claim for rectification or an appeal for refund of amounts claimed from the tax authorities will occur. Beginning in 2014, we recognize our uncertain tax positions in the financial statements based on the guidance in International Accounting Standards 12, or IAS 12,Income Taxes, which allows recognition of tax payments as current income tax assets to the extent it is probable that they will be recovered from the tax authorities. Our consolidated financial statements as of₩5,974 billion and its profit for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 have been restatedyear amounted to retroactively apply such change₩272 billion.

Changes in our accounting policy.Accounting Policies

For further information regarding these and other changes to our accounting policies and their effect on our consolidated financial statements, see Note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Changes in Securities Values, Exchange Rates and Interest Rates

Fluctuations of exchange rates, interest rates and stock prices affect, among other things, the demand for our products and services, the value of and rate of return on our assets, the availability and cost of funding and the financial condition of our customers. The following table shows, for the dates indicated, the stock price index of all equities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market as published in the KOSPI, the Won to U.S. dollar exchange rates and benchmark Won borrowing interest rates.

 

  June 30,
2010
  Dec. 30,
2010
  June 30,
2011
  Dec. 29,
2011
  June 29,
2012
  Dec. 31,
2012
  June 28,
2013
  Dec. 31,
2013
  June 30,
2014
  Dec. 31,
2014
 

KOSPI

  1,698.29    2,051.00    2,100.69    1,825.74    1,854.01 (4)   1,997.05    1,863.32    2,011.34 (5)   2,002.21    1,915.59 (6) 

₩/US$ exchange rates (1)

 1,220.9   1,130.6   1,066.3   1,158.5   1,141.2   1,063.2   1,141.5   1,055.3   1,011.6   1,090.9  

Corporate bond rates (2)

  4.96  4.30  4.49  4.22  3.94  3.44  3.54  3.64  3.42  2.87

Treasury bond rates (3)

  3.86  3.38  3.76  3.34  3.30  2.82  2.88  2.86  2.68  2.10
  June 28,
2013
  Dec. 31,
2013
  June 30,
2014
  Dec. 31,
2014
  June 30,
2015
  Dec. 31,
2015
  June 30,
2016
  Dec. 30,
2016
  June 30,
2017
  Dec. 28,
2017
 

KOSPI

  1,863.32   2,011.34(4)   2,002.21   1,915.59(5)   2,074.20   1,961.31(6)   1,970.35   2,026.46(7)   2,391.79   2,467.49(8) 

W/US$ exchange rates(1)

 1,141.5  1,055.3  1,011.6  1,090.9  1,117.3  1,169.3  1,154.2  1,203.7  1,143.8  1,067.4 

Corporate bond rates(2)

  3.54  3.64  3.42  2.87  2.51  2.64  2.26  2.79  2.84  3.08

Treasury bond rates(3)

  2.88  2.86  2.68  2.10  1.79  1.66  1.25  1.64  1.7  2.1

 

(1)

Represents the noon buying rate on the dates indicated.

(2)

Measured by the yield on three-year Korean corporate bonds rated as A+ by the Korean credit rating agencies.

(3)

Measured by the yield on three-year treasury bonds issued by the Ministry of Strategy and Finance of Korea.

(4)

As of December 28, 2012, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2012.

(5)

As of December 30, 2013, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2013.

(6)(5)

As of December 30, 2014, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2014.

(6)As of December 30, 2015, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2015.
(7)As of December 29, 2016, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2016.
(8)As of December 28, 2017, the last day of trading for the KRX KOSPI Market in 2017.

Critical Accounting Policies

The notes to our consolidated financial statements contain a summary of our significant accounting policies, including a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements. Certain of these policies are critical to the portrayal of our financial condition, since they require management to make difficult, complex or subjective judgments, some of which may relate to matters that are inherently uncertain. We discuss these critical accounting policies below.

Impairment of Loans and Allowances for Loan Losses

We evaluate our loan portfolio for impairment on an ongoing basis. We have established allowances for loan losses, which are available to absorb probable losses that have been incurred in our loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date.portfolio. If we believe that additions or changes to the allowances for loan losses are required, we record a provision for loan losses (as part of our provision for credit losses), which is treated as a charge against current income. Loan exposures that we deem to be uncollectible, including actual loan losses, net of recoveries of previouslywritten-off amounts, are charged directly against the allowances for loan losses.

We have established our allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 in accordance with International Accounting Standard 39,Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. IFRS 9Financial Instruments is effective, and replaces International Accounting Standard 39, for annual periods commencing on or after January 1, 2018. See “Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Recent Accounting Pronouncements.”

International Accounting Standard 39

Our accounting policies under International Accounting Standard 39 for losses arising from the impairment of loans and allowances for loan losses are described in Note 3.6 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements. We base the level of our allowances for loan losses on an evaluation of the risk characteristics of our loan portfolio. The evaluation considers factors such as historical loss experience, the financial condition of our borrowers and current economic conditions.

Allowances represent our management’s best estimate of losses incurred in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Our management is required to exercise judgment in making assumptions and estimates when calculating loan allowances on both individually and collectively assessed loans.

The determination of the allowances required for loans which are deemed to be individually significant often requires the use of considerable management judgment concerning such matters as economic conditions, the financial performance of the counterparty and the value of any collateral held for which there may not be a readily accessible market. Once we have identified loans as impaired, we generally value them either based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at a loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral if a loan is collateral dependent. The actual amount of the future cash flows and their timing may differ from the estimates used by our management and consequently may cause actual losses to differ from the reported allowances.

The allowances for portfolios of smaller-balance homogenous loans, such as those to individuals and small business customers, and for those loans which are individually significant but for which no objective evidence of

impairment exists, are determined on a collective basis. The collective allowances are calculated on a portfolio basis using statistical models which incorporate numerous estimates and judgments. We perform a regular review of the models and underlying data and assumptions.

Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 20142017 included total allowances for loan losses of ₩2,452₩2,110 billion as of that date. Our total loan charge-offs, net of recoveries, amounted to ₩1,560₩578 billion and we recorded a provision for loan losses (which forms a part of the provision for credit losses, together with provisions for unused loan commitments, acceptances and guarantees, financial guarantee contracts and other financial assets) of ₩1,211₩583 billion in 2014.2017.

We believe that the accounting estimates related to our impairment of loans and allowances for loan losses are a “critical accounting policy” because: (1) they are highly susceptible to change from period to period because they require us to make assumptions about future default rates and losses relating to our loan portfolio; and (2) any significant difference between our estimated loan losses (as reflected in our allowances for loan losses) and actual loan losses could require us to take an additional provision which, if significant, could have a material impact on our profit. Our assumptions about estimated losses require significant judgment because actual losses have fluctuated in the past and are expected to continue to do so, based on a variety of factors.

IFRS 9

IFRS 9 introduces a new impairment model which requires recording of allowance for credit losses based on expected losses instead of incurred losses (as is the case under International Accounting Standard 39), and recognition of any subsequent changes in expected credit losses in profit or loss. Under IFRS 9, the allowance required to be established with respect to a loan or receivable is the amount of the12-month expected credit loss or the lifetime expected credit loss for the applicable loan or receivable, according to the three stages of credit risk deterioration since initial recognition, as follows:

Stage 1 (loans and receivables for which credit risk has not significantly increased since initial recognition): the allowance for credit losses must cover expected credit losses due to possible defaults on the relevant loan or receivable within a12-month period from the reporting date.

Stage 2 (loans and receivables for which credit risk has significantly increased since initial recognition): the allowance for credit losses must over expected credit losses from all possible defaults during the expected lifetime of the relevant loan or receivable.

Stage 3 (credit-impaired loans and receivables): the allowance for credit losses must over expected credit losses from all possible defaults during the expected lifetime of the relevant loan or receivable.

For further information regarding IFRS 9, see Note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

We expect that the determination of the allowance for credit losses for loans and receivables under IFRS 9 will continue to require significant management judgment and estimates, regarding matters such as the level of credit risk and the amount of expected credit losses for our loans and receivables.

Valuation of Financial Instruments

Our accounting policy for determining the fair value of financial instruments is described in Notes 3.3 and 6 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

The best evidence of fair value is a quoted price in an actively traded market. In the event that the market for a financial instrument is not active, a valuation technique is used. The majority of valuation techniques employ only observable market data and, as such, the reliability of the fair value measurement is high. However, certain financial instruments are valued on the basis of valuation techniques that feature one or more significant market inputs that are unobservable. Valuation techniques that rely to a greater extent on unobservable inputs require a higher level of management judgment to calculate a fair value than those based wholly on observable inputs.

Valuation techniques used to calculate fair values are discussed in Note 6.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements. The main assumptions and estimates which our management considers when applying a model with valuation techniques are:

 

The likelihood and expected timing of future cash flows on the instrument. These cash flows are usually governed by the terms of the instrument, although judgment may be required when the ability of the counterparty to service the instrument in accordance with the contractual terms is in doubt. Future cash flows may be sensitive to changes in market rates.

 

Selecting an appropriate discount rate for the instrument. The determination of this rate is based on an assessment of what a market participant would regard as the appropriate spread of the rate for the instrument over the appropriate risk-free rate.

 

Judgment to determine what model to use to calculate fair value in areas where the choice of valuation model is particularly subjective (for example, valuation of complex derivative products).

The financial instruments carried at fair value have been categorized under the three levels of the IFRS fair value hierarchy as follows:

 

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

 

Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities.

 

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant. As such, even when market assumptions are not readily available, our own assumptions are intended to reflect those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.

For financial instruments traded in theover-the-counter market, we measure the fair value of such instruments as the arithmetic mean of prices obtained from Korea Asset Pricing (an affiliate of Fitch Ratings), KIS Pricing (an affiliate of Moody’s Investors Service) and, NICE Pricing and Information and FN Pricing, all threefour of which are recognized as major qualified independent pricing services in Korea. There are extremely rare cases where we do not receive price quotes from all threefour of the pricing services described above. In such cases, we contact the pricing service which did not submit a price quote to discuss the reason why it cannot provide a price and, following such discussion, we use the arithmetic mean of only the prices obtained from the other pricing services so long as there is no reason to believe that the prices that have been submitted are inadequate. We generally do not adjust the prices we obtain from these independent pricing services, as the variance among such prices is insignificant in most cases (primarily because most of the financial instruments we hold consist of government bonds and highly-rated corporate bonds, there is a high volume of transactions in theover-the-counter market and actual transaction prices are monitored and referenced by the pricing services).

Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 20142017 included financial assets measured at fair value using a valuation technique of ₩22,411₩61,347 billion, representing 63.8%73.33% of total financial assets measured at fair value, and financial liabilities measured at fair value using a valuation technique of ₩2,778₩12,947 billion, representing 76.9%85.37% of total financial liabilities measured at fair value. As used herein, the fair value using a valuation technique means the fair value at Level 2 and Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

We believe that the accounting estimates related to the determination of the fair value of financial instruments are a “critical accounting policy” because: (1) they may be highly susceptible to change from period to period based on factors beyond our control; and (2) any significant difference between our estimate of the fair

value of these financial instruments on any particular date and either their estimated fair value on a different date or the actual proceeds that we receive upon sale of these financial instruments could result in valuation losses or losses on disposal which may have a material impact on our profit. Our assumptions about the fair value of financial instruments we hold require significant judgment because actual valuations have fluctuated in the past and are expected to continue to do so, based on a variety of factors.

Deferred Income Tax Assets

Our accounting policy for the recognition of deferred income tax assets is described in Notes 3.213.22 and 16 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements. The recognition of deferred income tax assets relies on an assessment of the probability and sufficiency of future taxable profits, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and ongoing tax planning strategies.

We recognize deferred income tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, unused tax losses and unused tax credits. Deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent it is probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which those deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses or unused tax credits can be utilized. This assessment requires significant management judgment and assumptions. In determining the amount of deferred income tax assets, we use historical tax capacity and profitability information and, if relevant, forecasted operating results, based upon approved business plans, including a review of the eligible carry-forward periods, available tax planning opportunities and other relevant considerations.

Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 20142017 included deferred income tax assets and liabilities of ₩16₩4 billion and ₩93₩533 billion, respectively, as of that date, after offsetting of ₩1,236₩1,321 billion of deferred income tax liabilities and assets.

We believe that the estimates related to our recognition and measurement of deferred income tax assets are a “critical accounting policy” because: (1) they may be highly susceptible to change from period to period based on our assumptions regarding our future profitability; and (2) any significant difference between our estimates of future profits on any particular date and estimates of such future profits on a different date could result in an income tax expense or benefit which may have a material impact on our profit from period to period. Our assumptions about our future profitability require significant judgment and are inherently subjective.

Uncertain Tax Positions

Our accounting policy for the recognition of uncertain tax positions is described in Note 3.22 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

We recognize our uncertain tax positions in our financial statements based on the guidance in International Accounting Standard 12,Income Taxes, which allows recognition of tax payments as current income tax assets to the extent it is probable that they will be recovered from the tax authorities.

We believe that the estimates related to our recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions are a “critical accounting policy” because they are measured upon the facts and circumstances that exist as of each reporting period and involve significant management judgment. Subsequent changes in judgment based upon new information may lead to changes in recognition, derecognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions.

Results of Operations

Net Interest Income

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the principal components of our net interest income:

 

 Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change  Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change 
 2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013  2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
 (in billions of Won, except percentages) (%)  (in billions of Won, except percentages) (%) 

Interest income

          

Cash and interest earning deposits in other banks

 160   146   190    (8.8)%   30.1

Due from financial institutions(1)

 152  111  126  (27.0)%  13.5

Loans

  12,624    10,942    10,325    (13.3  (5.6 9,235  9,021  10,096  (2.3 11.9 

Financial investments (debt securities) (1)(2)

  1,426    1,269    1,120    (11.0  (11.7 989  890  1,160  (10.0 30.3 
 

 

  

 

  

 

    

 

  

 

  

 

   

Total interest income

  14,210    12,357    11,635    (13.0  (5.8 10,376  10,022  11,382  (3.4 13.6 
 

 

  

 

  

 

    

 

  

 

  

 

   

Interest expense

          

Deposits

  5,450    4,279    3,845    (21.5  (10.1 3,035  2,477  2,346  (18.4 (5.3

Debts

  460    365    342    (20.7  (6.3 271  289  446  6.6  54.3 

Debentures

  1,262    1,190    1,032    (5.7  (13.3 867  853  880  (1.6 3.2 
 

 

  

 

  

 

    

 

  

 

  

 

   

Total interest expense

  7,172    5,834    5,219    (18.7  (10.5 4,173  3,619  3,672  (13.3 1.5 
 

 

  

 

  

 

    

 

  

 

  

 

   

Net interest income

 7,038   6,523   6,416    (7.3  (1.6 6,203  6,403  7,710  3.2  20.4 
 

 

  

 

  

 

    

 

  

 

  

 

   

Net interest margin (2)(3)

  2.71  2.51  2.39   2.20 2.13 2.27  

 

(1)

Consists of cash and interest earning deposits in other banks.

(2)Consists of debt securities in ouravailable-for-sale andheld-to-maturity financial asset portfolios.

(2)(3)

The ratio of net interest income to average interest earning assets. See “Item 3.A. Selected Financial Data—Profitability ratios and other data.”

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Interest incomeincome.. Interest income decreased 5.8%increased 13.6% from ₩12,357₩10,022 billion in 20132016 to ₩11,635₩11,382 billion in 2014,2017, primarily as a result of a 5.6% decreasean 11.9% increase in interest on loans. Averageloans and a 30.2% increase in interest on debt securities in our financial investments portfolio. The average volume of our interest earning assets increased 13.0% from ₩301,185 billion in 2016 to ₩340,295 billion in 2017, principally due to growth in our loan and debt securities portfolios. The effect of this increase was slightly enhanced by a 2 basis point increase in the average yields on our interest earning assets decreased 42 basis points from 4.76%3.33% in 20132016 to 4.34%3.34% in 2014,2017, which mainly reflected an increase in interest rates for loans commencing in the second half of 2017, despite a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 20142017 compared to 2013. The effect of this decrease was partially offset by a 3.3% increase in the average volume of our interest earning assets from ₩259,645 billion in 2013 to ₩268,330 billion in 2014, principally due to growth in our loan portfolio.2016.

The 5.6% decrease11.9% increase in interest on loans from ₩10,942₩9,021 billion in 20132016 to ₩10,325₩10,096 billion in 20142017 was primarily the result of:

 

a 439.2% increase in the average volume of corporate loans from ₩112,657 billion in 2016 to ₩123,004 billion in 2017, which was enhanced by a 14 basis point increase in the average yields on such loans from 3.08% in 2016 to 3.22% in 2017;

a 17.3% increase in the average volume of other consumer loans from ₩39,506 billion in 2016 to ₩46,325 billion in 2017, which was partially offset by a 7 basis point decrease in the average yields on corporatesuch loans from 4.50%4.64% in 20132016 to 4.07%4.57% in 2014,2017;

a 9.5% increase in the average volume of mortgage loans from ₩55,638 billion in 2016 to ₩60,944 billion in 2017, which was enhanced by a 2 basis point increase in the average yields on such loans from 2.74% in 2016 to 2.76% in 2017; and

a 16.0% increase in the average volume of credit card receivables from ₩12,827 billion in 2016 to ₩14,881 billion in 2017, which was partially offset by a 1.3% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩100,614 billion in 2013 to ₩101,875 billion in 2014;

a 7731 basis point decrease in the average yields on credit card receivables from 10.70% in 2013 to 9.93% in 2014, which was enhanced by a 2.6% decrease in the average volume of such receivables from ₩11,611 billion in 2013 to ₩11,312 billion in 2014;

a 47 basis point decrease in the average yields on mortgage loans from 4.10% in 2013 to 3.63% in 2014, which was partially offset by an 8.2% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩44,514 billion8.76% in 20132016 to ₩48,160 billion8.45% in 2014; and

2017.

a 45 basis point decrease in the average yields on home equity loans from 4.25% in 2013 to 3.80% in 2014, which was partially offset by a 5.8% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩30,275 billion in 2013 to ₩32,030 billion in 2014.

The average yields on corporate loans, credit card receivables, mortgage loans and home equity loans decreased mainly as a result of the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea applicable to such loans and receivables from 2013 to 2014. The increase in the average volume of corporate loans mainly reflected our increased marketing efforts as well asand increased demand for such loans from corporate borrowers in Korea.Korea, as well as the addition of the corporate loans of KB Insurance (which became a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017) to our corporate loan portfolio. The decreaseincrease in the average volume of other consumer loans and mortgage loans mainly reflected higher demand for such loans among consumers in Korea, as well as the addition of the other consumer loans (including policy loans) and mortgage loans of KB Insurance commencing in May 2017, and the full-year effect of the addition of the other consumer loans (including margin loans) of Hyundai Securities (which became a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016), to our other consumer and mortgage loan portfolios. The increase in the average volume of credit card loansreceivables was principally dueattributable primarily to initiatives byan increase in the Korean government to encouragenumber of credit cards issued, as well as in the use of debitcredit cards instead of credit cards.by our customers. The increase in the average volume ofyields on corporate loans and mortgage loans wasincreased mainly as a result of initiatives by the Korean government to revive the housing marketan increase in interest rates for such loans in Korea by loosening regulations on mortgage lending in 2014. The increasecommencing in the second half of 2017, while the average volumeyields on other consumer loans and credit card loans decreased primarily due to a decrease in the general level of home equity loans mainly reflected the loosening of the maximum loan-to-value ratios,interest rates in Korea in 2017 compared to which our home equity loans are subject, by the Korean government in 2014.2016.

Overall, the average yields on our loans decreasedincreased by 459 basis points from 4.96%3.50% in 20132016 to 4.51%3.59% in 2014,2017, while the average volume of our loans increased 3.9%9.3% from ₩220,401₩257,687 billion in 20132016 to ₩228,989₩281,538 billion in 2014.2017.

Debt securities in our financial investments portfolio consist ofavailable-for-sale debt securities andheld-to-maturity debt securities, including debt securities issued by government-owned or -controlled enterprises or financial institutions and debt securities issued by Korean banks and other financial institutions. InterestThe 30.3% increase in interest on debt securities in our financial investments portfolio decreased 11.7% from ₩1,269₩890 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,120₩1,160 billion in 2014,2017 was primarily as athe result of a 2640.9% increase in the average volume of such debt securities from ₩34,868 billion in 2016 to ₩49,137 billion in 2017, which was partially offset by a 19 basis point decrease in average yields on such debt securities from 3.81%2.55% in 20132016 to 3.55%2.36% in 2014,2017. The increase in the average volume of such debt securities was principally due to the addition of the debt securities holdings of KB Insurance commencing in May 2017, and the full-year effect of the addition of the debt securities holdings of Hyundai Securities commencing in October 2016, to our financial investments portfolio. The decrease in average yields on such debt securities mainly reflected the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2017 compared to 2016.

Interest expense.Interest expense increased 1.5% from ₩3,619 billion in 2016 to ₩3,672 billion in 2017 primarily due to a 54.3% increase in interest expense on debts, which was mostly offset by a 5.3% decrease in interest expense on deposits. The average volume of interest bearing liabilities increased 10.7% from ₩283,868 billion in 2016 to ₩314,118 billion in 2017, which mainly reflected an increase in the average volume of deposits and debts. The effect of this increase was mostly offset by a 10 basis point decrease in the average cost of interest bearing liabilities from 1.27% in 2016 to 1.17% in 2017, which was driven mainly by a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2017 compared to 2016.

The 54.3% increase in interest expense on debts from ₩289 billion in 2016 to ₩446 billion in 2017 was primarily due to a 45.0% increase in the average volume of debts from ₩22,798 billion in 2016 to ₩33,065 billion in 2017, which was enhanced by an 8 basis point increase in the average cost of such debts from 1.27% in 2016 to 1.35% in 2017. The increase in the average volume of debts was principally due to the full-year effect of the addition of the debts (particularly repurchase agreements) of Hyundai Securities to our debts commencing in October 2016. The increase in the average cost of debts mainly reflected an increase in interest rates for borrowings in Korea commencing in the second half of 2017.

The 5.3% decrease in interest expense on deposits from ₩2,477 billion in 2016 to ₩2,346 billion in 2017 was primarily due to an 11 basis point decrease in the average cost of time deposits from 1.69% in 2016 to 1.58%

in 2017, which was offset in part by a 5.4%1.5% increase in the average volume of such deposits from ₩125,612 billion in 2016 to ₩127,478 billion in 2017. The decrease in the average cost of time deposits mainly reflected the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2017 compared to 2016. The increase in the average volume of time deposits was principally due to an increase in time deposits for corporate customers. Overall, the average cost of our deposits decreased by 12 basis points from 1.09% in 2016 to 0.97% in 2017, while the average volume of our deposits increased 6.4% from ₩226,857 billion in 2016 to ₩241,286 billion in 2017.

Net interest margin.Net interest margin represents the ratio of net interest income to average interest earning assets. Our overall net interest margin increased from 2.13% in 2016 to 2.27% in 2017, as a 20.4% increase in our net interest income from ₩6,403 billion in 2016 to ₩7,710 billion in 2017 outpaced a 13.0% increase in the average volume of our interest earnings assets from ₩301,185 billion in 2016 to ₩340,295 billion in 2017. The 13.0% growth in average interest earning assets outpaced a 10.7% increase in average interest bearing liabilities from ₩283,868 billion in 2016 to ₩314,118 billion in 2017, while the increase in interest income outpaced an increase in interest expense, resulting in an increase in net interest income. The magnitude of this increase was enhanced by an increase in our net interest spread, which represents the difference between the average yield on our interest earning assets and the average cost of our interest bearing liabilities, from 2.06% in 2016 to 2.18% in 2017. The increase in our net interest spread reflected a decrease in the average cost of our interest bearing liabilities compared to a slight increase in the average yield of our interest earning assets, primarily due to the earlier adjustment of interest rates on interest earning assets compared to interest rates on interest bearing liabilities in the context of an increase in the general level of interest rates in Korea commencing in the second half of 2017.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Interest income.Interest income decreased 3.4% from ₩10,376 billion in 2015 to ₩10,022 billion in 2016, primarily as a result of a 2.3% decrease in interest on loans and a 10.0% decrease in interest on debt securities in our financial investments portfolio. Average yields on our interest earning assets decreased 34 basis points from 3.67% in 2015 to 3.33% in 2016, which reflected a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2016 compared to 2015. The effect of this decrease was partially offset by a 6.7% increase in the average volume of our interest earnings assets from ₩282,315 billion in 2015 to ₩301,185 billion in 2016, principally due to growth in our loan portfolio.

The 2.3% decrease in interest on loans from ₩9,235 billion in 2015 to ₩9,021 billion in 2016 was primarily the result of:

a 34 basis point decrease in the average yields on corporate loans from 3.42% in 2015 to 3.08% in 2016, which was partially offset by a 6.5% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩105,821 billion in 2015 to ₩112,657 billion in 2016;

a 23 basis point decrease in the average yields on home equity loans from 3.12% in 2015 to 2.89% in 2016, which was partially offset by a 1.4% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩33,572 billion in 2015 to ₩34,048 billion in 2016;

a 28 basis point decrease in the average yields on mortgage loans from 3.02% in 2015 to 2.74% in 2016, which was partially offset by an 8.1% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩51,467 billion in 2015 to ₩55,638 billion in 2016; and

a 57 basis point decrease in the average yields on other consumer loans from 5.21% in 2015 to 4.64% in 2016, which was mostly offset by an 11.8% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩35,351 billion in 2015 to ₩39,506 billion in 2016.

The average yields on corporate loans, home equity loans, mortgage loans and other consumer loans decreased mainly as a result of the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea applicable to such loans from 2015 to 2016. The increase in the average volume of corporate loans mainly reflected our increased

marketing efforts as well as increased demand for such loans from corporate borrowers in Korea. The increase in the average volume of home equity loans and mortgage loans mainly reflected increased demand for such loans in Korea, following initiatives by the Korean government in 2015 to revive the housing market in Korea by loosening regulations on mortgage lending. The increase in the average volume of other consumer loans mainly reflected higher demand for such loans in Korea, as well as the addition of the other consumer loans (including margin loans) of Hyundai Securities to our other consumer loan portfolio commencing in October 2016.

Overall, the average yields on our loans decreased by 33 basis points from 3.83% in 2015 to 3.50% in 2016, while the average volume of our loans increased 7.0% from ₩240,912 billion in 2015 to ₩257,687 billion in 2016.

The 10.0% decrease in interest on debt securities in our financial investments portfolio from ₩989 billion in 2015 to ₩890 billion in 2016 was primarily the result of a 50 basis point decrease in average yields on such debt securities from 3.05% in 2015 to 2.55% in 2016, which was partially offset by a 7.5% increase in the average volume of such debt securities from ₩33,339₩32,423 billion in 20132015 to ₩31,530₩34,868 billion in 2014.2016. The decrease in average yields on such debt securities was primarily due to a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea for debt securities from 20132015 to 2014.2016. The decreaseincrease in the average volume of such debt securities primarily reflected an increase in our decreased purchases of such debt securities due to the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2014.issued by government-owned or -controlled enterprises and financial institutions.

Interest expense.Interest expense decreased 10.5%13.3% from ₩5,834₩4,173 billion in 20132015 to ₩5,219₩3,619 billion in 20142016 primarily due to a 10.1%an 18.4% decrease in interest expense on deposits, which was enhancedoffset in part by a 13.3% decrease6.6% increase in interest expense on debentures.debts. The average cost of interest bearing liabilities decreased by 33 basis points from 2.45%1.60% in 20132015 to 2.12%1.27% in 2014,2016, which was driven mainly by the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2014.2016. The effect of this decrease was offset in part by a 3.5%an 8.9% increase in the average volume of interest-bearinginterest bearing liabilities from ₩238,452₩260,770 billion in 20132015 to ₩246,692₩283,868 billion in 2014,2016, which mainly reflected an increase in the average volume of debentures.deposits.

The 10.1%18.4% decrease in interest expense on deposits from ₩4,279₩3,035 billion in 20132015 to ₩3,845₩2,477 billion in 20142016 was primarily due to a 3247 basis point decrease in the average cost of time deposits from 3.02%2.16% in 20132015 to 2.70%1.69% in 2014.2016, which was offset in part by a 1.3% increase in the average volume of such deposits from ₩123,977 billion in 2015 to ₩125,612 billion in 2016. The decrease in the average cost of time deposits mainly reflected a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea from 20132015 to 2014.2016. The increase in the average volume of time deposits was principally due to an increase in time deposits for corporate customers. Overall, the average cost of our deposits decreased by 2935 basis points from 2.22%1.44% in 20132015 to 1.93%1.09% in 2014,2016, while the average volume of our deposits increased 3.4%7.9% from ₩192,960₩210,236 billion in 20132015 to ₩199,559₩226,857 billion in 2014.2016.

The 13.3% decrease6.6% increase in interest expense on debenturesdebts from ₩1,190₩271 billion in 20132015 to ₩1,032₩289 billion in 20142016 was mainly due to a 10216.0% increase in the average volume of debts from ₩19,649 billion in 2015 to ₩22,798 billion in 2016, which was partially offset by an 11 basis point decrease in the average cost of debenturesdebts from 4.70%1.38% in 20132015 to 3.68%1.27% in 2014, which was offset in part by a 10.8%2016. The increase in the average volume of debentures from ₩25,319 billiondebts was principally due to the addition of the debts (particularly repurchase agreements) of Hyundai Securities to our debts commencing in 2013 to ₩28,048 billion in 2014.October 2016. The decrease in the average cost of debenturesdebts mainly reflected the

general decrease in market interest rates in Korea including for long-term debentures, in 2014. The increase in the average volume of debentures was principally due to the addition of KB Capital as a consolidated subsidiary in March 2014.2016.

Net interest margin. Net interest margin represents the ratio of net interest income to average interest earning assets. Our overall net interest margin decreased from 2.51%2.20% in 20132015 to 2.39%2.13% in 2014,2016, as a 1.6% decrease3.2% increase in our net interest income from ₩6,523₩6,203 billion in 20132015 to ₩6,416₩6,403 billion in 20142016 was enhancedoutpaced by a 3.3%6.7% increase in the average volume of our interest earningearnings assets from ₩259,645₩282,315 billion in 20132015 to ₩268,330₩301,185 billion in 2014.2016. The 6.7% growth in average interest earning assets exceeded a 3.5%was outpaced by an 8.9% increase in average interest bearing liabilities from ₩238,452₩260,770 billion in 20132015 to ₩246,692₩283,868 billion in 2014,2016, while the decrease in interest income was outpaced by a decrease in interest expense, resulting in a decreasean increase in net interest income. OurHowever, our net interest spread which represents the difference between the average yield on our interest earning assets and the average cost of our interest bearing liabilities, declined slightly from 2.31%2.07% in 20132015 to 2.22%2.06% in 2014.2016. The decline in

our net interest spread reflected a larger decrease in the average yield of our interest earning assets, relative to the decrease in the average cost of our interest bearing liabilities, primarily due to the earlier adjustment of interest rates on interest earning assets compared to interest rates on interest bearing liabilities in the context of the lower interest rate environment as well as the continuing rate-based competition in the Korean banking industry for the marketing of both loan and deposit products.2016.

Comparison of 2013 to 2012

Interest income. Interest income decreased 13.0% from ₩14,210 billion in 2012 to ₩12,357 billion in 2013, primarily as a result of a 13.3% decrease in interest on loans. The average balance of our interest earning assets decreased 0.2% from ₩260,120 billion in 2012 to ₩259,645 billion in 2013, principally due to a decrease in our loan portfolio. The effect of this decrease was enhanced by a 70 basis point decrease in average yields on our interest earning assets from 5.46% in 2012 to 4.76% in 2013, which reflected a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2013.

The 13.3% decrease in interest on loans from ₩12,624 billion in 2012 to ₩10,942 billion in 2013 was primarily the result of:

a 68 basis point decrease in the average yields on corporate loans from 5.18% in 2012 to 4.50% in 2013, which was enhanced by a 2.1% decrease in the average volume of such loans from ₩102,773 billion in 2012 to ₩100,614 billion in 2013;

a 82 basis point decrease in the average yields on other consumer loans from 7.28% in 2012 to 6.46% in 2013, which was partially offset by a 2.7% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩29,721 billion in 2012 to ₩30,536 billion in 2013;

a 76 basis point decrease in the average yields on mortgage loans from 4.86% in 2012 to 4.10% in 2013, which was partially offset by a 0.2% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩44,444 billion in 2012 to ₩44,514 billion in 2013; and

an 84 basis point decrease in the average yields on home equity loans from 5.09% in 2012 to 4.25% in 2013, which was partially offset by a 0.3% increase in the average volume of such loans from ₩30,170 billion in 2012 to ₩30,275 billion in 2013.

The average yields for corporate loans, other consumer loans, mortgage loans and home equity loans decreased mainly as a result of the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea applicable to such loans from 2012 to 2013. The decrease in the average volume of corporate loans was primarily due to our efforts to improve the asset quality of our corporate loans by applying more stringent standards to the origination of new loans and renewal of existing loans to corporate customers. The increase in the average volume of other consumer loans was principally due to higher demand for such loans in Korea. The increase in the average volume of mortgage loans was primarily a result of an increase in loans relating to key money deposits. The increase in the average volume of home equity loans mainly reflected higher demand for such loans in Korea.

Overall, the average volume of our loans decreased 0.7%, from ₩221,930 billion in 2012 to ₩220,401 billion in 2013, while the average yields on our loans decreased by 73 basis points, from 5.69% in 2012 to 4.96% in 2013.

Interest on debt securities in our financial investments portfolio decreased 11.0% from ₩1,426 billion in 2012 to ₩1,269 billion in 2013 primarily as a result of a 46 basis point decrease in average yields on such debt securities from 4.27% in 2012 to 3.81% in 2013, which was enhanced by a 0.1% decrease in the average volume of such debt securities from ₩33,382 billion in 2012 to ₩33,339 billion in 2013. The decrease in average yields on such debt securities was primarily due to the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea for debt securities from 2012 to 2013.

Interest expense. Interest expense decreased 18.7% from ₩7,172 billion in 2012 to ₩5,834 billion in 2013 primarily due to a 21.5% decrease in interest expense on deposits, which was enhanced by a 20.7% decrease in interest expense on debts. The average volume of interest bearing liabilities decreased 1.0% from ₩240,831 billion in 2012 to ₩238,452 billion in 2013, which mainly reflected a decrease in the average volume of deposits. The effect of this decrease was enhanced by a decrease of 53 basis points in the average cost of interest bearing liabilities from 2.98% in 2012 to 2.45% in 2013, which was driven mainly by the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2013.

The 21.5% decrease in interest expense on deposits from ₩5,450 billion in 2012 to ₩4,279 billion in 2013 was primarily due to a 67 basis point decrease in the average cost of time deposits from 3.69% in 2012 to 3.02% in 2013, which was enhanced by a 4.6% decrease in the average volume of such deposits from ₩136,617 billion in 2012 to ₩130,286 billion in 2013. The decrease in the average cost of time deposits mainly reflected the decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea from 2012 to 2013. The decrease in the average volume of time deposits was principally due to a decrease in time deposits for corporate customers. Overall, the average cost of our deposits decreased by 58 basis points from 2.80% in 2012 to 2.22% in 2013, while the average volume of our deposits decreased by 0.8% from ₩194,506 billion in 2012 to ₩192,960 billion in 2013.

The 20.7% decrease in interest expense on debts from ₩460 billion in 2012 to ₩365 billion in 2013 resulted from a 30 basis point decrease in the average cost of debts from 2.11% in 2012 to 1.81% in 2013, which was enhanced by a 7.3% decrease in the average volume of debts from ₩21,773 billion in 2012 to ₩20,173 billion in 2013. The decrease in the average cost of debts was primarily attributable to the general decrease in market interest rates in Korea, including for short-term borrowings and call money, in 2013, while the decrease in the average volume of debts mainly reflected a decrease in the use of short-term borrowings to meet our funding needs.

Net interest margin. Our overall net interest margin decreased from 2.71% in 2012 to 2.51% in 2013, as a 7.3% decrease in our net interest income from ₩7,038 billion in 2012 to ₩6,523 billion in 2013 outpaced a 0.2% decrease in the average volume of our interest earning assets from ₩260,120 billion in 2012 to ₩259,645 billion in 2013. The decrease in average interest earning assets was outpaced by a 1.0% decrease in average interest bearing liabilities from ₩240,831 billion in 2012 to ₩238,452 billion in 2013, while the decrease in interest expense was more than offset by a decrease in interest income, resulting in a decrease in net interest income. Our net interest spread declined from 2.48% in 2012 to 2.31% in 2013. The decline in our net interest spread reflected a larger decrease in the average yield of our interest earning assets, relative to the decrease in the average cost of our interest bearing liabilities, primarily due to the earlier adjustment of interest rates on interest earning assets compared to interest rates on interest bearing liabilities in the context of the lower interest rate environment, as well as the continuing rate-based competition in the Korean banking industry for the marketing of loan products.

Provision for Credit Losses

Provision for credit losses includes provision for loan losses, provision for unused loan commitments, provision for acceptances and guarantees, provision for financial guarantee contracts and provision for other financial assets, in each case net of reversal of provisions. Forprovisions.For a discussion of our loan loss provisioning policy, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Loan Portfolio—Provisioning Policy.”

In accordance with the guidelines of the Financial Supervisory Service, if our provision for loan losses is deemed insufficient for regulatory purposes, we compensate for the difference by recording a regulatory reserve for credit losses, which is segregated within retained earnings. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Loan Portfolio—Regulatory Reserve for Credit Losses” and Note 2626.4 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our provision for credit losses decreased 14.9%increased 1.7% from ₩1,443₩539 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,228₩548 billion in 2014,2017, primarily due to an increase in provision for loan losses in respect of our retail loans. Such increase resulted mainly from an increase in the volume of our outstanding retail loans, as well as higher net write-offs of such loans. Such increase was offset in part by a decrease in provision for loan losses in respect of our corporate loans, and credit card receivables. Such decreasewhich resulted mainlyprimarily from an improvement in the overall asset quality of such loans and receivables reflectingour corporate loan portfolio, including a decrease in delinquency rates.impaired corporate loans.

Our write-offs, net of recoveries, decreased 9.1%34.5% from ₩1,717₩884 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,560₩578 billion in 2014,2017, primarily due to a decrease in write-offs of corporate loans and an increase in recoveries fromwritten-off corporate loans.

Our reversal of provision for acceptances and guarantees and unused loan commitments increased 12.8% from ₩8₩39 billion in 20132016 to ₩21₩44 billion in 2014,2017, due mainly to an increase in reversal of provision for acceptances and guarantees issued on behalf of construction companies, as well as an increase in reversal of provision for unused loan commitments.

Comparison of 20132016 to 20122015

Our provision for credit losses decreased 10.2%48.0% from ₩1,607₩1,037 billion in 20122015 to ₩1,443₩539 billion in 2013,2016, primarily due to a decrease in provision for loan losses in respect of our corporate loans. Such decrease resulted mainly from an improvement in the overall asset quality of our loans reflectingcorporate loan portfolio, including a decrease in delinquency rates.impaired corporate loans.

Our loan write-offs, net of recoveries, decreased 1.7%4.5% from ₩1,747₩926 billion in 20122015 to ₩1,717₩884 billion in 2013,2016, primarily due to a decrease in write-offs of credit card receivables.retail loans and an increase in recoveries fromwritten-off corporate loans.

Our reversal of provision for acceptances and guarantees and unused loan commitments decreased 44.3% from ₩91₩70 billion in 20122015 to ₩8₩39 billion in 2013,2016, due primarilymainly to a decrease in reversal of provision for refundacceptances and guarantees issued on behalf of shipbuilding companies.

Allowances for Loan Losses

We establish allowances for loan losses with respect to loans to absorb such losses. We assess individually significant loans on acase-by-case basis and other loans on a collective basis. In addition, if we determine that no objective evidence of impairment exists for a loan, we include such loan in a group of loans with similar credit risk characteristics and assess them collectively for impairment regardless of whether such loan is significant. For further information on

allowances for loan losses, see “—Critical Accounting Policies—Impairment of Loans and Allowances for Loan Losses” and “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Loan Portfolio—Allocation and Analysis of Allowances for Loan Losses.”

Corporate Loans.The following table shows, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding our impaired corporate loans:

 

   As of December 31, 
   2012  2013  2014 

Impaired corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans

   2.3  2.8  2.0

Allowances for loan losses for corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans

   2.2    1.8    1.5  

Allowances for loan losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans

   94.5    65.5    72.7  

Net charge-offs of corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans

   1.0    1.0    0.8  

   As of December 31, 
   2015  2016  2017 

Impaired corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans

   1.9  1.4  1.1

Allowances for loan losses for corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans

   1.5   1.2   0.9 

Allowances for loan losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans

   80.4   83.4   86.7 

Net charge-offs of corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans

   0.5   0.4   0.1 

During 2014,2017, both impaired corporate loans and allowances for loan losses for corporate loans, each as a percentage of total corporate loans, decreased primarily due to a decrease in our impaired corporate loans, which mainly reflected our efforts to improve the asset quality of our corporate loan portfolio.portfolio, as well as an increase in our total corporate loans. Such decrease in our impaired corporate loans outpaced a decrease in allowanceallowances for loan losses for corporate loans, which caused the level of allowances for loan losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans to increase during 2014.2017.

During 2013,2016, both impaired corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans increased due to a reclassification of impaired corporate loans to include all loans for which account-specific provisions have been made, whileand allowances for loan losses for corporate loans, as a percentage of total corporate loans, decreased primarily asdue to a result of an improvementdecrease in our impaired corporate loans, which mainly reflected our efforts to improve the overall asset quality of our corporate loan portfolio, as well as an increase in our total corporate loans. Such decrease in our impaired corporate loans resulting inoutpaced a decrease in allowanceallowances for loan losses for corporate loans, which caused the level of allowances for loan losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans.loans to increase during 2016.

During 2012,2015, impaired corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans remained relatively constant.decreased slightly as the rate of increase in the amount of our total corporate loans outpaced the rate of increase in our impaired corporate loans. Allowances for loan losses for corporate loans as a percentage of total corporate loans andremained constant, while allowances for loan losses for corporate loans as a percentage of impaired corporate loans respectively, decreasedincreased during 2012 primarily as a result of a decrease2015, reflecting an increase in our allowances for loan losses for such loans,in tandem with the growth in our corporate loan portfolio, which mainly reflected anoutpaced the increase in the relative proportion of such loan amounts that are secured by collateral.our impaired corporate loans.

Retail Loans.The following table shows, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding our impaired retail loans:

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2012 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 

Impaired retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans

   1.1  1.0  0.6   0.5 0.4 0.3

Allowances for loan losses for retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans

   0.7    0.5    0.5     0.4  0.4  0.3 

Allowances for loan losses for retail loans as a percentage of impaired retail loans

   58.1    56.7    70.1     80.3  83.6  86.6 

Net charge-offs of retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans

   0.3    0.4    0.4     0.1  0.1  0.1 

During 2014,2017, both impaired retail loans and allowances for loan losses for retail loans, as a percentage of total retail loans, decreased primarily due to a decrease in our impaired retail loans, which mainly reflected higher write-offs of such loans, as well as an increase in the amount of our total retail loans. Allowances for loan

losses for retail loans as a percentage of impaired retail loans increased during 2017, as the decrease in our impaired retail loans outpaced a decrease in allowances for loan losses for retail loans.

During 2016, impaired retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans decreased slightly as the effect of a decrease in our impaired retail loans, which reflected an improvement in the asset quality of our retail loan portfolio, was enhanced by an increase in the amount of our total retail loans. SuchAllowances for loan losses for retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans remained constant, while allowances for loan losses for retail loans as a percentage of impaired retail loans increased during 2016, as the decrease in our impaired retail loans outpaced a decrease in allowanceallowances for loan losses for retail loans.

During 2015, both impaired retail loans and allowances for loan losses for retail loans, as a percentage of total retail loans, decreased slightly as the effect of decreases in our impaired retail loans and such allowances, which reflected an improvement in the asset quality of our retail loan portfolio, was enhanced by an increase in the amount of our total retail loans. Such decrease in our impaired retail loans outpaced the decrease in allowances for loan losses for retail loans, which caused the level of allowances for loan losses for retail loans as a percentage of impaired retail loans to increase during 2014.2015.

During 2013, impaired retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans remained relatively constant. However, an improvement in the asset quality of our existing impaired retail loans led to a better overall mix of impaired loans, which caused the level of allowances for loan losses as a percentage of both total retail loans and impaired retail loans to decrease.

During 2012, impaired retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans increased as the effect of an increase in our impaired retail loans, which reflected a deterioration in the asset quality of our retail loan portfolio due to adverse economic conditions in Korea in 2012, was enhanced by a slight decrease in the amount of our total retail loans. Allowances for loan losses for retail loans as a percentage of total retail loans similarly increased during 2012 as the effect of an increase in allowances for retail loans, reflecting the deterioration in the asset quality of our retail loan portfolio, was enhanced by the decrease in the amount of our total retail loans. However, an improvement in the asset quality of our existing impaired retail loans reflecting our increased charge-offs of such loans in 2012 led to a better overall mix of impaired retail loans, which caused the level of allowances for loan losses for retail loans as a percentage of impaired retail loans to decrease.

Credit Card Balances.The following table shows, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding our impaired credit card balances:

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2012 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 

Impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances

   1.0  1.8  1.7   2.3 2.2 2.3

Allowances for loan losses for credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances

   2.8    3.5    3.4     3.3  3.1  3.0 

Allowances for loan losses for credit card balances as a percentage of impaired credit card balances

   272.9    196.4    195.3     143.2  137.1  128.6 

Net charge-offs as a percentage of total credit card balances

   3.0    2.2    2.5     2.0  1.6  1.8 

During 2014,2017, impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances decreased slightlyincreased as the rate of decreaseincrease in our impaired credit card balances outpaced the rate of decreaseincrease in the amount of our total credit card balances. Allowances for loan losses for credit card balances as a percentage of both total credit card balances and impaired credit card balances similarly decreased slightly during 2014,2017, primarily as a result of an improvement in the asset quality of our credit card balances that were neither past due nor impaired.

During 2016, both impaired credit card balances and allowances for loan losses for credit card balances, as a percentage of total credit card balances, decreased as the rate of increase in our impaired credit card balances and such allowances was outpaced by the rate of increase in the amount of our total credit card balances. Such increase in our impaired credit card balances outpaced the increase in allowances for loan losses for credit card balances, which caused the level of allowances for loan losses for credit card balances as a percentage of impaired credit card balances to decrease during 2016.

During 2015, impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances increased as the rate of increase in our impaired credit card balances outpaced the rate of increase in the amount of our total credit card balances. Allowances for loan losses for credit card balances as a percentage of both total credit card balances and impaired credit card balances decreased during 2015, primarily as a result of an improvement in the asset quality of our existing impaired credit card balances.

During 2013, impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances increased primarily due to an increase in impaired credit card balances, which mainly reflected a decrease in charge-off of such balances due to a change in our charge-off policy in 2013 which increased the delinquency period for credit card balances before charge-off from three months to six months. Allowances for loan losses for credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances increased during 2013 mainly as a result of an increase in impaired credit card balances. Allowance for loan losses for credit card balances as a percentage of impaired credit card balances decreased during 2013 as the increase in impaired credit card balances outpaced the increase in allowance for loans losses for credit card balances.

During 2012, impaired credit card balances as a percentage of total credit card balances increased slightly primarily due to the effect of a decrease in our total credit card balances while the amount of our impaired credit card balances remained relatively steady. Allowances for loan losses for credit card balances, which decreased during 2012 mainly as a result of a decrease in our total credit card balances as well as increased charge-offs (which, in turn, principally reflected increased delinquencies in our credit card portfolio from the second half of 2011 becoming subject to charge off in 2012), remained relatively constant as a percentage of total credit card balances and decreased as a percentage of impaired credit card balances.

Net Fee and Commission Income

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net fee and commission income:

 

  Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change   Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013   2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won) (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Fee and commission income

  2,754   2,657   2,666    (3.5)%   0.3  2,971  3,151  3,988  6.1 26.6

Fee and commission expense

   (1,187  (1,178  (1,283  (0.8  8.9     (1,436 (1,566 (1,938 9.1  23.8 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Net fee and commission income

  1,567   1,479   1,383    (5.6  (6.5  1,535  1,585  2,050  3.3  29.3 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our net fee and commission income decreased 6.5%increased 29.3% from ₩1,479₩1,585 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,383₩2,050 billion in 2014,2017, primarily due to an 8.9%a 26.6% increase in fee and commission income from ₩3,151 billion in 2016 to ₩3,988 billion in 2017, which was offset in part by a 23.8% increase in fee and commission expense from ₩1,178₩1,566 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,283₩1,938 billion in 2014.

2017.

OurThe 26.6% increase in fee and commission income remained relatively constant at ₩2,666 billion in 2014 compared to ₩2,657 billion in 2013, aswas mainly the result of increases in trust and other fiduciarysecurities brokerage fees, and debitcredit card related fees and commissions were offset by decreases in agent activity fees and commissions from transfer agent services. Trusttrust and other fiduciary fees. Securities brokerage fees increased 43.5%190.3% from ₩161₩155 billion in 20132016 to ₩231₩450 billion in 20142017 primarily due to an increase in sales of equity linked securities. Debit card related fees and commissions increased 14.1% from ₩256 billion in 2013 to ₩292 billion in 2014, which mainly reflected the impactfull-year effect of the government initiativeaddition of the securities brokerage fees of Hyundai Securities (which became a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016) to encourageour fee and commission income, as well as the usecontinued growth of debit cards instead of credit cards.our securities brokerage business in 2017. Credit card related fees and commissions received decreasedincreased 15.0% from ₩1,127₩1,259 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,107₩1,448 billion in 2014. Agent activity fees decreased 23.7% from ₩207 billion in 2013 to ₩158 billion in 2014 principally2017 primarily as a result of reduced bancassurance activities, while commissionsan increase in the number of credit cards issued, as well as in the use of credit cards by our customers. Trust and other fiduciary fees increased 61.6% from transfer agent services decreased 16.3% from ₩178₩219 billion in 20132016 to ₩149₩354 billion in 2014 primarily2017 mainly due to a decreasean increase in trust fees, primarily reflecting an increase in our sales of beneficiary certificates.money trust products.

The 8.9%23.8% increase in fee and commission expense was primarily due to a 48.8%22.5% increase in other fees and commissions paid from ₩125 billion in 2013 to ₩186 billion in 2014 and a 4.9% increase in credit card and debit card related fees and commissions paid from ₩934₩1,210 billion in 20132016 to ₩980₩1,482 billion in 2014.2017. The increase in other fees and commissions paid resulted mainly from an increase in investment banking related fees and commissions. The increase in credit card and debit card related fees and commissions paid resulted primarily frommainly reflected the increases in the number and use of our credit cards, as well as an increase in debitcredit card related fees and commissions, including fees paid to value-added network providers, reflecting the increased use of debit cards.marketing expenses.

Comparison of 20132016 to 20122015

Our net fee and commission income decreased 5.6%increased 3.3% from ₩1,567₩1,535 billion in 20122015 to ₩1,479₩1,585 billion in 2013,2016, primarily due to a 3.5% decrease6.1% increase in fee and commission income from ₩2,754₩2,971 billion in 20122015 to ₩2,657₩3,151 billion in 2013,2016, which was partially offset in part by a 0.8% decrease9.1% increase in fee and commission expense from ₩1,187₩1,436 billion in 20122015 to ₩1,178₩1,566 billion in 2013. 2016.

The 3.5% decrease6.1% increase in fee and commission income was mainly the result of decreasesincreases in agent activitysecurities brokerage fees, mostly related to bancassurance activities, from ₩285 billion in 2012 to ₩207 billion in 2013lease fees and in credit card related fees and commissions receivedreceived. Securities brokerage fees increased 76.1% from ₩1,180₩88 billion in 20122015 to ₩1,127₩155 billion in 2013,2016 primarily due to the addition of the securities brokerage fees of Hyundai Securities to our fee and commission income commencing in October 2016. Lease fees increased 100.0% from ₩38 billion in 2015 to ₩76 billion in 2016, which mainly reflected the impact of the new government initiative to encourage the use of check cards instead of credit cards. Checkan increase in fees received on automobile leases and other lease-related income. Credit card related fees and commissions received increased 2.9% from ₩218₩1,223 billion in 20122015 to ₩256₩1,259 billion in 2013.2016, primarily as a result of increased use of credit cards by our customers.

The 0.8% decrease9.1% increase in fee and commission expense was primarily due to a decreasean 10.6% increase in credit card and debit card related fees and commissions paid from ₩997₩1,094 billion in 20122015 to ₩934₩1,210 billion in 2013.2016. The effect of such decrease was partially offset by a 62.3% increase in other feecredit card related fees and commission expenses from ₩77 billion in 2012 to ₩125 billion in 2013,commissions paid mainly resulting fromreflected an increase in fee and commission expenses from factored receivables.credit card marketing expenses.

For further information regarding our net fee and commission income, see Note 28 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Net Insurance Income

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net insurance income:

   Year Ended December 31,  Percentage Change 
   2015  2016  2017  2016/2015  2017/2016 
   (in billions of Won)  (%) 

Insurance income(1)

  1,373  1,201  8,971   (12.5)%   647.0

Insurance expense(1)

   (1,479  (1,319  (8,377  (10.8  535.1 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Net insurance income (expense)(1)

  (106 (118 594   11.3   N/M(2) 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

(1)Commencing in 2017, insurance income and expense (comprising insurance income and expense of KB Life Insurance and KB Kookmin Card, as well as insurance income and expense of KB Insurance from the date of its consolidation in May 2017) are recorded as separate line items, instead of as part of other operating income and expenses. Insurance income and expense of KB Life Insurance and KB Kookmin Card for prior years have been reclassified accordingly.
(2)“N/M” means not meaningful.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016

Our net insurance income (expense) changed from an expense of ₩118 billion in 2016 to income of ₩594 billion in 2017, primarily due to a significant increase in insurance income from ₩1,201 billion in 2016 to ₩8,971 billion in 2017, which was offset in part by a significant increase in insurance expense from ₩1,319 billion in 2016 to ₩8,377 billion in 2017.

The increase in insurance income was mainly due to increases in premium income and reinsurance income. Premium income increased significantly from ₩1,190 billion in 2016 to ₩8,235 billion in 2017, while reinsurance income increased significantly from ₩11 billion in 2016 to ₩565 billion in 2017. Such increases were attributable primarily to the addition of the premium and reinsurance income of KB Insurance (which became a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017) to our insurance income.

The increase in insurance expense was primarily due to increases in insurance claims paid, refunds of surrender value and provision of policy reserves. Insurance claims paid increased significantly from ₩159 billion in 2016 to ₩2,945 billion in 2017, refunds of surrender value increased 218.0% from ₩690 billion in 2016 to ₩2,194 billion in 2017, and provision of policy reserves increased 349.2% from ₩366 billion in 2016 to ₩1,644 billion in 2017. Such increases were attributable mainly to the addition of the insurance claims paid, refunds of surrender value and provision of policy reserves of KB Insurance to our insurance expense commencing in May 2017.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Our net insurance expense increased from ₩106 billion in 2015 to ₩118 billion in 2016, primarily due to a 12.5% decrease in insurance income from ₩1,373 billion in 2015 to ₩1,201 billion in 2016, which was offset in part by a 10.8% decrease in insurance expense from ₩1,479 billion in 2015 to ₩1,319 billion in 2016.

The 12.5% decrease in insurance income was mainly due to a 12.7% decrease in premium income from ₩1,363 billion in 2015 to ₩1,190 billion in 2016, principally reflecting a decrease in our sales of savings-type insurance policies.

The 10.8% decrease in insurance expense was principally due to a 44.5% decrease in provision of policy reserves from ₩660 billion in 2015 to ₩366 billion in 2016, mainly reflecting the decrease in our sales of savings-type insurance policies.

Net Gain (Loss) on Financial Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value through Profit or Loss

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net gain on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss:

 

   Year Ended December 31,  Percentage Change 
   2012  2013  2014  2013/2012  2014/2013 
   (in billions of Won)  (%) 

Net gain on financial assets held-for-trading

  437   250   414    (42.8)%   65.6

Net gain on derivatives held-for-trading

   456    544    98    19.3    (82.0

Net loss on financial liabilities held-for-trading

   (44  (15  (62  (65.9  313.3  

Net gain on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss

   (37  (22  (11  (40.5  (50.0
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Net gain on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  812   757   439    (6.8  (42.0
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   
   Year Ended December 31,  Percentage Change 
   2015  2016  2017  2016/2015  2017/2016 
   (in billions of Won)  (%) 

Net gain on financial assetsheld-for-trading

  328  198  594   (39.6)%   200.0

Net gain (loss) on derivativesheld-for-trading

   (11  173   906   N/M(1)   423.7 

Net gain (loss) on financial liabilitiesheld-for-trading

   (61  1   (29  N/M(1)   N/M(1) 

Net gain (loss) on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss

   104   (381  (731  N/M(1)   91.9 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Net gain (loss) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  360  (9 740   N/M(1)   N/M(1) 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

(1)“N/M” means not meaningful.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our net gain (loss) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss decreased 42.0%changed from ₩757a net loss of ₩9 billion in 20132016 to ₩439a net gain of ₩740 billion in 2014,2017. Such change was primarily as a result of an 82.0% decreaseattributable to increases in net gain on derivativesheld-for-trading from ₩544 billion and in 2013 to ₩98 billion in 2014,net gain on financial assetsheld-for-trading, which waswere offset in part by an increase in net loss on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss.

Our net gain on derivativesheld-for-trading increased more than five-fold from ₩173 billion in 2016 to ₩906 billion in 2017, primarily due to a 65.6%170.4% increase in net gain on financial assets stock or stock index derivativesheld-for-trading from ₩250₩240 billion in 20132016 to ₩414₩649 billion in 2014. The decrease in2017.

Our net gain on derivatives financial assetsheld-for-trading was principally due to a 76.2% decrease in net gain on currency derivatives held-for-trading increased three-fold from ₩517₩198 billion in 20132016 to ₩123₩594 billion in 2014. The2017, mainly as a result of a 108.9% increase in net gain on financial assets held-for-trading mainly reflected a 94.6%debt securities from ₩192 billion in 2016 to ₩401 billion in 2017, as well as an increase in net gain on debtequity securities held-for-trading from ₩222₩6 billion in 20132016 to ₩432₩192 billion in 2014.2017.

Comparison of 2013 to 2012

Our net loss on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss increased 91.9% from ₩381 billion in 2016 to ₩731 billion in 2017, mainly due to a 61.3% increase in net loss on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss from ₩491 billion in 2016 to ₩792 billion in 2017.

Such changes were attributable in part to the full-year effect of the addition of the net gain (loss) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss decreased 6.8%of Hyundai Securities (which became a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016) to our net gain (loss) on such assets and liabilities.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Our net gain (loss) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss changed from ₩812a net gain of ₩360 billion in 20122015 to ₩757a net loss of ₩9 billion in 2013,2016. Such change was primarily asattributable to a result ofchange in net gain (loss) on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss and a 42.8% decrease in net gain on financial assetsheld-for-trading, from ₩437 billion in 2012 to ₩250 billion in 2013, the effect of which was offset in part by a 19.3% increasechanges in net gain (loss) on both derivatives held-for-tradingand financial liabilitiesheld-for-trading.

Our net gain (loss) on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss changed from ₩456a net gain of ₩104 billion in 20122015 to ₩544a net loss of ₩381 billion in 2013. The decrease2016, mainly as a result of a change in net gain (loss) on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss from a net gain of ₩100 billion in 2015 to a net loss of ₩491 billion in 2016.

Our net gain on financial assetsheld-for-trading was principally decreased 39.6% from ₩328 billion in 2015 to ₩198 billion in 2016, primarily due to a 43.1%38.3% decrease in net gain on debt securitiesheld-for-trading from ₩390₩311 billion in 20122015 to ₩222₩192 billion in 2013. The increase2016.

Our net gain (loss) on derivativesheld-for-trading changed from a net loss of ₩11 in 2015 to a net gain of ₩173 billion in 2016, principally due to a change in net gain (loss) on stock or stock index derivativesheld-for-trading from a net loss of ₩89 billion in 2015 to a net gain of ₩240 billion in 2016.

Our net gain (loss) on financial liabilitiesheld-for-trading changed from a net loss of ₩61 billion in 2015 to a net gain of ₩1 billion in 2016, which mainly reflected a 16.4% increase24.4% decrease in losses on financial liabilitiesheld-for-trading from ₩131 billion in 2015 to ₩99 billion in 2016.

Such changes were attributable in part to the addition of the net gain (loss) on currency derivatives held-for-trading from ₩444 billionfinancial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss of Hyundai Securities to our net gain (loss) on such assets and liabilities commencing in 2012 to ₩517 billion in 2013.October 2016.

For further information regarding our net gain (loss) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, see Note 29 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our general and administrative expenses:

 

  Year Ended December 31,   Percentage Change   Year Ended December 31,   Percentage Change 
  2012   2013   2014   2013/2012 2014/2013   2015   2016   2017   2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won)   (%)   (in billions of Won)   (%) 

Employee compensation and benefits

  2,442    2,534    2,593     3.8  2.3  3,126   3,756   3,769    20.2 0.3

Depreciation and amortization

   328     287     261     (12.5  (9.1   257    289    370    12.5  28.0 

Other general and administrative expenses

   1,076     1,163     1,155     8.1    (0.7   1,141    1,184    1,490    3.8  25.8 
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

 

   

 

   

 

    

General and administrative expenses

  3,846    3,984    4,010     3.6    0.7    4,524   5,229   5,629    15.6  7.6 
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

 

   

 

   

 

    

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our general and administrative expenses increased 0.7%7.6% from ₩3,984₩5,229 billion in 20132016 to ₩4,010₩5,629 billion in 2014,2017, primarily as a result of a 2.3%25.8% increase in other general and administrative expenses from ₩1,184 billion in 2016 to ₩1,490 billion in 2017, as well as a 28.0% increase in depreciation and amortization expenses from ₩289 billion in 2016 to ₩370 billion in 2017. The increase in other general and administrative expenses was attributable mainly to a 45.3% increase in taxes and dues from ₩135 billion in 2016 to ₩196 billion in 2017, a 40.0% increase in service fees from ₩129 billion in 2016 to ₩179 billion in 2017, and a 14.3% increase in rental expense from ₩281 billion in 2016 to ₩321 billion in 2017. Such increases were primarily due to the full-year effect of the addition of such expenses of Hyundai Securities (which became a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016), as well as the addition of such expenses of KB Insurance (which became a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017), to our general and administrative expenses. The increase in depreciation and amortization expenses was primarily due to the full-year effect of the addition of such expenses of Hyundai Securities commencing in October 2016, as well as the addition of such expenses of KB Insurance commencing in May 2017, to our depreciation and amortization expenses.

Our employee compensation and benefits increased 0.3% from ₩3,756 billion in 2016 to ₩3,769 billion, principally due to a 31.5% increase in salaries from ₩1,874 billion in 2016 to ₩2,465 billion in 2017, as well as

a 12.0% increase in other short-term employee benefits from ₩734 billion in 2016 to ₩823 billion in 2017. Such increases were attributable mainly to the full-year effect of the addition of such expenses of Hyundai Securities commencing in October 2016, as well as the addition of such expenses of KB Insurance commencing in May 2017, to our employee compensation and benefits. Such increases were offset in large part by an 82.2% decrease in termination benefits from ₩903 billion in 2016 to ₩161 billion in 2017, which resulted mainly from a significant decrease in the number of employees participating in the voluntary early retirement program implemented by Kookmin Bank.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Our general and administrative expenses increased 15.6% from ₩4,524 billion in 2015 to ₩5,229 billion in 2016, primarily as a result of a 20.2% increase in employee compensation and benefits from ₩2,534₩3,126 billion in 20132015 to ₩2,593₩3,756 billion in 2014, which was offset in part by a 9.1% decrease in depreciation and amortization from ₩287 billion in 2013 to ₩261 billion in 2014.2016. The increase in employee compensation and benefits was principally due to a 3.6%130.4% increase in termination benefits from ₩392 billion in 2015 to ₩903 billion in 2016, which resulted mainly from a significant increase in the number of employees participating in the voluntary early retirement program implemented by Kookmin Bank. Such increase was enhanced by a 6.2% increase in salaries and short-term employee benefits from ₩1,641₩1,764 billion in 20132015 to ₩1,700₩1,874 billion in 2014, which mainly reflected an increase in the average wage of our employees. The 9.1% decrease in depreciation and amortization was principally due to a decrease in the depreciation and amortization of software.

Comparison of 2013 to 2012

Our general and administrative expenses increased 3.6% from ₩3,846 billion in 2012 to ₩3,984 billion in 2013, primarily as a result of a 3.8% increase in employee compensation and benefits from ₩2,442 billion in 2012 to ₩2,534 billion in 2013,2016, which was enhanced by an 8.1% increaseattributable mainly to the addition of the salaries of Hyundai Securities to our salaries commencing in other general and administrative

October 2016.

expenses from ₩1,076 billion in 2012 to ₩1,163 billion in 2013. The increase in employee compensation and benefits was principally due to a 2.7% increase in salaries and short-term employee benefits from ₩1,598 billion in 2012 to ₩1,641 billion in 2013, which mainly reflected an increase in the average wage of our employees. The 8.1% increase in other general and administrative expenses was principally due to a 95.8% increase in tax and dues from ₩72 billion in 2012 to ₩141 billion in 2013, which primarily reflected refunds of previously levied education taxes in 2012 as a result of claims filed by Kookmin Bank which were not repeated in 2013.

Net Other Operating Expenses

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our net other operating expenses:

 

  Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change   Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013   2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won) (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Other operating income(1)

  3,286   3,137   3,100    (4.5)%   (1.2)%   3,225  4,218  3,237  30.8 (23.3)% 

Other operating expenses(1)

   (4,818  (4,442  (4,141  (7.8  (6.8   (3,835 (4,634 (4,139 20.8  (10.7
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Net other operating expenses(1)

  (1,532 (1,305 (1,041  (14.8  (20.2  (610 (416 (902 (31.8 116.8 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

(1)Commencing in 2017, insurance income and expense (comprising insurance income and expense of KB Life Insurance and KB Kookmin Card, as well as insurance income and expense of KB Insurance from the date of its consolidation in May 2017) are recorded as separate line items, instead of as part of other operating income and expenses. Insurance income and expense of KB Life Insurance and KB Kookmin Card for prior years have been reclassified accordingly.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our net other operating expenses decreased 20.2%increased 116.8% from ₩1,305₩416 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,041₩902 billion in 20142017 as a 6.8%23.3% decrease in other operating income from ₩4,218 billion in 2016 to ₩3,237 billion in 2017 outpaced a 10.7% decrease in other operating expenses from ₩4,442₩4,634 billion in 20132016 to ₩4,141₩4,139 billion in 2014 outpaced a 1.2% decrease in other operating income from ₩3,137 billion in 2013 to ₩3,100 billion in 2014.2017.

Other operating income includes principally gain on foreign exchange transactions, income related to insurance, gain on sale ofavailable-for-sale financial assets and other income. The 1.2%23.3% decrease in other operating income was primarily attributable mainly to a 51.3%29.4% decrease in gain on sale of available-for-sale financial assets from ₩189 billion in 2013 to ₩92 billion in 2014 and a 15.3% decrease in other income from ₩262 billion in 2013 to ₩222 billion in 2014, the effect of which was partially offset by a 7.5% increase in gain on foreign exchange transactions from ₩1,387₩3,568 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,491₩2,520 billion in 2014.2017. The decrease in gain on sale of available-for-sale financial assets was principally due to gains realized in 2013 from sales of shares of Hyundai Merchant Co., Ltd. and Kumho Petrochemical Co., Ltd. held by us, which were not repeated in 2014. The decrease in other income was mainly due to a decrease in gain on sales of loans. The increase in gain on foreign exchange transactions, which was mainly the result of increasedlower exchange rate volatility, was enhancedpartially offset by a decrease in loss on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses. On a net basis, we recognized aour net gain on foreign exchange transactions of ₩34decreased 82.3% from ₩265 billion in 2014 compared2016 to a net loss on foreign exchange transactions of ₩280₩47 billion in 2013.2017.

Other operating expenses include principally loss on foreign exchange transactions, expenses related to insurance,impairment onavailable-for-sale financial assets, loss on sale ofavailable-for-sale financial assets and other expenses. The 6.8%10.7% decrease in other operating expensesexpense was primarilymainly the result of a 12.6%25.1% decrease in loss on foreign exchange

��

137


transactions from ₩1,667₩3,303 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,457₩2,473 billion in 2014.2017. The decrease in loss on foreign exchange transactions, which was mainlyprimarily due to a decrease in the volume of our foreign currency transactions, was enhancedmore than offset by a decrease in gain on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating income as discussed above.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Our net other operating expenses decreased 31.8% from ₩610 billion in 2015 to ₩416 billion in 2016 as a 30.8% increase in other operating income from ₩3,225 billion in 2015 to ₩4,218 billion in 2016 outpaced a 20.8% increase in other operating expenses from ₩3,835 billion in 2015 to ₩4,634 billion in 2016.

The 30.8% increase in other operating income was attributable mainly to a 44.7% increase in gain on foreign exchange transactions from ₩2,465 billion in 2015 to ₩3,568 billion in 2016. The increase in gain on foreign exchange transactions, which was mainly the result of increased exchange rate volatility, was offset in part by an increase in loss on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses. On a net basis, our net gain on foreign exchange transactions increased 356.9% from ₩58 billion in 2015 to ₩265 billion in 2016.

The 20.8% increase in other operating expenses was primarily the result of a 37.2% increase in loss on foreign exchange transactions from ₩2,407 billion in 2015 to ₩3,303 billion in 2016. The increase in loss on foreign exchange transactions, which was mainly due to an increase in the volume of our foreign currency transactions, was more than offset by an increase in gain on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating income as discussed above.

Comparison of 2013 to 2012

Our net other operating expenses decreased 14.8% from ₩1,532 billion in 2012 to ₩1,305 billion in 2013, as a 7.8% decrease in other operating expenses from ₩4,818 billion in 2012 to ₩4,442 billion in 2013 outpaced a 4.5% decrease in other operating income from ₩3,286 billion in 2012 to ₩3,137 billion in 2013.

The 4.5% decrease in other operating income was attributable mainly to a 28.7% decrease in income related to insurance from ₩1,730 billion in 2012 to ₩1,234 billion in 2013, the effect of which was partially offset by a 26.8% increase in gains on foreign exchange transaction from ₩1,094 billion in 2012 to ₩1,387 billion in 2013.

The decrease in income related to insurance was mainly the result of a decrease in demand for insurance products in 2013, which was substantially offset by a corresponding decrease in expense related to insurance, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses. On a net basis, our net expense related to insurance increased 35.9% from ₩92 billion in 2012 to ₩125 billion in 2013. The increase in gain on foreign exchange transactions, which was mainly the result of increased exchange rate volatility, was more than offset by a corresponding increase in loss on foreign exchange transactions, which is recorded as part of other operating expenses.

The 7.8% decrease in other operating expenses was primarily the result of a 25.4% decrease in expense related to insurance from ₩1,822 billion in 2012 to ₩1,359 billion in 2013, which was enhanced by a 36.6% decrease in expense related to available-for-sale financial assets from ₩298 billion in 2012 to ₩189 billion in 2013. The decrease in expense related to insurance reflected a decrease in policy reserves due to a decrease in insurance products sold. The decrease in expense related to available-for-sale financial assets, which was principally due to a decrease in impairment on available-for-sale financials assets, was partially offset by an increase in revenue related to available-for-sale financial assets, which is recorded as part of other operating income.

For further information regarding our net other operating expenses, see Note 30 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

NetNon-operating Profit (Loss)

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the components of our netnon-operating profit (loss):

   Year Ended December 31,   Percentage Change 
   2015   2016   2017   2016/2015  2017/2016 
   (in billions of Won)   (%) 

Share of profit of associates

  203   281   84    38.4  (70.1)% 

Net othernon-operating income (expense)

   140    671    39    379.3   (94.2
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

Netnon-operating profit (loss)

  344   952   123    176.7   (87.1
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

Comparison of 2017 to 2016

Our netnon-operating profit decreased 87.1% from ₩952 billion in 2016 to ₩123 billion in 2017, primarily as a result of a 94.2% decrease in net othernon-operating income from ₩671 billion in 2016 to ₩39 billion in 2017 and, to a lesser extent, a 70.1% decrease in share of profit of associates from ₩281 billion in 2016 to ₩84 billion in 2017.

The 94.2% decrease in net othernon-operating income was attributable mainly to a 65.0% decrease in othernon-operating income from ₩746 billion in 2016 to ₩261 billion in 2017. Such decrease was mainly due to gains on bargain purchase of ₩629 billion recognized in connection with a comprehensive stock swap we effected in October 2016 to increase our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 100%, which did not recur in 2017. See “—Overview—Acquisitions.”

The 70.1% decrease in share of profit of associates was primarily due to a 75.8% decrease in gains on equity method accounting recognized with respect to KB Insurance from ₩161 billion in 2016 to ₩39 billion in 2017, principally as a result of it becoming a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Our netnon-operating profit increased 176.7% from ₩344 billion in 2015 to ₩952 billion in 2016, principally as a result of a 379.3% increase in net othernon-operating income from ₩140 billion in 2015 to ₩671 billion in 2016 and, to a lesser extent, a 38.4% increase in share of profit of associates from ₩203 billion in 2015 to ₩281 billion in 2016.

The 379.3% increase in net othernon-operating income was attributable mainly to a 156.4% increase in othernon-operating income from ₩291 billion in 2015 to ₩746 billion in 2016. Such increase mainly reflected gains on bargain purchase of ₩629 billion recognized in connection with the comprehensive stock swap we effected in October 2016 to increase our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 100%.

The 38.4% increase in share of profit of associates was primarily due to ₩113 billion of gains on equity method accounting recognized with respect to our minority interest in Hyundai Securities in 2016 for the period prior to it becoming a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Our income tax expense is calculated by adding or subtracting changes in deferred income tax liabilities and assets to income tax amounts payable for the period. Deferred income tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits, while deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are those between the carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their respective tax bases. Deferred income tax assets, including unused tax losses and credits, are recognized only to the extent it is probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available against which such deferred income tax assets can be utilized. Seeutilized.See “—Critical Accounting Policies—Deferred Income Tax Assets.”

In 2014, we changed our accounting policy with respect to uncertain tax positions based on the guidance in IAS 12,Income Taxes, which allows recognition of tax payments as current income tax assets to the extent it is probable that they will be recovered from the tax authorities. Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 have been restated to reflect such change in accounting policy. See “—Overview—Changes in Accounting Policies” and Note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Income tax expense decreased by 10.2%increased 81.1% from ₩541₩439 billion in 20132016 to ₩486₩795 billion in 2014,2017, primarily due to a decrease57.4% increase in adjustments recognized in 2014 for currentour profit before income tax of prior years,from 2016 to 2017, as well as a changethe effect of changes in deferred income tax expense (benefit) recognized directlyassets and liabilities from a benefit of ₩201 billion in equity relating2016 to the value of available-for-sale financial assets from an income tax expense of ₩8₩212 billion in 2013 to an income tax benefit of ₩79 billion in 2014.2017. The statutory tax rate was 24.2% in 20132016 and 2014.2017. As a result of changes to Korean corporate income tax laws that became effective in January 2018, the statutory tax rate applicable to us in 2018 will be 27.5%. Our effective tax rate was 25.6%19.2% in 20142017 compared to 29.8%16.7% in 2013.2016.

Comparison of 20132016 to 20122015

Income tax expense increased 4.0% from ₩520remained relatively constant at ₩439 billion in 20122016 compared to ₩541₩437 billion in 2013, primarily due to an2015, despite a 21.4% increase in adjustments recognizedour profit before income tax from 2015 to 2016, as a 77.5% increase in 2013 for current tax expense from ₩342 billion in 2015 to ₩607 billion in 2016 was largely offset by the effect of prior years. Thechanges in deferred income tax assets and liabilities from an expense of ₩93 billion in 2015 to a benefit of ₩201 billion in 2016.The statutory tax rate was 24.2% in 20122015 and 2013.2016. Our effective tax rate was 29.8%16.7% in 20132016 compared to 22.6%20.2% in 2012.2015.

See Note 33 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Profit for the Year

As a result of the factors described above, our profit for the year was ₩1,415₩3,343 billion in 2014,2017, compared to ₩1,275₩2,190 billion in 20132016 and ₩1,779₩1,727 billion in 2012.2015.

Results by Principal Business Segment

We compile and analyze financial information for our business segments based upon segment information used by our management for the purposes of resource allocation and performance evaluation. We are organized into sixseven major business segments: retail banking operations, corporate banking operations, other banking operations, credit card operations, investment and securities operations, life insurance operations and lifenon-life insurance operations.

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our results of operations by segment:

 

  Profit (1)(2)
for the Year Ended December 31,
   Total Operating Revenue (3)
for the Year Ended December 31,
   Profit(1)
for the Year Ended December 31,
   Total Operating Revenue(2)
for the Year Ended December 31,
 
  2012   2013   2014   2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017   2015   2016   2017 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Retail banking operations

  686    178    110    3,041    2,454    2,212    23   108   540   2,116   2,248   2,711 

Corporate banking operations

   238     157     383     1,953     1,732     1,710     119    442    964    1,668    1,803    2,129 

Other banking operations

   555     496     536     1,297     1,486     1,481     965    414    671    1,615    1,403    1,405 

Credit card operations

   291     384     333     1,287     1,421     1,281     355    317    297    1,310    1,270    1,277 

Investment and securities operations

   18     12     26     143     115     141     47    642    272    185    185    1,074 

Life insurance operations

   17     9     7     131     102     105     11    13    21    143    140    130 

Non-life insurance operations

   —      —      330    —      —      1,121 

Other

   48     61     115     33     144     266     354    338    113    345    397    345 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total (4)

  1,853    1,297    1,510    7,885    7,454    7,196  

Total(3)

  1,874   2,274   3,208   7,382   7,446   10,192 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1)

After deduction of income tax allocated to each segment.

(2)

The amounts for 2014 reflect a change in our accounting policies with respect to uncertain tax positions in 2014. Corresponding amounts for 2012 and 2013 have been restated to retroactively apply such change. See “—Overview—Changes in Accounting Policies.”

(3)

Represents operating revenue from external customers. See Note 5 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

(4)(3)

Prior to adjustments for consolidation, inter-segment transactions and certain differences in classification under our management reporting system.

Our other banking operations, which include treasury activities, provide funding to our retail banking operations and corporate banking operations and receive funds procured through the financing activities of such segments, such as deposit-taking activities. When our retail banking operations or corporate banking operations engage in an investing activity, such as lending, the relevant amount is recognized as an inter-segment borrowing from the other banking operations. When our retail banking operations or corporate banking operations engage in a financing activity, such as deposit-taking, the relevant amount is recognized as an inter-segment lending to the other banking operations (or as a reduction in inter-segment borrowings from the other banking operations). Generally, for our retail banking operations, the amounts procured from financing activities are greater than the amounts used in investing activities, whereas for our corporate banking operations, the amounts used in investing activities are greater than the amounts procured from financing activities. The cost of borrowing from the other banking operations is calculated by multiplying the average balance of the amounts used in investing activities by the applicable internal funding rate on such inter-segment borrowings, whereas the income from lending to the other banking operations is calculated by multiplying the average balance of the amounts procured from financing activities by the applicable internal funding rate on such inter-segment lendings. The applicable internal funding rates on inter-segment borrowings tend to be generally higher than the applicable internal funding rates on inter-segment lendings, primarily due to the difference in the maturity structure of interest rates on the amounts used in investing activities and the amounts procured from financing activities. The cost of borrowing from the other banking operations is offset by the income from lending to the other banking operations, and the difference is recorded as expenses related to inter-segment borrowings, within net other

operating expenses, for our retail banking operations and corporate banking operations, while a corresponding amount is recorded as income from inter-segment lending, within net other operating income, for our other banking operations.

Retail Banking Operations

This segment consists of retail banking services provided by Kookmin Bank. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:

 

  Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change   Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013   2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won) (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Income statement data

            

Interest income

  5,682   4,786   4,433    (15.8)%   (7.4)%   3,858  3,740  3,936  (3.1)%  5.2

Interest expense

   (3,158  (2,773  (2,353  (12.2  (15.1   (1,756 (1,387 (1,288 (21.0 (7.1

Net fee and commission income

   696    612    525    (12.1  (14.2   570  504  595  (11.6 18.1 

Net loss from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

   (15  (2  (20  (86.7  900.0  

Net other operating expense

   (235  (261  (421  11.1    61.3     (556 (609 (532 9.5  (12.6

General and administrative expenses

   (1,673  (1,740  (1,696  4.0    (2.5   (2,006 (2,102 (1,947 4.8  (7.4

Provision for credit losses

   (392  (358  (304  (8.7  (15.1   (80 (3 (122 (96.3  N/M(1) 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit before income tax

   905    264    164    (70.8  (37.9   30  143  642  376.7  349.0 

Tax expense

   (219  (86  (54  (60.7  (37.2   (7 (35 (102 400.0  191.4 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit for the year

  686   178   110    (74.1  (38.2  23  108  540  369.6  400.0 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

(1)“N/M” means not meaningful.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our profit before income tax for this segment decreased 37.9%increased 349.0% from ₩264₩143 billion in 20132016 to ₩164₩642 billion in 2014.2017.

Interest income from our retail banking operations increased 5.2% from ₩3,740 billion in 2016 to ₩3,936 billion in 2017. This increase was principally due to increases in the average volume of other consumer and mortgage loans, mainly reflecting higher demand for such loans, growth in which were offset in part by a decrease in the average yield on other consumer loans from 2016 to 2017.

Our largest and most important funding source is deposits from retail customers, which represent more than half of our total deposits. Interest expense for this segment decreased 7.1% from ₩1,387 billion in 2016 to ₩1,288 billion in 2017. This decrease was mainly due to a decrease in the average cost of time deposits held by retail customers, primarily reflecting a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2017 compared to 2016, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such deposits.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 18.1% from ₩504 billion in 2016 to ₩595 billion in 2017, mainly due to increases in trust fees received.

Net other operating expense attributable to this segment decreased 12.6% from ₩609 billion in 2016 to ₩532 billion in 2017, mainly as a result of a decrease in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings. While the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2017 compared to 2016 led to decreases in the internal funding rates applicable to both inter-segment borrowings and lendings from 2016 to 2017, the decrease in the cost of inter-segment borrowings was higher compared to the decrease in the yield on inter-segment lendings, leading to a decrease in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 7.4% from ₩2,102 billion in 2016 to ₩1,947 billion in 2017, primarily due to decreases in information technology and other common administrative expenses shared among the banking-related segments.

Provision for credit losses increased significantly from ₩3 billion in 2016 to ₩122 billion in 2017, mainly due to an increase in the volume of our outstanding retail loans, as well as higher net write-offs of such loans.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Our profit before income tax for this segment increased 376.7% from ₩30 billion in 2015 to ₩143 billion in 2016.

Interest income from our retail banking operations decreased 7.4%3.1% from ₩4,786₩3,858 billion in 20132015 to ₩4,433₩3,740 billion in 2014.2016. This decrease was principally due to decreases in the average yields on mortgage, home equity and other consumer loans, mainly reflecting a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea from 20132015 to 2014,2016, which were partially offset in part by increases in the average volume of such loans from 20132015 to 2014.2016.

Our largest and most important funding source is deposits from retail customers, which represent more than half of our total deposits. Interest expense for this segment decreased 15.1%21.0% from ₩2,773₩1,756 billion in 20132015 to ₩2,353₩1,387 billion in 2014.2016. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the average cost of time deposits held by retail customers, which mainly reflectedreflecting a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea from 20132015 to 2014.2016.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 14.2%11.6% from ₩612₩570 billion in 20132015 to ₩525₩504 billion in 2014,2016, mainly due to decreasesa decrease in feebancassurance fees and commission income from bancassurance operations and sales of beneficiary certificates as agents.

Net loss from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased tenfold from ₩2 billion in 2013 to ₩20 billion in 2014, principally as a result of an increase in valuation loss on derivatives.trust fees received.

Net other operating expense attributable to this segment increased 61.3%9.5% from ₩261₩556 billion in 20132015 to ₩421₩609 billion in 2014,2016, mainly as a result of an increasea decrease in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings.net gains on sales of loans.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 2.5%increased 4.8% from ₩1,740₩2,006 billion in 20132015 to ₩1,696₩2,102 billion in 2014,2016, primarily due to a decreaseincreases in education taxes, reflecting a decrease in interest income. Education taxes are levied on revenues of financial institutions.information technology and other common administrative expenses shared among the banking-related segments.

Provision for credit losses decreased 15.1%96.3% from ₩358₩80 billion in 20132015 to ₩304₩3 billion in 2014,2016, mainly due to an improvement in the asset quality of retail loans, reflecting a decrease in delinquency rates.

Comparison of 2013 to 2012

Our profit before income tax for this segment decreased 70.8% from ₩905 billion in 2012 to ₩264 billion in 2013.

Interest income from our retail banking operations decreased 15.8% from ₩5,682 billion in 2012 to ₩4,786 billion in 2013. This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average yields on mortgage, home equity and other consumer loans, mainly reflecting a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2013.

Interest expense for this segment decreased 12.2% from ₩3,158 billion in 2012 to ₩2,773 billion in 2013. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the average cost of time deposits held by retail customers, which mainly reflected a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2013.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 12.1% from ₩696 billion in 2012 to ₩612 billion in 2013, mainly due to a decrease in fee and commission income from bancassurance operations.

Net loss from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 86.7% from ₩15 billion in 2012 to ₩2 billion in 2013, principally as a result of a decrease in valuation loss on derivatives.

Net other operating expense attributable to this segment increased 11.1% from ₩235 billion in 2012 to ₩261 billion in 2013, mainly as a result of an increase in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 4.0% from ₩1,673 billion in 2012 to ₩1,740 billion in 2013, principally due to an increase in salary expense.

Provision for credit losses decreased 8.7% from ₩392 billion in 2012 to ₩358 billion in 2013, due mainly to an improvement in the asset quality of retail loans reflecting a decrease in delinquency rates for retail loans.

Corporate Banking Operations

This segment consists of corporate banking services provided by Kookmin Bank. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:

 

  Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change   Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013   2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won) (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Income statement data

            

Interest income

  5,190   4,391   4,009    (15.4)%   (8.7)%   3,514  3,297  3,584  (6.2)%  8.7

Interest expense

   (2,597  (1,840  (1,560  (29.1  (15.2   (1,193 (1,011 (1,028 (15.3 1.7 

Net fee and commission income

   233    241    237    3.4    (1.7   233  231  236  (0.9 2.2 

Net gain (loss) from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

   (1  —      —      (100.0  —    

Net loss from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

   —    (1 (2  N/M(1)  100.0 

Net other operating expense

   (871  (1,055  (906  21.1    (14.1   (834 (704 (679 (15.6 (3.6

General and administrative expenses

   (792  (822  (711  3.8    (13.5   (847 (950 (974 12.2  2.5 

Provision for credit losses

   (853  (706  (567  (17.2  (19.7

Net other non-operating revenue

   6    1    2    (83.3  100.0  

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses

   (716 (278 7  (61.2  N/M(1) 

Net othernon-operating revenue (expense)

   1  (1 2   N/M(1)   N/M(1) 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit before income tax

   315    210    504    (33.3  140.0     158  583  1,146  269.0  96.6 

Tax expense

   (77  (53  (121  (31.2  128.3     (39 (141 (182 261.5  29.1 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit for the year

  238   157   383    (34.0  143.9    119  442  964  271.4  118.1 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

(1)“N/M” means not meaningful.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our profit before income tax for this segment increased 140.0%96.6% from ₩210₩583 billion in 20132016 to ₩504₩1,146 billion in 2014.2017.

Interest income from our corporate banking operations increased 8.7% from ₩3,297 billion in 2016 to ₩3,584 billion in 2017. This increase was principally due to an increase in the average volume of corporate loans, mainly reflecting our increased marketing efforts and increased demand for such loans, which was enhanced by an increase in the average yields on such loans.

Interest expense for this segment increased 1.7% from ₩1,011 billion in 2016 to ₩1,028 billion in 2017. This increase was principally due to an increase in the average volume of time deposits held by corporate customers, primarily reflecting higher demand for such deposits, which was offset in part by a decrease in the average cost of such deposits.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 2.2% from ₩231 billion in 2016 to ₩236 billion in 2017, primarily due to increases in fund transfer fees and trust fees received.

Net other operating expense attributable to this segment decreased 3.6% from ₩704 billion in 2016 to ₩679 billion in 2017, mainly as a result of an increase in net gains on sales of corporate loans, as well as a decrease in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings. While the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2017 compared to 2016 led to decreases in the internal funding rates applicable to both inter-segment borrowings and lendings from 2016 to 2017, the resulting effect on costs of inter-segment borrowing for this segment was greater than the effect on income from inter-segment lending for this segment, for which the amounts generated from investing activities (and thereby recognized as inter-segment borrowing) are greater than the amounts procured from financing activities (and thereby recognized as inter-segment lending), leading to a decrease in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 2.5% from ₩950 billion in 2016 to ₩974 billion in 2017, principally due to increases in salaries and short-term benefits paid, which were offset in part by decreases in information technology and other common administrative expenses shared among the banking-related segments.

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses changed from a provision of ₩278 billion in 2016 to a reversal of provision of ₩7 billion in 2017, due mainly to an improvement in the asset quality of corporate loans, reflecting a decrease in impaired corporate loans, as well as lower net write-offs of such loans.

Net othernon-operating revenue (expense) attributable to this segment changed from an expense of ₩1 billion in 2016 to a revenue of ₩2 billion in 2017.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Our profit before income tax for this segment increased 269.0% from ₩158 billion in 2015 to ₩583 billion in 2016.

Interest income from our corporate banking operations decreased 8.7%6.2% from ₩4,391₩3,514 billion in 20132015 to ₩4,009₩3,297 billion in 2014.2016. This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average yields on corporate loans, mainly reflecting the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2014,2016, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such loans.

Interest expense for this segment decreased 15.2%15.3% from ₩1,840₩1,193 billion in 20132015 to ₩1,560₩1,011 billion in 2014.2016. This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average cost of time deposits held by corporate customers, which mainly reflected a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea from 20132015 to 2014.2016.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 1.7%0.9% from ₩241₩233 billion in 20132015 to ₩237₩231 billion in 2014,2016, primarily due to decreasesa decrease in foreign currency related fees and guarantee fees.received, which was mostly offset by a decrease in lending activity fees paid.

Net other operating expense attributable to this segment decreased 14.1%15.6% from ₩1,055 in 2013 to ₩906₩834 billion in 2014,2015 to ₩704 billion in 2016, mainly as a result of a decrease in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings, which was offset in part by a decrease in net gains on sales of loans. While the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2016 led to decreases in the internal funding rates applicable to both inter-segment borrowings and lendings from 2015 to 2016, the resulting decrease in costs of inter-segment borrowing for this segment was greater than the decrease in income from inter-segment lending for this segment, for which the amounts generated from investing activities (and thereby recognized as inter-segment borrowing) are greater than the amounts procured from financing activities (and thereby recognized as inter-segment lending), leading to a decrease in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 13.5%increased 12.2% from ₩822₩847 billion in 20132015 to ₩711₩950 billion in 2014,2016, principally due to a decreaseincreases in laborinformation technology and other common administrative expenses allocated to this segment based onshared among the relative volume of loans attributable to this segment.banking-related segments.

Provision for credit losses decreased 19.7%61.2% from ₩706₩716 billion in 20132015 to ₩567₩278 billion in 2014,2016, due mainly to an overall improvement in the asset quality of corporate loans, reflecting a decrease in delinquency rates.impaired corporate loans.

Net othernon-operating revenue (expense) attributable to this segment increasedchanged from a revenue of ₩1 billion in 2013 and ₩2 billion in 2014.

Comparison of 2013 to 2012

Our profit before income tax for this segment decreased 33.3% from ₩315 billion in 2012 to ₩210 billion in 2013.

Interest income from our corporate banking operations decreased 15.4% from ₩5,190 billion in 2012 to ₩4,391 billion in 2013. This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average yields on corporate loans, mainly reflecting the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2013, which was enhanced by a decrease in the average volume of such loans.

Interest expense for this segment decreased 29.1% from ₩2,597 billion in 2012 to ₩1,840 billion in 2013. This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average cost of time deposits held by corporate customers, which mainly reflected a decrease in the general level of interest rates in Korea in 2013.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 3.4% from ₩233 billion in 2012 to ₩241 billion in 2013, due primarily2015 to an increase in commissions on managementexpense of retirement annuity pensions.

Net loss from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased by ₩1 billion from 2012 to 2013.

Net other operating expense attributable to this segment increased 21.1% from ₩871 billion in 2012 to ₩1,055 billion in 2013, mainly as a result of an increase in expenses related to inter-segment borrowings.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 3.8% from ₩792 billion in 2012 to ₩822 billion in 2013, principally due to an increase in the average wages of our employees in this segment.

Provision for credit losses decreased 17.2% from ₩853 billion in 2012 to ₩706 billion in 2013, due mainly to an overall improvement in the asset quality of corporate loans reflecting a decrease in delinquency rates for corporate loans.

Net other non-operating revenue attributable to this segment decreased 83.3% from ₩6 billion in 2012 to ₩1 billion in 2013, primarily due to a decrease in net other non-operating revenue from Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd., a subsidiary of Kookmin Bank.2016.

Other Banking Operations

This segment primarily consists of Kookmin Bank’s banking operations other than retail and corporate banking operations, including treasury activities and Kookmin Bank’s “back office” administrative operations. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:

 

  Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change   Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013   2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won) (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Income statement data

            

Interest income

  1,623   1,418   1,261    (12.6)%   (11.1)%   1,016  855  819  (15.8)%  (4.2)% 

Interest expense

   (961  (822  (819  (14.5  (0.4   (727 (666 (628 (8.4 (5.7

Net fee and commission income

   324    252    316    (22.2  25.4     354  352  394  (0.6 11.9 

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

   757    693    376    (8.5  (45.7   287  198  100  (31.0 (49.5

Net other operating income (expense)

   (144  261    558    N/M (1)   113.8  

Net other operating income

   968  912  923  (5.8 1.2 

General and administrative expenses

   (811  (835  (966  3.0    15.7     (960 (1,217 (745 26.8  (38.8

Provision for credit losses

   (49  (1  (17  (98.0  1,600.0  

Share of profit (loss) of associates

   (6  (203  18    3,283.3    N/M (1) 

Net other non-operating expense

   (71  (25  (35  (64.8  40.0  

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses

   55  27   —    (50.9 (100.0

Share of profit of associates

   8  18  38  125.0  111.1 

Net othernon-operating revenue (expense)

   192  51  (75 (73.4 (247.1
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit (loss) before income tax

   662    738    692    11.5    (6.2

Profit before income tax

   1,193  530  826  (55.6 55.8 

Tax expense (2)

   (107  (242  (156  126.2    (35.5   (228 (116 (155 (49.1 33.6 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit for the year (2)

  555   496   536    (10.6  8.1    965  414  671  (57.1 62.1 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

(1)

“N/M” means not meaningful.

(2)

The amounts for 2014 reflect a change in our accounting policies with respect to uncertain tax positions in 2014. Corresponding amounts for 2012 and 2013 have been restated to retroactively apply such change. See “—Overview—Changes in Accounting Policies.”

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our profit before income tax for this segment decreased 6.2%increased 55.8% from ₩738₩530 billion in 20132016 to ₩692₩826 billion in 2014.2017.

Interest income from our other banking operations decreased 11.1%4.2% from ₩1,418₩855 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,261₩819 billion in 2014.2017. This decrease was attributable primarily to a decrease in the average yields on debt securities in Kookmin Bank’s financial investments portfolio, due mainly toreflecting the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2014, as well as a decrease2017 compared to 2016, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such debt securities.

Interest expense for this segment remained relatively constant at ₩819decreased 5.7% from ₩666 billion in 20142016 to ₩628 billion in 2017. This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average cost of long-term debentures issued by Kookmin Bank, mainly reflecting the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2017 compared to ₩822 billion2016, which was offset in 2013.part by an increase in the average volume of such debentures.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 25.4%11.9% from ₩252₩352 billion in 20132016 to ₩316₩394 billion in 2014,2017, mainly due an increase otherto increases in brand usage fees received from affiliates and commissions received, as well as an increase in fee and commission income from providing agency services to affiliates.underwriting fees received.

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 45.7%49.5% from ₩693₩198 billion in 20132016 to ₩376₩100 billion in 2014,2017, principally as a result of a decreasedecreases in net gaingains on derivativesheld-for-trading.

Net other operating income attributable to this segment increased 113.8%1.2% from ₩261₩912 billion in 20132016 to ₩558₩923 billion in 2014,2017, mainly as a result of an increase in income from inter-segment lending.net gain on foreign exchange transactions, which was offset in part by a decrease in net gain on disposals ofavailable-for-sale financial assets.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 15.7%decreased 38.8% from ₩835₩1,217 billion in 20132016 to ₩966₩745 billion in 2014,2017, primarily due to a decrease in termination benefits attributable mainly to a decrease in the number of employees participating in the voluntary early retirement program implemented by Kookmin Bank.

Reversal of provision for credit losses attributable to this segment decreased from ₩27 billion in 2016 to less than ₩1 billion in 2017, principally due to a decrease in reversal of provisions for financial guarantees and an increase in salary expense.

Provisionprovisions for credit losses increased seventeen-fold from ₩1 billion in 2013 to ₩17 billion in 2014, mainly reflecting an increase in provision for receivables from derivatives transactions.other assets.

Share of profit (loss) of associates attributable to this segment increased 111.1% from ₩18 billion in 2016 to ₩38 billion in 2017, principally as a result of an increase in gain on disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures.

Net othernon-operating revenue (expense) attributable to this segment changed from a lossrevenue of ₩203₩51 billion in 20132016 to a profitan expense of ₩18₩75 billion in 2014, principally as a result of a decrease in loss on equity method investments from Kookmin Bank’s investment in JSC Bank CenterCredit.

Net other non-operating expense attributable to this segment increased 40.0% from ₩25 billion in 2013 to ₩35 billion in 2014,2017, primarily due to an increaseaone-time contribution to the Korea Inclusive Finance Agency made by Kookmin Bank (together with other non-operating expense relatedKorean banks) relating to satisfaction of judgments in legal proceedings with respect to which the actual payments made were greater than the litigation allowances established.income from unclaimed cashiers’ checks.

Comparison of 20132016 to 20122015

Our profit before income tax for this segment increased 11.5%decreased 55.6% from ₩662₩1,193 billion in 20122015 to ₩738₩530 billion in 2013.2016.

Interest income from our other banking operations decreased 12.6%15.8% from ₩1,623₩1,016 billion in 20122015 to ₩1,418₩855 billion in 2013.2016. This decrease was attributable primarily to a decrease in the average yields on debt securities in Kookmin Bank’s financial investments portfolio, due mainly toreflecting the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2013.2016, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such debt securities.

Interest expense for this segment decreased 14.5%8.4% from ₩961₩727 billion in 20122015 to ₩822₩666 billion in 2013.2016. This decrease was principally due to a decrease in the average cost of debentures whichissued by Kookmin Bank, mainly reflectedreflecting the decrease in the general level oflower interest ratesrate environment in Korea in 2013.2016, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such debentures.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 22.2%0.6% from ₩324₩354 billion in 20122015 to ₩252₩352 billion in 2013,2016, mainly due to decreasesan increase in brokerageloan-related fees paid, which was mostly offset by increases in brand licensing fees received from affiliates, asset securitization-related fees received and participation fees.foreign currency related fees received.

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 8.5%31.0% from ₩757₩287 billion in 20122015 to ₩693₩198 billion in 2013,2016, principally as a result of a decreasedecreases in net gains onfrom financial instruments assets and derivativesheld-for-trading.

Net other operating income (expense) changedattributable to this segment decreased 5.8% from a net expense of ₩144₩968 billion in 20122015 to a net income of ₩261₩912 billion in 2013,2016, mainly as a result of an increasedecreases in net gain on sales ofavailable-for-sale financial assets and in income from inter-segment lending.lendings (attributable primarily to a greater decrease in income from inter-segment lending to the corporate banking operations segment, compared to the decrease in costs of inter-segment borrowing from the retail banking operations segment, in the context of the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2016), which were offset in part by a decrease in impairment losses onavailable-for-sale financial assets and an increase in gains on foreign currency transactions.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 3.0%26.8% from ₩811₩960 billion in 20122015 to ₩835₩1,217 billion in 2013,2016, primarily due to an increase in termination benefits attributable mainly to an

increase in the number of employees participating in the voluntary early retirement program implemented by Kookmin Bank.

Reversal of provision for credit losses attributable to this segment decreased 50.9% from ₩55 billion in 2015 to ₩27 billion in 2016, principally due to an increase in special termination benefits in connection with Kookmin Bank’s voluntary early retirement program, as well as an increase in salary expense.

Provisionprovisions for credit losses decreased by ₩48 billion from ₩49 billion in 2012 to ₩1 billion in 2013, mainly reflecting a decrease in provision for receivables from derivative transactions.guarantees.

Share of lossprofit of associates attributable to this segment increased by ₩197 billion125.0% from ₩6₩8 billion in 20122015 to ₩203₩18 billion in 2013,2016, principally as a result of an increase ina loss on equity method investments frominvestment recognized in 2015 on Kookmin Bank’s investment in JSC Bank CenterCredit.CenterCredit, which was not repeated in 2016.

Net othernon-operating expense revenue attributable to this segment decreased 64.8%73.4% from ₩71₩192 billion in 20122015 to ₩25₩51 billion in 2013,2016, primarily due to an increasea decrease in net other non-operating income including income from employment insurance support and interest on delinquent leasehold deposits.

related to judgments in legal proceedings.

Credit Card Operations

This segment consists of credit card activities conducted by KB Kookmin Card. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:

 

  Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change   Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013   2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won) (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Income statement data

            

Interest income

  1,388   1,436   1,354    3.5  (5.7)%   1,306  1,261  1,341  (3.4)%  6.3

Interest expense

   (414  (379  (360  (8.5  (5.0   (326 (280 (257 (14.1 (8.2

Net fee and commission income

   158    185    95    17.1    (48.6   109  92  133  (15.6 44.6 

Net insurance income

   27  21  20  (22.2 (4.8

Net other operating expense

   (83  (39  (32  (53.0  (17.9   (63 (86 (154 36.5  79.1 

General and administrative expenses

   (349  (354  (341  1.4    (3.7   (333 (348 (371 4.5  6.6 

Provision for credit losses

   (315  (345  (278  9.5    (19.4   (246 (250 (337 1.6  34.8 

Net other non-operating expense

   (4  (2  (5  (50.0  150.0  

Net othernon-operating revenue (expense)

   (12 2  (7  N/M(1)   N/M(1) 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit before income tax

   381    502    433    31.8    (13.7   462  412  368  (10.8 (10.7

Tax expense

   (90  (118  (100  31.1    (15.3   (107 (95 (71 (11.2 (25.3
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit for the year

  291   384   333    32.0    (13.3  355  317  297  (10.7 (6.3
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

(1)“N/M” means not meaningful.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our profit before income tax for this segment decreased 13.7%10.7% from ₩502₩412 billion in 20132016 to ₩433₩368 billion in 2014.2017.

Interest income from our credit card operations decrease 5.7%increased 6.3% from ₩1,436₩1,261 billion in 20132016 to ₩1,354₩1,341 billion in 2014.2017. This decreaseincrease was primarily due to a decrease inan increase the average yields onvolume of credit card receivables, mainly reflecting increases in the lower interest rate environmentnumber of credit cards issued and in Koreathe use of credit cards by customers, which were offset in 2014, which was enhancedpart by a decrease in the average volume ofyields on such receivables.

Interest expense for this segment decreased 5.0%8.2% from ₩379₩280 billion in 20132016 to ₩360₩257 billion in 2014.2017. This decrease was primarily due to decreased funding costs for this segment in light of the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2014.2017 compared to 2016.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 48.6%increased 44.6% from ₩185₩92 billion in 20132016 to ₩95₩133 billion in 2014,2017, which resulted mainly from an increase in credit card related fees and debit card related fee and commission expenses. Such increase wascommissions principally due to an increaseincreases in debit card related feethe number and commission expenses, including fees paid to value-added network providers, reflecting the increased use of debitcredit cards.

Net insurance income attributable to this segment remained relatively stable at ₩20 billion in 2017 compared to ₩21 billion in 2016.

Net other operating expense attributable to this segment decreased 17.9%increased 79.1% from ₩39₩86 billion in 20132016 to ₩32₩154 billion in 2014,2017, primarily due to an increase in membership reward program-related costs mainly as a decreaseresult of increases in accumulated reward points that are recognized as other operating expense, reflecting a change in our rewards program in 2014.the number and use of credit cards.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased 3.7%increased 6.6% from ₩354₩348 billion in 20132016 to ₩341₩371 billion in 2014,2017, mainly due to a decreasean increase in other general and administrativesalary expenses, including communication expenses and supplies expenses.primarily reflecting an increase in wage levels.

Provision for credit losses decreased 19.4%increased 34.8% from ₩345₩250 billion in 20132016 to ₩278₩337 billion in 2014,2017, mainly due to an improvement in the overall asset quality of our credit card receivables, reflecting a decrease in delinquency rates.

Net other non-operating expense attributable to this segment increased 150.0% from ₩2 billion in 2013 to ₩5 billion in 2014, primarily due to an increase in miscellaneous other non-operating expense, which resulted mainly from an increase in expenses related to managementthe volume of our outstanding credit card receivables, as well as an increase in charitable donations by KB Kookmin Card.

impaired credit card receivables.

Net othernon-operating revenue (expense) attributable to this segment changed from a revenue of ₩2 billion in 2016 to an expense of ₩7 billion in 2017, primarily due to an increase in provisions for litigation and related costs.

Comparison of 20132016 to 20122015

Our profit before income tax for this segment increased by 31.8%decreased 10.8% from ₩381₩462 billion in 20122015 to ₩502₩412 billion in 2013.2016.

Interest income from our credit card operations increased by 3.5%decreased 3.4% from ₩1,388₩1,306 billion in 20122015 to ₩1,436₩1,261 billion in 2013.2016. This increasedecrease was primarily due to an increasea decrease in the average yields on credit card receivables, mainly reflecting the lower interest income from factored receivables, reflectingrate environment in Korea in 2016, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of such receivables.

Interest expense for this segment decreased 8.5%14.1% from ₩414₩326 billion in 20122015 to ₩379₩280 billion in 2013.2016. This decrease was primarily due to decreased funding costs for this segment in light of the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2013.2016.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 17.1%decreased 15.6% from ₩158₩109 billion in 20122015 to ₩185₩92 billion in 2013,2016, which resulted mainly from an increase in fee and commissionmarketing expenses.

Net insurance income attributable to this segment decreased 22.2% from check cards.₩27 billion in 2015 to ₩21 billion in 2016, primarily due to a decrease in the sales of credit card-related insurance policies, which we stopped issuing commencing in 2016.

Net other operating expense attributable to this segment decreased 53.0%increased 36.5% from ₩83₩63 billion in 20122015 to ₩39₩86 billion in 2013,2016, primarily due to an increase in accumulated reward points that are recognized as other operating income resulting from proceeds from salesexpense, which mainly reflected the increased use of written-offcheck cards and credit card loans to the National Happiness Fund.cards.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 1.4%4.5% from ₩349₩333 billion in 20122015 to ₩354₩348 billion in 2013,2016, mainly due to an increase in salary expense.expenses, primarily reflecting an increase in wage levels.

Provision for credit losses increased 9.5%1.6% from ₩315₩246 billion in 20122015 to ₩345₩250 billion in 2013,2016, mainly reflecting a decrease in reversal of provisions primarily due to our sale of written-off credit card loans to the National Happiness Fund and an increase in impairedthe unused commitments of credit card balances due to a change in our charge-off policy in 2013 which increased the delinquency period for credit card balances before charge-off from three months to six months.cards.

Net othernon-operating expense revenue (expense) attributable to this segment decreased 50.0%changed from ₩4an expense of ₩12 billion in 20122015 to a revenue of ₩2 billion in 2013,2016, primarily due to a decrease in charitable donations byothernon-operating expense mainly reflecting provisions in 2015 for litigation relating to the misappropriation of personal information of the customers of KB Kookmin Card.Card by a third party in 2014, which were not repeated in 2016.

Investment and Securities Operations

This segment consists primarily of securities brokerage, investment banking, securities investment and trading and other capital markets servicesactivities conducted by KB Securities, including its predecessor entities. KB Securities was the surviving entity in the merger in December 2016 of our former subsidiary, KB Investment & Securities.Securities, with and into Hyundai Securities, which had become our consolidated subsidiary in October 2016. See “—Overview—Acquisitions.” The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:

 

   Year Ended December 31,  Percentage Change 
   2012  2013  2014  2013/2012  2014/2013 
   (in billions of Won)  (%) 

Income statement data

      

Interest income

  38   41   45    7.9  9.8

Interest expense

   (19  (17  (27  (10.5  58.8  

Net fee and commission income

   86    76    76    (11.6  —    

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

   39    19    47    (51.3  147.4  

Net other operating income

   5    1    5    (80.0  400.0  

General and administrative expenses

   (118  (96  (103  (18.6  7.3  

Provision for credit losses

   (4  (5  (4  25.0    (20.0

Net other non-operating expense

   (3  (2  —      (33.3  (100.0
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Profit before income tax

   24    17    39    (29.2  129.4  

Tax expense (1)

   (6  (5  (13  (16.7  160.0  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Profit for the year

  18   12   26    (33.3  116.7  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

   Year Ended December 31,  Percentage Change 
   2015(1)  2016(2)  2017  2016/2015  2017/2016 
   (in billions of Won)  (%) 

Income statement data

      

Interest income

  50  143  453   186.0  216.8

Interest expense

   (25  (70  (201  180.0   187.1 

Net fee and commission income

   98   193   551   96.9   185.5 

Net gain (loss) from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

   51   (213  526   N/M(3)   N/M(3) 

Net other operating income (expense)

   14   134   (256  857.1   N/M(3) 

General and administrative expenses

   (120  (317  (734  164.2   131.5 

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses

   (5  9   (23  N/M(3)   N/M(3) 

Share of profit of associates and joint ventures

   —     106   1   N/M(3)   (99.1

Net othernon-operating revenue

   —     636   2   N/M(3)   (99.7
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Profit before income tax

   63   621   319   885.7   (48.6

Tax expense (benefit)

   (16  21   (47  N/M(3)   N/M(3) 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Profit for the year

  47  642  272   1,266.0   (57.6
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

(1)

Represents income tax attributable toIncome statement data for 2015 represents such data for KB Investment & Securities.

(2)Income statement data for 2016 represents (i) for the period before Hyundai Securities became our consolidated subsidiary in October 2016, such data for KB Investment & Securities and for our minority interest in Hyundai Securities, and (ii) for the period after Hyundai Securities became our consolidated subsidiary, the combined income statement data for KB Investment & Securities and Hyundai Securities, which were merged to form KB Securities in December 2016.
(3)“N/M” means not meaningful.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our profit before income tax for this segment increased 129.4%decreased 48.6% from ₩17₩621 billion in 20132016 to ₩39₩319 billion in 2014.2017.

Interest income from this segmentour investment and securities operations increased 9.8%216.8% from ₩41₩143 billion in 20132016 to ₩45₩453 billion in 2014.2017. This increase was primarily due to an increase in our holdings of debt securities, mainly reflecting the average volumefull-year impact of loans secured by securities.the addition of Hyundai Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016.

Interest expense for this segment increased 58.8%187.1% from ₩17₩70 billion in 20132016 to ₩27₩201 billion in 2014, which mainly reflected2017, principally as a result of an increase in the average volume of repurchase agreements.debts, mainly reflecting the full-year impact of the addition of Hyundai Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment remained constant at ₩76increased 185.5% from ₩193 billion in 20132016 to ₩551 billion in 2017, primarily due to increases in securities brokerage commissions as well as investment

banking and 2014.advisory fees received, mainly reflecting the full-year impact of the addition of Hyundai Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016.

Net gain (loss) from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 147.4%changed from ₩19a loss of ₩213 billion in 20132016 to ₩47a gain of ₩526 billion in 2014,2017, principally as a result ofdue to an increase in net gain on financial assets held-for-tradingtransaction and valuation of derivatives held-for-trading.and valuation of hybrid securities, offset in part by a decrease in net gain on disposal of hybrid securities, which mainly reflected the full-year impact of the addition of Hyundai Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016.

Net other operating income (expense) attributable to this segment increased five-foldchanged from ₩1an income of ₩134 billion in 20132016 to ₩5an expense of ₩256 billion in 2014, principally as2017, primarily due to a result of an increasesignificant decrease in net gain on foreign exchange transactions.currency translation with respect to the foreign currency assets of the former Hyundai Securities, mainly as a result of the appreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar during 2017.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 7.3%131.5% from ₩96₩317 billion in 20132016 to ₩103₩734 billion in 2014,2017, principally due to an increase in performance-based salary expense.employee compensation and benefits, mainly reflecting thefull-year impact of an increase in the number of employees as a result of the addition of Hyundai Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016.

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses decreased 20.0%changed from ₩5a reversal of provision of ₩9 billion in 20132016 to ₩4a provision of ₩23 billion in 2014.2017, primarily due to the recognition in 2016 of a reversal of provisions for credit losses on privately placed bonds, which was not repeated in 2017.

Net other non-operating expenseShare of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment decreased 99.1% from ₩106 billion in 2016 to ₩1 billion in 2017, primarily due to gains on equity method accounting recognized in 2016 with respect to our minority interest in Hyundai Securities for the period prior to its addition as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016, which did not recur in 2017.

Net othernon-operating revenue attributable to this segment decreased 99.7% from ₩636 billion in 2016 to ₩2 billion in 20132017, mainly due to nilgains on bargain purchase recognized in 2014.connection with a comprehensive stock swap we effected in October 2016 to increase our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 100%, which did not recur in 2017.

Comparison of 20132016 to 20122015

Our profit before income tax for this segment decreased 29.2%increased more than ninefold from ₩24₩63 billion in 20122015 to ₩17₩621 billion in 2013.2016.

Interest income from this segmentour investment and securities operations increased 7.9%186.0% from ₩38₩50 billion in 20122015 to ₩41₩143 billion in 2013.2016. This increase was primarily due to an increase in our holdings of debt securities as a result of the average volumeaddition of available-for-sale financial assets.Hyundai Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016.

Interest expense for this segment decreased 10.5%increased 180.0% from ₩19₩25 billion in 20122015 to ₩17₩70 billion in 2013,2016, which mainly reflected a general decreasean increase in the average costvolumes of our debts in lightand debentures as a result of the lower interest rate environmentaddition of Hyundai Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in Korea, which was enhanced by a decrease in the average volume of call money and customers’ deposits.October 2016.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment decreased 11.6%increased 96.9% from ₩86₩98 billion in 20122015 to ₩76₩193 billion in 2013, principally2016, primarily due to an increase in securities brokerage commissions as a result of the addition of Hyundai Securities as a decreaseconsolidated subsidiary in commissions relating to securities underwriting activities.October 2016.

Net gain (loss) from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 51.3%changed from ₩39a gain of ₩51 billion in 20122015 to ₩19a loss of ₩213 billion in 2013,2016, principally due to losses recognized on derivative-linked securities issued by Hyundai Securities, which were acquired as a result of the addition of Hyundai Securities as a decreaseconsolidated subsidiary in net gain on financial assets held-for-trading and derivatives held-for-trading.October 2016.

Net other operating income attributable to this segment decreased 80.0%increased more than eightfold from ₩5₩14 billion in 20122015 to ₩1₩134 billion in 2013, primarily2016, mainly reflecting increases in net gains on sales ofavailable-for-sale securities and foreign currency translation as a result of the addition of Hyundai Securities as a reversal of provisions for litigationconsolidated subsidiary in 2012 that was not repeated in 2013.October 2016.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment decreased by 18.6%increased 164.2% from ₩118₩120 billion in 20122015 to ₩96₩317 billion and 2013,in 2016, principally due to an increase in employee compensation and benefits, reflecting an increase in the number of employees as a decreaseresult of the addition of Hyundai Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in performance-based salary expense.October 2016.

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses increased 25.0%changed from ₩4 billion in 2012 toa provision of ₩5 billion in 2013.2015 to a reversal of provision of ₩9 billion in 2016, primarily due to a net reversal of provision on loans acquired as a result of the addition of Hyundai Securities as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016.

Net other non-operating expenseShare of profit of associates and joint ventures attributable to this segment decreased 33.3%increased from ₩3nil in 2015 to ₩106 billion in 20122016, primarily due to ₩2gains on equity method accounting recognized in 2016 with respect to our minority interest in Hyundai Securities for the period prior to its addition as a consolidated subsidiary in October 2016.

Net othernon-operating revenue attributable to this segment increased from nil in 2015 to ₩636 billion in 2012.2016, principally reflecting gains on bargain purchase recognized in connection with a comprehensive stock swap we effected in October 2016 to increase our shareholding in Hyundai Securities to 100%.

Life Insurance Operations

This segment consists of the life insurance and wealth management services provided byoperations of KB Life Insurance. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:

 

  Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change   Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013   2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won) (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Income statement data

            

Interest income

  192   200   227    4.2  13.5  236  234  216  (0.8)%  (7.7)% 

Interest expense

   —      —      —      —      —    

Net fee and commission expense

   —    (1 (4  N/M(1)  300.0 

Net insurance expense

   (168 (166 (141 (1.2 (15.1

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

   8    18    10    125.0    (44.4   8  8  8   —     —   

Net other operating expense

   (132  (154  (163  16.7    5.8  

Net other operating income

   32  39  30  21.9  (23.1

General and administrative expenses

   (45  (51  (60  13.3    17.6     (79 (95 (72 20.3  (24.2

Provision for credit losses

   —      (1  (1  N/M (1)   —       (10 (2 (2 (80.0  —   

Net other non-operating expense

   (1  —      (1  (100.0  N/M (1) 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit before income tax

   22    12    12    (45.5  —       19  17  35  (10.5 105.9 

Tax expense (2)

   (5  (3  (5  (40.0  66.7     (8 (4 (14 (50.0 250.0 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit for the year

  17   9   7    (47.1  (22.2  11  13  21  18.2  61.5 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

(1)

“N/M” means not meaningful.

(2)

Represents income tax attributable to KB Life Insurance.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our profit before income tax for this segment remained constant at ₩12increased 105.9% from ₩17 billion in 2013 and 2014.2016 to ₩35 billion in 2017.

Interest income from this segment increased 13.5%our life insurance operations decreased 7.7% from ₩200₩234 billion in 20132016 to ₩227₩216 billion in 2014,2017, primarily due to a decrease in the average yields on the debt securities and loan portfolios

of KB Life Insurance, mainly reflecting the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2017 compared to 2016, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of held-to-maturity debt securities held by KB Life Insurance, particularly government agency debt securities.

Net insurance expense attributable to this segment decreased 15.1% from ₩166 billion in 2016 to ₩141 billion in 2017, mainly due to a decrease in provision of policy reserves, which was offset in part by a decrease in premium income from savings-type insurance policies.

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 44.4% from ₩18remained constant at ₩8 billion in 2013 to ₩10 billion in 2014, which mainly reflected a decrease in gains on sales of beneficiary certificates.2016 and 2017.

Net other operating expenseincome attributable to this segment increased 5.8%decreased 23.1% from ₩154₩39 billion in 20132016 to ₩163₩30 billion in 2014,2017, principally due to a decrease in income related to insurance as the number of insurance policies cancelled or partially withdrawn increased, mainly reflecting a downturn in the economy.net gain on foreign currency translation.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 17.6%decreased 24.2% from ₩51₩95 billion in 20132016 to ₩60₩72 billion in 2014,2017, primarily due to increasesdecreases in rental expensemarketing expenses and salary expense.depreciation and amortization expenses.

Provision for credit losses remained constant at ₩1₩2 billion in 20132016 and 2014.2017.

Net other non-operating expense attributable to this segment changed from nil in 2013 to ₩1 billion in 2014.

Comparison of 20132016 to 20122015

Our profit before income tax for this segment decreased 45.5%10.5% from ₩22₩19 billion in 20122015 to ₩12₩17 billion in 2013.2016.

Interest income for this segment increased 4.2% from ₩192our life insurance operations decreased 0.8% from ₩236 billion in 20122015 to ₩200₩234 billion in 2013,2016, primarily due to a decrease in the average yields on the debt securities and loan portfolios of KB Life Insurance, mainly reflecting the lower interest rate environment in Korea in 2016, which was offset in part by an increase in the average volume of held-to-maturity debt securities held by KB Life Insurance, particularly government agency debt securities.

Net insurance expense attributable to this segment decreased 1.2% from ₩168 billion in 2015 to ₩166 billion in 2016, primarily due to a decrease in insurance claims paid, which was offset in part by a decrease in premium income from savings-type insurance policies.

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 125.0% fromremained constant at ₩8 billion in 2012 to ₩18 billion in 2013, which mainly reflected an increase in gains on sales of beneficiary certificates.2015 and 2016.

Net other operating expenseincome attributable to this segment increased 16.7%21.9% from ₩132₩32 billion in 20122015 to ₩154₩39 billion in 2013,2016, principally due to an increase in the amortization expense of deferred acquisition costs.other operating income, mainly reflecting an increase in distributions received on beneficiary certificates.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 13.3%20.3% from ₩45₩79 billion in 20122015 to ₩51₩95 billion in 2013,2016, primarily due to increases in salary expenses, mainly reflecting an increase in expenses relating to tax and dues.wage levels as well as an increase in sales promotion expenses.

Provision for credit losses changeddecreased 80.0% from nil in 2012 to ₩1₩10 billion in 2013.

Net other non-operating expense attributable2015 to this segment decreased from ₩1₩2 billion in 20122016, mainly due to nila decrease in 2013.provision for loan losses relating to corporate loans.

Non-Life Insurance Operations

This segment consists of thenon-life insurance operations of KB Insurance. KB Insurance became a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017 and subsequently became a wholly-owned subsidiary in July 2017. See

“—Overview—Acquisitions.” The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:

Year Ended December 31,
2017(1)
(in billions of Won)

Income statement data

Interest income

465

Interest expense

—  

Net fee and commission expense

(98

Net insurance income

700

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

41

Net other operating income

31

General and administrative expenses

(629

Reversal of provision for credit losses

(9

Net othernon-operating revenue

11

Profit before income tax

512

Tax expense

(181

Profit for the year

331

(1)Income statement data for 2017 represents such data for KB Insurance for the period after it became our consolidated subsidiary in May 2017.

Other

“Other” includes the operations of our holding company and all of our subsidiaries that were consolidated under IFRS as issued by the IASB as of December 31, 20142017 except Kookmin Bank, KB Kookmin Card, KB Investment & Securities (including its predecessor entities), KB Life Insurance and KB Life Insurance, including principally KB Asset Management, KB Real Estate Trust, KB Investment, KB Credit Information, KB Data System, KB Savings Bank and KB Capital (commencing in 2014).Capital. See “—Overview—Acquisitions.” The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our income statement data for this segment:

 

  Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change   Year Ended December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013   2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won) (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Income statement data

            

Interest income

  123   106   326    (13.8)%   207.5  414  502  583  21.3 16.1

Interest expense

   (47  (25  (123  (46.8  392.0     (163 (219 (286 34.4  30.6 

Net fee and commission income

   97    118    134    21.6    13.6     169  213  253  26.0  18.8 

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

   25    29    26    16.0    (10.3   15  8  20  (46.7 150.0 

Net other operating income

   37    40    70    8.1    75.0  

Net other operating income (expense)

   59  53  (53 (10.2 (200.0

General and administrative expenses

   (133  (142  (189  6.8    33.1     (227 (267 (292 17.6  9.4 

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses

   6    (28  (57  N/M (1)   103.6  

Share of loss of associates

   —      (38  (14  N/M (1)   (63.2

Net non-operating revenue (expense)

   (45  31    (25  N/M (1)   N/M (1) 

Provision for credit losses

   (35 (43 (63 22.9  46.5 

Share of profit of associates

   195  157  6  (19.5 (96.2

Net othernon-operating revenue (expense)

   (35  —    7  (100.0  N/M(1) 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit before income tax

   63    91    148    44.4    62.6     391  404  175  3.3  (56.7

Tax expense (2)

   (15  (30  (33  100.0    10.0     (37 (66 (62 78.4  (6.1
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Profit for the year

  48   61   115    27.1    88.5    354  338  113  (4.5 (66.6
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

(1)

“N/M” means not meaningful.

(2)

Represents income tax attributable to our holding company and all of our subsidiaries that were consolidated under IFRS as issued by the IASB except Kookmin Bank, KB Kookmin Card, KB Investment & Securities (including its predecessor entities), KB Life Insurance and KB Life Insurance.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our profit before income tax for this segment increased 62.6%decreased 56.7% from ₩91₩404 billion in 20132016 to ₩148₩175 billion in 2014.2017.

Interest income attributable to this segment increased 207.5%16.1% from ₩106₩502 billion in 20132016 to ₩326₩583 billion in 2014.2017. This increase was primarily due to an increase in interest on loans mainly reflecting the addition of KB Capital to this segment from 2014.Capital.

Interest expense attributable to this segment increased 392.0%30.6% from ₩25₩219 billion in 20132016 to ₩123₩286 billion in 2014, principally reflecting the addition2017, mainly due to an increase in interest expense on debentures of our holding company and KB Capital to this segment from 2014.Capital.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 13.6%18.8% from ₩118₩213 billion in 20132016 to ₩134₩253 billion in 2014, mainly as the result of increases2017, principally reflecting an increase in automobile rental fees and lease fees received by KB Capital, as well as increases in trust and other fiduciary fees received by KB Real Estate Trust.

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 150.0% from ₩8 billion in 2016 to ₩20 billion in 2017, primarily as a result of an increase in net gain related to financial instrumentsheld-for-trading of securities funds included in this segment.

Net other operating income (expense) attributable to this segment changed from an income of ₩53 billion in 2016 to an expense of ₩53 billion in 2017, which mainly reflecting the additionreflected a decrease in net gain on disposal of equity interests held by KB Investment, as well as an increase in depreciation expenses with respect to leased assets of KB Capital.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 9.4% from ₩267 billion in 2016 to ₩292 billion in 2017, principally due to increases in salary expenses of KB Capital and our holding company.

Provision for credit losses increased 46.5% from ₩43 billion in 2016 to ₩63 billion in 2017, primarily due to an increase in provision for loan losses for KB Capital and KB Investment.

Share of profit of associates attributable to this segment decreased 96.2% from 2014.₩157 billion in 2016 to ₩6 billion in 2017, mainly reflecting a decrease in the share of profit of KB Insurance as a result of it becoming a consolidated subsidiary in May 2017.

Net othernon-operating revenue attributable to this segment increased from nil in 2016 to ₩7 billion in 2017, principally reflecting gains on disposal of property recognized by KB Asset Management.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Our profit before income tax for this segment increased 3.3% from ₩391 billion in 2015 to ₩404 billion in 2016.

Interest income attributable to this segment increased 21.3% from ₩414 billion in 2015 to ₩502 billion in 2016. This increase was primarily due to an increase in interest on loans of KB Capital.

Interest expense attributable to this segment increased 34.4% from ₩163 billion in 2015 to ₩219 billion in 2016, principally reflecting an increase in interest expense on debentures of our holding company and KB Capital.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 26.0% from ₩169 billion in 2015 to ₩213 billion in 2016, mainly due to an increase in automobile rental and lease fees received by KB Capital, as well as increases in trust and other fiduciary fees received by KB Asset Management and KB Real Estate Trust.

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment decreased 10.3%46.7% from ₩29₩15 billion in 20132015 to ₩26₩8 billion in 2014,2016, principally due to a decrease in net gaingains on valuation and transaction of derivatives held by KB Mezzanine Private Securities Fund I, which was partially offset by an increase in net gain on valuation of financial assets held for trading by KStar KTB ETF (Bond).derivatives.

Net other operating income attributable to this segment increased 75.0%decreased 10.2% from ₩40₩59 billion in 20132015 to ₩70₩53 billion in 2014,2016, primarily as a result of an increase in depreciation expenses with respect to leased assets of KB Capital as well as increases in other operating income fromexpenses of KB Investment and KB Capital. Such increases were offset in part by an increase in net gains on sales of non-performing loans held by KB Capital and KB Savings Bank.Capital.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 33.1%17.6% from ₩142₩227 billion in 20132015 to ₩189₩267 billion in 2014,2016, which mainly reflected the additionincreases in salary expenses and advertising expenses of KB Capital, to this segment from 2014.as well as an increase in commission expense of our holding company.

Provision for credit losses increased 103.6%22.9% from ₩28₩35 billion in 20132015 to ₩57₩43 billion in 2014, principally reflecting the addition of KB Capital to this segment from 2014.

Share of loss of associates attributable to this segment decreased 63.2% from ₩38 billion in 2013 to ₩14 billion in 2014, primarily due to a decrease in impairment losses attributable to this segment.

Net other non-operating revenue (expense) attributable to this segment changed from a revenue of ₩31 billion in 2013 to an expense of ₩25 billion in 2014, primarily due to a decrease in other non-operating revenue from KB Asset Management, which was enhanced by an increase in impairment losses on goodwill recognized by KB Savings Bank.

Comparison of 2013 to 2012

Our profit before income tax for this segment increased 44.4% from ₩63 billion in 2012 to ₩91 billion in 2013.

Interest income attributable to this segment decreased 13.8% from ₩123 billion in 2012 to ₩106 billion in 2013. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the average volume of deposits attributable to KB Savings Bank.

Interest expense attributable to this segment decreased 46.8% from ₩47 billion in 2012 to ₩25 billion in 2013, principally reflecting a decrease in the average volume of time deposits attributable to KB Savings Bank.

Net fee and commission income attributable to this segment increased 21.6% from ₩97 billion in 2012 to ₩118 billion in 2013, mainly as the result of an increase in fees received by KB Asset Management.

Net gain from financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss attributable to this segment increased 16.0% from ₩25 billion in 2012 to ₩29 billion in 2013, principally due to an increase in gain on valuation of derivatives held by KB Mezzanine Private Securities Fund 1.

Net other operating income attributable to this segment increased 8.1% from ₩37 billion in 2012 to ₩40 billion in 2013, primarily as a result of an increase in other operating income from sales of non-performing loans held by KB Savings Bank.

General and administrative expenses attributable to this segment increased 6.8% from ₩133 billion in 2012 to ₩142 billion in 2013, which mainly reflected an increase in salary expense for KB Asset Management and the inclusion of Yehansoul Savings Bank in this segment in 2013.

Provision for credit losses attributable to this segment changed from a reversal of provision of ₩6 billion in 2012 to a provision of ₩28 billion in 2013,2016, principally due to an increase in provision for creditloan losses relating to the trust account lending activities offor KB Real Estate Trust.Savings Bank, mainly reflecting an increase in outstanding loan volumes.

Share of profit of associates attributable to this segment changeddecreased 19.5% from nil in 2012 to a loss of ₩38₩195 billion in 2013, primarily due2015 to ₩157 billion in 2016, mainly reflecting gains on bargain purchase recognized in connection with our acquisition of treasury shares of KB Insurance in 2015, which were not repeated to the same extent in 2016. Such decrease in gains was offset in part by an increase in impairment losses attributablethe share of profit of KB Insurance, mainly due to this segment.the inclusion of such share of profit for a full year in 2016 compared to a partial year in 2015 following the addition of KB Insurance as an associate in June 2015.

Net othernon-operating revenue (expense) attributable to this segment changeddecreased from an expense of ₩45₩35 billion in 20122015 to a revenue of ₩31 billionnil in 2013,2016, primarily due to an increasea decrease in other non-operating revenue fromthe provision for litigation costs of KB Asset Management.

Item 5.B.Liquidity and Capital Resources

Financial Condition

Assets

The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, the principal components of our assets:

 

  As of December 31, Percentage Change   As of December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012 2013 2014 2013/2012 2014/2013   2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won) (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Cash and due from financial institutions

  10,593   14,793   15,424    39.6  4.3  16,316  17,885  19,818  9.6 10.8

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

   9,560    9,329    10,758    (2.4  15.3     11,174  27,858  32,227  149.3  15.7 

Derivative financial assets

   2,091    1,819    1,968    (13.0  8.2     2,278  3,382  3,310  48.5  (2.1

Financial investments

   36,467    34,849    34,961    (4.4  0.3     39,137  45,148  66,608  15.4  47.5 

Loans:

            

Loans to banks

   4,398    6,335    6,208    44.0    (2.0   6,780  5,543  5,315  (18.2 (4.1
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Loans to customers other than banks:

            

Loans in Won

   185,889    189,516    200,345    2.0    5.7     212,777  231,924  252,645  9.0  8.9 

Loans in foreign currencies

   3,538    3,055    2,624    (13.7  (14.1   2,702  2,758  3,200  2.1  16.0 

Domestic import usance bills

   3,595    2,978    3,694    (17.2  24.0     3,445  2,963  2,129  (14.0 (28.1

Off-shore funding loans

   754    670    665    (11.1  (0.7   585  560  731  (4.3 30.5 

Call loans

   1,193    697    292    (41.6  (58.1   198  264  335  33.3  26.9 

Bills bought in Won

   30    14    7    (53.3  (50.0   5  6  4  20.0  (33.3

Bills bought in foreign currencies

   2,522    1,588    1,958    (37.0  23.3     2,812  2,834  3,876  0.8  36.8 

Guarantee payments under payment guarantee

   45    38    13    (15.6  (65.8   26  11  6  (57.7 (45.5

Credit card receivables in Won

   11,871    11,782    11,629    (0.7  (1.3   12,132  13,526  15,201  11.5  12.4 

Credit card receivables in foreign currencies

   3    2    3    (33.3  50.0     4  4  4   —     —   

Bonds purchased under repurchase agreements

   1,251    1,683    1,082    34.5    (35.7   228  1,244  1,198  445.6  (3.7

Privately placed bonds

   604    732    743    21.2    1.5     822  1,468  1,995  78.6  35.9 

Factored receivables

   1,221    2,772    2,793    127.0    0.8     2,708  829  53  (69.4 (93.6

Lease receivables

   —      —      860    —      N/M (1)    1,210  1,537  1,834  27.0  19.3 

Loans for installment credit

   —      —      985    —      N/M (1)    1,153  2,293  3,707  98.9  61.7 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Total loans to customers other than banks

   212,516    215,527    227,693    1.4    5.6     240,807  262,221  286,918  8.9  9.4 

Less:

            

Allowances for loan losses

   (3,269  (2,861  (2,451  (12.5  (14.3   (2,582 (2,278 (2,110 (11.8 (7.4
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Total loans, net

   213,645    219,001    231,450    2.5    5.7     245,005  265,486  290,123  8.4  9.3 

Property and equipment

   3,100    3,061    3,083    (1.3  0.7     3,287  3,627  4,202  10.3  15.9 

Other assets (3)(1)

   10,614    9,316    10,712    (12.2  15.0     11,868  12,288  20,498  3.5  66.8 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

Total assets

  286,070   292,168   308,356    2.1    5.5    329,065  375,674  436,786  14.2  16.3 
  

 

  

 

  

 

     

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

(1)

“N/M” means not meaningful.

(2)

Includes investments in associates and joint ventures, investment properties, intangible assets, current income tax assets, deferred income tax assets, assets held for sale and other assets.

(3)

The amount as of December 31, 2014 reflects a change in our accounting policy with respect to uncertain tax positions in 2014. Corresponding amounts as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 have been restated to retroactively apply such change. See “—Overview—Changes in Accounting Policies” and Note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

For further information on our assets, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities.”

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our total assets increased 5.5%16.3% from ₩292,168₩375,674 billion as of December 31, 20132016 to ₩308,356₩436,786 billion as of December 31, 2014,2017, principally due to a 5.7%47.5% increase in loansfinancial investments from ₩219,001₩45,148 billion as of December 31, 20132016 to ₩231,450₩66,608 billion as of December 31, 2014. This increase in loans was mainly the result of2017, as well as a 5.7%8.9% increase in loans in Won from ₩189,516₩231,924 billion as of December 31, 20132016 to ₩200,345₩252,645 billion as of December 31, 2014, which was offset in part by a 35.7% decrease in bonds purchased under repurchase2017.

Comparison of 2016 to 2015

Our total assets increased 14.2% from ₩1,683₩329,065 billion as of December 31, 20132015 to ₩1,082₩375,674 billion as of December 31, 2014,2016, principally due to a 14.1% decrease9.0% increase in loans in foreign currenciesWon from ₩3,055₩212,777 billion as of December 31, 20132015 to ₩2,624₩231,924 billion as of December 31, 2014 and2016, as well as a 58.1% decrease149.3% increase in call loansfinancial assets at fair value through profit or loss from ₩697₩11,174 billion as of December 31, 20132015 to ₩292₩27,858 billion as of December 31, 2014.2016.

Comparison of 2013 to 2012

Our total assets increased 2.1% from ₩286,070 billion as of December 31, 2012 to ₩292,168 billion as of December 31, 2013, principally due to a 2.5% increase in loans from ₩213,645 billion as of December 31, 2012 to ₩219,001 billion as of December 31, 2013 and a 39.6% increase in cash and due from financial institutions from ₩10,593 billion as of December 31, 2012 to ₩14,793 billion as of December 31, 2013. The effect of these increases was partially offset by a 4.4% decrease in financial investments from ₩36,467 billion as of December 31, 2012 to ₩34,849 billion as of December 31, 2013 and a 12.2% decrease in other assets from ₩10,604 billion as of December 31, 2012 to ₩9,316 billion as of December 31, 2013.

Liabilities and Equity

The following table sets forth, as of the dates indicated, the principal components of our liabilities and our equity:

 

  As of December 31,   Percentage Change   As of December 31, Percentage Change 
  2012   2013   2014   2013/2012 2014/2013   2015   2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 
  (in billions of Won)   (%)   (in billions of Won) (%) 

Liabilities:

                

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  1,851    1,115    1,819     (39.8)%   63.1  2,975   12,123  12,023  307.5 (0.8)% 

Deposits

   197,346     200,882     211,549     1.8    5.3     224,268    239,731  255,800  6.9  6.7 

Debts

   15,965     14,101     15,865     (11.7  12.5     16,241    26,251  28,821  61.6  9.8 

Debentures

   24,270     27,040     29,201     11.4    8.0     32,601    34,992  44,993  7.3  28.6 

Provisions

   670     678     614     1.2    (9.4   607    538  568  (11.4 5.6 

Insurance contract liabilities

   6,925    7,291  31,801  5.3  336.2 

Other liabilities (1)

   20,886     22,369     21,795     7.1    (2.6   16,546    23,487  28,735  41.9  22.3 
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

 

   

 

  

 

   

Total liabilities

   260,988     266,185     280,843     2.0    5.5     300,163    344,413  402,741  14.7  16.9 
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

 

   

 

  

 

   

Equity:

                

Capital stock

   1,932     1,932     1,932     —      —       1,932    2,091  2,091  8.2   —   

Capital surplus

   15,840     15,855     15,855     0.1    —       15,855    16,995  17,122  7.2  0.7 

Accumulated other comprehensive income

   295     336     461     13.9    37.2     429    405  538  (5.6 32.8 

Retained earnings (2)

   6,820     7,860     9,067     15.2    15.4  

Retained earnings

   10,464    12,229  15,044  16.9  23.0 

Treasury shares

   —      (722 (756  —    4.7 
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

 

   

 

  

 

   

Equity attributable to stockholders

   24,887     25,983     27,315     4.4    5.1     28,680    30,998  34,039  8.1  9.8 

Non-controlling interests

   195     —       198     (100.0  N/M (3)    222    263  6  18.5  (97.7
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

 

   

 

  

 

   

Total equity

   25,082     25,983     27,513     3.6    5.9     28,902    31,261  34,045  8.2  8.9 
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

 

   

 

  

 

   

Total liabilities and equity

  286,070    292,168    308,356     2.1    5.5    329,065   375,674  436,786  14.2  16.3 
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

(1)

Includes derivative financial liabilities, current income tax liabilities, deferred income tax liabilities, defined benefit liabilities and other liabilities.

(2)

The amount as of December 31, 2014 reflects a change in our accounting policy with respect to uncertain tax positions in 2014. Corresponding amounts as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 have been restated to retroactively apply such change. See “—Overview—Changes in Accounting Policies” and Note 2.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

(3)

“N/M” means not meaningful.

Comparison of 20142017 to 20132016

Our total liabilities increased 5.5%16.9% from ₩266,185₩344,413 billion as of December 31, 20132016 to ₩280,843₩402,741 billion as of December 31, 2014.2017. The increase was primarily due to a 5.3%336.2% increase in deposits insurance contract liabilities

from ₩200,882₩7,291 billion as of December 31, 20132016 to ₩211,549₩31,801 billion as of December 31, 2014.2017, mainly reflecting the addition of KB Insurance as a consolidated subsidiary, as well as a 6.7% increase in deposits from ₩239,731 billion as of December 31, 2016 to ₩255,800 billion as of December 31, 2017, and a 28.6% increase in debentures from ₩34,992 billion as of December 31, 2016 to ₩44,993 billion as of December 31, 2017. Our deposits increased mainly as a result of an increase in demand deposits.

Our total equity increased 5.9%8.9% from ₩25,983₩31,261 billion as of December 31, 20132016 to ₩27,513₩34,045 billion as of December 31, 2014.2017. This increase resulted principally from an increase in our retained earnings, which was attributable to the profit we generated in 2014.2017.

Comparison of 20132016 to 20122015

Our total liabilities increased 2.0%14.7% from ₩260,988₩300,163 billion as of December 31, 20122015 to ₩266,185₩344,413 billion as of December 31, 2013.2016. The increase was primarily due to increasesa 6.9% increase in deposits and debentures. Our deposits increased 1.8% from ₩197,346₩224,268 billion as of December 31, 20122015 to ₩200,882₩239,731 billion as of December 31, 2013,2016. Our deposits increased mainly as a result of an increase in demand deposits.

Our debenturestotal equity increased 11.4%8.2% from ₩24,270₩28,902 billion as of December 31, 20122015 to ₩27,040₩31,261 billion as of December 31, 2013, principally due to an increase in our debentures in Won and an increase in discount or premium on debentures in Won.

Our total equity increased by 3.6% from ₩25,082 billion as of December 31, 2012 to ₩25,983 billion as of December 31, 2013.2016. This increase resulted principally from an increase in our retained earnings, which was attributable to the profit we generated in 2013.2016.

Liquidity

Our primary source of funding has historically been and continues to be deposits. Deposits amounted to ₩197,346₩224,268 billion, ₩200,882₩239,731 billion and ₩211,549 billion₩255,800 as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, which represented approximately 83.1%82.1%, 83.0%79.7% and 82.4%77.6% of our total funding, respectively. Werespectively.We have been able to use customer deposits to finance our operations generally, including meeting a portion of our liquidity requirements. Although the majority of deposits are short-term, it has been our experience that the majority of our depositors generally roll over their deposits at maturity, thus providing us with a stable source of funding. However,funding.However, in the event that a substantial number of our depositors do not roll over their deposits or otherwise decide to withdraw their deposited funds, we would need to place increased reliance on alternative sources of funding, some of which may be more expensive than customer deposits, in order to finance our operations. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to liquidity and capital management—Our funding is highly dependent on short-term deposits, which dependence may adversely affect our operations.” In particular, we may increase our utilization of alternative funding sources such as short-term borrowings and cash and cash equivalents (including funds from maturing loans), as well as liquidating our positions in financial assets and using the proceeds to fund parts of our operations, as necessary.

We also obtain funding through debentures and debts to meet our liquidity needs. Debentures represented 10.2%11.9%, 11.2%11.6% and 11.4%13.7% of our total funding as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, respectively. Debts represented 6.7%, 5.8% and 6.2%5.9% of our total funding as of December 31, 2012, 20132015 and 2014, respectively.8.7% of our total funding as of December 31, 2016 and 2017. For further information on our sources of funding, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Assets and Liabilities—Funding.”

The Financial Services Commission of Korea requires each financial holding company and bank in Korea to maintain specific Won and foreign currency liquidity ratios.ratios and each bank in Korea to maintain a liquidity coverage ratio and a foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio. These ratios require us and Kookmin Bank to keep

the ratio of liquid assets to liquid liabilities above certain minimum levels. For a description of these requirements, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Liquidity” and “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Liquidity.”

We are exposed to liquidity risk arising from withdrawals of deposits, payments of insurance contract claims and refunds, and maturities of our debentures and debts, as well as the need to fund our lending, trading and investment activities (including our capital expenditures) and the management of our trading positions. The goal of liquidity management is for us to be able, even under adverse conditions, to meet all of our liability repayments on time and fund all investment opportunities. For an explanation of how we manage our liquidity risk, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Liquidity Risk Management.” In March 2016, we entered into a land purchase agreement for the purchase of a site located in Yeouido, Seoul, on which we plan to construct a new headquarters building for Kookmin Bank. We anticipate that our total capital expenditures for the construction of the building, which is scheduled to be completed in 2020, will amount to approximately ₩425 billion, of which an aggregate amount of ₩162 billion was incurred as of December 31, 2017. In addition, in August 2016, we entered into a land purchase agreement for the purchase of a site located in Gimpo, in the outskirts of Seoul, in order to construct a new IT center for Kookmin Bank. We anticipate that our total capital expenditures for the construction of the IT center, which is scheduled to be completed in 2019, will amount to approximately ₩229 billion, of which an aggregate amount of ₩26 billion was incurred as of December 31, 2017.

We are a financial holding company, and substantially all of our operations are in our subsidiaries. Accordingly, we rely on distributions from our subsidiaries (as well as associates), direct borrowings and issuances of debt and equity securities to fund our liquidity obligations.obligations at the holding company level. We received aggregate dividends of ₩688 billion, ₩282 billion and ₩509₩316 billion from our subsidiaries in 2012, 20132015 and 2014,₩695 billion and ₩710 billion from our subsidiaries and associates in 2016 and 2017, respectively. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our financial holding company structure and strategy.”

Asset Encumbrance

Part of our future funding and collateral needs are supported by assets readily available and unrestricted. The following table sets forth our assets that are available and those that are encumbered and not available to support our future funding and collateral needs as of December 31, 2017.

   December 31, 2017 
           Unencumbered Assets 
   Assets   Encumbered
Asset(1)
   Readily
Available(2)
   Other 
   (in billions of Won) 

On-balance sheet

        

Cash and due from financial institutions

  19,818   3,618   15,176   1,024 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

   32,227    14,663    3,273    14,291 

Derivative financial assets

   3,310    2    —      3,308 

Loans

   290,123    6,629    —      283,494 

Financial investments

   66,608    7,762    35,629    23,217 

Investments in associates and joint ventures

   335    —      —      335 

Property and equipment

   4,202    327    —      3,875 

Investment property

   849    460    —      389 

Intangible assets

   2,943    —      —      2,943 

Net defined benefit assets

   1    —      —      1 

Current income tax assets

   6    —      —      6 

Deferred income tax assets

   4    —      —      4 

Assets held for sale

   156    —      —      156 

Other assets

   16,204    23    —      16,181 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Totalon-balance sheet

  436,786   33,484   54,078   349,224 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Off-balance sheet

        

Fair value of securities accepted as collateral

  2,678   —     2,678   —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Totaloff-balance sheet

  2,678   —     2,678   —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)Represent assets that have been pledged as collateral against an existing liability or are otherwise restricted in their use to secure funding.
(2)Represent thoseon- andoff-balance sheet assets that are not otherwise encumbered, and which are in freely transferable form.

Contractual Cash Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual cash obligations (excluding short-term borrowings) as of December 31, 2014.2017.

 

  Payments Due by Period   Payments Due by Period 
  Total   1 Year or
Less
   1-3 Years   3-5
Years
   More
Than
5 Years
   Total   1 Year or Less   1-3 Years   3-5 Years   More Than
5 Years
 
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Long-term borrowing obligations (1)(2)

  34,756    9,552    16,776    3,806    4,622    51,132   13,298   24,279   9,737   3,818 

Operating lease obligations (3)

   262     124     82     22     34     399    169    148    48    34 

Capital lease obligations

   25     19     3     2     1     5    3    2    —      —   

Pension obligations

   195     195     —       —       —       203    203    —      —      —   

Deposits (2)(4)

   140,225     127,291     8,302     1,365     3,267     138,777    124,635    9,195    2,279    2,668 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  175,463    137,181    25,163    5,195    7,924    190,516   138,308   33,624   12,064   6,520 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1)

Includes debt and debentures with original maturities of one year or more.

(2)

Includes estimated future interest payments, which have been estimated using contractual interest rates and scheduled contractual maturities of the outstanding debt obligations and borrowings as of December 31, 2014.2017. In order to calculate future interest payments on debt with floating rates, we used contractual interest rates as of December 31, 2014.

2017.
(3)

This line item is not included within our consolidated statements of financial position.

(4)

Excluding demand deposits.

Commitments and Guarantees

The following table sets forth our commitments and guarantees as of December 31, 2014.2017. These commitments and guarantees are not included within our consolidated statements of financial position.

 

   Payments Due by Period 
   Total   1 Year or
Less
   1-3
Years
   3-5
Years
   More
Than
5 Years
 
   (in billions of Won) 

Financial guarantees (1)

  4,460    1,055    3,283    58    64  

Confirmed acceptances and guarantees

   5,159     3,174     1,664     244     77  

Commitments

   96,317     94,399     1,117     431     370  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  105,936    98,628    6,064    733    511  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   Payments Due by Period 
   Total   1 Year or Less   1-3 Years   3-5 Years   More Than
5 Years
 
   (in billions of Won) 

Financial guarantees(1)

  3,684   807   2,253   537   87 

Confirmed acceptances and guarantees

   4,342    3,149    939    252    2 

Commitments

   102,183    99,575    1,644    326    638 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  110,209   103,531   4,836   1,115   727 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1)

Includes ₩3,883₩3,024 billion of irrevocable commitments to provide contingent liquidity credit lines to special purpose entities for which we serve as the administrator. See Note 39 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

Capital Adequacy

Kookmin Bank is subject to capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission applicable to Korean banks. The requirements applicable prior to December 2013 were formulated based on Basel II, which was first published by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements in 2004. The requirements applicable commencing in December 2013 pursuant to amended Financial Services Commission regulations promulgated in July 2013 were formulated based on Basel III, which was first introduced by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements in December 2009. Under the amended Financial Services Commission regulations, all banks in Korea are required to maintain certain minimum ratios of common equity Tier I capital, total Tier I capital and total Tier I and Tier II capital to risk-weighted assets. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Capital Adequacy.”

As of December 31, 2014,2017, Kookmin Bank’s total Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio was 15.97%16.01%.

The following table sets forth a summary of Kookmin Bank’s capital and capital adequacy ratios as of December 31, 20122015, 2016 and 2017, based on Basel II and as of December 31, 2013 and 2014 based on Basel III.applicable regulatory reporting standards.

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2012 (1) 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 
  

(in billions of Won,

except percentages)

   

(in billions of Won,

except percentages)

 

Tier I capital:

  16,141   18,502   19,621    20,332  22,343  24,040 

Common equity Tier I capital

   —      18,502    19,621     20,332  22,343  24,040 

Paid-in capital

   2,022    2,022    2,022     2,022  2,022  2,022 

Capital reserves

   5,042    5,220    5,220     5,220  5,220  5,220 

Retained earnings

   9,622    11,237    12,260     13,170  15,588  17,404 

Non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries

   1    —      —       —     —     —   

Others

   (546  23    119     (79 (487 (606

Additional Tier I capital

   —      —      —       —     —     —   

Tier II capital:

   5,250    4,122    3,801     3,354  2,236  1,873 

Revaluation reserves

   177    —      —       —     —     —   

Allowances for credit losses (2)(1)

   987    843    886     803  49  51 

Hybrid debt

   73    43    31     22  9   —   

Subordinated debt

   3,611 (3)   3,236    2,884     2,529  2,178  1,822 

Valuation gain on investment securities

   83    —      —       —     —     —   

Others

   319    —      —       —     —     —   
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total core and supplementary capital

   21,391    22,624    23,422     23,686  24,579  25,913 

Risk-weighted assets

   148,544    146,743    146,690     147,973  150,648  161,825 

Credit risk:

        

On-balance sheet

   127,462    125,044    124,325     124,251  126,988  139,448 

Off-balance sheet

   6,622    6,787    8,128     9,138  9,482  6,511 

Market risk

   4,693    4,012    3,445     4,189  3,884  5,747 

Operational risk

   9,767    10,900    10,792     10,394  10,295  10,119 

Total Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio

   14.40  15.42  15.97   16.01 16.32 16.01

Tier I capital adequacy ratio

   10.87  12.61  13.38   13.74 14.83 14.86

Common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio

   —      12.61  13.38   13.74 14.83 14.86

Tier II capital adequacy ratio

   3.53  2.81  2.59   2.27 1.48 1.16

 

(1)

With effect from December 1, 2013, the Financial Services Commission adopted amended guidelines that implemented capital adequacy requirements in Korea based on Basel III. Amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2012 were computed in accordance with previously applicable guidelines based on Basel II and therefore are not directly comparable to corresponding amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2013 and 2014.

(2)

Under the standardized approach, allowances for credit losses in respect of credits classified as normal or precautionary are used to calculate Tier II capital only to the extent they represent up to 1.25% of credit risk-weighted assets. Under the internal ratings-based approach, allowances for credit losses, less estimated losses, are used to calculate Tier II capital only to the extent they represent up to 0.6% of credit risk-weighted assets.

(3)

Subordinated debt up to an amount equal to 50% of Tier I capital may be used in the calculation of Tier II capital.

In addition, we, as a bank holding company, are required to maintain certain minimum capital adequacy ratios pursuant to applicable regulations of the Financial Services Commission. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Capital Adequacy.”

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated capital adequacy ratio as of December 31, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, based on IFRS and applicable regulatory reporting standards:

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 
  

(in billions of Won,

except percentages)

   (in billions of Won) 

Tier I capital

       

Common equity Tier I capital

  22,694   24,062    25,352  29,014  31,059 

Additional Tier I capital

   —      186     234  251   —   
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total Tier I capital

  22,694   24,248    25,586  29,265  31,059 

Tier II capital

   4,603    4,099     3,554  1,839  1,342 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Risk-weighted assets

  177,514   182,486    188,213  203,649  212,777 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio

   15.38  15.53   15.48 15.27 15.23

Tier I capital adequacy ratio

   12.78  13.29   13.59 14.37 14.60

Common equity Tier I capital adequacy ratio

   12.78  13.19   13.47 14.25 14.60

Tier II capital adequacy ratio

   2.60  2.24   1.89 0.90 0.63

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

SeeIFRS 9

IFRS 9Financial Instruments, issued by the IASB in July 2014, is a new IFRS accounting standard aimed at improving and simplifying the accounting treatment of financial instruments and is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. IFRS 9, which replaces International Accounting Standard 39,Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, requires all financial assets to be classified and measured on the basis of an entity’s business model for managing financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets. A new impairment model is introduced which requires recording of allowance for credit losses based on expected losses instead of incurred losses, and recognition of any subsequent changes in expected credit losses in profit or loss. Also, hedge accounting rules are amended to allow more hedging instruments and hedged items to qualify for hedge accounting. The impact on our financial statements due to the application of IFRS 9 will depend on judgments made by us in applying the new standard, the nature of financial instruments held by us and macroeconomic variables.

We have performed an assessment of the financial impact of IFRS 9 on our consolidated financial statements. We expect that the application of IFRS 9 will result in higher impairment loss allowances that are recognized earlier, on a more forward-looking basis and on a broader scope of financial instruments than is the case under International Accounting Standard 39 and, as a result, will have a material impact on our reported financial condition. In addition, the move from incurred to expected credit losses will have the potential to impact our performance under stressed economic conditions or regulatory stress tests. In particular, the application of IFRS 9 will result in aone-off increase in allowance for credit losses and a corresponding decrease in our retained earnings in our consolidated statement of financial position. Measurement will require increased complexity in our impairment modeling as it will involve a greater degree of management judgment with respect to forward-looking information. We expect that impairment charges will tend to be more volatile as a result.

For additional information regarding IFRS 9, as well as a description of other recent accounting pronouncements under IFRS as issued by the IASB, see Note 22.1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements under IFRS as issued by the IASB that have been issued but are not yet effective.report.

 

Item 5.C.Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Not applicable.

Item 5.D.Trend Information

These matters are discussed under Item 5.A. and Item 5.B. above where relevant.

 

Item 5.E.Off-BalanceOff-Balance Sheet Arrangements

See “Item 5B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financial Condition—Contractual Cash Obligations” and “Item 5B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financial Condition—Commitments and Guarantees.”

 

Item 5.F.Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

See “Item 5B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financial Condition—Contractual Cash Obligations.”

 

Item 5.G.Safe Harbor

See “Forward-Looking“Forward-Looking Statements.”

Item 6.DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

 

Item 6.A.Directors and Senior Management

Board of Directors

Our board of directors, currently consisting of one executive director, onenon-standing director andseven non-executive directors, has the ultimate responsibility for the management of our affairs.

Our articles of incorporation provide that:

 

we may have no more than 30 directors;

 

the number of executive directors must be less than 50% of the total number of directors; and

 

we have five or morenon-executive directors.

The term of office for each director is renewable and is subject to the Korean Commercial Code, the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Holding Company ActCompanies and related regulations.

Our board of directors meets on a regular basis to discuss and resolve material corporate matters. Additional extraordinary meetings may also be convened at the request of any director or any committee that serves under the board of directors.

The names and positions of our directors are set forth below. The business address of all of the directors is our registered office at 84, Namdaemoon-ro, Jung-gu,26,Gukjegeumyung-ro8-gil,Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 100-703,07331, Korea.

Executive Director

The table below identifies our executive director as of the date of this annual report:

 

Name

 Date of Birth 

Position

 Director Since End of Term

Jong Kyoo Yoon

 October 13, 1955 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer November 21, 2014 November 20, 20172020

Our executive director does not have any significant activities outside KB Financial Group.

Jong Kyoo Yoonis our chairman and chief executive officer. He has been an executive director since November 2014. Mr. Yoon also servesHe previously served as the president and chief executive officer of Kookmin Bank. He previously served asBank, our deputy

president, chief financial officer and chief risk officer, a senior advisor of Kim & Chang, a senior executive vice president, chief financial officer and chief strategic officer of Kookmin Bank and a senior partner of Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers Korea. Mr. Yoon received a B.A. in business administration from Sungkyunkwan University, an M.B.A. from Seoul National University and a Ph.D. in business administration from Sungkyunkwan University.

Non-standing Director

The table below identifies ournon-standing director as of the date of this annual report:

 

Name

 Date of Birth 

Position

 Director Since

End of Term

Yin Hur

December 19,
1961
 End of TermNon-standing

Hong Lee

April 7, 1958Non-standing director; SeniorPresident and Chief Executive Vice PresidentOfficer of Kookmin Bank March 27, 2015November 21,
2017
 Date of the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders in March 26, 20172020

Hong LeeYin Hurhas been anon-standing director since March 2015.November 2017. He has also servedcurrently serves as a senior executive vicethe president and the headchief executive officer of the sales group at Kookmin Bank since 2015.Bank. Mr. LeeHur previously served as a senior executive vice president of the corporate bankingsales group, a senior managing director of the strategy and finance planning group, and a managing director of the credit analysis division, at Kookmin Bank. HeMr. Hur received a B.A. in linguisticslaw and an M.A. in law from Seoul National University and an M.B.A. from Helsinki School of Economics.

University.

Non-executive Directors

Ournon-executive directors are selected based on the candidates’ knowledge and experience in diverse areas, such as financial services,business, accounting, finance, law and regulation, risk management human resources and information technology.consumer protection. All sevennon-executive directors below were nominated by ourNon-executive Director Nominating Committee and approved by our shareholders.

The table below identifies ournon-executive directors as of the date of this annual report:

 

Name

  

Date of Birth

Position

  

Position

Director Since
  

Director Since

YearDate Term
Ends(1)

Young Hwi Choi

October 28, 1945Non-executive DirectorMarch 27, 20152016

Woon Youl Choi

April 2, 1950Non-executive DirectorMarch 27, 20152016

Suk Ryul Yoo

  April 21, 1950  Chairman of the Board andNon-executive Director  March 27, 2015  2016March 22, 2019

Michael Byungnam LeeStuart B. Solomon

July 17, 1949Non-executive DirectorMarch 24, 2017March 23, 2019

Suk Ho Sonu

  September 24, 195416, 1951  Non-executive Director  March 27, 201523, 2018  2016March 22, 2020

Myung Hee Choi

February 22, 1952Non-executive DirectorMarch 23, 2018March 22, 2020

Kouwhan Jeong

September 30, 1953Non-executive DirectorMarch 23, 2018March 22, 2020

Jae Ha Park

  November 25, 1957  Non-executive Director  March 27, 2015  2016March 22, 2019

Eunice Kyonghee KimJongsoo Han

  March 29, 1959October 16, 1960  Non-executive Director  March 27, 2015  2016

Jong Soo Han

October 16, 1960Non-executive DirectorMarch 27, 2015201622, 2019

 

(1) 

The date on which each term will end will be the date of the general stockholders’ meeting in the relevant year unless otherwise specified.

Young Hwi Choi has been a non-executive director since March 2015. He previously served as the president and chief executive officer of Shinhan Financial Group Co., Ltd., a deputy president of Shinhan Bank and a deputy director at the former Ministry of Finance. Mr. Choi received a B.A. in economics from Sungkyunkwan University.

Woon Youl Choi has been a non-executive director since March 2015. He is currently a professor at Sogang University. Mr. Choi previously served as an executive vice president of Sogang University, a member of the Korea Monetary Board, the president of the Korea Money and Finance Association and the president of the Korean Securities Association. He received a B.A. in business administration from Seoul National University and an M.B.A. and a Ph.D. in finance from the University of Georgia.

Suk Ryul Yoo has been anon-executive director since March 2015. HeMr. Yoo previously served as thean advisor to Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., chairman of the Credit Finance Association and the president and chief executive officer of Samsung Total Petrochemicals Co., Ltd., Samsung Card Co., Ltd., Samsung Life Insurance Co., Ltd., Samsung Securities Co., Ltd. and Samsung Capital Co., Ltd. Mr. YooHe received a B.A. in business administration from Seoul National University and an M.S. in industrial engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.

Michael Byungnam LeeStuart B. Solomon has been anon-executive director since March 2015. He is currently2017. Mr. Solomon previously served as the chairman, president and chief executive officer of LG Academy.MetLife Korea. He received an undergraduate degree from Syracuse University.

Suk Ho Sonu has been anon-executive director since March 2018. Mr. LeeSonu is currently a visiting professor at Seoul National University Business School. Mr. Sonu previously served as an executive vicethe dean of Hongik Graduate School of Business Administration, president of human resources at LG Corporation, a vicethe Korea Money and Finance Association and president of LG Academy and an assistant professor at Georgia State University and California State University. Hethe Korea Finance Association. Mr. Sonu received a B.A. in economicsapplied mathematics from SogangSeoul National University, an M.L.H.R.M.B.A. from Ohio Statementthe Kellogg School of Management of Northwestern University and a Ph.D. in industrial relationsfinance from the Wharton School of the University of Minnesota.Pennsylvania.

Myung Hee Choi has been anon-executive director since March 2018. She is currently a vice president at the Korea Internal Control Assessment Institute. Ms. Choi previously served as an auditor at the Korea Exchange Bank, a director of the Financial Supervisory Service and senior operations officer of Citibank Korea, Seoul Branch. Ms. Choi received a B.A. in English from Yonsei University.

Kouwhan Jeong has been anon-executive director since March 2018. He is currently the presidentattorney-at-law of Nambujeil Law and Notary Office Inc. He previously served as the chairperson of the Consumer Dispute Settlement Commission of the Korea Consumer Agency, a standing mediator at Korea Medical Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Agency and the branch chief prosecutor at the Bucheon Branch Office of the Incheon District Prosecutor’s Office. Mr. Jeong received a B.A. in law from Seoul National University.

Jae Ha Park has been anon-executive director since March 2015. He is currently a senior research fellow at the Korea Institute of Finance. Mr. Park previously served as a deputy dean of the Asian Development Bank Institute, a vice president of the Korea Institute of Finance, a vice chairman of the Korea Money and Finance Association and a senior counselor to the Minister of the former Ministry of Finance and Economy. He has also served as anon-executive director of Shinhan Bank, Daewoo Securities Co., Ltd. and Jeonbuk Bank. Mr. Park received a B.A. in economics from Seoul National University and a Ph.D. in economics from Pennsylvania State University.

Eunice Kyonghee Kim has been a non-executive director since March 2015. She is currently a professor at Ewha Law School. Ms. Kim previously served as the deputy chief executive officer and chief compliance officer of Hana

Financial Group Inc., a managing director and chief compliance officer of Citibank Japan Inc., an executive vice president and chief legal officer of Citibank Korea Inc. and a vice-chairperson of the International Association of Korean Lawyers. She received a B.A. in Chinese studies and administrative science from Yale University and a J.D. from Yale Law School.

Jongsoo Han has been anon-executive director since March 2015. He is currently a professor at Ewha Womans University.University and also serves as the president of the Korean Academic Society of Accounting and a member of the IFRS Interpretations Committee. Mr. Han previously served as a member of the Korea Accounting Deliberating Council of the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Accounting Standards Board, as well as a vice president of Korea Accounting Association and a member of the Korea Accounting Standards Board.Association. Mr. Han received a B.A. in business administration and an M.B.A. from Yonsei University and a Ph.D. in accounting from Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh.

Any director having an interest in a transaction that is subject to approval by the board of directors may not vote at the meeting during which the board approves the transaction.

Executive Officers

The table below identifies our senior executive officers who are not executive directors as of the date of this annual report:

 

Name

  

Date of Birth

  

Position

Jong-Hee YangKi Heon Kim

  June 10,1961October 17, 1955Deputy President and Chief Information Technology Officer

Kyung Eun Yoon

May 16, 1962  Deputy President; Financial Planning Department, Investor Relations Department and Human Resources DepartmentCapital Market Business Units

Jeong Rim Park

  November 27, 1963  Deputy President; RiskWealth Management Planning Department

Ki HeonKi-Hwan Kim

  October 17, 1955Deputy President; Digital Finance Department

Jae Hong Park

April 10, 1967March 20, 1963  Senior Managing Director; Marketing & Synergy Planning Department, Strategic Planning DepartmentDirector and KB ResearchChief Finance Officer

Ki Bum LeeYoung-Tae Park

  NovemberDecember 24, 19571961  Senior Managing Director; Audit DepartmentDirector and Information Security DepartmentChief Data Officer

Young-Tae ParkPil Kyu Im

  December 24,1961March 20, 1964  Senior Managing Director; Marketing & Synergy Planning Department

Kyu Sul Choi

August 16, 1960Managing Director; Investor Relations DepartmentDirector and Chief Compliance Officer

Kyung Yup Cho

  September 9, 1961  Senior Managing Director; KB Research

Ki Hwan KimBo Youl Oh

  March 20,January 5, 1962Senior Managing Director; Corporate and Investment Banking Planning Department

Young Hyuk Jo

April 22, 1963  Senior Managing Director; Public RelationsAudit Department

Minkyu ChungChang Kwon Lee

  February 7, 1970November 15, 1965  Managing Director and Chief ComplianceStrategy Officer

Hyun Jin Shin

February 10, 1965Managing Director and Chief Risk Management Officer

Dong Whan Han

January 30, 1965Managing Director and Chief Digital Innovation Officer

Nam Hoon Cho

June 28, 1968Managing Director and Chief Global Strategy Officer

Soon Bum Kwon

October 20, 1966Managing Director and Chief Human Resources Officer

Chai Hyun Sung

September 12, 1965Managing Director and Chief Public Relation Officer

None of the executive officers has any significant activities outside KB Financial Group.

Jong-Hee Yang is a deputy president and oversees the Financial Planning Department, Investor Relations Department and Human Resources Department. He previously served as a managing director, the chief information security officer and the head of our Office of the Board of Directors and Strategic Planning Department. Mr. Yang received a B.A. in Korean history from Seoul National University.

Jeong Rim Park is a deputy president and oversees the Risk Management Department. She also serves as a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank and heads its risk management group. Ms. Park previously served as a senior managing director of Kookmin Bank and headed its wealth management division. She received a B.A. in business administration and an M.B.A. from Seoul National University.

Ki Heon Kim is a deputy president and oversees the Digital Finance Department.our chief information technology officer. He also serves as a chief executive officer of KB Data Systems. Mr. Kim previously served as a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank and heads itsBank’s information technology group. Mr. Kim previously served as an expert for the financial services division of Samsung SDS Co., Ltd. and the head of branch offices of Peace Bank of Korea. He received a B.A. in accounting from Hanyang University.

Kyung Eun Yoon is a deputy president and heads the Capital Market Business Units. He also serves as the chief executive officer of KB Securities. Mr. Yoon previously served as a deputy president of Shinhan Investment and headed its trading group. Mr. Yoon received a B.A. in English from Hankuk University of Foreign Studies.

Jae HongJeong Rim Parkis a deputy president and heads the Wealth Management Planning Department. She also serves as a senior executive vice president of Kookmin Bank and heads its wealth management group, as well as a deputy president of KB Securities in charge of its wealth management division. Ms. Park previously served as a deputy president of our company and oversaw the Risk Management Department. She also served as a senior managing director of Kookmin Bank and headed its wealth management division. Ms. Park received a B.A. in business administration and an M.B.A. from Seoul National University.

Ki-Hwan Kimis a senior managing director and oversees the Marketing & Synergy Planning Department, Strategic Planning Department and KB Research. Heour chief finance officer. Mr. Kim previously served as the headour chief risk management officer and as a senior managing director of the future strategy department at Hanwha Life Insurance Co., Ltd., the head of the global business department at Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. and a partner at McKinsey & Company.Kookmin Bank’s consumer protection group. He received a B.A. in economics from Seoul National University and a Ph.D. in economics from Princeton University.

YoungKi-Bum Lee-Tae Parkis a senior managing director and oversees Audit Department and the Information Security Department.our chief data officer. He also serves as a non-standingsenior managing director of KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd. Mr. Lee previously served as our chief risk officer, the head of Kookmin Bank’s audit department, the chief compliance officer of Kookmin Bank and the head of Gyeongseo and Bucheon regional offices ofKB Kookmin Bank. He received a B.A. in German language and literature from Sogang University.

Young-Tae Parkis a managing directorCard and heads the Marketing & Synergy Planning Department. Hetheir data strategy divisions. Mr. Park previously served as the head of Kookmin Bank’s marketing departmentMarketing Department and the head of several branch offices of Kookmin Bank. HeMr. Park received a B.A. and an M.S. in economics from Korea University.

Pil Kyu Sul ChoiIm is a senior managing director and heads the Investor Relations Department.our chief compliance officer. He previously served as the headbranch manager of Kookmin Bank’s investor relations departmentGwanghwamoon branch and asset and liability management department and the head of Korea First Bank’s treasury department. HeStar Tower branch. Mr. Im received a B.A. in business administrationagricultural economics from YonseiKorea University.

Kyung Yup Cho is a senior managing director and heads KB Research. He previously served as a senior editor at MaeKyung Media Group and the head of financial news, political news, social affairs and international news at Maeil Business Newspaper. HeMr. Cho received a B.A. in business administration and a Ph.D. in business administration from Yonsei University.

Ki Hwan KimBo Youl Oh is a senior managing director and heads the Public RelationsCorporate and Investment Banking Planning Department. He also serves as a senior managing director of Kookmin Bank and heads its consumer protection group.corporate and investment banking customer group, as well as a deputy president of KB Securities in charge of its investment banking division. Mr. KimOh previously served as the head of Kookmin Bank’s human resource department.credit analysis division and Corporate Analysis Department. Mr. Oh received a B.A. in global management from Hanyang Cyber University.

Young Hyuk Jo is a senior managing director and heads the Audit Department. He previously served as the head of Kookmin Bank’s Ansan financial center. Mr. Jo received a B.A. in economics from Seoul NationalDong-A University.

Minkyu ChungChang Kwon Leeis a managing director and our chief compliancestrategy officer. He previously served as a vice chief public prosecutor at the Supreme Prosecutors’ Officegeneral manager of Korea and a managing partner at the law firm of The Firm. HeKB Kookmin Card’s Strategic Planning Department. Mr. Lee received a B.A. in lawapplied statistics from Korea University.

Hyun Jin Shinis a managing director and our chief risk management officer. He previously served as a chief risk officer of KB Insurance and as our general manager of risk management. Mr. Shin received a B.A. in economics from Korea University and an M.B.A. from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.

Dong Whan Hanis a managing director and our chief digital innovation officer. He also serves as a managing director of Kookmin Bank’s digital business group. Mr. Han previously served as the head of our Office of the Board of Directors and a general manager of Kookmin Bank’s Strategic Planning Department. He received an M.S. in geography from Seoul National University and an M.B.A. from the University of Washington.

Nam Hoon Chois a managing director and our chief global strategy officer. He previously served as a managing director of KB Securities’ global business division and management supporting division. Mr. Cho received a B.A. in economics from Sungkyunkwan University.

Soon Bum Kwonis a managing director and our chief human resources officer. He previously served as an executive secretary for our company and Kookmin Bank, as well as a general manager of Kookmin Bank’s Human Resources Department. Mr. Kwon received a B.A. in science of public administration from Korea University.

Chai Hyun Sungis a managing director and our chief public relation officer. He previously served as our chief human resources officer and as an executive secretary for the group and Kookmin Bank. Mr. Sung received a B.S. in accounting from Chonbuk National University.

 

Item 6.B.Compensation

The aggregate remuneration paid andbenefits-in-kind granted, excluding stock grants, by us and our subsidiaries to our chairman and chief executive officer, our other executive andnon-standing directors, ournon-executive directors and our executive officers for the year ended December 31, 20142017 was ₩3,578₩7,519 million. In addition, forFor the year ended December 31, 2014,2017, we set aside ₩183₩415 million for allowances for severance and retirement benefits for our chairman and chief executive officer, the other executive directors and our executive officers.

The compensation of our directorsdirector who received total annual compensation exceeding ₩500 million in 20142017 was as follows:

 

Name

 

Position

 

Total Compensation
in 2014 (1)2017
(in millions of Won)

 

Long-term Incentive Compensation for
Payment Subsequent to 20142017

(In millions of Won)

Young-Rok LimJong Kyoo Yoon

 

Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

 7661,702(1) NoneGrant of 67,601 long-term performance-based shares(2)(3)

 

(1) 

Includes earned income2017 annual salary of ₩473 million (including allowances for business expenses of ₩210 million) and performance baseda short-term incentive payments madepayment of ₩453 million, of which ₩240 million was based on performance in 2016 and paid in the first quarter of 2014 with respect2017 and ₩213 was based on performance from January 1, 2017 to services performedNovember 20, 2017 before reappointment and paid in 2013.

the fourth quarter of 2017. Also includes payments from Kookmin Bank consisting of 2017 annual salary of ₩327 million and a short-term incentive payment of ₩396 million, of which ₩210 million was based on performance in 2016 and paid in the first quarter of 2017 and ₩186 million was based on performance from January 1, 2017 to November 20, 2017 before retirement and paid in the fourth quarter of 2017, as well as a retirement payment of ₩53 million paid upon his retirement from Kookmin Bank on November 20, 2017.

(2)Consists of 36,054 and 31,547 long-term performance-based shares expected to be granted by us and Kookmin Bank, respectively, from 2018 to 2020. The actual payment amount will be determined in the future based on the market price of our common shares.
(3)In addition, a maximum of 46,890 shares are expected to be granted over a three-year period as a long-term performance-based stock grant. The actual payment amount will be determined in the future based on a performance evaluation over a three-year period from November 21, 2017 to November 20, 2020.

Pursuant to a resolution of our board of directors, effective January 7, 2015, Woong-Won Yoon, our former deputy president and chief financial officer, was appointed a business management advisor for a term of one year. We do not have service contracts with any of our other directors or officers providing for benefits upon termination of their employment with us.

Kookmin Bank granted stock options to its president and chief executive officer, other directors and executive officers, as well as employees. In connection with the comprehensive stock transfer in September 2008 pursuant to which we were established, such stock options were converted into stock options with respect to our common stock. See “Item 6.E. Share Ownership—Stock Options.” For all of the options granted, upon their exercise, we are required to pay in cash the difference between the exercise price and the market price of our common stock at the date of exercise. Generally, upon vesting, options may be exercised from after three years from the grant date up to eight years after such date, once restrictions on the exercise of options, including continued employment for at least two years from the grant date, lapse.

In 2014, we did not recognize any compensation expense for the stock options granted under our stock option plan. For additional information regarding our compensation expense in connection with our stock option plan, see Note 31 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

In 2008, we also established a stock grant plan. Pursuant to this plan, we have entered into performance share agreements with certain of our and our subsidiaries’ directors, executive officers and other senior management, whereby we may grant shares of our common stock (or the equivalent monetary amount based on the market value of such shares at the time of the grant)shares) within specified periods aslong-term incentive performance shares in accordance withpre-determined performance targets. Seetargets.See “Item 6.E. Share Ownership—Performance Share Agreements.” In 2014,2017, we recognized ₩11,422incurred ₩73,370 million asof compensation expense for the disbursements madecosts relating to stock grants under such agreements. See Note 31.2 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

 

Item 6.C.Board Practices

See “Item 6.A. Directors and Senior Management” above for information concerning the terms of office and contractual employment arrangements with our directors and executive officers.

Committees of the Board of Directors

We currently have the following committees that serve under the board:

 

the Audit Committee;

 

the Corporate Governance Committee;

the Risk Management Committee;

 

the Evaluation & Compensation Committee;

 

the Non-executiveNon-Executive Director Nominating Committee; and

 

the Audit Committee Member Nominating Committee;

the CEO Nominating Committee; and

the Subsidiaries’ CEO Director Nominating Committee.

Each committee member is appointed by the board of directors, except for members of the Audit Committee, who are elected at the general meeting of stockholders.

Audit Committee

The committeeThecommittee currently consists of fournon-executive directors, Young Hwi Choi, Woon Youl Choi, Eunice Kyonghee KimSuk Ho Sonu, Kouwhan Jeong, Jae Ha Park and Jongsoo Han. TheHan.The chairperson of the Audit Committee is Woon Youl Choi.Jongsoo Han. The committee oversees our financial reporting and approves the appointment of our independent registered public accounting firm. The committee also reviews our financial information, auditor’s examinations, key financial statement issues, the plans and evaluation of internal control and the administration of our financial affairs by the

board of directors. In connection with the general meetings of stockholders, the committee examines the agenda for, and financial statements and other reports to be submitted by, the board of directors to each general meeting of stockholders. The committee holds regular meetings every quarter.

Corporate GovernanceRisk Management Committee

The committee currently consists of one non-standing director, Hong Lee, and three fournon-executive directors, Young Hwi Choi, Woon YoulStuart B. Solomon, Suk Ho Sonu, Myung Hee Choi and Michael Byungnam Lee, together with our chairman and chief executive officer, Jong Kyoo Yoon. The chairperson of the Corporate Governance Committee is Jong Kyoo Yoon. The committee is responsible for establishing and monitoring procedures for our chairman candidate cultivation and succession program, as well as for candidate cultivation and succession programs for chief executive officers of our subsidiaries. The committee holds regular meetings annually.

Risk Management Committee

The committee currently consists of one non-standing director, Hong Lee, and three non-executive directors, Suk Ryul Yoo, Jae Ha Park and Eunice Kyonghee Kim.Soo Han. The chairperson of the committee is Jae Ha Park.Suk Ho Sonu. The Risk Management Committee oversees and makes determinations on all issues relating to our comprehensive risk management function. In order to ensure our stable financial condition and to maximize our profits, the committee monitors our overall risk exposure and reviews our compliance with risk policies and risk limits. In addition, the committee reviews risk and control strategies and policies, evaluates whether each risk is at an adequate level, establishes or abolishes risk management divisions and reviewsrisk-based capital allocations. The committee holds regular meetings every quarter.

Evaluation & Compensation Committee

The committee currently consists of fournon-executive directors, Michael Byungnam Lee,Stuart B. Solomon, Suk Ryul Yoo, Jae Ha ParkMyung Hee Choi and Jongsoo Han.Kouwhan Jeong. The chairperson of the committee is Michael Byungnam Lee.Myung Hee Choi. The Evaluation and Compensation Committee reviews compensation schemes and compensation levels of us and our subsidiaries. The committee is also responsible for deliberating and deciding the compensation of directors, evaluating management’s performance and implementing management training programs, as well as deciding and supervising theperformance-based annual salary of the president and the executive officers of us and our subsidiaries. The committee holds regular meetings every quarter.semi-annually.

Non-executive Director Nominating Committee

The committee currently consists of three fournon-executive directors, Suk Ryul Yoo, Young Hwi ChoiSuk Ho Sonu, Jae Ha Park and Woon Youl Choi, together with our chairman and chief executive officer, Jong Kyoo Yoon.Soo Han. The chairperson of the committee is Suk Ryul Yoo.Jae Ha Park. The committee is responsible for the management and evaluation of a pool ofnon-executive director candidates and recommendation of thenon-executive director candidates to be nominated at the annual general meeting of shareholders. The committee holds regular meetingssemi-annually.

Audit Committee Member Nominating Committee

The committee currently has no members. The last meeting of the committee was on February 27, 201523, 2018 to nominate Young Hwi Choi, Woon Youl Choi, Eunice Kyonghee Kim and Jongsoo Han as new Audit Committee members. The committee oversees the selection of Audit Committee member candidates and recommends them annually sometime prior to the general stockholders meeting. The term of office of its members is from the first meeting of the committee held to nominate the Audit Committee members until the Audit Committee members are appointed.

CEO Nominating Committee

Thecommittee currently consists of all seven of ournon-executive directors.The chairperson of the CEO Nominating Committee is Suk Ryul Yoo. The committee is responsible for establishing and monitoring

procedures for our CEO candidate cultivation and succession program pursuant to our “CEO Succession Regulations,” which cover, among other things, the qualifications of CEO candidates, continued maintenance of the candidate pool and the CEO candidate nomination process. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually.

Subsidiaries’ CEO Director Nominating Committee

Thecommittee currently consists of onenon-standing director, Yin Hur, and threenon-executive directors, Suk Ryul Yoo, Myung Hee Choi and Jae Ha Park, together with our chairman and chief executive officer, Jong Kyoo Yoon. The chairperson of the Subsidiaries’ CEO Director Nominating Committee is Jong Kyoo Yoon. The committee is responsible for candidate cultivation and succession programs for chief executive officers of our subsidiaries. The committee holds regular meetings semi-annually.

 

Item 6.D.Employees

As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had a total of 168 164full-time employees, excluding seven15 executive officers, at our financial holding company.

The following table sets forth information regarding our employees at both our financial holding company and our subsidiaries as of the dates indicated:

 

     As of December 31,      As of December 31, 
     2012   2013   2014      2015   2016   2017 

KB Financial Group

  Full-time employees (1)   157     151     168    Full-time employees(1)   181    159    164 
  Contractual employees   —       —       —      Contractual employees   —      —      —   
  Managerial employees   127     116     131    Managerial employees   144    135    147 
  Members of Korea Financial Industry Union   —       —       —      Members of Korea Financial Industry Union   —      —      —   

Kookmin Bank

  Full-time employees (1)   16,358     16,617     20,758    Full-time employees(1)   19,855    19,458    16,925 
  Contractual employees   5,713     5,136     903    Contractual employees   1,044    1,218    1,422 
  Managerial employees   11,383     11,539     11,561    Managerial employees   11,034    11,023    9,799 
  Members of Korea Financial Industry Union   17,149     17,123     16,977    Members of Korea Financial Industry Union   16,548    16,406    14,501 

Other subsidiaries

  Full-time employees (1)   2,724     2,786     3,186    Full-time employees(1)   6,658    8,366    8,231 
  Contractual employees   541     137     355    Contractual employees   887    1,366    1,600 
  Managerial employees   1,554     1,554     1,765    Managerial employees   3,286    4,467    4,554 
  Members of Korea Financial Industry Union   1,370     1,509     1,324    Members of Korea Financial Industry Union   4,523    4,433    6,043 

 

(1) 

Excluding executive officers.

We consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory. We and our subsidiaries each have a jointlabor-management council which serves as a forum for ongoing discussions between our management and employees. At fiveseven of our subsidiaries, Kookmin Bank, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Kookmin Card, KB Capital, KB Real Estate Trust and KB Credit Information, our employees have a labor union. Every year, the unions at Kookmin Bank, KB Securities, KB Insurance, KB Kookmin Card, KB Capital, KB Real Estate Trust and KB Credit Information and their respective managements negotiate and enter into new collective bargaining agreements and negotiate annual wage adjustments.

Our compensation packages consist of base salary and base bonuses. We also provideperformance-based compensation to employees and management officers, including those of our subsidiaries, depending on level of responsibility of the employee or officer and business of the relevant subsidiary. Typically, executive officers, heads of regional headquarters and employees in positions that require professional skills, such as fund managers and dealers, are compensated depending on their individual annual performance evaluation. Also, Kookmin Bank has implemented aprofit-sharing system in order to enhance the performance of Kookmin Bank’s employees. Under this system, Kookmin Bank pays bonuses to its employees, in addition to the base salary and depending on Kookmin Bank’s annual performance.

In January 2016, we implemented a “mileage stock” program, pursuant to which we may grant to our and our subsidiaries’ employees performance-based cash payments that correspond to the market value of our common shares. The accumulated “miles” of common shares can be exercised for cash during a two-year period commencing on theone-year anniversary of the grant date.

We provide a wide range of benefits to our employees, including our executive directors. Specific benefits provided may vary for each of our subsidiaries but generally include medical insurance, employment insurance, workers compensation, employee and spouse life insurance, free medical examinations, child tuition and fee reimbursement, disabled child financial assistance and reimbursement for medical expenses, and other benefits may be provided depending on the subsidiary.

In accordance with the National Pension Act, we contribute an amount equal to 4.5% of employee wages, and each employee contributes 4.5% of his or her wages, into each employee’s personal pension account. In addition, in accordance with the Guarantee of Worker’s Retirement Benefits Act, we have adopted a retirement pension plan for our employees. Contributions under the retirement pension plan are deposited annually into a financial institution, and an employee may elect to receive a monthly pension or alump-sum amount upon retirement. Our retirement pension plans are provided in the form of a defined benefit plan and a defined contribution plan. The defined benefit plan guarantees a certain payout at retirement, according to a fixed formula based on the employee’s average salary and the number of years for which the employee has been a plan member. The defined contribution plan, in which the employer’s contribution is determined in advance based on one twelfth of an employee’s total annual pay, is managed directly by the employees. Under Korean law, we may not terminate the employment offull-time employees except under certain limited circumstances. However, from time to time, we invite our employees to apply for our early retirement programs, which provide for varying amounts of severance pay based on the duration of time an employee has worked for us, along with several other key features. We believe that such programs enhance our productivity and efficiency by improving our labor structure.

In June 2009, we established an employee stock ownership plan. All of our employees are eligible to participate in this plan. We are not required to, and do not, make cash contributions to this plan. Members of our employee stock ownership association havepre-emptive rights to acquire up to 20% of our shares issued in public offerings by us pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. In August 2009, we offered to members of our employee stock ownership association 6,000,000 of the 30,000,000 new shares of common stock to be issued in our rights offering to our existing shareholders, and the entire amount was subscribed by members of our employee stock ownership association. The employee stock ownership association held 2,452,0811,998,038 shares of our common stock as of December 31, 2014.2017.

Employees of Kookmin Bank have been eligible to participate in its employee stock ownership plan, which will be terminated once all of our common stock held by the plan (which the plan received following the transfer of Kookmin Bank shares held by it as a result of the comprehensive stock transfer pursuant to which we were established) have been distributed to the relevant Kookmin Bank employees at the requests of such employees following the expiration of the required holding periods. As of December 31, 2014,2017, Kookmin Bank’s employee stock ownership association held 814,050507,335 shares of our common stock.

In order to develop our next generation of leaders and enhance the operational capability of our employees at each of our subsidiaries, we operate various employee training programs. These programs, which are aimed at cultivating financial specialists with higher levels of management and business skills, developing regional experts for increased global capabilities and enhancing employee loyalty, comprise a number of customized programs such as training courses for employees of different positions, domestic and foreign MBA courses and intensive human resources development programs for high performers to cultivate future leaders. For example, Kookmin Bank offers training programs at its employees’ worksites to facilitate access to training, as well as a foreign regional expert training program and a global language training course. We also provide financial and other support for our employees to develop theirfinance-related knowledge and skills by enrolling in training

courses or engaging inself-study programs. The broad spectrum of training programs, combined with thestate-of-the-art technologies such as cyber training, satellite broadcasting andmobile-learning, maximizes the level of exposure of the trainees to the contents of the programs. We also believe that our training scheme based on classified training courses and a development evaluation system has facilitated systemic development of employee skills and a spontaneous learning environment.

 

Item 6.E.Share Ownership

Common Stock

As of March 31, 2015,2018, the persons who are currently our directors or executive officers, as a group, held an aggregate of 10,59225,747 shares of our common stock, representing approximately 0.003% 0.005%of the issued shares of our common stock as of such date. None of these persons individually held more than 1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of such date. The following table presents information regarding our directors and executive officers who beneficially owned our shares as of March 31, 2015.2018:

 

Name of Executive Officer or Director(1)

  Number of Shares of
Common Stock
 

Jong Kyoo Yoon

   5,30016,000 

Hong LeeYin Hur

   4591,000 

Jong-Hee YangKyung Eun Yoon

   9143,814 

Jeong Rim Park

   540 

Ki Bum LeeKi-Hwan Kim

   600321 

Young-Tae Park

   450 

Pil Kyu Sul ChoiIm

   1,506445 

Kyung Yup Cho

   500800 

Ki Hwan KimYoung Hyuk Jo

   321461 

Minkyu ChungDong Whan Han

   2100

Chai Hyun Sung

674

Soon Bum Kwon

1,142 
  

 

 

 

Total

   10,59225,747 
  

 

 

 

(1)

On April 7, 2015, Michael Byungnam Lee, our non-executive director, acquired 1,020 share of our common stock on the Korea Exchange.

Stock Options

We have not, following our establishment pursuant to a comprehensive stock transfer in September 2008, granted any stock options with respect to our capital stock to our directors, executive officers and employees. Prior to our establishment, Kookmin Bank granted stock options with respect to its common stock to its directors, executive officers and employees. In connection with the comprehensive stock transfer, in September 2008, such stock options with respect to Kookmin Bank common stock were converted into stock options with respect to our common stock. As of March 31, 2015, all of such stock options granted to Kookmin Bank’s directors, executive officers and employees have been exercised and there are no stock options outstanding as of such date. For all of such options granted, upon their exercise, we were required to pay in cash the difference between the exercise price and the market price of our common stock at the date of exercise.

Performance Share Agreements

In March 2009,Pursuant to a stock grant plan we established in 2008, we have entered into performance share agreements with certain of our shareholders approved at the annual general meeting of shareholders the disbursement of a maximum of 250,000and our subsidiaries’ executive officers and senior management, pursuant to which we may grant shares of our common stock (or the equivalent monetary amount based on the market value of such shares at the time of disbursement), between September 29, 2008 and September 28, 2011, to our directorsshares) within specified periods aslong-term incentive performance shares over the term of their office in accordance with thepre-determined performance targets set forth in the performance share agreements between us and such directors. In June 2009, we paid ₩24 million, the equivalent monetary amount for 733 shares of our common stock, to our former non-executive director, Kee Young Chung. In March 2010, our shareholders approved at the annual general meeting of shareholders the disbursement of a maximum of 250,000 shares of our common stock (or the equivalent monetary amount based on the market value of such shares at the time of disbursement), between September 29, 2009 and September 28, 2012, to our directors as long-term incentive performance shares over the term of their office in accordance with the performance targets set forth in the performance share agreements between us and such directors. In April 2010, we paid an aggregate of ₩184 million, the equivalent monetary amount for 3,563 shares of our common stock, to our former non-executive directors, Dam Cho and Bo Kyung Byun. In November 2010, we paid ₩110 million, the equivalent monetary amount for 2,149 shares of our common stock, to our former non-executive director, Chee Joong Kim. In January 2011, we paid ₩133 million, the equivalent monetary amount for 2,323 shares of our common stock, to our former non-executive director, Chan Soo Kang. In April 2011, we paid an aggregate of ₩229 million, the equivalent monetary amount for 4,056 shares of our common stock, to our former non-executive directors, Suk Sig Lim and Jacques Kemp. In April 2013, we paid an aggregate of ₩96 million, the equivalent monetary amount for 2,543 shares of our common stock, to our former non-executive director, Sang Moon Ham. In April 2014, we paid an aggregate of ₩115 million, the equivalent monetary amount for 3,090 shares of our common stock, to our former non-executive director, Jae Mok Cho.targets. Since January 2010, in accordance with the best practice guidelines for outside directors of banking institutions announced by the Korea Federation of Banks, which have been replaced with the Financial Corporate Governance Code issued by the Financial Services Commission in December 2014, we have not entered into any performance share agreements with ournon-executive directors.

We have also entered into performance share agreements with certain of our executive officers and senior management who are not directors, pursuant to which we may grant shares of our common stock (or the equivalent monetary amount based on the market value of such shares at the time of the grant) within specified periods as long-term incentive performance shares in accordance with pre-determined performance targets.

We expect that further actualActual disbursements under the performance share agreements with our and our subsidiaries’ directors, executive officers and senior management and directors other than non-executive directors willhave generally bebeen in the form of cash disbursements of equivalent monetary amounts based on the market value of our shares at such time.

shares.

Item 7.MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

 

Item 7.A.Major Shareholders

The following table presents information regarding the beneficial ownership of our shares at December 31, 20142017 by each person or entity known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our issued and outstanding shares.

Except as otherwise indicated, each stockholder identified by name has:

 

sole voting and investment power with respect to its shares; and

 

record and beneficial ownership with respect to its shares.

 

Beneficial Owner

  Number of Shares of
Common Stock
   Percentage of
Total Outstanding
Shares of
Common
Stock (%) (1)
   Number of Shares of
Common Stock
   Percentage of
Total Outstanding
Shares of
Common Stock (%)(1)
 

Korean National Pension Service

   36,383,211     9.42   40,204,583    9.62

Bank of New York Mellon (2)

   32,474,273     8.41

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.(2)

   25,755,140    6.16

 

(1) 

Calculated based on 386,351,693418,111,537 shares of our common stock outstandingissued as of December 31, 2014.

2017.
(2)

As depositary bank.

Other than as set forth above, no other person or entity known by us to be acting in concert, directly or indirectly, jointly or separately, owned 5.0% or more of the issued shares of our common stock or exercised control or could exercise control over us as of December 31, 2014.2017. None of our major stockholders has different voting rights from our other stockholders.

 

Item 7.B.Related Party Transactions

As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had an aggregate of ₩2,530₩1,667 million in loans outstanding to our executive officers and directors and Kookmin Bank’s executive officers and directors. In addition, as of such date, we had loans outstanding to various companies whose directors or executive officers were serving concurrently as our directors or executive officers. See Note 43 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. All of these loans were made in the ordinary course of business, on substantially the same terms, including interest rate and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and did not involve more than the normal risk of collectibilitycollectability or present other unfavorable features.

None of our directors or officers have or had any interest in any transactions effected by us that are or were unusual in their nature or conditions or significant to our business which were effected during the current or immediately preceding year or were effected during an earlier year and remain in any respect outstanding or unperformed.

 

Item 7.C.Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

 

Item 8.FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 

Item 8.A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See “Item 18. Financial Statements” and pages F-1 through F-185.

F-207.

Legal Proceedings

Excluding the legal proceedings discussed below, we and our subsidiaries are not a party to any legal or administrative proceedings and no proceedings are known by any of us or our subsidiaries to be contemplated by governmental authorities or third parties, which, if adversely determined, may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

During the first half of 2007, the National Tax Service of Korea completed a tax audit in respect of Kookmin Bank for the fiscal years 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005, as a result of which Kookmin Bank was assessed ₩190 billion (including residence tax) for tax deficiencies. In addition, during the second half of 2007, the National Tax Service of Korea assessed additional income taxes for prior years amounting to ₩292 billion (including residence tax) for tax deficiencies. Kookmin Bank paid the entire amount of such additional assessments in 2007, but filed an appeal with the National Tax Tribunal with respect to tax assessments made in 2007 amounting to ₩482 billion (including residence tax), which dismissed the appeal in March 2010. In June 2010, Kookmin Bank filed an appeal with the Seoul Administrative Court, which ruled in favor of Kookmin Bank on April 1, 2011. On April 19, 2011, the National Tax Service of Korea appealed this case to the Seoul High Court, which ruled in favor of Kookmin Bank on January 12, 2012. On January 30, 2012, the National Tax Service of Korea appealed this case to the Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of Kookmin Bank on January 15, 2015.

Since November 2008, certain of Kookmin Bank’s customers have filed lawsuits against it in connection with its sales of foreign currency derivatives products known as “KIKO” (which stands for “knock-in knock-out”), which are intended to operate as hedging instruments against fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. dollar. Due to the significant depreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar in 2008 and 2009, customers who have purchased KIKO products from Kookmin Bank are required to make large payments to it. Twelve lawsuits were filed against Kookmin Bank alleging that the contracts under which the relevant KIKO products were sold should be invalidated and that Kookmin Bank should return payments received thereunder. Eight of the lawsuits were ruled in favour of Kookmin Bank by the Seoul Central District Court and not appealed. In two of the lawsuits, rulings were issued in favor of Kookmin Bank by the Seoul High Court in February 2013 and November 2014 and not appealed. In one of the lawsuits, the Supreme Court of Korea ruled in favor of Kookmin Bank in May 2014. As of April 3, 2015, the amount of the one remaining claim, which is pending at the Seoul High Court, was approximately ₩0.7 billion. Additional lawsuits, as well as motions for preliminary injunctions, may be filed against Kookmin Bank with respect to KIKO products, and the final outcome of such litigation remains uncertain.

In January 2008, the Korea Fair Trade Commission instituted certain amendments to standard loan policy conditions for mortgage loan agreements to require banks to be responsible for the payment of mortgage registration expenses when issuing mortgage loans. Subsequently, the Korea Federation of Banks and 16 banks, including Kookmin Bank, filed a lawsuit against the Korea Fair Trade Commission to prevent the implementation of such amendments. In August 2010, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Korea Fair Trade Commission. Since such ruling in August 2010, certain of Kookmin Bank’s customers have filed 133 lawsuits against Kookmin Bank, as of April 3, 2015, alleging that it should return the mortgage registration expenses paid by such customers under mortgage loan agreements that did not reflect the amendments instituted by the Korea Fair Trade Commission in January 2008. As of April 3, 2015, 132 such lawsuits had been concluded and one lawsuit was appealed and pending in the appellate court. The aggregate amount of claimed damages in the one remaining lawsuit, as of April 3, 2015, was approximately ₩0.7 billion. Additional lawsuits may be filed against Kookmin Bank with respect to its mortgage loans, and the final outcome of such litigation remains uncertain.

In July 2010, Fairfield Sentry Limited, or Fairfield, which is currently in liquidation and whose assets were directly or indirectly invested with Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, or BLMIS, filed a lawsuit in

the Supreme Court of the State of New York against Kookmin Bank, which acted as a trustee bank for its clients who invested in Fairfield. Fairfield seeks restitution of approximately US$42 million paid to Kookmin Bank in connection with share redemptions on the ground that such payments were made by mistake, based on inflated

values resulting from BLMIS’ fraud. TheIn September 2010, the case was transferred to the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York, where it is currently pending at such court.pending. Fairfield has filed similar actions against numerous other fund investors to seek recovery of redemption payments.

In May 2012, the trustee appointed for the liquidation of BLMIS filed a lawsuit against Kookmin Bank in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. The trustee seeks recovery of approximately US$42 million, which amount is alleged to be equal to the amount of funds that were redeemed from Fairfield between June 2004 and January 2006 by Kookmin Bank. The trustee alleges that Fairfield was a “feeder fund” that invested in BLMIS and redemptions from such BLMIS feeder fund are avoidable and recoverable under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and New York law. The case is currently pending at such court. The trustee has filed similar clawback actions against numerous other institutions.

In November 2012, Kookmin Bank filed a lawsuit against theExport-Import Bank of Korea and other creditor financial institutions comprising the creditors’ committee of a Korean shipbuilding company which is a borrower of Kookmin Bank and is currently in workout. Kookmin Bank voted against extending new credit to such borrower and exercised its appraisal rights. Kookmin Bank is seeking ₩103 billion as compensation for damages and payment of the purchase price of debt held by Kookmin Bank. In November 2012, theExport-Import Bank of Korea and other creditor financial institutions of the borrower filed a counter lawsuit against Kookmin Bank seeking ₩46 billion in damages in connection with the borrower’s debt restructuring plan. In August 2014, the Seoul Central District Court ruled partially in favor of Kookmin Bank in its lawsuit against theExport-Import Bank of Korea and other creditor financial institutions of the borrower, but ruled against Kookmin Bank in the counter lawsuit brought against Kookmin Bank. Both cases have beenwere appealed to the Seoul High Court, which dismissed the appeals in February 2016. Both cases have been appealed to the Supreme Court of Korea in February 2016, where they are currently pending.

Commencing in November 2013, Kookmin Bank was subject to a number of investigations by the Financial Supervisory Service and other governmental authorities concerning alleged issues with Kookmin Bank’s internal controls and possible legal violations by Kookmin Bank and its employees.

In November 2013, Kookmin Bank filed a complaint against the former head and two former employees of its Tokyo Branch for allegedly extending illegal loans under borrowed names. Each of the Financial Supervisory Service and the Financial Services Agency of Japan launched an investigation into the allegations.

The Financial Supervisory Service launched an investigation into alleged embezzlement of funds by employees at Kookmin Bank’s headquarters, who have since been dismissed, through the presentation for payment of forged Korean government housing bonds.

In May 2014, the Financial Supervisory Service launched an investigation into a dispute between Kookmin Bank and us regarding the replacement of Kookmin Bank’s main computing system.

In August 2014, the Financial Supervisory Agency of Japan suspended Kookmin Bank from conducting new transactions at its branches in Japan for four months from September 2014 to January 2015. Furthermore, in August 2014, the Financial Supervisory Service imposed disciplinary sanctions on Kookmin Bank and a number of its officers, directors and employees, including the then chief executive officer of Kookmin Bank. In September 2014, the Financial Services Commission imposed a disciplinary sanction on our then chief executive officer. Both the chief executive officer of Kookmin Bank and our chief executive officer, as well as a number of our respective outside directors, subsequently resigned from their posts and have been replaced. In September 2014, the Financial Supervisory Service completed its investigation into Kookmin Bank and us with respect to such allegations.

Furthermore, in February 2014, the Financial Services Commission suspended the new credit card issuance and other related activities of KB Kookmin Card for three months from February to May 2014, in response to an incident involving the misappropriation of the personal information of a large number of its customers by an employee of the Korea Credit Bureau in the first half of 2013. Specifically, during such suspension period, KB Kookmin Card was prohibited from engaging in the following activities:

 

adding new subscribers for credit cards, prepaid cards and debit cards or issuing such types of cards (except as permitted by the chairman of the Financial Services Commission for public policy purposes);

providing new or additional credit lines to credit card customers; and

 

providing new services through mail order or telemarketing channels or related to travel or insurance products.

In connection with the misappropriation incident, as of February 28, 2015,December 31, 2017, certain of KB Kookmin Card’s customers havehad filed a total of 101120 lawsuits against KB Kookmin Card with the aggregate amount of claimed damages amounting to approximately ₩52₩10 billion. The final outcome of such lawsuits remains uncertain. In addition, KB Kookmin Card could become subject to additional litigation and regulatory sanctions, and may also incur significant costs relating to the compensation of customers for losses incurred as a result of the fraudulent use of the misappropriated personal information.

In February 2018, pursuant to a request by the Financial Supervisory Service, the Supreme Prosecutors’ Office of Korea commenced an investigation into alleged irregularities in hiring practices at five Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank. According to the allegations made by the Financial Supervisory Service, Kookmin

Bank unfairly gave favorable treatment to certain individuals, including relatives of the former president of Kookmin Bank (our current chairman and chief executive officer) and our formernon-executive director, in connection with their hiring in 2015 and 2016. While the investigation is currently ongoing and, as of the date of this annual report, there have been no formal charges or indictments against us, one of the employees in the Human Resources Department of Kookmin Bank was indicted in connection with such allegations in April 2018. The trial against such individual is currently ongoing in the Seoul Southern District Court.

Dividends

Dividends must be approved by the stockholders at the annual general meeting of stockholders. Cash dividends may be paid out of retained earnings that have not been appropriated to statutory reserves. See “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Description of Capital Stock—Dividends and Other Distributions.”

The table below sets forth, for the periods indicated, the dividend per share of common stock and the total amount of dividends declared and paid by us in respect of the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014.2017. The dividends set out for each of the years below were paid within 30 days after our annual stockholders meeting, which is held no later than March of the following year.

 

Fiscal Year

  Dividends per
Common Share (1)
   Dividends per
Preferred Share
   Total Amount of Cash
Dividends Paid
 
                   (in millions of Won) 

2010 (2)

  120    US$0.11     —       —      41,163  

2011 (3)

   720     0.62     —       —       278,173  

2012 (4)

   600     0.56     —       —       231,811  

2013 (5)

   500     0.47     —       —       193,176  

2014 (6)

   780     0.72     —       —       301,354  

Fiscal Year

  Dividends per
Common Share(1)
   Dividends per
Preferred Share
   Total Amount of Cash
Dividends Paid
 
                   (in millions of Won) 

2015(2)

  980   US$0.84    —      —     378,625 

2016(3)

   1,250    1.04    —      —      497,969 

2017(4)

   1,920    1.80    —      —      766,728 

 

(1) 

Won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the noon buying rate in effect at the end of the relevant periods as quoted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in the United States.

(2) 

On February 10, 2011,4, 2016, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ₩120₩980 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 2.4%19.6% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010.2015. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 25, 2011.

2016.
(3) 

On February 9, 2012,2017, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ₩720₩1,250 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 14.4%25.0% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.2016. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 23, 2012.

24, 2017.
(4) 

On February 7, 2013,8, 2018, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ₩600₩1,920 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 12.0%38.4% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012.2017. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 22, 2013.

(5)

On February 7, 2014, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ₩500 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 10.0% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 28, 2014.

(6)

On February 5, 2015, our board of directors passed a board resolution recommending a cash dividend of ₩780 per common share (before dividend tax), representing 15.6% of the par value of each share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. This resolution was approved and ratified by our stockholders on March 27, 2015.

23, 2018.

Future dividends will depend upon our revenues, cash flow, financial condition and other factors. As an owner of ADSs, you will be entitled to receive dividends payable in respect of the shares of common stock represented by such ADSs.

For a description of the tax consequences of dividends paid to our stockholders, see “Item 10.E. Taxation—United States Taxation” and “—Korean Taxation—Taxation of Dividends.”

Item 8.B.Significant Changes

Not applicable.

 

Item 9.THE OFFER AND LISTING

 

Item 9.A.Offering and Listing Details

Market Price Information

The principal trading market for our common stock is the KRX KOSPI Market. Our common stock has been listed on the KRX KOSPI Market since October 10, 2008, and the ADSs have been listed on the New York Stock

Exchange under the symbol “KB” since September 29, 2008. The ADSs are identified by the CUSIP number 48241A105.

Kookmin Bank’s common stock was listed on the KRX KOSPI Market on November 9, 2001, and was suspended from trading from September 25, 2008 and de-listed on October 10, 2008 in connection with the comprehensive stock transfer pursuant to which we were established. Kookmin Bank ADSs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange from November 1, 2001 to September 26, 2008. The Kookmin Bank ADSs were identified by the CUSIP number 50049M109.

The table below sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low closing prices and the average daily volume of trading activity on the KRX KOSPI Market for Kookmin Bank common stock with respect to the periods up to and including the third quarter of 2008 and for our common stock, with respect to the subsequent periods, and the high and low closing prices and the average daily volume of trading activity on the New York Stock Exchange for Kookmin Bank ADSs with respect to the periods up to and including the third quarter of 2008 and for our ADSs with respect to the subsequent periods.ADSs.

 

  KRX KOSPI Market(1)  New York Stock Exchange(2) 
  Closing Price Per
Common Stock
  Average Daily
Trading
Volume (in
thousands of
shares)
  Closing Price Per ADS  Average Daily
Trading
Volume (in
thousands of
shares)
 
  High  Low   High  Low  

2010

 60,400   45,900    1,921.9   US$ 52.89   US$ 37.81    326.8  

2011

  62,100    34,600    2,385.3    55.00    29.64    202.3  

2012

  45,000    33,000    1,342.3    40.63    28.84    150.1  

2013

  43,950    32,600    1,236.0    41.26    28.85    144.3  

First Quarter

  40,750    36,150    1,629.3    37.45    32.16    188.4  

Second Quarter

  37,600    33,650    1,093.7    33.46    29.17    147.7  

Third Quarter

  38,800    32,600    1,155.2    35.72    28.85    124.0  

Fourth Quarter

  43,950    37,700    1,072.2    41.26    35.38    122.0  

2014

  43,000    34,200    1,068.9    42.00    32.34    118.2  

First Quarter

  42,100    35,900    1,215.4    39.33    32.34    143.7  

Second Quarter

  37,800    34,200    997.0    36.33    33.42    91.8  

Third Quarter

  43,000    34,650    1,191.1    42.00    34.63    93.1  

Fourth Quarter

  43,000    36,150    872.1    40.63    32.62    144.9  

October

  43,000    37,300    1,173.5    40.63    35.06    109.5  

November

  41,800    38,900    750.2    38.31    34.93    64.2  

December

  39,350    36,150    686.8    35.41    32.62    251.7  

2015 (through April 24)

  41,650    35,000    966.9    38.57    31.22    121.5  

First Quarter

  40,000    35,000    927.1    35.97    31.22    128.1  

January

  38,200    35,000    873.7    35.43    31.22    149.6  

February

  39,700    36,350    854.0    35.94    33.46    154.1  

March

  40,000    36,650    1,034.7    35.97    32.49    86.0  

April (through April 24)

  41,650    36,800    1,099.5    38.57    33.69    98.0  

  KRX KOSPI Market(1)  New York Stock Exchange(2) 
  Closing Price Per
Common Stock
  Average Daily
Trading
Volume (in
thousands of
shares)
  Closing Price Per ADS  Average Daily
Trading
Volume (in
thousands of
shares)
 
  High  Low   High  Low  

2013

 43,950  32,600   1,236.0  US$41.26  US$28.85   144.3 

2014

  43,000   34,200   1,068.9   42.00   32.34   118.2 

2015

  41,900   33,150   935.9   38.91   27.87   131.8 

2016

  44,400   28,300   1,013.4   38.39   23.23   138.7 

First Quarter

  32,800   28,300   1,143.2   28.16   23.23   165.2 

Second Quarter

  36,500   32,150   919.9   31.38   26.59   129.7 

Third Quarter

  39,900   31,800   915.0   36.35   27.54   117.5 

Fourth Quarter

  44,400   37,850   1,021.6   38.39   34.15   143.7 

2017

  63,800   42,400   1,065.3   58.80   35.47   140.5 

First Quarter

  51,900   42,400   1,057.3   45.77   35.47   154.7 

Second Quarter

  57,800   47,000   1,077.0   50.49   41.27   158.6 

Third Quarter

  60,200   51,100   1,139.7   54.25   44.57   138.8 

Fourth Quarter

  63,800   55,800   978.0   58.80   49.15   110.1 

October

  59,200   57,000   970.2   52.60   49.15   124.7 

November

  59,900   55,800   955.0   55.31   50.82   94.3 

December

  63,800   58,300   1,011.3   58.80   53.70   110.6 

2018 (through April 25)

  68,600   56,600   995.7   63.90   52.99   144.8 

First Quarter

  68,600   60,100   1,013.4   63.90   55.94   138.8 

January

  68,600   63,000   894.8   63.90   59.32   128.6 

February

  67,700   61,000   1,215.9   62.07   56.03   149.0 

March

  64,000   60,100   964.2   59.76   55.94   139.6 

April (through April 25)

  61,300   56,600   935.4   57.21   52.99   165.1 

 

Source:     Global Stock Information Financial Network and KRX KOSPI Market

(1)

Trading of Kookmin Bank common shares on the KRX KOSPI Market commenced on November 9, 2001 and ended on September 24, 2008. Trading of our common shares on the KRX KOSPI Market commenced on October 10, 2008.

(2) 

Trading of Kookmin Bank ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange commenced on November 1, 2001 and ended on September 26, 2008. Trading of our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange commenced on September 29, 2008. Each ADS represents the right to receive one share.

 

Item 9.B.Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

 

Item 9.C.Markets

The KRX KOSPI Market

The KRX KOSPI Market (formerly known as the Stock Market Division of the Korea Exchange) began its operations in 1956. It has a single trading floor located in Seoul. The KRX KOSPI Market is a membership organization consisting of most of the Korean financial investment companies with a dealing and/or brokerage license and some Korean branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, the aggregate market value of equity securities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market was approximately ₩1,192₩1,606 trillion. The average daily trading volume of equity securities for 20142017 was approximately 278340 million shares and the average daily transaction value was ₩3,984₩5,326 billion.

The KRX KOSPI Market has the power in some circumstances to suspend trading in the shares of a given company or tode-list a security pursuant to the Listing Regulation of the KRX KOSPI Market. The KRX KOSPI Market also restricts share price movements. All listed companies are required to file accounting reports annually, semiannually and quarterly and to release immediately all information that may affect trading in a security.

The KRX KOSPI Market publishes the KOSPI, which is an index of all equity securities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market, every ten seconds. On January 1, 1983, theThe method of computing KOSPI was changed from the Dow Jones method tois the aggregate value method. In the new method, pursuant to which the market capitalizations of all listed companies are aggregated, subject to certain adjustments, and this aggregate is expressed as a percentage of the aggregate market capitalization of all listed companies as of the base date, January 4, 1980.

The following table sets out movements in KOSPI:

 

Year

  Opening   High   Low   Closing   Opening   High   Low   Closing 

1985

   139.53     163.37     131.40     163.37     139.53    163.37    131.40    163.37 

1986

   161.40     279.67     153.85     272.61     161.40    279.67    153.85    272.61 

1987

   264.82     525.11     264.82     525.11     264.82    525.11    264.82    525.11 

1988

   532.04     922.56     527.89     907.20     532.04    922.56    527.89    907.20 

1989

   919.61     1,007.77     844.75     909.72     919.61    1,007.77    844.75    909.72 

1990

   908.59     928.82     566.27     696.11     908.59    928.82    566.27    696.11 

1991

   679.75     763.10     586.51     610.92     679.75    763.10    586.51    610.92 

1992

   624.23     691.48     459.07     678.44     624.23    691.48    459.07    678.44 

1993

   697.41     874.10     605.93     866.18     697.41    874.10    605.93    866.18 

1994

   879.32     1,138.75     855.37     1,027.37     879.32    1,138.75    855.37    1,027.37 

1995

   1,013.57     1,016.77     847.09     882.94     1,013.57    1,016.77    847.09    882.94 

1996

   888.85     986.84     651.22     651.22     888.85    986.84    651.22    651.22 

1997

   653.79     792.29     350.68     376.31     653.79    792.29    350.68    376.31 

1998

   385.49     579.86     280.00     562.46     385.49    579.86    280.00    562.46 

1999

   587.57     1,028.07     498.42     1,028.07     587.57    1,028.07    498.42    1,028.07 

2000

   1,059.04     1,059.04     500.60     504.62     1,059.04    1,059.04    500.60    504.62 

2001

   520.95     704.50     468.76     693.70     520.95    704.50    468.76    693.70 

2002

   724.95     937.61     584.04     627.55     724.95    937.61    584.04    627.55 

2003

   635.17     822.16     515.24     810.71     635.17    822.16    515.24    810.71 

2004

   821.26     936.06     719.59     895.92     821.26    936.06    719.59    895.92 

2005

   893.71     1,379.37     870.84     1,379.37     893.71    1,379.37    870.84    1,379.37 

2006

   1,389.27     1,464.70     1,203.86     1,434.46     1,389.27    1,464.70    1,203.86    1,434.46 

2007

   1,435.26     2,064.85     1,355.79     1,897.13     1,435.26    2,064.85    1,355.79    1,897.13 

2008

   1,853.45     1,888.88     938.75     1,124.47     1,853.45    1,888.88    938.75    1,124.47 

2009

   1,157.40     1,723.17     992.69     1,682.77     1,157.40    1,723.17    992.69    1,682.77 

2010

   1,696.14     2,052.97     1,548.78     2,051.00     1,696.14    2,052.97    1,548.78    2,051.00 

2011

   2,070.08     2,228.96     1,652.71     1,825.74     2,070.08    2,228.96    1,652.71    1,825.74 

2012

   1,826.37     2,049.28     1,769.31     1,997.05     1,826.37    2,049.28    1,769.31    1,997.05 

2013

   2,031.10     2,059.58     1,780.63     2,011.34     2,031.10    2,059.58    1,780.63    2,011.34 

2014

   1,967.19     2,082.61     1,886.85     1,915.59     1,967.19    2,082.61    1,886.85    1,915.59 

2015 (through April 24)

   1,926.44     2,173.41     1,882.45     2,159.80  

2015

   1,926.44    2,173.41    1,829.81    1,961.31 

2016

   1,918.76    2,068.72    1,835.28    2,026.46 

2017

   2,026.16    2,557.97    2,026.16    2,467.49 

2018 (through April 25)

   2,479.65    2,598.19    2,363.77    2,448.81 

 

Source:    The KRX KOSPI Market

Shares are quoted “ex-dividend”“ex-dividend” on the first trading day of the relevant company’s accounting period. Since the calendar year is the accounting period for the majority of listed companies, this may account for the drop in KOSPI between its closing level at the end of one calendar year and its opening level at the beginning of the following calendar year.

With certain exceptions, principally to take account of a share being quoted “ex-dividend”“ex-dividend” and “ex-rights,“ex-rights, permitted upward and downward movements in share prices of any category of shares on any day are limited under the rules of the KRX KOSPI Market to 15%30% of the previous day’s closing price of the shares, rounded down as set out below:

 

Previous Day’s Closing Price ()

  Rounded Down
to
 

Less than 1,000

   1 

1,000 to less than 5,000

   5 

5,000 to less than 10,000

   10 

10,000 to less than 50,000

   50 

50,000 to less than 100,000

   100 

100,000 to less than 500,000

   500 

500,000 or more

   1,000 

As a consequence, if a particular closing price is the same as the price set by the fluctuation limit, the closing price may not reflect the price at which persons would have been prepared, or would be prepared to continue, if so permitted, to buy and sell shares. Orders are executed on an auction system with priority rules to deal with competing bids and offers.

Due to the deregulation of restrictions on brokerage commission rates, the brokerage commission rate on equity securities transactions may be determined by the parties, subject to commission schedules being filed with the KRX KOSPI Market by the financial investment companies with a brokerage license. In addition, a securities transaction tax will generally be imposed on the transfer of shares or certain securities representing rights to subscribe for shares. An agriculture and fishery special surtax of 0.15% of the sales prices will also be imposed on transfer of these shares and securities on the KRX KOSPI Market. See “Item 10.E. Taxation—Korean Taxation.”

The following table sets forth the number of companies listed on the KRX KOSPI Market, the corresponding total market capitalization at the end of the periods indicated and the average daily trading volume for those periods:

 

 Market Capitalization on  the
Last Day of Each Period
 Average Daily Trading Volume, Value   Market Capitalization on
the Last Day of Each Period
   Average Daily Trading
Volume, Value
 

Year

 Number of
Listed
Companies
 (Billions of
Won)
 (Millions of
US$) (1)
 Thousands
of Shares
 (Millions of
Won)
 (Thousands of
US$) (1)
   Number of
Listed
Companies
   (Billions of
Won)
   Thousands
of Shares
   (Millions of
Won)
 

1985

  342   6,570   US$7,921    18,925   12,315   US$14,846     342   6,570    18,925   12,315 

1986

  355    11,994    13,439    31,755    32,870    36,830     355    11,994    31,755    32,870 

1987

  389    26,172    30,250    20,353    70,185    81,120     389    26,172    20,353    70,185 

1988

  502    64,544    81,177    10,367    198,364    249,483     502    64,544    10,367    198,364 

1989

  626    95,477    138,997    11,757    280,967    409,037     626    95,477    11,757    280,967 

1990

  669    79,020    115,610    10,866    183,692    268,753     669    79,020    10,866    183,692 

1991

  686    73,118    101,623    14,022    214,263    297,795     686    73,118    14,022    214,263 

1992

  688    84,712    110,691    24,028    308,246    402,779     688    84,712    24,028    308,246 

1993

  693    112,665    142,668    35,130    574,048    726,919     693    112,665    35,130    574,048 

1994

  699    151,217    185,657    36,862    776,257    953,047     699    151,217    36,862    776,257 

1995

  721    141,151    178,266    26,130    487,762    616,016     721    141,151    26,130    487,762 

1996

  760    117,370    151,289    26,571    486,834    627,525     760    117,370    26,571    486,834 

1997

  776    70,989    82,786    41,525    555,759    648,115     776    70,989    41,525    555,759 

1998

  748    137,799    81,297    97,716    660,429    389,634     748    137,799    97,716    660,429 

1999

  725    349,504    294,319    278,551    3,481,620    2,931,891     725    349,504    278,551    3,481,620 

2000

  704    188,042    166,703    306,163    2,602,211    2,306,925     704    188,042    306,163    2,602,211 

2001

  689    255,850    200,039    473,241    1,997,420    1,561,705     689    255,850    473,241    1,997,420 

2002

  683    258,681    217,379    857,245    3,041,598    2,308,789     683    258,681    857,245    3,041,598 

2003

  684    355,363    298,123    542,010    2,216,636    1,859,594     684    355,363    542,010    2,216,636 

2004

  683    412,588    398,597    372,895    2,232,108    2,156,418     683    412,588    372,895    2,232,108 

2005

  702    655,075    648,589    467,629    3,157,662    3,126,398     702    655,075    467,629    3,157,662 

2006

  731    704,588    757,621    279,096    3,435,180    3,693,742     731    704,588    279,096    3,435,180 

2007

  745    951,900    1,017,205    363,732    5,539,588    5,919,628     745    951,900    363,732    5,539,588 

2008

  763    592,635    469,600    355,205    5,189,643    4,112,238     763    592,635    355,205    5,189,643 

2009

  770    887,935    763,027    485,657    5,795,426    4,980,172     770    887,935    485,657    5,795,426 

2010

  777    1,141,885    1,009,981    380,859    5,619,768    4,970,607     777    1,141,885    380,859    5,619,768 

2011

  791    1,041,999    899,438    353,759    6,863,146    5,924,166     791    1,041,999    353,759    6,863,146 

2012

  784    1,154,294    1,085,638    486,480    4,823,643    4,536,739     784    1,154,294    486,480    4,823,643 

2013

  777    1,185,974    1,123,879    328,325    3,993,422    3,784,337     777    1,185,974    328,325    3,993,422 

2014

  773    1,192,253    1,092,918    278,082    3,983,580    3,651,679     773    1,192,253    278,082    3,983,580 

2015 (through April 24)

  762    1,346,808    1,251,855    398,452    5,133,955    4,771,999  

2015

   770    1,242,832    455,256    5,351,734 

2016

   779    1,308,440    376,773    4,523,044 

2017

   774    1,605,821    340,457    5,325,760 

2018 (through April 25)

   777    1,634,742    409,131    7,139,579 

 

Source:    The KRX KOSPI Market

(1)

Converted at the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in effect on the last business day of the period indicated.

The Korean securities markets are principally regulated by the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, which replaced the Korean Securities Exchange Act in February 2009.Act. The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act imposes restrictions on insider trading, price manipulation and deceptive action (including unfair trading), requires specified information to be made available by listed companies to investors and establishes rules regarding margin trading, proxy solicitation, takeover bids, acquisition of treasury shares and reporting requirements for stockholders holding substantial interests.

Protection of Customer’s Interest in Case of Insolvency of Financial Investment Companies with a Brokerage License

Under Korean law, the relationship between a customer and a financial investment company with a brokerage license in connection with a securities sell or buy order is deemed to be consignment and the securities acquired by a consignment agent (i.e., the financial investment company with a brokerage license) through such sell or buy order are regarded as belonging to the customer in so far as the customer and the consignment agent’s creditors are concerned. Therefore, in the event of a bankruptcy or reorganization procedure involving a financial investment company with a brokerage license, the customer of such financial investment company is entitled to the proceeds of the securities sold by such financial investment company.

When a customer places a sell order with a financial investment company with a brokerage license which is not a member of the KRX KOSPI Market, and that financial investment company places a sell order with another financial investment company with a brokerage license, which is a member of the KRX KOSPI Market, the customer is still entitled to the proceeds of the securities sold and received by thenon-member company from the member company regardless of the bankruptcy or reorganization of thenon-member company.

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the KRX KOSPI Market is obliged to indemnify any loss or damage incurred by a counterparty as a result of a breach by its members. If a financial investment company with a brokerage license which is a member of the KRX KOSPI Market breaches its obligation in connection with a buy order, the KRX KOSPI Market is obliged to pay the purchase price on behalf of the breaching member. Therefore, the customer can acquire the securities that have been ordered to be purchased by the breaching member.

When a customer places a buy order with anon-member company and thenon-member company places a buy order with a member company, the customer has the legal right to the securities received by thenon-member company from the member company because the purchased securities are regarded as belonging to the customer in so far as the customer and thenon-member company’s creditors are concerned.

As the cash deposited with a financial investment company with a brokerage license is regarded as belonging to such financial investment company, which is liable to return the same at the request of its customer, the customer cannot take back deposited cash from such financial investment company if a bankruptcy or reorganization procedure is instituted against such financial investment company and, therefore, can suffer from loss or damage as a result. However, the Depositor Protection Act provides that the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation will, upon the request of the investors, pay investors an amount equal to the full amount of cash deposited with a financial investment company with a brokerage license prior to August 1, 1998 in case of such financial investment company’s bankruptcy, liquidation, cancellationcancelation of securities business license or other insolvency events. However, this indemnification was available only until the end of 2000. From 2001, the maximum amount to be paid to each customer is limited to ₩50 million. Pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, financial investment companies with a dealing and/or brokerage license are required to deposit the cash received from its customers to the extent the amount is not covered by the insurance with the Korea Securities Finance Corporation, a special entity established pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.Set-off or attachment of cash deposits by such financial investment companies is prohibited. The premiums related to this insurance are paid by such financial investment companies.

Reporting Requirements for Holders of Substantial Interests

Any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of our common stock with voting rights, whether in the form of shares of common stock or ADSs, certificates representing the rights to subscribe for shares orequity-related debt securities including convertible bonds and bonds with warrants (which we refer to collectively as “Equity Securities”), together with the Equity Securities beneficially owned by certain related persons or by any person acting in concert with the person, accounts for 5% or more of the total issued and

outstanding shares (plus Equity(Equity Securities of us held by such persons)persons and treasury stock) is required to report the status and purpose (in terms of whether the purpose of the shareholding is to exercise control over our management) of the holdings to the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five business days after reaching the 5% ownership interest. In addition, any change in (i) the ownership interest subsequent to the report that equals or exceeds 1% of the total issued and outstanding Equity Securities of us or (ii) the purpose of the shareholding is required to be reported to the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five business days from the date of the change.

Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines or imprisonment, an administrative fine of up to 0.001% of the aggregate market value of the total issued and outstanding stock or ₩500 million, whichever is lower, and/or a loss of voting rights with respect to the ownership of Equity Securities exceeding 5% of the total issued and outstanding Equity Securities with respect to which the reporting requirements were violated. Furthermore, the Financial Services Commission may order the disposal of the unreported Equity Securities.

In addition to the reporting requirements described above, any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of our stock accounts for 10% or more of the total issued and outstanding stock (which we refer to as a “major stockholder”) must report the status of his/her shareholding to the Korea Securities and Futures Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five days after becoming a major stockholder. In addition, any change in the ownership interest subsequent to the report must be reported to the Korea Securities and Futures Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five days of the occurrence of the change.change, provided that such reporting obligation would not apply if the change in the ownership interest consists of less than 1,000 shares and the amount of such change is less than ₩10 million. Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines or imprisonment.

Any single stockholder and persons who stand in a special relationship with that stockholder that acquire more than 4% of the voting stock of a nationwide Korean bank pursuant to the Bank Act will be subject to reporting requirements. In addition, any single stockholder and persons who stand in a special relationship with that stockholder that acquire in excess of 10% of a nationwide bank’s total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights must receive approval from the Financial Services Commission to acquire shares in each instance where the total shareholding would exceed 10%, 25% or 33%, respectively, of the bank’s total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Restrictions on Bank Ownership.”

Restrictions Applicable to ADSs

No Korean governmental approval is necessary for the sale and purchase of our ADSs in the secondary market outside Korea or for the withdrawal of shares of our common stock underlying the ADSs and the delivery inside Korea of shares in connection with the withdrawal, provided that a foreigner who intends to acquire the shares must obtain an investment registration card from the Financial Supervisory Service as described below. The acquisition of the shares by a foreigner must be immediately reported to the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service, either by the foreigner or by his standing proxy in Korea.

Persons who have acquired shares of our common stock as a result of the withdrawal of shares underlying our ADSs may exercise their preemptive rights for new shares, participate in free distributions and receive dividends on shares without any further Korean governmental approval.

Under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of shares of our common stock to be deposited in any given proposed deposit that exceeds the difference between:

 

 (1)the aggregate number of shares of our common stock deposited by us for the issuance of our ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial issuance and all subsequent offerings of our ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs); and

 (2)the number of shares of our common stock on deposit with the depositary at the time of such proposed deposit.

We have agreed to grant such consent to the extent that the total number of shares on deposit with the depositary would not exceed 116,583,985 at any time.

Restrictions Applicable to Shares

As a result of amendments to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws and Financial Services Commission regulations (which we refer to collectively as the “Investment Rules”) adopted in connection with the stock market opening from January 1992 and after that date, foreigners may invest, with limited exceptions and subject to procedural requirements, in all shares of Korean companies, whether listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or on the KRX KOSDAQ Market, unless prohibited by specific laws. Foreign investors may trade shares listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or on the KRX KOSDAQ Market only through the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, except in limited circumstances, including:

 

odd-lot trading of shares;

 

acquisition of shares (which we refer to as “Converted Shares”) by exercise of warrants, conversion rights or exchange rights under bonds with warrants, convertible bonds or exchangeable bonds or withdrawal rights under depositary receipts issued outside of Korea by a Korean company;

 

acquisition of shares as a result of inheritance, donation, bequest or exercise of stockholders’ rights, including preemptive rights or rights to participate in free distributions and receive dividends;

 

over-the-counter transactions between foreigners of a class of shares for which the ceiling on aggregate acquisition by foreigners, as explained below, has been reached or exceeded subject to certain exceptions; and

 

sale and purchase of shares at fair value between foreigners who are part of an investor group comprised of foreign companies investing under the control of a common investment manager pursuant to applicable laws or contract.

Forover-the-counter transactions of shares between foreigners outside the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market for shares with respect to which the limit on aggregate foreign ownership has been reached or exceeded, a financial investment company with a brokerage license in Korea must act as an intermediary.Odd-lot trading of shares outside the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market must involve a financial investment company with a dealing license as the other party. Foreign investors are prohibited from engaging in margin transactions by borrowing shares from a financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license with respect to shares that are subject to a foreign ownership limit.

The Investment Rules require a foreign investor who wishes to invest in shares on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market (including Converted Shares and shares being issued for initial listing on the KRX KOSPI Market or on KRX KOSDAQ Market) to register its identity with the Financial Supervisory Service prior to making any such investment. The registration requirement does not, however, apply to foreign investors who acquire Converted Shares with the intention of selling such Converted Shares within three months from the date of acquisition. Upon registration, the Financial Supervisory Service will issue to the foreign investor an investment registration card, which must be presented each time the foreign investor opens a brokerage account with a financial investment company with a brokerage license. Foreigners eligible to obtain an investment

registration card include foreign nationals who have not been residing in Korea for a consecutive period of six months or more, foreign governments, foreign municipal authorities, foreign public institutions, international financial institutions or similar international organizations, corporations incorporated under foreign laws and any person in any additional category designated by the Enforcement Decree of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. All Korean offices of a foreign corporation as a group are treated as a separate

foreigner from the offices of the corporation outside Korea for the purpose of investment registration. However, a foreign corporation or depositary issuing depositary receipts may obtain one or more investment registration cards in its name in certain circumstances as described in the relevant regulations.

Upon a foreign investor’s purchase of shares through the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, no separate report by the investor is required because the investment registration card system is designed to control and oversee foreign investment through a computer system. However, a foreign investor’s acquisition or sale of shares outside the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market (as discussed above) must be reported by the foreign investor or his standing proxy to the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service at the time of each such acquisition or sale. In particular, if a foreign investor acquires or sells his shares in connection with a tender offer,odd-lot trading of shares or trades of a class of shares for which the aggregate foreign ownership limit has been reached or exceeded, such foreign investor or his standing proxy must ensure that the financial investment company that was engaged to facilitate the transaction reports such transaction to the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service. A foreign investor may appoint a standing proxy from among the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies with a dealing and/or brokerage license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license), financial investment companies with a collective investment license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license) and internationally recognized custodians which will act as a standing proxy to exercise stockholders’ rights or perform any matters related to the foregoing activities if the foreign investor does not perform these activities himself. Generally, a foreign investor may not permit any person, other than its standing proxy, to exercise rights relating to his shares or perform any tasks related thereto on his behalf. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with these standing proxy rules with the approval of the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in cases deemed inevitable, including by reason of conflict between laws of Korea and the home country of the foreign investor.

Certificates evidencing shares of Korean companies must be kept in the custody of an eligible custodian in Korea. The same entities eligible to act as a standing proxy are eligible to act as a custodian of shares for anon-resident or foreign investor. A foreign investor must ensure that its custodian deposits its shares with the Korea Securities Depository. A foreign investor may be exempted from complying with this deposit requirement with the approval of the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in circumstances where compliance with that requirement is made impracticable, including cases where compliance would contravene the laws of the foreign investors’ home country.

Under the Investment Rules, with certain exceptions, foreign investors may acquire shares of a Korean company without being subject to any foreign investment ceiling. As one such exception, designated public corporations are subject to a 40% ceiling on the acquisition of shares by foreigners in the aggregate. In addition, designated public corporations may set a ceiling on the acquisition of shares by a single person in their articles of incorporation. Currently, Korea Electric Power Corporation is the only designated public corporation that has set such a ceiling. Furthermore, an investment by a foreign investor in 10% or more of the issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of a Korean company is defined as a foreign direct investment under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of Korea. Generally, a foreign direct investment must be reported to the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of Korea. The acquisition of shares of a Korean company by a foreign investor may also be subject to certain foreign or other shareholding restrictions in the event that the restrictions are prescribed in a specific law that regulates the business of the Korean company. For a description of such restrictions applicable to Korean banks, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Banks—Restrictions on Bank Ownership.”

Item 9.D.Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

Item 9.E.Dilution

Not applicable.

 

Item 9.E.9.F.DilutionExpenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

 

Item 9.F.10.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Item 10.A.Expenses of the IssueShare Capital

Not applicable.

 

Item 10.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Item 10.A.Share Capital

Not applicable.

Item 10.B.Memorandum and Articles of Association

Description of Capital Stock

Set forth below is information relating to our capital stock, including brief summaries of certain provisions of our articles of incorporation, the Korean Commercial Code, Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and certain related laws of Korea, all as currently in effect. The following summaries do not purport to be complete and are subject to the articles of incorporation and the applicable provisions of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Korean Commercial Code, and certain other related laws of Korea.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, our authorized share capital is 1,000,000,000 shares. Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, we are authorized to issue shares with preferred dividend,non-voting shares, class shares with conversion rights, class shares with redemption rights and shares with a combination of all or any of the foregoing characteristics (collectively, “Class Shares”), as well as common shares. Subject to applicable laws and regulations, we are authorized to issue Class Shares up toone-half of all of our issued and outstanding shares.

Under our articles of incorporation, dividends onnon-voting shares with preferred dividend are required to be at least 1% per annum of the par value and the board of directors must determine at the time of issuance of such shares the dividend rate, type of distributable properties, method of determining the value of distributable properties and conditions on payment of dividends. Also, we may, pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors, issue suchnon-voting shares with preferred dividend as redeemable shares that may be redeemed with profits at the relevant shareholder’s or our discretion, up toone-half of all of our issued and outstanding shares.

In addition, pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors, we may issue shares that are convertible into common shares or Class Shares at the request of the relevant shareholders, up to 20% of all of our issued and outstanding shares. The period during which a relevant shareholder may make a request for conversion may be determined by a resolution of the board of directors and must be a period between one and ten years from the issue date.

Furthermore, through an amendment of the articles of incorporation, we may create new classes of shares, which may be common shares or Class Shares having additional features as prescribed under the Korean Commercial Code. See “—Voting Rights.”

As of the date of this annual report, 386,351,693418,111,537 shares of common stock were issued and 386,351,693399,037,583 shares of common stock were outstanding. No Class Shares are currently outstanding. All of the issued and outstanding shares arefully-paid andnon-assessable, and are in registered form. Our authorized but unissued share capital consists of 613,648,307 shares. We581,888,463 shares.We may issue the unissued shares without further stockholder approval, subject to a board resolution as provided in the articles of incorporation. See “—Preemptive Rights and Issuances of Additional Shares” and “—Dividends and Other Distributions—Distribution of Free Shares.”

Our articles of incorporation provide that our stockholders may, by special resolution, grant to our and our subsidiaries’ officers directors and employees stock options exercisable for up to 15% of the total number of our issued and outstanding shares. Our board of directors may also grant stock options to non-director officers and employees other than directors exercisable for up to 1% of our issued and outstanding shares, provided that such grant must be approved by a resolution of the subsequent general meeting of stockholders. As of March 31, 2015,2018, none of our officers,

directors and employees held options to purchase shares of our common stock. Upon their exercise of such stock options, we are required to pay in cash the difference between the exercise price and the market price of our common stock at the date of exercise. See “Item 6.E. Share Ownership—Stock Options.”

Share certificates are issued in denominations of one, five, ten, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 10,000 shares.

Organization and Register

We are a financial holding company established under the Financial Holding Company Act. We are registered with the commercial registry office of Seoul Central District Court.

Dividends and Other Distributions

Dividends

Dividends are distributed to stockholders in proportion to the number of shares of the relevant class of capital stock owned by each stockholder following approval by the stockholders at an annual general meeting of stockholders. Subject to the requirements of the Korean Commercial Code and other applicable laws and regulations, we expect to pay full annual dividends on newly issued shares for the year in which the new shares are issued.

We declare our dividend annually at the annual general meeting of stockholders, which are held within three months after the end of each fiscal year. Once declared, the annual dividend must be paid to the stockholders of record as of the end of the preceding fiscal year within one month after the annual general meeting unless otherwise resolved thereby. Annual dividends may be distributed either in cash or in shares provided that shares must be distributed at par value and, if the market price of the shares is less than their par value, dividends in shares may not exceedone-half of the total annual dividend (including dividends in shares).

Under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, we do not have an obligation to pay any annual dividend unclaimed for five years from the payment date.

The Financial Holding Company Act and related regulations require that each time a Korean financial holding company pays an annual dividend, it must set aside in its legal reserve to stated capital an amount equal to at leastone-tenth of its net income after tax until the amount set aside reaches at least the aggregate amount of its stated capital. Unless it sets aside this amount, a Korean financial holding company may not pay an annual dividend. We intend to set aside allowances for loan losses and reserves for severance pay in addition to this legal reserve.

For information regarding Korean taxes on dividends, see “Item 10.E. Taxation—Korean Taxation.”

Distribution of Free Shares

In addition to permitting dividends in the form of shares to be paid out of retained or current earnings, the Korean Commercial Code permits a company to distribute to its stockholders, in the form of free shares, an amount transferred from the capital surplus or legal reserve to stated capital. These free shares must be distributed pro rata to all stockholders. Our articles of incorporation provide that the types of shares to be distributed to the holders ofnon-voting shares with preferred dividend will be the same type ofnon-voting shares with preferred dividend held by such holders.

Preemptive Rights and Issuances of Additional Shares

Unless otherwise provided in the Korean Commercial Code, a company may issue authorized but unissued shares at such times and upon such terms as the board of directors of the company may determine. The company must offer the new shares on uniform terms to all stockholders who have preemptive rights and who are listed on the stockholders’ register as of the applicable record date. Our stockholders will be entitled to subscribe for any newly issued shares in proportion to their existing shareholdings. However, as provided in our articles of incorporation, new shares may be issued to persons other than existing stockholders if such shares are:

(1) publicly offered pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, (2) issued to an employee stock ownership association, (3) issued upon exercise of stock options pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, (4) issued for the issuance of our depositary receipts, (5) issued to certain foreign or domestic financial institutions or institutional investors to raise funds to meet urgent needs for our management or operations or (6) issued primarily to a third party who has contributed to the management of our business, including by providing financing, credit, advanced financing technique,know-how or entering into close business alliances, except that, in the case of issuances of new shares under (1), (4), (5) and (6) above, the number of new shares issued to persons other than existing stockholders may not exceed 50% of our total issued and outstanding capital stock.

Public notice of the preemptive rights to new shares and the transferability thereof must be given not less than two weeks (excluding the period during which the stockholders’ register is closed) prior to the record date. We will notify the stockholders or persons other than existing stockholders, who are entitled to subscribe for newly issued shares of the deadline for subscription at least two weeks prior to the deadline. If such stockholders or persons fail to subscribe on or before such deadline, their preemptive rights will lapse. Our board of directors may determine how to distribute shares in respect of which preemptive rights have not been exercised or where fractions of shares occur.

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, members of a company’s employee stock ownership association, whether or not they are stockholders, will have a preemptive right, subject to certain exceptions, to subscribe for up to 20% of the shares publicly offered pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. This right is exercisable only to the extent that the total number of shares so acquired and held by such members does not exceed 20% of the total number of shares then issued and outstanding.

Voting Rights

Each outstanding share of our common stock is entitled to one vote per share. However, voting rights with respect to shares of common stock that we hold or any of our subsidiaries holds may not be exercised. Unless stated otherwise in a company’s articles of incorporation, the Korean Commercial Code permits holders of an aggregate of 1% or more of the issued and outstanding shares with voting rights to request cumulative voting when electing two or more directors. Our articles of incorporation do not prohibit cumulative voting. The Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation provide that an ordinary resolution may be adopted if approval is obtained from the holders of at least a majority of those shares of common stock present or represented at such meeting and such majority also represents at leastone-fourth of the total of our issued and outstanding voting shares. Holders ofnon-voting shares (other than enfranchisednon-voting shares) will not be entitled to vote on any resolution or to receive notice of any general meeting of stockholders unless the agenda of the meeting includes consideration of a resolution on which such holders are entitled to vote. The Korean Commercial Code provides that a company’s articles of incorporation may prescribe conditions for the enfranchisement ofnon-voting shares. For example, if our annual general stockholders’ meeting resolves not to pay to holders ofnon-voting shares with preferred dividend the annual dividend as determined by the board of directors at the time of issuance of such shares, the holders ofnon-voting shares with preferred dividend will be entitled to exercise voting rights from the general stockholders’ meeting following the meeting adopting such

resolution to the end of a meeting to declare to pay such dividend with respect to thenon-voting shares with

preferred dividend. Holders of such enfranchisednon-voting shares with preferred dividend will have the same rights as holders of common stock to request, receive notice of, attend and vote at a general meeting of stockholders.

The Korean Commercial Code provides that to amend the articles of incorporation, which is also required for any change to the authorized share capital of the company, and in certain other instances, including removal of a director of a company, dissolution, merger or consolidation of a company, transfer of the whole or a significant part of the business of a company, acquisition of all of the business of any other company, acquisition of a part of the business of any other company having a material effect on the business of the company or issuance of new shares at a price lower than their par value, a special resolution must be adopted by the approval of the holders of at leasttwo-thirds of those shares present or represented at such meeting and such special majority also represents at leastone-third of the total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights of the company.

In addition, in the case of amendments to the articles of incorporation or any merger or consolidation of a company or in certain other cases, where the rights or interest of the holders of Class Shares are adversely affected, a resolution must be adopted by a separate meeting of holders of Class Shares. Such a resolution may be adopted if the approval is obtained from stockholders of at leasttwo-thirds of the Class Shares present or represented at such meeting and such shares also represent at leastone-third of the total issued and outstanding Class Shares of the company.

A stockholder may exercise his voting rights by proxy given to another stockholder. The proxy must present the power of attorney prior to the start of a meeting of stockholders.

Liquidation Rights

In the event we are liquidated, the assets remaining after the payment of all debts, liquidation expenses and taxes will first be distributed to holders of Class Shares which have a preference right in respect of the distribution of residual properties as determined by our board of directors at the time of their issuance, and the residue thereafter will be distributed to the other stockholders in proportion to the number of shares held by them.

General Meetings of Stockholders

There are two types of general meetings of stockholders: annual general meetings and extraordinary general meetings. We will beare required to convene our annual general meeting within three months after the end of each fiscal year. Subject to a board resolution or court approval, an extraordinary general meeting of stockholders may be held when necessary or at the request of the holders of an aggregate of 3% or more of our issued and outstanding shares, or the holders of an aggregate of 1.5%0.75% or more of our issued and outstanding stock with voting rights, who have held those shares at least for six months.months, under the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies and itssub-regulations. Under the Korean Commercial Code, an extraordinary general meeting of stockholders may also be convened at the request of our Audit Committee, subject to a board resolution or court approval. Holders ofnon-voting shares may be entitled to request a general meeting of stockholders only to the extent thenon-voting shares have become enfranchised as described under the section entitled “—Voting Rights” above, hereinafter referred to as “enfranchisednon-voting shares.” Meeting agendas will be determined by the board of directors or proposed by holders of an aggregate of 3% or more of the issued and outstanding shares with voting rights, or by holders of an aggregate of 0.5%0.1% or more of our issued and outstanding shares with voting rights, who have held those shares for at least six months, by way of a written proposal to the board of directors at least six weeks prior to the meeting.meeting, under the Act on the Corporate Governance of Financial Companies and itssub-regulations. Written notices ore-mail notices stating the date, place and agenda of the meeting must be given to the stockholders at least two weeks prior to the date of the general meeting of stockholders. Notice may, however, be given to holders of 1% or less of the total number of issued and

outstanding shares which are entitled to vote, either by placing at least two public notices at least two weeks in advance of the meeting in at least two daily newspapers or by placing a notice through the electronic disclosure system operated by the Financial Supervisory Service or the Korea Exchange. Stockholders who are not on the stockholders’ register as of the record date will not be entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of stockholders, and they will not be entitled to attend or vote at such

meeting. Holders of enfranchisednon-voting shares who are on the stockholders’ register as of the record date will be entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of stockholders and they will be entitled to attend and vote at such meeting. Otherwise, holders ofnon-voting shares will not be entitled to receive notice of or vote at general meetings of stockholders.

The general meeting of stockholders will be held at our head office, which is our registered head office, or, if necessary, may be held anywhere in the vicinity of our head office.

Rights of Dissenting Stockholders

Pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and the Act on the Improvement of the Structure of the Financial Industry, in certain limited circumstances (including, without limitation, if we transfer all or any significant part of our business, if we acquire a part of the business of any other company and such acquisition has a material effect on our business or if we merge or consolidate with another company), dissenting holders of shares of our common stock and our stock with preferred dividend who acquired such shares prior to the announcement of the relevant resolution of the board of directors (or up to one day after such announcement in the event that such resolution is made by the board of directors pursuant to an Enforcement Decree) will have the right to require us to purchase their shares by providing written notice to us. Tous.To exercise such a right, stockholders must submit to us a written notice of their intention to dissent prior to the general meeting of stockholders. Within 20 days (10 days in the case of a merger or consolidation under the Law on Improvement of the Structure of the Financial Industry) after the date on which the relevant resolution is passed at such meeting, such dissenting stockholders must request in writing that we purchase their shares. We are obligated to purchase the shares from dissenting stockholders within one month after the end of such request period (within two months after the receipt of such request in the case of a merger or consolidation under the Law on Improvement of the Structure of Financial Industry) at a price to be determined by negotiation between the stockholder and us. If we cannot agree on a price with the stockholder through such negotiations, the purchase price will be the arithmetic mean of:

 

the weighted average of the daily stock prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for thetwo-month period prior to the date of the adoption of the relevant board of directors’ resolution;

 

the weighted average of the daily stock prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for theone-month period prior to the date of the adoption of the relevant board of directors’ resolution; and

 

the weighted average of the daily stock prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for theone-week period prior to the date of the adoption of the relevant board of directors’ resolution.

However, any dissenting stockholder who wishes to contest the purchase price may bring a claim in court.

Required Disclosure of Ownership

Under Korean law, stockholders who beneficially hold more than a certain percentage of our common stock, or who are related to or are acting in concert with other holders of certain percentages of our common stock or our other equity securities, must report the status of their holdings to the Financial Services Commission and other relevant governmental authorities. For a description of such required disclosure of ownership, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company” and “Item 9.C. Markets—Reporting Requirements for Holders of Substantial Interests.”

Other Provisions

Register of Stockholders and Record Dates

We maintain the register of our stockholders at our principal office in Seoul, Korea. We register transfers of shares on the register of stockholders upon presentation of the share certificates.

The record date for annual dividends is December 31. For the purpose of determining the holders of shares entitled to annual dividends, the register of stockholders may be closed for the period beginning from January 1 and ending on January 31. Further, the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation permit us upon at least two weeks’ public notice to set a record date and/or close the register of stockholders for not more than three months for the purpose of determining the stockholders entitled to certain rights pertaining to the shares. However, in the event that the register of stockholders is closed for the period beginning from January 1 and ending on January 31 for the purpose of determining the holders of shares entitled to attend the annual general meeting of stockholders, the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation waive the requirement to provide at least two weeks’ public notice. Thenotice.The trading of shares and the delivery of certificates in respect thereof may continue while the register of stockholders is closed. Also, we may distribute dividends to stockholders on a quarterly basis, and the record dates for these quarterly dividends are the end of March, June and September of each year.

Annual Reports

At least one week before the annual general meeting of stockholders, we must make our management report to shareholders and audited financial statements available for inspection at our head office and at all of our branch offices. Copies of this report, the audited financial statements and any resolutions adopted at the general meeting of stockholders are available to our stockholders.

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, we must file with the Korean Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market an annual business report within 90 days after the end of each fiscal year, ahalf-year business report within 45 days after the end of the first six months of each fiscal year and quarterly business reports within 45 days after the end of the first three months and nine months of each fiscal year, respectively. Copies of such business reports will be available for public inspection at the Korean Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market.

Transfer of Shares

Under the Korean Commercial Code, the transfer of shares is effected by the delivery of share certificates. The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act provides, however, that in case of a company listed on the KRX KOSPI Market such as us, share transfers can be effected by thebook-entry method. In order to assert stockholders’ rights against us, the transferee must have his name and address registered on the register of stockholders. For this purpose, stockholders are required to file with us their name, address and seal.Non-resident stockholders must notify us of the name of their proxy in Korea to which our notice can be sent.

Under current Korean regulations, the following entities may act as agents and provide related services for foreign stockholders:

 

the Korea Securities Depository;

 

internationally recognized foreign custodians;

 

financial investment companies with a dealing license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license);

 

financial investment companies with a brokerage license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license);

foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks); and

 

financial investment companies with a collective investment license (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies with such license).

In addition, foreign stockholders may appoint a standing proxy among the foregoing and generally may not allow any person other than the standing proxy to exercise rights to the acquired shares or perform any tasks related thereto on their behalf. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer

of shares bynon-residents ornon-Koreans. See “Item 9.C. Markets” and “Item 10.D. Exchange Controls.” Except as provided in the Financial Holding Company, the ceiling on the aggregate shareholdings of a single stockholder and persons who stand in a special relationship with such stockholder is 10% of our issued and outstanding voting shares. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Supervision and Regulation—Principal Regulations Applicable to Financial Holding Companies—Restrictions on Ownership of a Financial Holding Company.”

Acquisition of Our Shares

Under the Korean Commercial Code, we may acquire our own shares upon a resolution of a general meeting of shareholders by either (i) purchasing them on a stock exchange or (ii) purchasing a number of shares, other than the redeemable shares as set forth in Article 345, Paragraph (1) of the Korean Commercial Code, from each shareholder in proportion to their existing shareholding ratio through the methods set forth in the Presidential Decree, provided that the total purchase price does not exceed the amount of our profit that may be distributed as dividends in respect of the immediately preceding fiscal year.

Additionally, pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and regulations under the Financial Holding Company Act and after submission of certain reports to the Korean Financial Services Commission, we may purchase our own shares on the KRX KOSPI Market or through a tender offer, subject to the restrictions that:

 

the aggregate purchase price of such shares may not exceed the total amount available for distribution of dividends at the end of the preceding fiscal year; and

 

the purchase of such shares shall meet therisk-adjusted capital ratio requirements prescribed in the regulations under the Financial Holding Company Act based on Bank for International Settlements standards.

Subject to certain limited exceptions, our subsidiaries will not be permitted to acquire our shares pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act.

 

Item 10.C.Material Contracts

None.

 

Item 10.D.Exchange Controls

General

The Foreign Exchange Transaction Act of Korea and the Enforcement Decree and regulations under that Act and Decree, which we refer to collectively as the “Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws,” regulate investment in Korean securities bynon-residents and issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies.Non-residents may invest in Korean securities pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws. The Financial Services Commission has also adopted, pursuant to its authority under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, regulations that restrict investment by foreigners in Korean securities and regulate issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies.

Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, (1) if the Korean government deems that it is inevitable due to the outbreak of natural calamities, wars, conflict of arms or grave and sudden changes in domestic or foreign economic circumstances or other situations equivalent thereto, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance may temporarily suspend payment, receipt or the whole or part of transactions to which the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws apply, or impose an obligation tosafe-keep, deposit or sell means of payment in or to certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions; and (2) if the Korean government deems that international balance of payments and international finance are confronted or are likely to be confronted with serious difficulty or the movement of capital between Korea and abroad brings or is likely to bring about serious obstacles in carrying out its currency policies, exchange rate policies and other macroeconomic policies, the

Ministry of Strategy and Finance may take measures to require any person who intends to perform capital transactions to obtain permission or to require any person who performs capital transactions to deposit part of the payments received in such transactions at certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions, in each case subject to certain limitations.

Restrictions Applicable to Shares

Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, a foreign investor who intends to acquire shares must designate a foreign exchange bank at which he must open a foreign currency account and a Won account exclusively for stock investments. No approval is required for remittance into Korea and deposit of foreign currency funds in the foreign currency account. Foreign currency funds may be transferred from the foreign currency account at the time required to place a deposit for, or settle the purchase price of, a stock purchase transaction to a Won account opened at a financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license. Funds in the foreign currency account may be remitted abroad without any Korean governmental approval.

Dividends on shares of Korean companies are paid in Won. No Korean governmental approval is required for foreign investors to receive dividends on, or the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares to be paid, received and retained in Korea. Dividends paid on, and the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares held by anon-resident of Korea must be deposited either in a Won account with the investor’s financial investment company with a dealing and/or brokerage license or in his Won account. Funds in the investor’s Won account may be transferred to his foreign currency account or withdrawn for local living expenses up to certain limitations. Funds in the Won account may also be used for future investment in shares or for payment of the subscription price of new shares obtained through the exercise of preemptive rights.

Financial investment companies with dealing and/or brokerage licenses are allowed to open foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks exclusively for accommodating foreign investors’ stock investments in Korea. Through these accounts, such financial investment companies may enter into foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis, such as conversion of foreign currency funds and Won funds, either as a counterparty to or on behalf of foreign investors, without the investors having to open their own accounts with foreign exchange banks.

 

Item 10.E.Taxation

United States Taxation

This summary describes certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences for a U.S. holder (as defined below) of acquiring, owning, and disposing of common shares or ADSs. This summary applies to you only if you hold the common shares or ADSs as capital assets for tax purposes. This summary does not apply to you if you are a member of a class of holders subject to special rules, such as:

 

a dealer in securities or currencies;

 

a trader in securities that elects to use amark-to-market method of accounting for securities holdings;

 

a bank;

a life insurance company;

 

atax-exempt organization;

 

an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes or a partner in such partnership;

a person that holds common shares or ADSs that are a hedge or that are hedged against interest rate or currency risks;

 

a person that holds common shares or ADSs as part of a straddle or conversion transaction for tax purposes;

 

a person whose functional currency for tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar; or

 

a person that owns or is deemed to own 5%10% or more of any class of our stock.

stock, measured by voting power or value.

This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations promulgated thereunder, and published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These laws are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.

This summary does not discuss the application of the U.S. federal estate and gift taxes, the Medicare net investment income tax or the alternative minimum tax.

Please consult your own tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local, and other tax consequences of purchasing, owning, and disposing of common shares or ADSs in your particular circumstances.

For purposes of this summary, you are a “U.S. holder” if you are the beneficial owner of a common share or an ADS and are:

 

a citizen or resident of the United States;

 

a U.S. domestic corporation; or

 

otherwise subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis with respect to income from the common share or ADS.

In general, if you are the beneficial owner of ADSs, you will be treated as the beneficial owner of the common shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and no gain or loss will be recognized if you exchange an ADS for the common share represented by that ADS.

Dividends

The gross amount of cash dividends that you receive (prior to deduction of Korean taxes) generally will be subject to U.S. federal income taxation as foreign source “passive category” dividend income and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction. Dividends paid in Won will be included in your income in a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of your receipt of the dividend, in the case of common shares, or the depositary’s receipt, in the case of ADSs, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If such a dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, you generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income.

Subject to certain exceptions forshort-term and hedged positions, the U.S. dollar amount of dividends received by an individual with respect to the ADSs will be subject to taxation at reduced rates if the dividends are “qualified dividends.” Dividends paid on the common shares or ADSs will be treated as qualified dividends if (i) the common shares or ADSs are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or we are eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States that the U.S. Treasury determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and that includes an exchange of information program;

and (ii) we were not, in the year prior to the year in which the dividend was paid, and are not, in the year in which the dividend is paid, a passive foreign investment company as defined for U.S. federal income tax purposes (“PFIC”). The ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, and will qualify as readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States so long as they are so listed. In addition, the U.S. Treasury has determined that the Korea-United States income tax treaty meets the requirements for reduced rates of taxation, and we believe we are eligible for the benefits of that treaty. Based on our audited financial statements, we believe that we were not a PFIC in our 20132016 or 20142017 taxable year. In addition, based on our audited financial statements and current expectations regarding our income, assets and activities, we do not anticipate becoming a PFIC for our 20152018 taxable year. Therefore, we believe that dividends received by U.S. holders with respect to either common shares or ADSs will be “qualified dividends.” Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the availability of the reduced dividend tax rate in light of their own particular circumstances.

Distributions of additional shares in respect of common shares or ADSs that are made as part of apro-rata distribution to all of our stockholders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Sale or Other Disposition

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gain or loss you realize on a sale or other disposition of common shares or ADSs generally will be treated as U.S. source capital gain or loss, and will belong-term capital gain or loss if the common shares or ADSs were held for more than one year. Your ability to offset capital losses against ordinary income is limited.Long-term capital gain recognized by an individual U.S. holder generally is subject to taxation at reduced rates.

If a U.S. holder sells or otherwise disposes of our common shares or ADSs in exchange for currency other than U.S. dollars, the amount realized generally will be the U.S. dollar value of the currency received at the spot rate on the date of sale or other disposition (or, if the shares are traded on an established securities market at such time, in the case of cash basis and electing accrual basis U.S. holders, the settlement date). An accrual basis U.S. holder that does not elect to determine the amount realized using the spot exchange rate on the settlement date will recognize foreign currency gain or loss equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of the amount received based on the spot exchange rates in effect on the date of the sale or other disposition and the settlement date. If an accrual basis U.S. holder makes the election described in the first sentence of this paragraph, it must be applied consistently from year to year and cannot be revoked without the consent of the Internal Revenue Service. A U.S. holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the treatment of any foreign currency gain or loss realized with respect to any currency received in a sale or other disposition of the common shares or ADSs.

Foreign Tax Credit Considerations

You should consult your own tax advisers to determine whether you are subject to any special rules that limit your ability to make effective use of foreign tax credits, including the possible adverse impact of failing to take advantage of benefits under the income tax treaty between the United States and Korea. If no such rules apply, you may claim a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability for Korean taxes withheld from dividends on the common shares or ADSs, so long as you have owned the common shares or ADSs (and not entered into specified kinds of hedging transactions) for at least a16-day period that includes theex-dividend date. Instead of claiming a credit, you may, if you so elect, deduct such Korean taxes in computing your taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. tax law. Korean taxes withheld from a distribution of additional shares that is not subject to U.S. tax may be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as imposed on “general category” income. Such treatment could affect your ability to utilize any available foreign tax credit in respect of such taxes.

Any Korean securities transaction tax or agriculture and fishery special surtax that you pay will not be creditable for foreign tax credit purposes.

Similarly, a U.S. holder will not be able to claim a foreign tax credit against its U.S. federal income tax liability for any Korean inheritance or gift tax imposed in respect of the common shares or ADSs.

Foreign tax credits will not be allowed for withholding taxes imposed in respect of certainshort-term or hedged positions in securities and may not be allowed in respect of arrangements in which a U.S. holder’s expected economic profit is insubstantial.

The calculation of foreign tax credits and, in the case of a U.S. holder that elects to deduct foreign taxes, the availability of deductions involve the application of complex rules that depend on a U.S. holder’s particular circumstances. You should consult your own tax advisers regarding the creditability or deductibility of such taxes.

Specified Foreign Financial Assets

Certain U.S. holders that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of US$50,000 are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at anon-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by anon-U.S. issuer (which would include the common shares or ADSs) that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in specified foreign financial assets based on certain objective criteria. U.S. holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisers concerning the application of these rules to their investment in the common shares or ADSs, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances.

U.S. Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Rules

Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certainU.S.-related financial intermediaries are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding unless the holder (i) is a corporation or other exempt recipient and demonstrates this when required or (ii) provides a taxpayer identification number and certifies that no loss of exemption from backup withholding has occurred. Holders that are not U.S. persons generally are not subject to information reporting or backup withholding. However, such a holder may be required to provide a certification of itsnon-U.S. status in connection with payments received within the United States or through aU.S.-related financial intermediary.

Korean Taxation

The following summary of Korean tax considerations applies to you so long as you are not:

 

a resident of Korea;

 

a corporation with its head office, principal place of business or place of effective management in Korea; or

 

engaged in a trade or business in Korea through a permanent establishment or a fixed base to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected.

Taxation of Dividends on Common Shares or ADSs

We will deduct Korean withholding tax from dividends paid to you (whether payable in cash or in shares) at a rate of 22.0% (inclusive of local income surtax). If you are a qualified resident and a beneficial owner of the dividends in a country that has entered into a tax treaty with Korea, you may qualify for a reduced rate of Korean

withholding tax. See “—Tax Treaties” below for a discussion on treaty benefits. If we distribute to you free shares representing a transfer of earning surplus or certain capital reserves intopaid-in capital, that distribution may be subject to Korean withholding tax.

Taxation of Capital Gains from Transfer of Common Shares or ADSs

As a general rule, capital gains earned bynon-residents upon transfer of our common shares or ADSs are subject to Korean withholding tax at the lower of (1) 11.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the gross proceeds realized or (2) subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs of the common shares or ADSs, 22.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the net realized gain, unless exempt from Korean income taxation under the applicable Korean tax treaty with thenon-resident’s country of tax residence. See “—Tax Treaties” below for a discussion on treaty benefits. Even if you do not qualify for an exemption under a tax treaty, you will not be subject to the foregoing withholding tax on capital gains if you qualify under the relevant Korean domestic tax law exemptions discussed in the following paragraphs.

In regards to the transfer of our common shares through the Korea Exchange, you will not be subject to the withholding tax on capital gains (as described in the preceding paragraph) if you (1) have no permanent establishment in Korea and (2) did not own or have not owned (together with any shares owned by any person with which you have a certain special relationship) 25% or more of the total issued and outstanding shares, which may include the common shares represented by the ADSs, at any time during the calendar year in which the sale occurs and during the five consecutive calendar years prior to the calendar year in which the sale occurs.

Under Korean tax law, ADSs are viewed as shares of common stock for capital gains tax purposes. Accordingly, capital gains from the sale or disposition of ADSs are taxed (if such sale or disposition constitutes a taxable event) as if such gains are from the sale or disposition of the underlying common shares. Capital gains that you earn (regardless of whether you have a permanent establishment in Korea) from a transfer of ADSs outside of Korea will generally be exempt from Korean income taxation by virtue of the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea, or the STTCL, provided that the issuance of the ADSs is deemed to be an overseas issuance under the STTCL. However, if you transfer ADSs after having converted the underlying common shares, such exemption under the STTCL will not apply and you will be required to file a corporate income tax return and pay tax in Korea with respect to any capital gains derived from such transfer unless the purchaser or a financial investment company with a brokerage license, as applicable, withholds and pays such tax.

If you are subject to tax on capital gains with respect to the sale of ADSs, or of our common shares you acquired as a result of a withdrawal, the purchaser or, in the case of the sale of the common shares on the Korea Exchange or through a financial investment company with a brokerage license in Korea, such financial investment company is required to withhold Korean tax on capital gains from the sales price in an amount equal to the lower of (1) 11.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the gross realization proceeds or (2) subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs of the common shares or ADSs, 22.0% (inclusive of local income surtax) of the net realized gain, and to make payment of these amounts to the Korean tax authority, unless you establish your entitlement to an exemption under an applicable tax treaty or domestic tax law. See the discussion under “—Tax Treaties” below for an additional explanation on claiming treaty benefits.

Tax Treaties

Korea has entered into a number of income tax treaties with other countries (including the United States), which would reduce or exempt Korean withholding tax on dividends on, and capital gains on transfer of, the common shares or ADSs. For example, under theKorea-United States income tax treaty, reduced rates of Korean withholding tax of 16.5% or 11.0% (depending on your shareholding ratio and inclusive of local income surtax) on dividends and an exemption from Korean withholding tax on capital gains are available to residents of the

United States that are beneficial owners of the relevant dividend income or capital gains, subject to certain exceptions. However, under Article 17 (Investment or Holding Companies) of theKorea-United States income tax treaty, such reduced rates and exemption do not apply if (i) you are a United States corporation, (ii) by reason of any special measures, the tax imposed on you by the United States with respect to such dividend income or capital gains is substantially less than the tax generally imposed by the United States on corporate profits and (iii) 25% or more of your capital is held of record or is otherwise determined, after consultation between

competent authorities of the United States and Korea, to be owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons who are not individual residents of the United States. Also, under Article 16 (Capital Gains) of theKorea-United States income tax treaty, the exemption on capital gains does not apply if (a) you have a permanent establishment in Korea and any shares of common stock in which you hold an interest and which gives rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such permanent establishment, (b) you are an individual and you maintain a fixed base in Korea for an aggregate of 183 days or more during a given taxable year and your ADSs or common shares giving rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such fixed base or (c) you are an individual and you are present in Korea for an aggregate of 183 days or more during a given taxable year.

You should inquire for yourself whether you are entitled to the benefit of a tax treaty between Korea and the country where you are a resident. It is the responsibility of the party claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty in respect of dividend payments or capital gains to submit to us, the purchaser or the financial investment company, as applicable, a certificate as to his tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, we, the purchaser or the financial investment company, as applicable, must withhold tax at the normal rates. Furthermore, in order for you to claim the benefit of a tax rate reduction or tax exemption on certain Korean source income (such as dividends or capital gains) under an applicable tax treaty, Korean tax law requires you (or your agent) to submit an application (for reduced withholding tax rate, “application for entitlement to reduced tax rate,” and in the case of exemptions from withholding tax, “application for tax exemption,” along with a certificate of your tax residency issued by a competent authority of your country of tax residence, subject to certain exceptions) as the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (“BO application”). For example, a U.S. resident would be required to provide Form 6166 as a certificate of tax residency together with the application for entitlement to reduced tax rate or the application for tax exemption. Such application should be submitted to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of the relevant income. Subject to certain exceptions, where the relevant income is paid to an overseas investment vehicle (which is not the beneficial owner of such income) (“OIV”), a beneficial owner claiming the benefit of an applicable tax treaty with respect to such income must submit its BO application to such OIV, which must submit an OIV report and a schedule of beneficial owners to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of such income. In the case of a tax exemption application, the withholding agent is required to submit such application (together with the applicable OIV report in the case of income paid to an OIV) to the relevant district tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the payment of such income.

Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax

If you die while holding an ADS or donate an ADS, it is unclear whether, for Korean inheritance tax and gift tax purposes, you will be treated as the owner of the common shares underlying the ADSs. If the tax authority interprets depositary receipts as the underlying share certificates, you may be treated as the owner of the common shares and your heir or the donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance tax or gift tax presently at the rate of 10% to 50%, provided that the value of the ADSs or the common shares is greater than a specified amount.

If you die while holding a common share or donate a common share, your heir or donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance tax or gift tax at the same rate as indicated above.

At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaty relating to inheritance tax or gift taxes.tax.

Securities Transaction Tax

If you transfer our common shares on the Korea Exchange, you will be subject to securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.15% and an agriculture and fishery special surtax at the rate of 0.15% of the sale price of the common shares. If your transfer of the common shares is not made on the Korea Exchange, subject to certain exceptions, you will be subject to securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.5% and will not be subject to an agriculture and fishery special surtax.

Under the Securities Transaction Tax Law, depositary receipts (such as American depositary receipts) constitute share certificates subject to the securities transaction tax. However, the transfer of depositary receipts listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Global Market, or other qualified foreign exchanges is exempt from the securities transaction tax.

In principle, the securities transaction tax, if applicable, must be paid by the transferor of the common shares or ADSs. When the transfer is effected through a securities settlement company, such settlement company is generally required to withhold and pay the tax to the tax authorities. When such transfer is made through a financial investment company only, such financial investment company is required to withhold and pay the tax. Where the transfer is effected by anon-resident without a permanent establishment in Korea, other than through a securities settlement company or a financial investment company, the transferee is required to withhold the securities transaction tax.

Non-reporting orunder-reporting of securities transaction tax will generally result in penalties equal to 20% to 60% of thenon-reported tax amount or 10% to 60% ofunder-reported tax amount. Also, a failure to timely pay securities transaction tax will result in a penalty equal to 10.95% per annum of the due but unpaid tax amount. The penalties are imposed on the party responsible for paying the securities transaction tax or, if such tax is required to be withheld, on the party that has the obligation to withhold.

 

Item 10.F.Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

 

Item 10.G.Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

 

Item 10.H.Documents on Display

We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act, and, in accordance therewith, are required to file reports, including annual reports on Form20-F, and other information with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These materials, including this annual report and the exhibits thereto, may be inspected and copied at the Commission’s public reference rooms in Washington, D.C., New York, New York and Chicago, Illinois. Please call the Commission at1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference rooms. As a foreign private issuer, we are also required to make filings with the Commission by electronic means. Any filings we make electronically will be available to the public over the Internet at the Commission’s web site at http://www.sec.gov.

 

Item 10.I.Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

Item 11.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Overview

As a financial services provider, we are exposed to various risks related to our lending and trading businesses, our funding activities and our operating environment, principally through Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary. Our goal in risk management is to ensure that we identify, measure, monitor and control the various risks that arise, and that our organization adheres strictly to the policies and procedures which we establish to address these risks. Under our internal regulations pertaining to our consolidated capital adequacy ratio and internal standards for risk appetite and economicinternal capital under Basel III, we identify the following eight separate categories of risk inherent in our business activities: credit risk, market risk, operational risk, interest

rate risk, liquidity risk, credit concentration risk, reputation risk and strategic risk. Of these, the principal risks to which we are exposed are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and operational risk, and we strive to manage these and other risks within acceptable limits.

Organization

We have amulti-tiered risk management governance structure. Our Risk Management Committee is ultimately responsible forgroup-wide risk management, and directs our various subordinate risk management entities. The Risk Management Council reports directly to the Risk Management Committee and coordinates the implementation of directives set forth by the Risk Management Committee with the relevant risk management units of our subsidiaries. The Subsidiary Risk Management Committee of each of our subsidiaries, based on the Risk Management Committee’s directives, determines risk management strategies and implements risk management policies and guidelines for such subsidiary and directs the activities of the subsidiary’s risk management units within the risk guidelines set at the group level. Each Subsidiary Risk Management CommitteesCommittee generally receivereceives inputs from the respective risk management units of such subsidiary, who alsowhich report directly to the Risk Management Committee.

The following chart sets out our risk management governance structure as of the date of this annual report:

 

LOGO

LOGO

Risk Management Committee

Our Risk Management Committee is aboard-level committee that is responsible for overseeing all risks and advising the board of directors with respect to riskmanagement-related issues. The committee consists of onenon-standing director and threenon-executive directors (one of whom serves as the chairman of the committee), and itsconvenes on a quarterly basis. Its major roles include:

 

establishing risk management strategies in accordance with the directives of the board of directors;

 

determining our target risk appetite;

 

allocating risk capital to each subsidiary and approving our subsidiaries’ risk limits; and

reviewing the level of risks we are exposed to and the appropriateness of our risk management policies, systems and operations; and

operations.

allocating risk capital to each subsidiary and approving our subsidiaries’ risk limits.

Risk Management Council

Our Risk Management Council is responsible for coordinating with the risk management units of our subsidiaries to ensure that they implement the policies, guidelines and limits established by the Risk Management Committee. Its responsibilities include:

analyzing our risk status by using information provided by our subsidiary-level risk management units;

adjusting the integrated risk capital allocation plan and risk limits for each of our subsidiaries; and

coordinating issues relating to the group-wide integration of our risk management functions.

The Risk Management Council is comprised of our chief risk management officer and the chief risk management officers of all of our subsidiaries. It operates independently from all business units and reports directly the Risk Management Committee. Our Risk Management Council convenes on a quarterly basis. Its responsibilities include:

analyzing our risk status by using information provided by oursubsidiary-level risk management units;

deliberating adjustments to the integrated risk capital allocation plan and risk limits for each of our subsidiaries; and

coordinating issues relating to thegroup-wide integration of our risk management functions.

Subsidiary Risk Management Committees

Each of our subsidiaries has delegated risk management authority to its Subsidiary Risk Management Committee. Each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee measures and monitors the various risks faced by the relevant subsidiary and reports to that subsidiary’s board of directors regarding decisions that it makes on risk management issues. It also makes certain strategicrisk-related decisions regarding the operations of the relevant subsidiary, such as setting total exposure limits, allocating credit risk limits setting total exposure limits and marketrisk-related limits and determining which market risk derivatives instruments the subsidiary can trade. The major activities of each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee include:

 

determining and monitoring risk policies, guidelines, limits and tolerance levels and the level of subsidiary risk in accordance with group policy;

 

reviewing and analyzing the subsidiary’s risk profile;

 

setting limits for and adjusting the risk capital allocation plan and risk levels for each business unit within the subsidiary; and

 

monitoring compliance with ourgroup-wide risk management policies and practices at the business unit and subsidiary level.

Each Subsidiary Risk Management Committee is comprised of the subsidiary’s chief executive officer and thenon-executive directors on its board of directors and the director of its risk management unit.directors.

Credit Risk Management

Credit risk is the risk of expected and unexpected losses in the event of borrower or counterparty defaults. Credit risk management aims to improve asset quality and generate stable profits while reducing risk through diversified and balanced loan portfolios. We determine the creditworthiness of each type of borrower or counterparty through reviews conducted by our credit experts and through our credit rating systems, and we set a credit limit for each borrower or counterparty.

We assess and manage all credit exposures. We measure expected losses and economicinternal capital on assets (whetheron- oroff-balance sheet) that are subject to credit risk management and use expected losses and economicinternal capital as management indicators. We manage credit risk by allocating credit risk economicinternal capital limits. In addition, we control credit concentration risk exposure by applying and managing total exposure limits to prevent excessive risk concentration to particular industries or borrowers. Credit exposures that we assess and manage

include loans to borrowers and counterparties, investments in securities, letters of credit, bankers’ acceptances, derivatives and commitments. Our risk appetite, which is the ratio of our required economicinternal capital to our estimated available book capital, is approved by the Risk Management Committee once a year. Thereafter, Kookmin Bank calculates economicwe calculate internal capital every month for its business groupsall of our subsidiaries and bank-wideon a holding company level based on attributed economicinternal capital in accordance with the risk appetite as approved by the Risk Management

Committee, and measuresmeasure and reportsreport profiles of credit risk on a bank-wideholding company level and by business groupsubsidiary regularly to its relevant business groups andour senior management, including Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council andour Risk Management Committee.

We use expected default rates and recovery rates to determine the expected loss rate of a borrower or counterparty. We use the expected loss rate to make credit related decisions, including pricing, loan approval and establishment of standards to be followed at each level of decision making. These rates are calculated using information gathered from our internal database. With respect to large corporate borrowers, we also use information provided by external credit rating services to calculate default rates and recovery rates.

Our credit risk management processes include:

 

establishing credit policy;

 

credit evaluation and approval;

 

industry assessment;

 

total exposure management;

 

collateral evaluation and monitoring;

 

credit risk assessment;

 

early warning and credit review; and

 

post-credit extension monitoring.

Credit Evaluation

Kookmin Bank evaluates the ability of all loan applicants to repay their debts before it approves any loans, except for loans fully guaranteed by letters of guarantee issued by the Credit Guarantee Fund and the Korea Technology Credit Guarantee Fund, for loans fully secured by deposits and for other loans similarly guaranteed or secured. Kookmin Bank assigns each borrower or guarantor a credit rating based on the judgment of its experts or scores calculated using the appropriate credit rating system. Factors that Kookmin Bank considers in assigning credit ratings include both financial factors andnon-financial factors, such as its perception of a borrower’s reliability, management and operational risk and risk relating to the borrower’s industry. The credit rating process differs according to the type, size and characteristics of a borrower.

Kookmin Bank uses its internally developed credit rating systems to rate potential borrowers. As the characteristics of each customer segment differ, Kookmin Bank uses several credit rating systems for its customers. The nature of the credit rating system used for a particular borrower depends on whether the borrower is an individual, a “small office/home office” customer, asmall- andmedium-sized enterprise or a large company. For large companies and small- andmedium-sized enterprises, Kookmin Bank has 17 credit ratings ranging from AAA to D. For small- and medium-sized enterprises, it has 15 credit ratings ranging from AA to D.D for risk management purposes. For retail customers, it has 13 credit ratings ranging from grade 1 to grade 13.

Based on the credit rating of a borrower, Kookmin Bank applies different credit policies, which affect factors such as credit limit, loan period, loan pricing, loan classification and provisioning. Kookmin Bank also uses these credit ratings in evaluating itsbank-wide risk management strategy. Factors Kookmin Bank considers in making this evaluation include the profitability of each company or transaction, performance of each business unit and portfolio management. Kookmin Bank monitors the credit status of borrowers and collect information to adjust its ratings appropriately. If Kookmin Bank changes a borrower’s credit rating, it will also change the credit policies relating to that borrower and may also change the policies underlying its loan portfolio.

Retail Loan Approval Process

Mortgage Loans and Secured Retail Loans. Branch staff employees of Kookmin Bank forward loan applications to processing centers and Kookmin Bank’s processing center staff reviews mortgage loans and retail loans secured by real estate or guarantees. Branch staff employees of Kookmin Bank forward

loan applications to processing centers. However, in the case of loans secured by deposits with Kookmin Bank, its branch staff approves such loans. Kookmin Bank makes lending decisions based on its assessment of the value of the collateral, debt service capability and the borrower’s score generated from its credit scoring systems.

For mortgage loans and loans secured by real estate, Kookmin Bank evaluates the value of the real estate offered as collateral using a database it has developed that contains information about real estate values throughout Korea. Kookmin Bank also uses information from a third party provider about the real estate market in Korea, which gives itup-to-date market value information for Korean real estate. In addition, Kookmin Bank’s processing center staff employees review the value of real estate provided by the evaluation system to ensure there are no significant discrepancies. Kookmin Bank bases decisions regarding the approval of such loans primarily on the results of its credit scoring systems.

For loans secured by deposits, Kookmin Bank will generally grant loans up to 95%of the deposit amount if it holds the deposit.

With respect to mortgage loans and secured retail loans, Kookmin Bank screens customers based on various items on its checklistcriteria that indicate whether the customer may have deteriorating credit using internal information and rating information from credit bureaus. Kookmin Bank also evaluates debt service capability for eligible customers pursuant to certain checklist items, such as type of residence, profession, family information, annual income, age, credit card overdue information, transaction history (with both it and other financial institutions) and other relevant credit information.

Kookmin Bank generally decides whether to evaluate a loan application within three to five days after recording the relevant information in its credit scoring systems.

Unsecured Retail Loans. Kookmin Bank reviews applications for unsecured retail loans in accordance with its credit scoring systems. These automated systems evaluate loan applications and determine an appropriate pricing for the loan. The major benefits of using a credit scoring system are that it yields uniform results regardless of the user and that it can be used effectively by employees who do not necessarily have extensive experience in credit evaluation and that it can be updated easily to reflect changing market conditions by adjusting how each factor is weighted.evaluation. The staff of Kookmin Bank’s processing centers reviews the results of the credit scoring system based on information input by its branch staff and, if approved, issues the loan.

Kookmin Bank’s credit scoring systems take into account factors including borrower’s income, assets, profession, age, transaction history (with both it and other financial institutions) and other relevant credit information. The systems rank each borrower in an appropriate grade, and that grade is used as a factor in deciding whether to approve loans as well as to determine loan amounts.

Kookmin Bank generally bases its decisions on the results of its credit scoring systems to evaluate applications. However, a credit officer may overturn the results of the credit scoring systems, in certain circumstances.

Corporate Loan Approval Process

We approve corporate loans at different levels of our organization depending on the size and type of the loan, the credit risk level assessed by the credit rating system, whether the loan is secured by collateral and, if secured, the value of the collateral. The lowest level of authority is the branch staff employee of Kookmin Bank, who can approve small loans and loans that have the lowest range of credit risk. Larger loans and loans with higher credit risk are approved by higher levels of authority depending on where they fall in a matrix of loan size and credit risk. Depending on the size and terms of any particular loan or the credit risk relating to a particular borrower, more than one entity may review the application, although generally loan applications are reviewed only by the entity having corresponding authority to approve the loan.

Kookmin Bank evaluates all of its corporate borrowers by using credit rating systems, except for applicants whose borrowings are fully secured by deposits or applicants who have obtainedthird-party guarantees from the government or certain other very highly rated guarantors. See “—Credit Evaluation.”

Forowner-operated enterprises (which we refer to as SOHOs) with total outstanding loans of ₩1 billion or less, Kookmin Bank has put in place a retail SOHO credit rating system, which adopts simplified credit evaluation modeling procedures and has the same structure and process as the credit rating system for individual retail borrowers. This system consists of a scoring model and a preliminary examination checklist. The scoring model analyzes information with respect to the customer’s personal information and bank transaction history, as well as information from credit bureaus. The preliminary examination checklist is based on information regarding the customer’s credit delinquencies and history ofwrite-offs. This system classifies customers into 13 possible credit ratings.

For SOHOs with total outstanding loans of more than ₩1 billion, Kookmin Bank has put in place a separate credit rating system known as “SOHO CRS.” For othersmall- andmedium-sized enterprises, Kookmin Bank has put in place a similar credit rating system known as CRS. For large corporations, Kookmin Bank has put in place a similar credit rating system known as LCRS. For financial institutions, certainnon-profit organizations and public institutions, Kookmin Bank has put in place a similar credit rating system known as FNP CRS. The SOHO CRS, the CRS, the LCRS and the FNP CRS models consist of the following three parts:

 

  

Financial ModelModel.. The financial model uses the borrower’s current status and trend of financial ratios calculated using its financial statements. The financial model classifies potential borrowers into one of three size categories and one of five types of industry. This model incorporates logistic regression and statistical methods, which use financial ratios such as stability ratio, cash flow ratio, profitability ratio and turnover ratio to make credit determinations.

 

  

NonNon-financial Model-financial Model.. The Non-financialnon-financial model uses various qualitative and quantitative factors, such as future repayment capability, market prospects, management capability and business capability, to evaluate borrowers. The factors that are evaluated and the weighting given to each factor vary by type of industry and size of company.

 

  

Default Signal Check ModelModel.. The default signal check model checks the consistency of the preliminary rating. This model checks various factors, including financial ratios with low scores, any non-quantitative factors that may causehave low frequency of occurrence but are highly likely to lead to a corporate default and any information arising from past experience, to determinein the likelihoodevent of a future default.an occurrence. The results of the default signal check model may be used to cap a borrower’s credit grade.

In addition to the three parts outlined above, the SOHO CRS also includes a “CEO Evaluation Model,” which analyzes information with respect to personal information and bank transaction history of the individual owner of such SOHO.

We often refer to corporate information gathered or ratings assigned by external credit rating agencies, such as Korea Information Service, National Information & Credit Evaluation Inc. and Korea Management Consulting & Credit Rating Corporation, in order to improve the accuracy of our credit ratings.

Credit Card Approval Process

We make decisions on all credit card approvals based on the Financial Supervisory Service standard of review for payment ability (such as the occupation and income of the applicant), as well as a combination of KB Kookmin Card’s internal application scoring system and a credit scoring system developed by independent credit bureaus.

KB Kookmin Card’s application scoring system reflects various credit information, including basic customer information (such as credit history), transaction history with it, if any, delinquency and transaction history with other card companies and financial institutions and credit information provided by the Korea

Federation of Banks and other credit bureaus. KB Kookmin Card also considers repayment ability, total assets, total outstanding debts and the length of the applicant’s relationship, if any, and past contribution to our profitability, if any.

The credit scoring system developed by credit bureaus, reflects various sources of information regarding the credit risk of customers, including delinquency and transaction history with other credit card companies and financial institutions.

On the basis of the standard of review for payment ability and the combination of the scores from our application scoring system and the credit scoring system developed by independent credit bureaus, KB Kookmin Card establishes, among other things, the term of any new approvals, initial limits and differentiation of fee rates with respect to its credit cards. KB Kookmin Card’s systems allow it to differentiate applicants into groups that receive immediate credit card approval or rejection, or that may require it to further investigate that applicant’s credit qualifications. The initial limits of new applicants are based on their estimated disposable income, which is based on their occupation and the value of their personal assets. KB Kookmin Card applies its fee rates to applicants differently according to risk premium and profitability.

Total Exposure Management

We establish and manage total exposure limits for corporations,chaebols and industries, as well as certainsmall- andmedium-sized enterprises, in order to optimize the use of credit availability and avoid excessive risk concentration. We establishKookmin Bank establishes total exposure limits for large corporations to which we have exposures (in the form of securities or loans) of over ₩30 billion, small- and medium-sized enterprises to which we have exposures (in the form of securities or loans) of over ₩20 billion andchaebols(i) main debtor groups designated by the Financial Supervisory Service, or by(ii) groups to which Kookmin Bank has total exposure of ₩50 billion or more, (iii) enterprises that belong to a main debtor group or large enterprises, in both cases to which Kookmin Bank has total exposure of ₩30 billion or more, (iv) small- andmedium-sized enterprises to which Kookmin Bank has total exposure of ₩20 billion or more and (v) other groups or individual enterprises designated by the head of Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council as necessary. Kookmin Bank establishes total exposure limit by reviewing factors such as their industry, size, cash flows, financial ratios and credit ratings, while establishing exposure limits for industries by peer group, as defined by us, by reviewing the sales growth rate and risk concentration for each industry. The guidelines used to set theseThese total exposure limits are approvedset following approval by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council after review by the Credit Risk Management Subcommittee.

Kookmin Bank’s maximum exposure limit is within 25% of its Tier I and Tier II capital for a singlechaebol, and within 10% of its Tier I and Tier II capital for an individual large corporation.

We manage and control exposure limits on a daily basis. The principal system that we use for this purpose is the Total Exposure Management System. This system allows us to monitor and control our total exposure to large corporations,chaebols and industries. We monitor ourKookmin Bank monitors its exposure to large corporations to which we haveit has an exposure of ₩30 billion or more, individual corporations to which we haveit has an exposure of more than ₩20 billion or more, and also ourits exposure to 142 business groups, which comprise the 65 chaebols, which are comprised of the 4236 largest highly-indebted business groups amongchaebols in Korea designated as such by the Financial Supervisory Service based on their outstanding exposures, as well as 23 chaebols18 business groups and individual corporations selected for monitoring by the Senior Executive Vice PresidentHead of Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Division.Group as well as 88 business groups to which it has exposures (in the form of securities or loans) of ₩50 billion or more. We also monitor our exposure to industries by peer groups. Our Total Exposure Management System integrates all of ourcredit-related risk including credit extended by our overseas branches and affiliates. The assets subject to the system include allWon-denominated and foreigncurrency-denominated loans, all assets in trust accounts except specified money trusts, guarantees,trade-related credits, commercial paper, corporate bonds and other securities and derivatives.

Collateral Evaluation and Monitoring System

Kookmin Bank uses the Collateral Evaluation and Monitoring System to manage the liquidation value of collateral it holds. The Collateral Evaluation and Monitoring System is a computerized collateral management

system that can be accessed from Kookmin Bank’s headquarters and its branches. Using this system, Kookmin Bank can more accurately assess the actual liquidation value of collateral, determine the recovery rate on its loans and use this information in setting its credit risk management and loan policies. Kookmin Bank can monitor the value of all the collateral a borrower provides and the value of that collateral based on its liquidation

value. When appraising the value of real estate collateral, which makes up the largest part of Kookmin Bank’s collateral, Kookmin Bank consults a regularly updated database provided by a third party that tracks the prices at which various types of real estate in various regions of Korea are sold. Kookmin Bank appraises the value of collateral when it makes a loan, when the loan is due for renewal and when events occur that may change the value of the collateral.

Credit Risk Management and Monitoring

Kookmin Bank’s Credit Risk Department manages and regulates our loan portfolio policies. It also analyzes and monitors our loan portfolios and monitors our compliance with the applicable limits for credit risk. Moreover, it separately manageshigh-risk products, such as real estate project financing loans andover-the-counter derivative products, by setting appropriate limits.

Credit Review

Kookmin Bank’s credit review function is independent of the business groups which manage our assets. Its Credit Review Department:

 

reviews internal credit regulations, policies and systems;

 

analyzes the credit status of selected loan assets and verifies the appropriateness of the credit evaluations/approvals made by branches and headquarters; and

 

evaluates the corporate credit risk of potentially insolvent companies.

More specifically, Kookmin Bank’s Credit Review Department continuously reviews the financial condition of selected borrowers with respect to their current debt, collateral, business, transactions with related parties and debt service capability. Based on such review, Kookmin Bank may adjust the borrower’s credit rating, lending policy or asset quality classification of the loan provided to the borrower, depending on the applicable circumstances. Kookmin Bank also regularly reviews other aspects of the lending process, including industries and regions in which its borrowers operate and the quality of its domestic and overseas assets. Kookmin Bank’s industry reviews focus on growth, stability, competition and ability to adapt to a changing environment. Based on the results of a particular industry review, Kookmin Bank may revise the total exposure limit assigned to that industry and lending policy for each company within that industry. When a review takes place, Kookmin Bank may adjust not only credit ratings of its borrowers based on a variety of factors, but also asset quality classification, credit limits and applied interest rates or its credit policies. Credit review results are reported to Kookmin Bank’s chief risk officer and its Risk Management Committee on a quarterly basis.

Kookmin Bank’s Credit Review Department also conductson-site reviews of selected branches and related credit analysis centers whichthat are experiencing increasing delinquency ratios and bad debts. During these visits Kookmin Bank examines the loan processes and recommendrecommends improvement plans and appropriatefollow-up measures.

Also, based on guidelines provided by the Financial Supervisory Service to all Korean banks, Kookmin Bank operates a corporate credit risk assessment program to facilitate the identification of weak companies and possible commencement of corporate restructuring. Through this program, Kookmin Bank, together with other banks, is able to detect symptoms of financially troubled companies at an early stage, assess related credit risk and support the normalization of companies that are likely to turnaround through a workout process, or seek to liquidate those companies that are not likely to recover.

Kookmin Bank’s Credit Review Department also analyzes issues related to credit risk and provides information necessary for the formulation of effective credit policies and strategies and for effective credit risk management.

Market Risk Management

The major risk to which we are exposed is interest rate risk on debt instruments and interest bearing securities and, to a lesser extent, stock price risk and foreign exchange risk. The financial instruments that expose us to these risks are securities and financial derivatives. We are not exposed to commodity risk, the other recognized form of market risk, as we currently do not engage in commodities trading. We are also exposed to interest rate risk and liquidity risk in Kookmin Bank’s banking book. We divide market risk into risks arising from trading activities and risks arising fromnon-trading activities.

Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council establishes overall market risk management principles. It has delegated the responsibility for the market risk management for trading activities to the Market Risk Management Subcommittee of Kookmin Bank, which is chaired by Kookmin Bank’s chief risk officer. This subcommittee meets on a regular basis each month and as required to respond to developments in the market and the economy. Based on the policies approved by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council, the Market Risk Management Subcommittee reviews and approves reports as required that include trading profits and losses, position reports, limit utilization, sensitivity analysis and VaR results for our trading activities.

Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council is responsible for interest rate and liquidity risk management for itsnon-trading activities. The council meets on a regular basis and as required to respond to developments in the market and the economy. Members of the Risk Management Council, acting through Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department, review Kookmin Bank’s interest rate and liquidity gap position monthly, formulate a view on interest rates, establishing strategies with respect to deposit and lending rates and reviewas well as the business profile and its impact on asset and liability management.

To ensure adequate interest rate and liquidity risk management, we have assigned the responsibilities for our asset and liability risk management to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department in Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group, which monitors and reviews the asset and liability operating procedures and activities of Kookmin Bank’s Financial Planning Department and Asset and Liability Risk Management Department, and independently reports to the management on the related issues.

Market Risk Management for Trading Activities

Our trading activities consist of:

 

trading activities for our own account to realizeshort-term trading profits inWon-denominated debt and equities markets and foreign exchange markets based on ourshort-term forecast of changes in the market situation; and

 

trading activities involving derivatives, such as swaps, forwards, futures and option transactions, to realize profits primarily from selling derivative products to our customers and to hedge market risk incurred from those activities. In addition, certain derivative products that we use to hedge our own market risk are classified as trading activities as they do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under IFRS. We believe, however, that certain of these products are effective as economic hedges.

We use derivative instruments to hedge our market risk and, to a limited extent, to make profits by trading derivative products within acceptable risk limits. The principal objective of our hedging strategy is to manage our market risk within established limits. We use the following hedging instruments to manage relevant risks:

 

to hedge interest rate risk arising from its trading activities, the TradingTrading/Capital Markets Department of Kookmin Bank occasionally uses interest rate futures (Korea Treasury Bond Futures) and interest rate swaps;

to hedge stock price risk arising from its trading activities, the TradingTrading/Capital Markets Department of Kookmin Bank selectively uses stock index futures;

 

to hedge interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk arising from our foreigncurrency-denominated asset and liability positions as well as our trading activities, the Trading Department andTreasury Unit within the Fund ManagementCapital Markets Department of Kookmin Bank useuses interest rate swaps,cross-currency interest rate swaps, foreign exchange forwards and futures,Euro-dollar futures and currency options; and

to change the interest rate characteristics of certain assets and liabilities after the original investment or funding, we use swaps. For example, depending on the market situation, we may choose to obtain fixed rate funding instead of floating rate funding if we believe that the terms are more favorable, which we can achieve by entering into interest rate swaps.

We generally manage our market risk at the portfolio level. To control our exposure to market risk, we use ECinternal capital limits set by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management CouncilCommittee for Kookmin Bank and at the group level within Kookmin Bank, VaR, position and stop loss limits set by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council for Kookmin Bank and at the group level within Kookmin Bank, and VaR, position, stop loss and sensitivity limits (PVBP, Delta, Gamma, Vega) set by Kookmin Bank’s Market Risk Management Subcommittee at the department level within Kookmin Bank. We prepared our risk control and management guidelines for derivative trading based on the regulations and guidelines promulgated by the Financial Supervisory Service.

In addition, we have implemented internal processes which include a number of key controls designed to ensure that fair value is measured appropriately, particularly where a fair value model is internally developed and used to price a significant product. See “Item 5.A. Operating Results—Critical Accounting Policies—Valuation of Financial Instruments” and Notes 3.3 and 6 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements. For example, each year, Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department reviews the existing pricing and valuation models, with a focus on their underlying modeling assumptions and restrictions, to assess the appropriateness of their continued use. In consultation with Kookmin Bank’s Trading Department, the Risk Management Department recommends potential valuation models to Kookmin Bank’s Fair Value Evaluation Committee. Upon approval by Kookmin Bank’s Fair Value Evaluation Committee, the selected valuation models are reported to its Market Risk Management Subcommittee.

We monitor market risk arising from trading activities of our business groups and departments. The market risk measurement model we use for both ourWon-denominated trading operations and foreigncurrency-denominated trading operations is implemented through our integrated market risk management system called Adaptiv, which enables us to generate consistent VaR numbers for all trading activities.

Value at Risk analysis.We use VaR to measure market risk. VaR is a statistically estimated maximum amount of loss that could occur over a given period of time at a given level of confidence. VaR is a commonly used market risk management technique. However, this approach does have some shortcomings. VaR estimates possible losses over a certain period at a particular confidence level using past market movement data. Past market movement, however, is not necessarily a good indicator of future events, as there may be conditions and circumstances in the future that the model does not anticipate. As a result, the timing and magnitude of the actual losses can be different depending on the assumptions made at the time of calculation. In addition, the time periods used for the model, generally one or ten days, are assumed to be a sufficient holding period before liquidating the relevant underlying positions. If these holding periods are not sufficient, or too long, the VaR results may understate or overstate the potential loss. Different VaR methodologies and distributional assumptions could produce a materially different VaR. VaR is most appropriate as a risk measure for trading positions in liquid capital markets and will understate the risk associated with severe events, such as a period of extreme illiquidity.

We use a 99% single tail confidence level to measure VaR, which means the actual amount of loss may exceed the VaR, on average, once out of 100 business days. Until 2011, we used the “variance-covariance “variance-covariance

method” or parametric VaR (“PVaR”) methodology to measure our daily VaR, which took into account the diversification effects among different risk categories as well as within the same risk category. In 2012, we received authorization from the Financial Services Commission to use a historical simulation VaR (“HSVaR”) methodology, which we believe to be more accurate and responsive in reflecting market volatilities, to measure market risk. Ourten-day HSVaR method, which is computed using a full valuation and is computationally intensive, uses an archive of historic price data and the VaR for a portfolio is estimated by creating a hypothetical time series of returns on that portfolio, obtained by running the portfolio through actualten-day historical data and computing the changes that would have occurred in eachten-day period.

The following table shows the volume and types of positions held by Kookmin Bank for which the VaR method is used to measure market risk as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014.2017.

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (in millions of Won)   (in millions of Won) 

Securities—Bond(1)

  6,181,712    6,918,051    7,393,643    6,368,805   7,700,731   8,179,481 

Securities��� Equity(1)

   173,757     93,122     60,122  

Securities—Equity(1)

   31,397    34,131    43,214 

Spot exchanges(2)

   271,500     1,569,768     1,192,918     1,276,665    2,316,311    4,029,675 

Derivatives(3)

   4,091,473     3,465,130     3,808,515     4,416,844    5,778,082    5,438,917 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  10,718,442    12,046,071    12,455,198    12,093,711   15,829,255   17,691,288 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1) 

Represents amounts marked to market.

market and as shown on the balance sheet information that is prepared and submitted to the Financial Supervisory Service for risk management purposes.
(2) 

Represents the overall net open currency position in each currency, which is the greater of (i) the sum of the absolute value of all short positions and (ii) the sum of the absolute value of all long positions.

(3)

ForFor over-the-counter derivatives, represents the absolute value ofover-the-counter derivatives measured at fair value at year end for monitoring purposes.end. Forexchange-traded derivatives, includes the amount of deposits and the collateral posted for such derivatives.

The following table shows Kookmin Bank’sten-day HSVaRs (at a 99% confidence level for aten-day holding period) as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017 for interest risk, stock price risk and foreign exchange risk relating to its trading activities. The following figures were calculated on a consolidated basis.

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
      2012           2013           2014           2015           2016           2017     
  (in billions of Won)   (in billions of Won) 

Risk categories:

    

Interest risk

  8.3    17.0    10.1    15.8   14.9   23.8 

Stock price risk

   4.9     1.1     0.9     2.1    1.3    1.3 

Foreign exchange risk

   11.2     5.3     10.8     21.9    10.1    24.3 

Less: diversification

   (12.7   (7.0   (8.8   (16.6   (6.5   (29.7
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Diversified VaR for overall trading activities

  11.7    16.4    13.0    23.2   19.8   19.6 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

In 2014,2017, the average, high, low and ending amounts often-day HSVaR (at a 99% confidence level for aten-day holding period) for Kookmin Bank relating to its trading activities were as follows.

 

   Trading activities VaR for 2014 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   As of December 31,
2014
 
   (in billions of Won) 

Interest risk

  12.9    7.7    19.8    10.1  

Stock price risk

   1.6     0.7     3.9     0.9  

Foreign exchange risk

   12.0     5.1     14.7     10.8  

Less: diversification

         (8.8
        

 

 

 

Diversified VaR for overall trading activities

   15.4     10.1     23.6    13.0  
        

 

 

 

  Trading activities VaR for 2017 
  Average  Minimum  Maximum  As of December 31,
2017
 
  (in billions of Won) 

Interest risk

 22.7  14.3  42.2  23.8 

Stock price risk

  1.0   0.8   1.3   1.3 

Foreign exchange risk

  32.7   12.4   44.3   24.3 

Less: diversification

     (29.8
    

 

 

 

Diversified VaR for overall trading activities

  23.3   16.5   30.2  19.6 
    

 

 

 

In 2013,2016, the average, high, low and ending amounts often-day HSVaR (at a 99% confidence level for aten-day holding period) for Kookmin Bank relating to its trading activities were as follows.

 

  Trading activities VaR for 2013  Trading activities VaR for 2016 
  Average   Minimum   Maximum   As of December 31,
2013
  Average Minimum Maximum As of December 31,
2016
 
  (in billions of Won)  (in billions of Won) 

Interest risk

  16.3    7.4    24.9    17.0   15.7  10.8  19.5  14.9 

Stock price risk

   3.5     0.9     7.1     1.1   1.8  0.7  2.3  1.3 

Foreign exchange risk

   9.3     5.3     13.6     5.3   16.5  10.1  22.2  10.1 

Less: diversification

         (7.0    (6.5
        

 

     

 

 

Diversified VaR for overall trading activities

   17.3     10.9     22.2    16.4   19.0  11.6  28.5  19.8 
        

 

     

 

 

In 2012,2015, the average, high, low and ending amounts often-day HSVaR (at a 99% confidence level for aten-day holding period) for Kookmin Bank relating to its trading activities were as follows.

 

  Trading activities VaR for 2012  Trading activities VaR for 2015 
  Average   Minimum   Maximum   As of December 31,
2012
  Average Minimum Maximum As of December 31,
2015
 
  (in billions of Won)  (in billions of Won) 

Interest risk

  20.1    8.3    29.3    8.3   18.4  10.0  27.1  15.8 

Stock price risk

   4.2     0.5     8.7     4.9   1.7  0.9  3.9  2.1 

Foreign exchange risk

   26.6     9.6     39.2     11.2   12.4  8.3  21.9  21.9 

Less: diversification

         (12.7    (16.6
        

 

     

 

 

Diversified VaR for overall trading activities

   20.6     10.6     28.7    11.7   23.9  11.7  33.9  23.2 
        

 

     

 

 

Standardized Method. Market risk for positions not measured by VaR are measured using the standardized method for measuring marketrisk-based required equity capital specified by the Financial Supervisory Service, which takes into account certain risk factors. Under the standardized method, the required equity capital is measured using therisk-weighted values for each risk factor. The method used to measure the marketrisk-based required equity capital for each risk factor is as follows:

 

Interest rate risk:

 

General market risk: General market risk relates to the risk of losses from macroscopic events which could have an impact on interest rates, stock prices, exchange rates, and market prices of general commodities. General market interest rate risk of a debt security is calculated on its net position, taking into consideration the remaining maturity and coupon rate.

 

Specific risk: Specific risk relates to the risk of loss from changes in credit risk of issuers of debt securities or equities, excluding changes in general market prices. Specific interest rate risk of a debt security is measured by multiplying the interest rate position appraised based on the market price of such security by the risk-weighted value applicable to the type of debt security, credit rating and the remaining maturity.

debt security is measured by multiplying the interest rate position appraised based on the market price of such security by therisk-weighted value applicable to the type of debt security, credit rating and the remaining maturity.

 

Equity risk: General and specific equity risk are calculated by multiplying the bought or sold position by the relevantrisk-weighted values.

 

Foreign exchange risk: Foreign exchange risk is measured by multiplying the larger of the absolute values among the net bought or sold positions of each currency by the relevantrisk-weighted values.

 

Option risk: Option risk is measured using the delta, gamma and vega of the option.

The standardized method is used to measure the market risk of the positions for which the Financial Supervisory Service has not approved the use of the VaR method. In addition, we use the standardized method for positions which are held by certain subsidiaries or for which measuring VaR is difficult due to the lack of daily position data. See Note 4.4.2 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

The following table shows the volume and types of instruments held by Kookmin Bank for which the standardized method is used to measure its required equity capital as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014.2017.

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (in millions of Won)   (in millions of Won) 

30-year government bonds(1)

  —      —      7,913  

Currency rate swaps and foreign exchange positions(2)

   131,723     122,537     117,334  

Swaps and foreign exchange positions(1)

   —      1,706    14,742 

Derivative-linked securities(2)

   —      129,535    95,357 

Options embedded in convertible bonds(3)

   17,459     2,328     2,383     346    9,183    17,303 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  149,182    124,865    127,630    346   140,424   127,402 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1) 

Represents amounts marked to market.

(2)

Represents the overall net open currency position in each currency held by Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd. and a special purpose vehicle with respect to Kookmin Bank’s covered bond program. The overall net open currency position is the greater of (i) the sum of the absolute value of all short positions and (ii) the sum of the absolute value of all long positions.

In the first half of 2015, Kookmin Bank received approval from the Financial Supervisory Service to use its internal VaR model, in lieu of the standardized method, to measure the market risk of positions held by Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd. As of December 31, 2015, Kookmin Bank held no currency rate swaps and foreign exchange positions that required the use of the standardized method to measure Kookmin Bank’s required equity capital. Amounts as of December 31, 2016 represent only the value of interest rate swaps held by a special purpose vehicle of Kookmin Bank, for which the standardized method is used to measure Kookmin Bank’s required equity capital. Amounts as of December 31, 2017 represent the value of interest rate swaps held by a special purpose vehicle of Kookmin Bank and the foreign exchange positions held by KB Microfinance Myanmar Co., Ltd., for which the standardized method is used to measure Kookmin Bank’s required equity capital.
(2)Amounts as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 represent the value of derivative-linked securities held by the trust accounts of Kookmin Bank subject to consolidation, for which the standardized method is used to measure Kookmin Bank’s required equity capital.
(3) 

Represents the absolute value ofover-the-counter derivatives measured at fair value at year end for monitoring purposes.

The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s required equity capital measured using the standardized method as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014.2017.

 

  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2012   2013   2014   2015(1)   2016(1)   2017(1) 
  (in millions of Won)   (in millions of Won) 

Risk categories:

    

Interest risk

  1,673    921    792    34   15,161   98,236 

Stock price risk

   4,567     2     1,101     118    4,816    1,646 

Foreign exchange risk

   9,081     9,214     9,387     —      —      810 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  15,321    10,137    11,280    152   19,977   100,691 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

(1)In the first half of 2015, Kookmin Bank received approval from the Financial Supervisory Service to use its internal VaR model, in lieu of the standardized method, to measure the market risk of certain instruments held by Kookmin Bank, including30-year government bonds held by Kookmin Bank, as well as positions held by certain subsidiaries of Kookmin Bank, including Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd.

BackBack-Testing.-Testing. We conduct back testing on a daily basis to validate the adequacy of our market risk model. In back testing, we compare both the actual and hypothetical profit and loss with the VaR calculations and analyze any results that fall outside our predetermined confidence interval of 99%. The number of times the actual changes in fair values, earnings or cash flows from the market risk sensitive instruments exceeded the VaR amounts in 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017 was nil,6, 4 and 1,0, respectively.

Stress testing.testing. In addition to VaR, which assumes normal market situations, we use stress testing to assess our market risk exposure to abnormal market fluctuations. Abnormal market fluctuations include significant declines in the stock market and significant increases in the general level of interest rates. This is an important way to supplement VaR, as VaR is a statistical expression of possible loss under a given confidence level and holding period. It does not cover potential loss if the market moves in a manner that is outside our normal expectations. Stress testing projects the anticipated change in value of holding positions under certain scenarios assuming that no action is taken during a stress event to change the risk profile of a portfolio. According to Kookmin Bank’s stress testing, we estimate that as of December 31, 2014,2017, Kookmin Bank’s trading portfolio could have lost ₩299₩457 billion for an assumedshort-term extreme decline of approximately 25% in the equity market and an approximate 7750 basis point increase in the Korean treasury bond rates under an abnormal stress environment.

We monitor the impact of market turmoil or any abnormality by conducting stress tests and confirming that the results are within our market risk limits. If the impact is large, Kookmin Bank’s chief risk officer may request that our portfolio be restructured or other appropriate action be taken.

Interest Risk

Interest risk from trading activities arises mainly from our trading ofWon-denominated debt securities. Our trading strategy is to benefit fromshort-term movements in the prices of debt securities arising from changes in interest rates. As our trading accounts aremarked-to-market daily, we manage the interest risk related to our trading accounts using marketvalue-based tools such as VaR and sensitivity analysis. As of December 31, 2014,2017, the VaR of Kookmin Bank’s interest risk from trading was ₩10.1₩23.8 billion and the weighted average duration, or weighted average maturity, of itsWon-denominated debt securities at fair value through profit or loss was approximately 2.12.3 years.

Foreign Exchange Risk

Foreign exchange risk arises because we have assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than Won, as well asoff-balance sheet items such as foreign exchange forwards and currency swaps.

Prior to August 2010, Our assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars, Japanese yen,Yen, Euro, Kazakhstan Tenge and EuroChinese Renminbi have typically accounted for the majority of our foreign currency assets and liabilities. Beginning in August 2010, the Kazakhstan tenge has accounted for a large portion of our foreign currency assets and liabilities, although its impact has decreased since 2013 due to impairment losses on our equity stake in JSC Bank CenterCredit, a Kazakhstan Bank. Until August 2010, our investment in JSC Bank CenterCredit was fully hedged against currency risk. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Capital Markets Activities and International Banking—International Banking.” However, in August 2010, we decided to discontinue such currency hedge as the value of the Won had remained relatively stable against the Kazakhstan tenge for a prolonged period of time.

The difference between our foreign currency assets and liabilities is offset against forward foreign exchange positions, currency options and currency swaps to obtain our net foreign currency open position. Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and Market Risk Management Subcommittee oversee Kookmin Bank’s foreign exchange exposure for both trading andnon-trading purposes by establishing a limit for this net foreign currency open position, together with stop loss limits. VaR limits are established on a combined basis for our domestic operations and foreign branches.

The following table shows Kookmin Bank’snon-consolidated net open positions at the end of 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014.2017. Positive amounts represent long positions and negative amounts represent short positions. The net open positions held by subsidiaries other than Kookmin Bank are not significant.

 

  As of December 31,(1)   As of December 31,(1) 
  2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (in millions of US$)   (in millions of US$) 

Currency:

    

U.S. dollars

  US$(72.0  US$(135.0  US$(174.7  US$(317.6  US$(530.5  US$(714.4

Japanese yen

   (8.3   (17.3   (1.8

Japanese Yen

   (0.2   1.3    (0.7

Euro

   (4.8   (5.5   (1.1   (3.3   (5.6   (1.3

Kazakhstan tenge

   314.5     82.5     56.5  

Kazakhstan Tenge

   29.7    27.0    —   

Chinese Renminbi

   11.3    70.8    47.21 

Others

   25.4     22.9     34.6     7.8    5.7    7.35 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  US$ 254.8    US$(52.4  US$(86.5  US$(272.3  US$(431.3  US$(661.8
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1) 

Amounts prepared on anon-consolidated basis.

Equity Price Risk

Equity price risk results from our equity derivatives trading portfolio in Won since we do not have any trading exposure to shares denominated in foreign currencies other than foreign equity index futures.

The equity derivatives trading portfolio in Won consists ofexchange-traded stocks and equity derivatives under strict limits on diversification as well as position limits and stop loss limits.

Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and Market Risk Management Subcommittee set annual and monthly stop loss limits that are monitored by Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department. In order to ensure timely action, the stop loss limit of individual securities is monitored by the relevant middle office.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, Kookmin Bank’s equity trading position was ₩60.1₩43 billion.

Derivative Market Risk

Our derivative trading includes interest rate andcross-currency swaps, foreign exchange forwards, stock index and interest rate futures and currency options. These activities consist primarily of the following:

 

sales oftailor-made derivative products that meet various needs of our corporate customers and related transactions to reduce our exposure resulting from those sales;

 

taking positions in limited cases when we expectshort-swing profits based on our market forecasts; and

 

trading to hedge our interest rate and foreign currency risk exposure as described above.

Market risk from trading derivatives is not significant since our derivative trading activities are primarily driven by customer deals with very limited open trading positions.

Market Risk Management forNon-Trading Activities

Interest Rate Risk

Our principal market risk fromnon-trading activities is interest rate risk. Interest rate risk arises due to mismatches in the maturities orre-pricing periods of theserate-sensitive assets and liabilities. We measure

interest rate risk for Won and foreign currency assets and liabilities in our bank accounts (including derivatives) and our principal guaranteed trust accounts. Most of our interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities are denominated in Won and our foreigncurrency-denominated assets and liabilities are mostly denominated in U.S. dollars.

Our principal interest rate risk management objectives are to generate stable net interest revenues and to protect our asset value against interest rate fluctuations. We principally manage this risk for ournon-trading activities by analyzing and managing maturity and duration gaps between our interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities. AlthoughIn addition, we have useduse hedging instruments only on a limited basis for interest rate risk management for ournon-trading assets and liabilities, to date the Korean financial market has not been sufficiently developed for this purpose. We expect to increase our use of derivatives to hedge this risk in the near future as the Korean financial market becomes more sophisticated.liabilities.

Interest rate gap analysis measures expected changes in net interest revenues by calculating the difference in the amounts of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities at each maturity and interest resetting date. We perform interest rate gap analysis forWon-denominated and foreigncurrency-denominated assets and trust assets on a monthly basis or more frequently when deemed necessary.

Interest Rate Gap Analysis.We perform interest rate gap analysis based on interest rate repricing maturities of assets and liabilities. However, for some of our assets and liabilities with either no maturities or unique characteristics, we use or assume certain maturities, including the following examples:

 

With respect to asset maturities, we assume remaining maturities of primerate-linked loans with remaining maturities of over one year to be one year and use the actual maturities for primerate-linked loans with remaining maturities of less than one year.

 

With respect to liability maturities, we use last 36 months’ average balance to segregate “non-core”“non-core” and “core” demand deposits. We assume “non-core”“non-core” demand deposits to have remaining maturities of one month or less, and we assume “core” demand deposits to have remaining maturities between one month and five years.

The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s interest rate gap forWon-denominated accounts and foreigncurrency-denominated accounts as of December 31, 2014.2017.

 

  As of December 31, 2014 
  0-3 Months  3-6 Months  6-12 Months  1-3 Years  Over 3 Years  Total 
  (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Won-denominated Interest earning assets:

      

Loans

 68,691   55,961   43,967   11,881   12,885   193,384  

Securities

  3,291    2,140    4,959    13,258    3,052    26,701  

Others

  9,429    262    275    703    105    10,774  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 81,411   58,363   49,201   25,842   16,042   230,859  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Interest bearing liabilities:

      

Deposits

 76,842   37,206   51,233   21,161   16,554   202,995  

Borrowings

  5,050    0    2    0    150    5,202  

Others

  10,126    1,310    1,762    4,677    3,188    21,063  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 92,018   38,516   52,996   25,838   19,892   229,260  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sensitivity gap

  (10,607  19,847    (3,795  3    (3,849  1,599  

Cumulative gap

  (10,607  9,240    5,445    5,448    1,599   

% of total assets

  (4.6)%   4.0  2.4  2.4  0.7 

Foreign currency-denominated Interest earning assets:

      

Due from banks

 8,893   1,925   1,054   260   11   12,144  

Loans

  212    33    79    367    107    797  

Securities

  870    330    335    879    0    2,415  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 9,976   2,287   1,469   1,506   117   15,356  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Interest bearing liabilities:

      

Deposits

 1,856   2,400   354   124   38   4,772  

Borrowings

  3,995    1,311    824    83    13    6,226  

Others

  3,471    0    297    1,209    0    4,977  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 9,322   3,711   1,476   1,416   51   15,975  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sensitivity gap

  654    (1,423  (7  90    66    (620

Cumulative gap

  654    (769  (776  (686  (620 

% of total assets

  4.3  (5.0)%   (5.1)%   (4.5)%   (4.0)%  

  As of December 31, 2017 
  0-3 Months  3-6 Months  6-12 Months  1-3 Years  Over 3 Years  Total 
  (in billions of Won, except percentages) 

Won-denominated
Interest earning assets:

      

Loans

 95,978   68,665  35,921   15,003   18,480   234,047 

Securities

  4,882   4,731   6,429   13,751   5,391   35,184 

Others

  7,268   129   161   36   0   7,594 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  108,128  73,525  42,511  28,790  23,871  276,825 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Interest bearing liabilities:

      

Deposits

 90,176  39,084  55,321  29,798  23,852  238,231 

Borrowings

  7,076   62   0   0   120   7,258 

Others

  6,728   1,950   3,068   7,170   2,960   21,876 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 103,980  41,096  58,389  36,968  26,932  267,365 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sensitivity gap

  4,148   32,429   (15,878  (8,178  (3,061  9,460 

Cumulative gap

  4,148   36,577   20,699   12,521   9,460  

% of total assets

  1.5  13.2  7.5  4.5  3.4 

Foreigncurrency-denominated
Interest earning assets:

      

Due from banks

 1,635  53  101  0  0  1,789 

Loans

  11,425   1,321   595   24   83   13,448 

Securities

  522   112   251   1,082   1,390   3,357 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 13,582  1,486  947  1,106  1,473  18,594 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Interest bearing liabilities:

      

Deposits

 5,386  4,554  1,088  235  37  11,300 

Borrowings

  4,450   1,818   646   13   5   6,932 

Others

  786   177   177   867   1,280   3,287 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 10,622  6,549  1,911  1,115  1,322  21,519 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sensitivity gap

  2,960   (5,063  (964  (9  151   (2,925

Cumulative gap

  2,960   (2,103  (3,076  (3,076  (2,925 

% of total assets

  15.9  (11.3)%   (16.5)%   (16.5)%   (15.7)%  

Duration Gap Analysis. We also perform duration gap analysis to measure and manage interest rate risk. Duration gap analysis is a morelong-term risk indicator than interest rate gap analysis, as interest rate gap analysis focuses more on accounting income as opposed to the market value of the assets and liabilities. We emphasize duration gap analysis because, in the long run, our principal concern with respect to interest rate fluctuations is the net asset value rather than net interest revenue changes. In 2014,2017, ourWon-denominated asset and liability duration gap was negative and it moved between (-(+)0.0350.008 years and (-)0.0440.051 years. Accordingly, our net asset value would have declined (or increased) between ₩78₩22 billion and ₩102₩142 billion if interest rates had decreased (or increased) by one percentage point.

For duration gap analysis we use or assume the same maturities for different assets and liabilities that we use or assume for our interest rate gap analysis.

The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s duration gaps and net asset value changes when interest rates decrease by one percentage point as of the specified dates, on anon-consolidated basis.

 

Won-denominated  Asset
Duration
   Liability
Duration
   Duration
Gap
 Net Asset
Value Change
   Asset
Duration
   Liability
Duration
   Duration
Gap
 Net Asset
Value Change
 
Date  (in years)   (in years)   (in years) (in billions of
Won)
   (in years)   (in years)   (in years) (in billions of
Won)
 

June 30, 2014

   0.733     0.801     (0.035  (78

December 31, 2014

   0.762     0.838     (0.044  (102

June 30, 2017

   0.893    0.939    0.008  22 

December 31, 2017

   0.807    0.915    (0.051  142 

 

Foreign currency-denominated  Asset
Duration
   Liability
Duration
   Duration
Gap
 Net Asset
Value Change
   Asset
Duration
   Liability
Duration
   Duration
Gap
 Net Asset
Value Change
 
Date  (in years)   (in years)   (in years) (in billions of
Won)
   (in years)   (in years)   (in years) (in billions of
Won)
 

June 30, 2014

   0.298     0.341     (0.066  (9

December 31, 2014

   0.303     0.307     (0.033  (4

June 30, 2017

   0.618    0.466    0.067   12 

December 31, 2017

   0.539    0.528    (0.067  12 

We set interest rate risk limits using historical interest rate volatility of financial bonds and duration gaps with respect to expected asset and liability positions based on our annual business plans. The Risk Management Department in Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group submits interest rate gap analysis reports, duration gap analysis reports and interest rate risk limit compliance reports monthly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and quarterly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Committee.

The following table summarizes Kookmin Bank’s interest rate risk, taking into account asset and liability durations as of December 31, 2014.2017.

 

   As of December 31, 2014 
   3 Months
or Less
  3-6
Months
  6-12
Months
  1-3
Years
  Over
3 Years
  Total 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages and maturities in years) 

Won-denominated:

       

Asset position

  81,411   58,363   49,201   25,842   16,042   230,859  

Liability position

   92,018    38,516    52,996    25,838    19,892    229,260  

Gap

   (10,607  19,847    (3,795  3    (3,849  1,599  

Average maturity

   0.242    0.482    0.956    2.753    5.123   

Interest rate volatility

   (0.97)%   (0.83)%   (0.47)%   0.12  0.37 

Amount at risk

   3    66    (11  (8  60    110  

Foreign currency-denominated:

       

Asset position

  9,976   2,287   1,469   1,506   117   15,356  

Liability position

   9,322    3,711    1,476    1,416    51    15,975  

Gap

   654    (1,423  (7  90    66    (620

Average maturity

   0.249    0.496    0.982    2.859    5.445   

Interest rate volatility

   0.24  0.40  0.46  0.33  0.27 

Amount at risk

   (0  3    (0  (0  (1  2  

   As of December 31, 2017 
   3 Months
or Less
  3-6
Months
  6-12
Months
  1-3
Years
  Over
3 Years
  Total 
   (in billions of Won, except percentages and maturities in years) 

Won-denominated:

       

Asset position

  108,128  73,525  42,512  28,790  23,871  276,825 

Liability position

   103,980   41,096   58,389   36,968   26,932   267,365 

Gap

   4,148   32,429   (15,878  (8,178  (3,061  9,460 

Average maturity

   0.246   0.489   0.969   2.786   5.215  

Interest rate volatility

   (0.51)%   (0.62)%   (0.72)%   (0.91)%   (1.07)%  

Amount at risk

   (21  (82  101   161   157   316 

Foreigncurrency-denominated:

       

Asset position

  13,582  1,486  947  1,106  1,473  18,594 

Liability position

   10,622   6,549   1,911   1,115   1,322   21,519 

Gap

   2,960   (5,063  (964  (9  151   (2,925

Average maturity

   0.247   0.491   0.964   2.750   5.104  

Interest rate volatility

   (1.33)%   (1.46)%   (1.41)%   (1.46)%   (1.54)%  

Amount at risk

   (7  35   9   (1  (3  34 

Interest Rate VaR Analysis. Interest rate VaR is the estimated maximum possible loss on netnon-trading assets due to unfavorable changes in interest rates. We calculate interest rate VaR based on interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, excluding trading positions, at a 99.94%99.9% confidence level. In 2012, we changed ourOur method of calculating the interest rate impact from the previous internal simulation method of applying probable interest rate scenarios tois a historical simulation method which uses actual historical price, volatility and yield changes in comparison with the current position to generate hypothetical portfolios and calculate a distribution of position and portfolio market value changes. The previous internal simulation method used extreme values in applying hypothetical interest rates to each maturity period, which weWe believe may result in exaggerated interest rate VaR values. Accordingly, we believe that the change in our interest rate VaR methodology to a historical simulation method will allowallows us to benefit from more sophisticated risk measurements using practical scenarios. Using the historical simulation method, Kookmin Bank’s interest rate VaR was ₩203₩95 billion as of December 31, 2013 and ₩1122015, ₩76 billion as of December 31, 2014.2016 and ₩350 billion as of December 31, 2017. See Note 4.4.3 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Foreign Exchange Risk

We manage foreign exchange rate risk arising from ournon-trading operations together with such risks arising from our trading operations. See “—Market Risk Management for Trading Activities—Foreign Exchange Risk” above.

Liquidity Risk Management

Liquidity risk is the risk of insolvency or loss due to a disparity between the inflow and outflow of funds resulting from, for example, maturity mismatches, obtaining funds at a high price or disposing of securities at an unfavorable price due to lack of available funds. We manage our liquidity in order to meet our financial liabilities from withdrawals of deposits, redemption of matured debentures and repayments at maturity of borrowed funds. We also require sufficient liquidity to fund loans, to extend other credits and to invest in securities. Our liquidity management goal is to meet all our liability repayments on time and fund all investment opportunities even under adverse conditions. To date, we have not experienced significant liquidity risk.

We maintain liquidity by holding sufficient quantities of assets that can be liquidated to meet actual or potential demands for funds from depositors and others. We also manage liquidity by ensuring that the excess of maturing liabilities over maturing assets in any period is kept to manageable levels relative to the amount of funds we believe we could raise by issuing securities. We seek to minimize our liquidity costs by managing our liquidity position on a daily basis and by limiting the amount of cash at any time that is not invested in interest earning assets or securities.

We maintain diverse sources of liquidity to facilitate flexibility in meeting our funding requirements. We fund our operations principally by accepting deposits from retail and corporate depositors, accessing the call loan market (ashort-term market for loans with maturities of less than 90 days), issuing debentures and borrowing from the Bank of Korea. We use the majority of funds we raise to extend loans or purchase securities. Generally, deposits are of shorter average maturity than loans or investments.

ForWon-denominated assets and liabilities, we manage liquidity using a cash flow structure based on holdingshort-term liabilities andlong-term assets. Generally, the average initial contract maturity of our newWon-denominated time deposits was less than one year, while during the same period most of our new loans and securities had maturities over one year.

We manage liquidity risk within the limits set on Won and foreign currency accounts in accordance with the regulations of the Financial Services Commission. The Financial Services Commission requires Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, to maintain a liquidity coverage ratio of not less than 80%95% from January 1, 20152018 to December 31, 2015,2018 (compared to not less than 90% from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017), with such minimum liquidity coverage ratio to increase in increments of 5% per annum to

100% by 2019, and a foreign currency liquidity ratio of not less than 85%.2019. The Financial Services Commission defines the liquidity coverage ratio as the ratio of highly liquid assets to total net cash outflows over a one-month30-day period. The highly liquid assets and total net cash outflows included in the calculation of the liquid coverage ratio are determined in accordance with the “Standards for Calculation of Liquidity Coverage Ratio” under the “Detailed RegulationsDetailed Regulation on the Supervision of the Banking Business. In addition, the Financial Services Commission requires Korean banks, including Kookmin Bank, to maintain a foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio of not less than 70% from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018, with such minimum foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio to increase to 80% by 2019.

Kookmin Bank’s TreasuryAsset Liability Management Department is responsible for daily liquidity risk management ofwith respect to its Won and foreign currency exposure. It reports monthly plans for funding and operations to the Asset Liability Management Committee of Kookmin Bank, which discusses factors such as interest rate movements and maturity structures of its deposits, loans and securities.securities and establishes strategies with respect to deposit and lending rates.

The following table shows Kookmin Bank’s liquidity status and limits for Woncoverage ratio and foreign currency accounts asliquidity coverage ratio on an average balance basis for the month of December 31, 20142017 in accordance with Financial Services Commission regulations:

 

Won accounts:Liquidity coverage ratio:

  1 Month
or Less
 
   

(in billions of Won,

except percentages)

 

AssetsHighly liquid assets (A)

  54,47643,947 

LiabilitiesCash outflows (B)

   44,99160,388

Cash inflows (C)

16,441

Total net cash outflows (D =B-C)

43,947 

Liquidity gapcoverage ratio (A/D)

   9,485100.00

Minimum limit

90

Foreign currency liquidity coverage ratio:

1 Month
or Less
(in millions of US$,
except percentages)

Highly liquid assets (A)

US$2,235

Cash outflows (B)

6,402

Cash inflows (C)

4,731

Total net cash outflows (D =B-C)

1,671 

Liquidity coverage ratio (A/B)D)

   121.08133.76

LimitMinimum limit

   10060

   7 Days
or Less
  1 Month
or Less
  3 Months
or  Less
 
   (in millions of US$, except percentages) 

Foreign currency assets (A)

  US$5,135   US$9,670   US$15,703  

Foreign currency liabilities (B)

   4,122    8,060    13,501  

Maturity gap (C)

   1,013    1,609    2,202  

Cumulative gap

   1,013    2,622    4,824  

Total assets (D)

   34,830    34,830    34,830  

Liquidity gap ratio (C/D)

   2.91  4.62  116.31%(1) 

Limits

   (3.00)%   (10.00)%   85.00

(1)

Liquidity ratio (A/B).

The Risk Management Department in Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Group reports whether it is complying with these limits monthly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Council and quarterly to Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Committee.

Operational Risk Management

Overall Status

There is no complete consensus on the definition of operational risk in the banking industry. We define operational risk broadly to include all financial andnon-financial risks, other than credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk, that may arise from our operations that could negatively impact our capital, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events as defined under Basel II. Our operational risk management objectives include not only satisfying regulatory requirements, but also providing internal support through the growth of a strong risk management culture, reinforcement of internal controls, improvement of work processes and provision of timely feedback to management members and staff throughout the bank.

group.

We manageEach of our subsidiaries manages operational risk primarily throughrisks related to its own business, and we regularly monitor them. Kookmin Bank, our banking subsidiary. Kookmin Banksubsidiary, uses an operational risk management framework meeting the Basel II Advanced Measurement Approach, or AMA, under which Kookmin Bank:

 

calculates its operational risk VaR on a quarterly basis using the “loss distribution approach VaR” and “scenario based VaR” methodology, and monitors operational risk in terms of Key Risk Indicators, or KRI,KRIs, using tolerance levels for each indicator;

 

executes integrated compliance and operational risk Control Self Assessments, or CSAs, that enhance the effect on internal controls, which Kookmin Bank employees are able to access and use for process improvement;

 

collects and analyzes internal and external loss data;

conducts scenario analyses to evaluate exposure tohigh-severity events;

 

manages certaininsurance-related activities relating to insurance strategies established to mitigate operational risk;

 

examines operational risks arising in connection with the development of, changes in or discontinuance of products, policies or systems;

 

uses a detailed business continuity plan covering all of its operations and locations to prepare against unexpected events, including an alternate analternateback-up site for use in disaster events as well as annualfull-scale testing of such site.

site;

 

refinesbank-wide operational risk policies and procedures;

 

provides appropriate training and support to business line operational risk managers; and

 

reports overall operational risk status to our senior management.

EachWhile Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department advises relevant business units with respect to the review of and suggested improvements on related operational processes and procedures, each of Kookmin Bank’s relevant business units has primary responsibility for the management of its own operational risk. In addition, the Operational Risk Unit, which is part of Kookmin Bank’s Risk Management Department, monitorsbank-wide operational risk. Kookmin Bank also has internal controlbusiness line operational risk managers in all of its subsidiaries, departments and branches who periodically conduct CSAs and monitor KRIs. For example, Kookmin Bank has developed KRIs relating to customer data protection, which are applied and monitored at all domestic branches and offices. In addition, in order to strengthen risk management of its overseas operations, Kookmin Bank designates expert auditors for overseas branches and conducts internal audits designed especially to check key risks identified for each overseas branch. Kookmin Bank has also established a risk CSA system for overseas branches, pursuant to which all employees (including locally hired staff) of such branches are required to perform a risk CSA on a quarterly basis. Furthermore, Kookmin Bank regularly monitors operational risks related to new businesses as well as existing operating processes and seeks to develop appropriate new KRIs and risk CSA measures on an ongoing basis. Through this method,such methods, Kookmin Bank is able to ensure proper monitoring and measurement of operational risk in each of its business groups.groups and overseas operations.

Internal Control

To monitor and control operational risks, we maintain a system of comprehensive policies and have put in place a control framework designed to provide a stable andwell-managed operational environment throughout our organization. We have in place regular staff rotation and a mandatory leave policy for employees in certain high-risk categories to safeguard against fraud and to check for weaknesses in internal controls. In addition, we maintain an external whistleblower “ombudsman” channel to encourage whistleblowing and voluntary reporting of fraudulent behavior.

Each of our subsidiaries establishes its own internal control system in accordance with thegroup-level internal control principles. Our Compliance Supporting Department is responsible for monitoring and advising our subsidiaries regarding their internal control systems. Our Audit Committee, which consists of fournon-executive directors, is an independent authority that evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of ourgroup-wide internal control systems and business processes and monitors our subsidiaries’ compliance with such systems and processes, as well as reviews the reliability of our financial statements to secure the transparency and stability of our management (including through the activities of our independent auditors). In particular, we have establishedgroup-wide internal guidelines with respect to our subsidiaries’ reporting requirements. Our subsidiaries review their operations and their level of compliance with internal control systems and business processes on a periodic basis and, as part of this process, they are required to report any problems discovered and any remedial actions taken to our chief compliance officer, who is responsible for reporting to our Audit Committee. Based on the results of these reports, or on an ad hoc basis in response to any problem or potential

problem that it identifies, the Audit Committee may direct a subsidiary to conduct an audit of its operations or, if it chooses to do so, conduct its own audit of those operations. The Audit Committee interacts on a regular basis

with our Audit Department, Compliance Supporting Department and our independent auditors. In carrying out these duties, the Audit Committee ultimately protects our property for the benefit of our shareholders, investors and customers by independently monitoring our management.

Our Audit Department supports our Audit Committee in monitoring our accounting and business operations and overseeing the management of our subsidiaries’ internal control systems by performing the following activities:

 

general audits, which includefull-scale audits of the overall operations performed according to an annual audit plan, and sectional audits of selected operations; and

 

special audits of troubled or weak operations, which are performed when our Audit Committee or executive officer responsible for audits deems it necessary or pursuant to requests by our board, executive officers or supervisory authorities, such as the Financial Supervisory Service.

The Financial Supervisory Service periodically conducts a general examination of our operations. It also performs specific audits on particular aspects of our operations, such as risk management, credit monitoring and liquidity, as the need arises.

Kookmin Bank’s audit division consists of two departments, the Channel Audit Department and the Management Audit Department, and they areis the execution bodiesbody for its audit committee and supportsupports Kookmin Bank’s management objectives by auditing the operations of its branches using a risk analysis system and reviewing the operations of its headquarters and subsidiaries through the use of “risk-based“risk-based audit” in accordance with the “business measurement process” audit methodology, which requires that its Managementthe Audit Department evaluate the risk and process of its business units and concentrate theirits audit capacity with respect to high risk areas.

As a result of recent regulatory trends, Kookmin Bank’s audit divisionAudit Department is continuing its efforts to establish an advanced audit system andvalue-added internal audit by introducingrisk-based audit techniques.

Our Compliance Supporting Department operates a compliance system to ensure that all of our employees comply with the relevant laws and regulations. This system’s main function is to establish and manage our compliance program, educate employees and management and improve our internal control process.

Legal Risk

We consider legal risk as a part of our operational risk. The uncertainty of the enforceability of the obligations of our customers and counterparties creates legal risk. Changes in laws and regulations could also adversely affect us. Legal risk is higher in new areas of business where the law is often untested in the courts, although legal risk can also increase in our traditional business to the extent that the legal and regulatory landscape in Korea is changing and many new laws and regulations governing the financial industry remain untested. Our Compliance Supporting Department seeks to minimize legal risk by using stringent legal documentation, employing procedures designed to ensure that transactions are properly authorized and consulting legal advisers.

IT System Operational Risk

The integrity of our IT systems, and their ability to withstand potential catastrophic events, are crucial to our continuing operations. Accordingly, we are continuing to strengthen our disaster recovery capabilities. In order to minimize operational risks relating to our IT systems, we have implemented amulti-CPU system that runs multiple CPUs simultaneouslyon-site and ensures system continuity in case any of the CPUs fails. This system backs up our data systems at anoff-site location on areal-time basis to ensure that our operations can be carried out normally and without material interruption in the event of CPU failure. Also, in order to protect our Internet banking services from system failures and cyber attacks, we process our Internet transactions through three separate data processing centers.

We currently test our disaster recovery systems on a quarterly basis, with the comprehensive testing including our branches and the main IT center’s disaster recovery system. Our disaster recovery capabilities involve a number of operations other than our core banking operations, including credit card and call center transactions. Internally, our ITSystem Operations Department monitors all of our computerized network processes and IT systems. This department monitors and reports on any unusual delays or irregularities reported by our branches. In addition, Kookmin Bank’s Information Security Department is responsible for the daily monitoring of its information security system. Our business operations other than our core banking and credit card operations, regularly conduct joint IT security assessmentsinspections with respect to such operations and have implemented measures to identify and respond collectively to security breach attempts, such as hacking attempts.

In particular, at Kookmin Bank, we have taken steps to establish a comprehensive security system aimed at detecting and responding to internal and external threats to its IT system and have implemented network segregation on the computers of all employees so that Intranet and Extranet functions are segregated. We have endeavored to enhance protection of customer data by using personal identification numbers internally generated and managed by Kookmin Bank in all customer financial transaction, in lieu of the resident registration numbers of its customers, and by amending forms and templates to minimize collection of potentially sensitive customer data. Kookmin Bank’s chief information security officer is responsible for ensuring protection of information assets and technologies and reducing IT risks.

At KB Kookmin Card, we have taken steps to strengthen its information security infrastructure by implementing a solution to prevent attacks on its website and a security system to prevent unauthorized access to local networks and information, as well as an anti-photography system to prevent information leaks via photographs taken with smartphones. As part of strengthening its operational processes and procedures for customer information protection, KB Kookmin Card prohibits use of portable devices within the premises, requires managerial approval for all documents sent externally, including via email, and continuously monitors compliance with data protection policies, including through spot inspection of each department.

In 2009, Kookmin Bank obtained ISO 27001 certification, which relates to information security. In 2011, Kookmin Bank also obtained ISO 20000 certification, which relates to IT service management, and BS 25999 certification, which relates to business continuity management. Kookmin Bank is the first Korean bank to have obtained all three such international certifications. In addition, in 2013, 2015 and 2016, Kookmin Bank, we and KB Kookmin Card, respectively, obtained ISMS certification, which relates to information security management. In 2017, KB Kookmin Card obtained PCI DSS certification, which relates to protection of credit card data.

We implement various year-round education programs and training sessions designed to raise the information security awareness of both management and employees.

Item 12.DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Fees and Charges

Under the terms of the deposit agreement, as a holder of our ADSs, you are required to pay the following service fees to the depositary:

 

Services

  

Fees

Issuance of ADSs

  Up to $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) issued

Delivery of deposited shares against surrender of ADSs

  Up to $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) surrendered

Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions

  Up to $0.02 per ADS (or portion thereof) held

Transfer of ADSs, combination andsplit-up of American depositary receipts or interchange of certificated and uncertificated ADSs

Up to $1.50 per American depositary receipt transferred

Distribution or sale of ADSssecurities pursuant to stock dividends, free stock distributions, or exercise of rights.

Up to $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) held

Distribution of securitiesrights or any other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSsnon-cash distributions

  A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed or sold, as the case may be, had been shares and such shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs.ADSs

Depositary Services

  Up to $0.02 per ADS (or portion thereof) held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary

As a holder of our ADSs, you are also responsible for paying certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary and certain taxes and governmental charges such as:

 

  

Fees for the transfer and registration of shares charged by the registrar and transfer agent for the shares in Korea (i.e., upon deposit and withdrawal of shares).

 

Expenses incurred for converting foreign currency into U.S. dollars.

 

Expenses for cable, telex and fax transmissions and for delivery of securities.

 

  

Taxes and duties upon the transfer of securities (i.e., when shares are deposited or withdrawn from deposit).

 

Fees and expenses incurred in connection with the delivery or servicing of shares on deposit or other deposited securities.

Depositary fees payable upon the issuance and surrender of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary for surrender. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date.

The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., stock dividend, rights), the depositary charges the applicable fee to the ADS record date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), the depositary sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via the Depository Trust Company, or DTC), the depositary generally collects its fees through the systems provided by

DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to such holder of ADSs.

Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You will receive prior notice of such changes.

Fees and Payments from the Depositary to Us

In 2014,2017, we received the following payments from the depositary:

 

Reimbursement of listing fees:

  $42,000    $59,500 

Reimbursement of SEC filing fees:

  $34,430    $72,510 

Reimbursement of expenses related to proxy process (printing, postage and distribution) and ADS holders identification:

  $45,648    $51,262 

Reimbursement of legal fees:

  $345,154    $320,498 

Reimbursement of expenses related to our investor relations activities (investor conferences and investor relations agency fees, etc.):

  $126,832    $10,231 

In addition, as part of its service to us, the depositary waives its fees for the standard costs and operating expenses associated with the administration of the ADS facility.

 

Item 13.DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

Not applicable.

 

Item 14.MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

 

Item 15.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have evaluated, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financialfinance officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2014.2017. There are inherent limitations

to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financialfinance officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 20142017 were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financialfinance officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules13a-15(f) and15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financialfinance officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Control—Integrated Framework 2013 issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Based on our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2014. 2017. Our management has excluded KB Insurance Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 in accordance with the SEC’s general guidance that an assessment of a recently acquired business may be omitted from the scope of assessment in the year of acquisition. Through a tender offer conducted in May 2017, we increased our shareholding in KB Insurance to 94.30%, as a result of which KB Insurance became a consolidated subsidiary. We subsequently effected a comprehensive stock swap in July 2017 to acquire the remaining outstanding shares of KB Insurance, as a result of which KB Insurance became a wholly-owned subsidiary. KB Insurance and its subsidiaries accounted for approximately 7.41% of our consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2017 and its profit before income tax for the period subsequent to its consolidation in 2017 amounted to 12.37% of our consolidated total profit before income tax.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20142017 has been audited by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report included herein which expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014.2017.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

The attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm is furnishedincluded in Item 18 of this Form20-F.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

ThereAs a result of our acquisition of a 100% shareholding in KB Insurance in July 2017, we are evaluating and implementing changes to processes, policies and other components of our internal control over financial reporting as part of our ongoing integration activities. Our management continues to be engaged in efforts to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control procedures and the design of those control procedures in

connection with the acquisition of KB Insurance, with a plan to report its evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of KB Insurance at December 31, 2018. Except for the foregoing, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during 20142017 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 

Item 16.[RESERVED]

 

Item 16A.AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our board of directors has determined that each of Woon Youl Choi and Jongsoo Han and Suk Ho Sonu, ournon-executive directors and members of our Audit Committee, qualifiesqualify as an “audit committee financial expert”experts” and isare independent within the meaning of this Item 16A.

Item 16B.CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a code of ethics, as defined in Item 16B of Form20-F under the Exchange Act. Our code of ethics applies to our chief executive officer and chief financialfinance officer, as well as to ournon-executive directors,non-standing directors and other officers and employees. Our code of ethics is available on our website athttp://www.kbfg.com. If we amend the provisions of our code of ethics that apply to our chief executive officer and chief financialfinance officer and persons performing similar functions, or if we grant any waiver of such provisions, we will disclose such amendment or waiver on our website at the same address.

 

Item 16C.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Audit andNon-audit Fees

The following table sets forth the fees billed to us by independent registered public accounting firm Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers during the fiscal years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014:2017:

 

  Year Ended December 31,   Year Ended December 31, 
      2013           2014       2016   2017 
  (in millions of Won)   (in millions of Won) 

Audit fees

  5,524    5,517    6,628   7,277 

Audit-related fees

   35     —       198    547 

Tax fees

   16     —    
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total fees

  5,575    5,517    6,826   7,824 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Audit fees in the above table are the aggregate fees billed by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers in connection with:

 

the audits of our annual financial statements and the review of our interim financial statements;

 

the audits of our special purpose entities in connection with the Korean Securities Exchange Act or the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act; and

 

our financial debenture offering services.

Audit-related fees in the above table are fees billed by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers in connection with attestationdue diligence services rendered in the ordinary course of our financial statements under IFRS. Tax fees in the above table are fees billed by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers in connection with tax filing services for our subsidiaries.business.

Audit CommitteePre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Our Audit Committeepre-approves the engagement of our independent auditors for audit services with respect to our financial statements. Our Audit Committee has implemented a policy regardingpre-approval of

certain other services provided by our independent auditors to our subsidiaries that the Audit Committee has deemed as not affecting their independence. Under this policy,pre-approvals for the following services to our subsidiaries have been granted by our Audit Committee to each of our subsidiaries’ audit committees: (i) services related to the audit of financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS as adopted by Korea and internal controls under Korean laws and regulations; (ii) general tax advisory services; (iii) due diligence services; (iv) issuance of comfort letters in connection with offering of securities; and (v) educational services provided to employees.

Any other audit or permittednon-audit service must bepre-approved by the Audit Committee on acase-by-case basis. Our Audit Committee did notpre-approve anynon-audit services under thede minimis exception of Rule 2.01(c)(7)(i)(C) of RegulationS-X as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

Item 16D.EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

Item 16E.PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

NeitherThe following table sets forth information regarding purchases by us of our common shares during the period covered by this annual report.

Period

  Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
  Average
Price Paid
per Share
   Total Number of
Shares Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans or
Programs
   Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares that
May Yet Be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs
(as of end of period)
 

January 1 to January 31, 2017

   1,400,000(1)   45,263    1,400,000   $17,560,205.68 

February 1 to February 28, 2017

   392,500(1)   47,751    392,500    1,718.30 

March 1 to March 31, 2017

   —     —      —      —   

April 1 to April 30, 2017

   —     —      —      —   

May 1 to May 31, 2017

   —     —      —      —   

June 1 to June 30, 2017

   —     —      —      —   

July 1 to July 31, 2017

   —     —      —      —   

August 1 to August 31, 2017

   —     —      —      —   

September 1 to September 30, 2017

   —     —      —      —   

October 1 to October 31, 2017

   —     —      —      —   

November 1 to November 30, 2017

   263,618(2)   59,289    263,618    266,409,016.79 

December 1 to December 31, 2017

   1,702,253(2)   61,180    1,702,253    168,843,826.61 
  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   3,758,371   53,716    3,758,371    168,843,826.61 
  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)Comprises common shares that were purchased through a broker in a series of open-market transactions in Korea in the periods indicated above, pursuant to a trust agreement for the acquisition of treasury shares dated August 3, 2016, which expired on April 17, 2017.
(2)Comprises common shares that were purchased through a broker in a series of open-market transactions in Korea in the periods indicated above, pursuant to a trust agreement for the acquisition of treasury shares dated November 27, 2017, which will expire on November 26, 2018.

Other than as described above, neither we nor any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined in Rule10b-18(a)(3) of the Exchange Act, purchased any of our equity securities during the period covered by this annual report.

 

Item 16F.CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not applicable.

Item 16G.CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Differences in Corporate Governance Practices

Pursuant to the rules of the New York Stock Exchange applicable to foreign private issuers like us that are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are required to disclose significant differences between the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance standards and those that we follow under Korean law and in accordance with our own internal procedures. The following is a summary of such significant differences:

 

NYSE Corporate Governance Standards

  

KB Financial Group

Director Independence

  
Listed companies must have a majority of independent directors.  The majority of our board of directors is independent (as defined in accordance with the New York Stock Exchange’s standards), as seven out of nine directors arenon-executive directors.

Executive Session

  
Non-management directors must meet in regularly scheduled executive sessions without management. Independent directors should meet alone in an executive session at least once a year.  Ournon-executive directors hold executive sessions as needed in accordance with the Regulation of the Board of Directors.

Nomination/Corporate Governance Committee

  
A nomination/corporate governance committee of independent directors is required. The committee must have a charter that addresses the purpose, responsibilities (including development of corporate governance guidelines) and annual performance evaluation of the committee.  

We maintain aNon-executive Director Nominating Committee composed of three fournon-executive directors and our chief executive officer. directors.

 

We maintain a Corporate GovernanceCEO Nominating Committee composed of three all seven of ournon-executive directors, one non-standing director and our chief executive officer. directors.

Compensation Committee

  

A compensation committee of independent directors is required. The committee must have a charter that addresses the purpose, responsibilities and annual performance evaluation of the committee. The charter must be made available on the company’s website. In addition, in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules adopted pursuant to Section 952 of theDodd-Frank Act, the New York Stock Exchange listing standards were amended to expand the factors relevant in determining whether a committee member has a relationship with the company that will materially affect that member’s duties to the compensation committee.

We maintain an Evaluation and Compensation Committee composed of four non-executive directors.

NYSE Corporate Governance Standards

KB Financial Group

Additionally, the committee may obtain or retain the advice of a compensation adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to determining that adviser’s independence from management.

  We maintain an Evaluation and Compensation Committee composed of fournon-executive directors.

NYSE Corporate Governance Standards

KB Financial Group

Audit Committee

  
Listed companies must have an audit committee that satisfies the independence and other requirements of Rule10A-3 under the Exchange Act. All members must be independent. The committee must have a charter addressing the committee’s purpose, an annual performance evaluation of the committee, and the duties and responsibilities of the committee. The charter must be made available on the company’s website.  We maintain an Audit Committee composed of fournon-executive directors. Accordingly, we are in compliance with Rule10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

Audit Committee Additional Requirements

  
Listed companies must have an audit committee that is composed of at least three directors.  Our Audit Committee has four members, as described above.

Shareholder Approval of Equity Compensation Plan

  
Listed companies must allow its shareholders to exercise their voting rights with respect to any material revision to the company’s equity compensation plan.  

We currently have threetwo equity compensation plans: one providing for the grant of stock options to officers and directors;(i) performance share agreements with certain of our directors;directors, executive officers and other senior management and (ii) an employee stock ownership plan, or ESOP.

Matters related to the performance share agreements or ESOP are not subject to shareholders’ approval under Korean law.

Our Articles of Incorporation provide that our stockholders may, by special resolution, grant stock options to officers, directors and employees. All material matters related to our stock option planoptions are provided in our Articles of Incorporation, and any amendments to the Articles of Incorporation are subject to shareholders’ approval.

Matters related to the performance share agreements or ESOP are not subject to shareholders’ approval under Korean law.

Corporate Governance Guidelines

  
Listed companies must adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines.  We have adopted but have not disclosed, corporate governance guidelines.standards, the Korean-language version of which is available on our website.

 

Item 16H.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

 

Item 17.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Not Applicable.

 

Item 18.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Reference is made to Item 19(a) for a list of all financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

Item 19.EXHIBITS

 

(a)List of Financial Statements:

 

   Page 

Audited consolidated financial statements of KB Financial Group Inc. and subsidiaries, prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB

  

Report of Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, independent registered public accounting firm

   F-1 

Consolidated statements of financial position as of January 1, 2013 and December  31, 20132016 and 20142017

   F-2F-3 

Consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

   F-3F-4 

Consolidated statements of changes in equity for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

   F-5F-6 

Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December  31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

   F-9F-10 

Notes to consolidated financial statements

   F-11F-12 

 

(b)Exhibits

Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, KB Financial Group has filed certain agreements as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form20-F. These agreements may contain representations and warranties made by the parties. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other party or parties to such agreements and (i) may be intended not as statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties to such agreements if those statements turn out to be inaccurate, (ii) may have been qualified by disclosures that were made to such other party or parties and that either have been reflected in the company’s filings or are not required to be disclosed in those filings, (iii) may apply materiality standards different from what may be viewed as material to investors and (iv) were made only as of the date of such agreements or such other date(s) as may be specified in such agreements and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe KB Financial Group’s actual state of affairs at the date of this annual report.

 

Number

  

Description

1.1  Articles of Incorporation of KB Financial Group (translation in English).
2.1**  Form of Share Certificate of KB Financial Group’s common stock, par value ₩5,0005,000 per share (translation in English).
2.2***  Form of Fifth Amended and Restated Deposit Agreement among KB Financial Group, TheJPMorgan Chase Bank, of New York Mellon,N.A., as depositary, and all owners and holders from time to time of American depositary shares evidenced byreceipts issued thereunder, evidencing American depositary receipts issued thereunder,shares, including the form of American depositary receipt.
8.1****  List of subsidiaries of KB Financial Group.
11.1****  Code of Ethics.
12.1  Section 302 certifications.
13.1  Section 906 certifications.

 

*Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form20-F (No.000-53445), filed on June 23, 2010.15, 2009.
**Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form 20-F (No. 000-53445), filed on June 15, 2009.
***Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form F-6 (No. 333-184696)333-208008), filed on November 1, 2012.13, 2015.
****Incorporated by reference to Note 40 of the consolidated financial statements of the registrant included in this annual report.
****Incorporated by reference to the registrant’s filing on Form20-F (No.000-53445), filed on April 28, 2016.

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

 

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC.
(Registrant)
/s/ Jong Kyoo Yoon
(Signature)
Jong Kyoo Yoon
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
(Name and Title)

Date: April 29, 201527, 2018

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

KB Financial Group Inc.:

In our opinion,Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of KB Financial Group Inc. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established inInternal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of KB Financial Group Inc. (the “Company”) and subsidiariesthe Company as of December 31, 20142017 and 2013, and January 1, 2013,2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20142017 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014,2017, based on criteria established inInternal Control—Integrated Framework 2013 (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management’sManagement’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on thesethe Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supportingregarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessingstatements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, andas well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statement presentation.statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

As described in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management has excluded KB Insurance Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2017. We have also excluded KB Insurance Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. KB Insurance Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries is a wholly-owned subsidiary whose total assets and profit before income tax represent 7.41% and 12.37%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers

Seoul, Korea

April 29, 201527, 2018

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008.

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

AS OF JANUARY 1, 2013, DECEMBER 31, 20132016 AND 20142017

 

  Jan. 1 2013   Dec. 31 2013   Dec. 31 2014   2014   Dec. 31 2016 Dec. 31 2017 2017 
              

Translation into

U.S. dollars(Note 3)

       Translation into
U.S. dollars
(Note 3)
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In thousands)   (In millions of Korean won) (In thousands) 

ASSETS

            

Cash and due from financial institutions

  10,592,605    14,792,654    15,423,847    US$14,138,774    17,884,863  19,817,825  US$18,566,099 

Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss

   9,559,719     9,328,742     10,757,910     9,861,590  

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

   27,858,364  32,227,345  30,191,813 

Derivative financial assets

   2,091,285     1,819,409     1,968,190     1,804,206     3,381,935  3,310,166  3,101,090 

Loans

   213,644,791     219,001,356     231,449,653     212,165,895     265,486,134  290,122,838  271,798,203 

Financial investments

   36,467,352     34,849,095     34,960,620     32,047,796     45,147,797  66,608,243  62,401,157 

Investments in associates and joint ventures

   934,641     755,390     670,332     614,482     1,770,673  335,070  313,906 

Property and equipment

   3,100,393     3,060,843     3,082,985     2,826,119     3,627,268  4,201,697  3,936,311 

Investment property

   52,974     166,259     377,544     346,088     755,011  848,481  794,890 

Intangible assets

   493,131     443,204     488,922     448,186     652,316  2,943,060  2,757,171 

Net defined benefit assets

   —    894  838 

Current income tax assets

   332,970     346,910     306,313     280,792     65,738  6,324  5,925 

Deferred income tax assets

   18,432     15,422     15,562     14,265     133,624  3,991  3,739 

Assets held for sale

   35,412     37,718     70,357     64,495     52,148  155,506  145,684 

Other assets

   8,745,799     7,550,596     8,783,473     8,051,658     8,857,785  16,204,169  15,180,687 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total assets

   286,069,504     292,167,598     308,355,708     282,664,346     375,673,656  436,785,609  409,197,513 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

LIABILITIES

            

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss

   1,851,135     1,115,202     1,818,968     1,667,417     12,122,836  12,023,058  11,263,662 

Derivative financial liabilities

   2,054,742     1,795,339     1,797,390     1,647,636     3,807,128  3,142,765  2,944,263 

Deposits

   197,346,205     200,882,064     211,549,121     193,923,421     239,729,695  255,800,048  239,643,297 

Debts

   15,965,458     14,101,331     15,864,500     14,542,713     26,251,486  28,820,928  27,000,551 

Debentures

   24,270,212     27,039,534     29,200,706     26,767,782     34,992,057  44,992,724  42,150,910 

Provisions

   669,729     678,073     614,347     563,161     537,717  568,033  532,155 

Defined benefit liabilities

   83,723     64,473     75,684     69,378  

Net defined benefit liabilities

   96,299  154,702  144,931 

Current income tax liabilities

   264,666     211,263     231,907     212,585     441,812  433,870  406,466 

Deferred income tax liabilities

   154,303     61,816     93,211     85,445     103,482  533,069  499,399 

Insurance contract liabilities

   7,290,844  31,801,275  29,792,654 

Other liabilities

   18,327,740     20,236,229     19,597,202     17,964,416     19,038,897  24,470,308  22,924,723 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total liabilities

   260,987,913     266,185,324     280,843,036     257,443,955     344,412,253  402,740,780  377,303,011 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

TOTAL EQUITY

            

Capital stock

   1,931,758     1,931,758     1,931,758     1,770,809     2,090,558  2,090,558  1,958,515 

Capital surplus

   15,840,300     15,854,605     15,854,510     14,533,555     16,994,902  17,122,228  16,040,760 

Accumulated other comprehensive income

   295,142     336,312     461,679     423,213     405,329  537,668  503,708 

Retained earnings

   6,819,869     7,859,599     9,067,145     8,311,695     12,229,228  15,044,204  14,093,988 

Treasury shares

   (721,973 (755,973 (708,225
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Equity attributable to shareholders of the company

   24,887,069     25,982,274     27,315,092     25,039,273     30,998,044  34,038,685  31,888,746 

Non-controlling interests

   194,522     —       197,580     181,118     263,359  6,144  5,756 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total equity

   25,081,591     25,982,274     27,512,672     25,220,391     31,261,403  34,044,829  31,894,502 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total liabilities and equity

  286,069,504    292,167,598    308,355,708    US$ 282,664,346    375,673,656  436,785,609  US$409,197,513 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

 

  2012 2013 2014 2014  2015 2016 2017 2017 
        

Translation into

U.S. dollars

(Note 3)

        

Translation into
U.S. dollars

(Note 3)

 
  

(In millions of Korean won,

except per share amounts)

 

(In thousands,

except per share

amounts)

  

(In millions of Korean won,

except per share amounts)

 (In thousands,
except per share
amounts)
 

Interest income

  14,210,106   12,356,930   11,635,296   US$10,665,875   10,375,823  10,021,882  11,382,452  US$10,663,518 

Interest expense

   (7,172,323  (5,834,098  (5,219,521  (4,784,645 (4,172,624 (3,619,353 (3,672,443 (3,440,486
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net interest income

   7,037,783    6,522,832    6,415,775    5,881,230   6,203,199  6,402,529  7,710,009  7,223,032 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Fee and commission income

   2,753,876    2,657,365    2,666,185    2,444,046   2,971,095  3,150,877  3,988,250  3,736,346 

Fee and commission expense

   (1,187,170  (1,178,126  (1,283,456  (1,176,522 (1,436,112 (1,565,985 (1,938,226 (1,815,805
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net fee and commission income

   1,566,706    1,479,239    1,382,729    1,267,524   1,534,983  1,584,892  2,050,024  1,920,541 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Insurance income

 1,373,373  1,201,352  8,970,992  8,404,369 

Insurance expense

 (1,478,987 (1,319,155 (8,377,282 (7,848,159
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net insurance income(expense)

 (105,614 (117,803 593,710  556,210 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net gains(losses) on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

   811,964    756,822    439,198    402,605   359,727  (8,768 740,329  693,569 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net other operating income(expense)

   (1,531,942  (1,304,765  (1,040,909  (954,183 (610,346 (415,908 (901,890 (844,925
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

General and administrative expenses

   (3,845,610  (3,983,564  (4,009,694  (3,675,617 (4,523,584 (5,228,711 (5,628,664 (5,273,148
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Operating profit before provision for credit losses

   4,038,901    3,470,564    3,187,099    2,921,559   2,858,365  2,216,231  4,563,518  4,275,279 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Provision for credit losses

   (1,606,703  (1,443,572  (1,227,976  (1,125,664 (1,037,231 (539,283 (548,244 (513,616
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net operating profit

   2,432,198    2,026,992    1,959,123    1,795,894   1,821,134  1,676,948  4,015,274  3,761,663 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Share of profit(loss) of associates

   (15,282  (199,392  13,428    12,309  

Share of profit of associates and joint ventures

 203,097  280,838  84,274  78,951 

Net other non-operating income(expense)

   (118,272  (12,309  (71,126  (65,200 140,464  670,869  38,876  36,420 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net non-operating profit (loss)

   (133,554  (211,701  (57,698  (52,891 343,561  951,707  123,150  115,371 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Profit before income tax

   2,298,644    1,815,291    1,901,425    1,743,003   2,164,695  2,628,655  4,138,424  3,877,034 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Tax income(expense)

   (519,977  (540,593  (486,314  (445,796

Income tax expense

 (437,389 (438,475 (794,963 (744,752
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Profit for the year

  1,778,667   1,274,698   1,415,111   US$1,297,208   1,727,306  2,190,180  3,343,461  US$3,132,282 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

F-4

(Continued)


KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

 

  2012 2013 2014 2014  2015 2016 2017 2017 
    

Translation into
U.S. dollars

(Note 3)

        

Translation into
U.S. dollars

(Note 3)

 
  

(In millions of Korean won,

except per share amounts)

 (In thousands,
except per share
amounts)
  

(In millions of Korean won,

except per share amounts)

 (In thousands,
except per share
amounts)
 

Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss

    

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

  (30,272 40,984   (99,594 US$(91,296 (22,906 12,671  22,605  US$21,177 

Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures

 402  3,623  (145 (136
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss

   (30,272  40,984    (99,594  (91,296
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  (22,504 16,294  22,460  21,041 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss

    

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

   (25,690  (2,298  17,280    15,840   45,143  20,148  (110,037 (103,086

Change in value of financial investments

   245,757    (3,591  248,880    228,144   (28,969 (47,871 89,117  83,488 

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates

   (44,263  (9,811  (32,206  (29,523

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures

 (180 (10,716 100,880  94,508 

Cash flow hedges

   (813  1,618    (10,497  (9,622 725  4,303  20,959  19,635 

Gains(losses) on hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation

 (25,477 (7,095 26,614  24,933 

Other comprehensive income of separate account

  —     —    (13,767 (12,897
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
 (8,758 (41,231 113,766  106,581 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Other comprehensive income(loss) for the year, net of tax

   144,719    26,902    123,863    113,543   (31,262 (24,937 136,226  127,622 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total comprehensive income for the year

   1,923,386    1,301,600    1,538,974    1,410,751   1,696,044  2,165,243  3,479,687  3,259,904 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Profit attributable to:

         

Shareholders of the parent company

   1,769,568    1,271,502    1,400,722    1,284,018   1,698,318  2,143,744  3,311,438  3,102,282 

Non-controlling interests

   9,099    3,196    14,389    13,190   28,988  46,436  32,023  30,000 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
   1,778,667    1,274,698    1,415,111    1,297,208   1,727,306  2,190,180  3,343,461  3,132,282 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total comprehensive income for the year attributable to:

         

Shareholders of the parent company

   1,903,671    1,312,672    1,526,089    1,398,939   1,666,883  2,118,829  3,445,285  3,227,675 

Non-controlling interests

   19,715    (11,072  12,885    11,811   29,161  46,414  34,402  32,229 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
  1,923,386   1,301,600   1,538,974   US$1,410,751   1,696,044  2,165,243  3,479,687  US$3,259,904 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Earnings per share

         

Basic earnings per share

  4,580   3,291   3,626   US$3.32   4,396  5,588  8,305  US$7.78 

Diluted earnings per share

   4,567    3,277    3,611    3.31   4,376  5,559  8,257  7.74 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

 

 Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company    Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company     
 Share
capital
 Capital
surplus
 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income
 Retained
earnings
 Non-controlling
interest
 Total equity  Capital
Stock
 Capital
surplus
 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income
 Retained
earnings
 Non-controlling
interest
 Total equity 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Balance at January 1, 2012

 1,931,758   15,841,824   161,039   5,048,558   181,820   23,164,999  

Changes in accounting policy

  —      —      —      279,916    —      279,916  
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Restated balance

  1,931,758    15,841,824    161,039    5,328,474    181,820    23,444,915  

Balance at January 1, 2015

 1,931,758  15,854,510  461,679  9,067,145  197,580  27,512,672 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Comprehensive income

            

Profit for the year

  —      —      —      1,769,568    9,099    1,778,667    —     —     —    1,698,318  28,988  1,727,306 

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

  —      —      (30,253  —      (19  (30,272  —     —    (23,062  —    156  (22,906

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

  —      —      (25,597  —      (93  (25,690  —     —    45,143   —     —    45,143 

Change in value of financial investments

  —      —      235,029    —      10,728    245,757    —     —    (28,862  —    (107 (28,969

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates

  —      —      (44,263  —      —      (44,263  —     —    222   —     —    222 

Cash flow hedges

  —      —      (813  —      —      (813  —     —    601   —    124  725 

Losses on hedges of a net investment in foreign operation

  —     —    (25,477  —     —    (25,477
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total comprehensive income

    134,103    1,769,568    19,715    1,923,386    —     —    (31,435 1,698,318  29,161  1,696,044 

Transactions with shareholders

            

Dividends paid to shareholders of the parent company

  —      —      —      (278,173  —      (278,173  —     —     —    (301,354 (4,640 (305,994

Changes in interest in subsidiaries

  —      (1,524  —      —      (7,013  (8,537
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total transactions with shareholders

  —      (1,524  —      (278,173  (7,013  (286,710  —     —     —    (301,354 (4,640 (305,994

Balance at December 31, 2012

 1,931,758   15,840,300   295,142   6,819,869   194,522   25,081,591  

Balance at December 31, 2015

 1,931,758  15,854,510  430,244  10,464,109  222,101  28,902,722 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

F-6

(Continued)


KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

 

 Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company    Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company     
 Share
capital
 Capital
surplus
 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income
 Retained
earnings
 Non-controlling
interest
 Total equity  Capital
Stock
 Capital
surplus
 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income
 Retained
earnings
 Treasury
shares
 Non-controlling
interest
 Total equity 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Balance at January 1, 2013

 1,931,758   15,840,300   295,142   6,819,869   194,522   25,081,591  

Balance at January 1, 2016

 1,931,758  15,854,510  430,244  10,464,109  —    222,101  28,902,722 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Comprehensive income

             

Profit for the year

  —      —      —      1,271,502    3,196    1,274,698    —     —     —    2,143,744   —    46,436  2,190,180 

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

  —      —      40,984    —      —      40,984    —     —    12,821   —     —    (150 12,671 

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

  —      —      (2,372  —      74    (2,298  —     —    20,148   —     —     —    20,148 

Change in value of financial investments

  —      —      10,751    —      (14,342  (3,591  —     —    (47,794  —     —    (77 (47,871

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates

  —      —      (9,811  —      —      (9,811  —     —    (7,093  —     —     —    (7,093

Cash flow hedges

  —      —      1,618    —      —      1,618    —     —    4,098   —     —    205  4,303 

Losses on hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation

  —     —    (7,095  —     —     —    (7,095
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total comprehensive income

  —      —      41,170    1,271,502    (11,072  1,301,600    —     —    (24,915 2,143,744   —    46,414  2,165,243 

Transactions with shareholders

             

Dividends paid to shareholders of the parent company

  —      —      —      (231,811  —      (231,811  —     —     —    (378,625  —    (5,156 (383,781

Changes in interest in subsidiaries

  —      14,305    —      39    (183,450  (169,106

Acquisition of treasury shares

  —     —     —     —    (721,973  —    (721,973

Issue of ordinary shares related to business combination

 158,800  1,142,359   —     —     —     —    1,301,159 

Others

  —    (1,967  —     —     —     —    (1,967
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total transactions with shareholders

  —      14,305    —      (231,772  (183,450  (400,917 158,800  1,140,392   —    (378,625 (721,973 (5,156 193,438 

Balance at December 31, 2013

 1,931,758   15,854,605   336,312   7,859,599   —     25,982,274  

Balance at December 31, 2016

 2,090,558  16,994,902  405,329  12,229,228  (721,973 263,359  31,261,403 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

F-7

(Continued)


KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

 

 Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company    Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company     
 Share
capital
 Capital
surplus
 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income
 Retained
earnings
 Non-controlling
interest
 Total equity  Capital
Stock
 Capital
surplus
 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income
 Retained
earnings
 Treasury
shares
 Non-controlling
interest
 Total equity 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Balance at January 1, 2014

 1,931,758   15,854,605   336,312   7,859,599   —     25,982,274  

Balance at January 1, 2017

 2,090,558  16,994,902  405,329  12,229,228  (721,973 263,359  31,261,403 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Comprehensive income

             

Profit for the year

  —      —      —      1,400,722    14,389    1,415,111    —     —     —    3,311,438   —    32,023  3,343,461 

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

  —      —      (98,291  —      (1,303  (99,594  —     —    22,685   —     —    (80 22,605 

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

  —      —      17,280    —      —      17,280    —     —    (109,727  —     —    (310 (110,037

Change in value of financial investments

  —      —      248,843    —      37    248,880    —     —    86,176   —     —    2,941  89,117 

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates

  —      —      (32,206  —      —      (32,206

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures

  —     —    100,735   —     —     —    100,735 

Cash flow hedges

  —      —      (10,259  —      (238  (10,497  —     —    21,055   —     —    (96 20,959 

Losses on hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation

  —     —    26,614   —     —     —    26,614 

Other comprehensive income of separate account

  —     —    (13,692  —     —    (75 (13,767

Transfer to other accounts

  —     —    (1,507 1,507   —     —     —   
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total comprehensive income

  —      —      125,367    1,400,722    12,885    1,538,974    —     —    132,339  3,312,945   —    34,403  3,479,687 

Transactions with shareholders

             

Dividends paid to shareholders of the parent company

  —      —      —      (193,176  —      (193,176

Dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company

  —     —     —    (497,969  —    (5,156 (503,125

Acquisition of treasury shares

  —     —     —     —    (202,051  —    (202,051

Disposal of treasury shares

  —    87,212   —     —    168,051   —    255,263 

Changes in interest in subsidiaries

  —      (95  —      —      184,695    184,600    —    41,352   —     —     —    (288,802 (247,450

Others

  —    (1,238  —     —     —    2,340  1,102 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total transactions with shareholders

  —      (95  —      (193,176  184,695    (8,576  —    127,326   —    (497,969 (34,000 (291,618 (696,261

Balance at December 31, 2014

 1,931,758   15,854,510   461,679   9,067,145   197,580   27,512,672  

Balance at December 31, 2017

 2,090,558  17,122,228  537,668  15,044,204  (755,973 6,144  34,044,829 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

F-8

(Continued)


KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

 

 Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company    Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent company     
 Share
capital
 Capital
surplus
 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income
 Retained
earnings
 Non-controlling
interest
 Total equity  Capital
Stock
 Capital
surplus
 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income
 Retained
earnings
 Treasury
shares
 Non-controlling
interest
 Total equity 
 (Translation into U.S. dollars(Note 3))(In thousands)  (Translation into U.S. dollars(Note 3))(In thousands) 

Balance at January 1, 2014

 US$1,770,809   US$14,533,642   US$308,291   US$7,204,758   US$—     US$23,817,501  

Balance at January 1, 2017

 US$1,958,515  US$15,921,476  US$379,728  US$11,456,810  US$(676,372 US$246,725  US$29,286,882 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Comprehensive income

      —     —     —     —     —     —     —   

Profit for the year

  —      —      —      1,284,018    13,190    1,297,208    —     —     —    3,102,282   —    30,000  3,132,282 

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

  —      —      (90,102  —      (1,194  (91,296  —     —    21,252   —     —    (75 21,177 

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

  —      —      15,840    —      —      15,840    —     —    (102,796  —     —    (290 (103,086

Change in value of financial investments

  —      —      228,110    —      34    228,144    —     —    80,733   —     —    2,755  83,488 

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates

  —      —      (29,523  —      —      (29,523

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures

  —     —    94,372   —     —     —    94,372 

Cash flow hedges

  —      —      (9,404  —      (218  (9,622  —     —    19,725   —     —    (90 19,635 

Losses on hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation

  —     —    24,933   —     —     —    24,933 

Other comprehensive income of separate account

  —     —    (12,827  —     —    (70 (12,897

Transfer to other accounts

  —     —    (1,412 1,412   —     —     —   
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total comprehensive income

  —      —      114,922    1,284,018    11,811    1,410,751    —     —    123,980  3,103,694   —    32,230  3,259,904 

Transactions with shareholders

           

Dividends paid to shareholders of the parent company

  —      —      —      (177,081  —      (177,081

Dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company

  —     —     —    (466,516  —    (4,830 (471,346

Acquisition of treasury shares

  —     —     —     —    (189,289  —    (189,289

Disposal of treasury shares

  —    81,704   —     —    157,436   —    239,140 

Changes in interest in subsidiaries

  —    38,740   —     —     —    (270,561 (231,821

Others

  —      (87  —      —      169,307    169,220    —    (1,160  —     —     —    2,192  1,032 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total transactions with shareholders

  —      (87  —      (177,081  169,307    (7,861  —    119,284   —    (466,516 (31,853 (273,199 (652,284

Balance at December 31, 2014

 US$1,770,809   US$14,533,555   US$423,213   US$8,311,695   US$181,118   US$25,220,391  

Balance at December 31, 2017

 US$1,958,515  US$16,040,760  US$503,708  US$14,093,988  US$(708,225 US$5,756  US$31,894,502 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

 

 2012 2013 2014 2014   2015 2016 2017 2017 
       

Translation into
U.S. dollars

(Note 3)

         

Translation into
U.S. dollars

(Note 3)

 
 (In millions of Korean won) (In thousands)   (In millions of Korean won) (In thousands) 

Cash flows from operating activities:

         

Profit for the year

 1,778,667   1,274,698   1,415,111   US$1,297,208    1,727,306  2,190,180  3,343,461  US$3,132,282 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Adjustment for non-cash items

         

Net loss(gain) on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  (247,854  (110,425  (151,483  (138,862   (63,319 401,556  (106,868 (100,118

Net loss(gain) on derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes

  15,165    48,787    27,088    24,831     47,466  69,573  (135,363 (126,813

Adjustment of fair value of derivative financial instruments

  42    699    (2,040  (1,870   1,771  338  (1,000 (937

Provision for credit loss

  1,606,703    1,443,572    1,227,976    1,125,664     1,037,231  539,283  548,244  513,616 

Net loss(gain) on financial investments

  148,211    (1,191  109,461    100,341     (166,911 (139,800 110,156  103,198 

Share of loss (profit) of associates

  15,282    199,392    (13,428  (12,309

Share of loss (profit) of associates and joint ventures

   (203,097 (280,838 (84,274 (78,951

Depreciation and amortization expense

  328,320    286,858    261,197    239,435     257,457  289,438  550,343  515,582 

Other net losses on property and equipment/intangible assets

  40,881    39,777    41,115    37,689     9,458  5,259  30,893  28,942 

Share-based payments(reversal)

  13,871    17,289    11,422    10,470  

Share-based payments

   17,429  38,190  73,370  68,736 

Policy reserve appropriation

  1,305,730    761,877    666,155    610,653     659,501  366,145  1,644,389  1,540,527 

Post-employment benefits

  172,391    172,579    166,671    152,784     187,882  197,696  233,501  218,753 

Net interest expense

  229,691    314,866    360,500    330,464     431,157  421,679  363,803  340,825 

Loss(gains) on foreign currency translation

  (148,877  17,082    116,035    106,367  

Loss(gain) on foreign currency translation

   228,727  15,931  (70,399 (65,952

Gains on bargain purchase

   —    (628,614 (122,986 (115,218

Net other expense(income)

  2,783    (24,981  (17,076  (15,653   88,518  65,412  204,122  191,229 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
  3,482,339    3,166,181    2,803,593    2,570,005     2,533,270  1,361,248  3,237,931  3,033,419 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Changes in operating assets and liabilities

         

Financial asset at fair value through profit or loss

  (3,102,488  214,181    (1,364,780  (1,251,070   (418,431 (1,463,824 (3,946,805 (3,697,518

Derivative financial instruments

  193,373    116,660    104,333    95,640     124,687  147,137  (295,795 (277,112

Loans

  (2,964,229  (7,335,434  (10,027,349  (9,191,897   (14,847,214 (16,423,939 (22,465,758 (21,046,784

Current income tax assets

  (41,456  (13,940  40,597    37,215     287,788  (8,868 59,334  55,586 

Deferred income tax assets

  3,211    1,349    (140  (128   9,223  (87,701 3,186  2,985 

Other assets

  2,204,202    (5,075,338  427,501    391,883     (682,627 1,393,689  (3,938,297 (3,689,548

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  357,825    (773,558  704,389    645,701     1,296,333  356,880  66,222  62,039 

Deposits

  4,495,876    2,584,993    10,668,675    9,779,790     12,602,806  12,042,422  18,858,210  17,667,094 

Deferred income tax liabilities

  (138,374  (74,463  (27,242  (24,972   105,752  (150,333 108,355  101,511 

Other liabilities

  1,375,612    (430,856  (1,467,942  (1,345,637   (545,262 1,768,096  133,931  125,472 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
  2,383,552    (10,786,406  (941,958  (863,477   (2,066,945 (2,426,441 (11,417,417 (10,696,275
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net cash generated from (used in) operating activities

 7,644,558   (6,345,527 3,276,746   US$3,003,736  

Net cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities

  2,193,631  1,124,987  (4,836,025 US$(4,530,574
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

(Continued)

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017

 

 2012 2013 2014 2014   2015 2016 2017 2017 
       

Translation into
U.S. dollars

(Note 3)

         

Translation into
U.S. dollars

(Note 3)

 
 (In millions of Korean won) (In thousands)   (In millions of Korean won) (In thousands) 

Cash flows from investing activities:

         

Disposal of financial investments

 24,805,560   25,655,149   19,632,047   US$17,996,358    21,648,312  28,066,113  38,050,549  US$35,647,214 

Acquisition of financial investments

  (26,141,095  (23,020,912  (19,463,101  (17,841,488   (25,688,235 (30,737,148 (46,538,295 (43,598,860

Decrease in investments in associates

  16,573    20,554    81,321    74,546  

Acquisition of investments in associates

  (217,081  (23,340  (17,650  (16,179

Disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures

   40,350  106,658  141,052  132,143 

Acquisition of investments in associates and joint ventures

   (904,399 (1,558,731 (53,375 (50,004

Disposal of property and equipment

  16,912    1,070    223    204     2,951  809  31,167  29,198 

Acquisition of property and equipment

  (143,139  (153,469  (202,007  (185,176   (229,210 (397,157 (298,368 (279,523

Disposal of investment property

   —     —    1,593  1,492 

Acquisition of investment property

  —      (114,609  (211,995  (194,332   (4,289 (1,254 (262 (245

Disposal of intangible assets

  10,176    5,072    4,590    4,208     3,761  8,330  7,603  7,123 

Acquisition of intangible assets

  (81,899  (68,091  (30,755  (28,193   (52,126 (111,603 (111,894 (104,827

Business combination, net of cash acquired

  40,575    322,641    (266,899  (244,662

Net cash flows from the change in subsidiaries

   —    95,304  (405,817 (380,185

Others

  (838,816  1,554,752    (1,210,071  (1,109,251   107,555  90,141  446,628  418,419 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

  (2,532,234  4,178,817    (1,684,297  (1,543,966

Net cash inflow (outflow) from investing activities

   (5,075,330 (4,438,538 (8,729,419 (8,178,055
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Cash flows from financing activities:

         

Net cash flows from derivative financial instrument for hedging purposes

  75,761    10,977    (204,563  (187,519   (61,543 11,035  63,827  59,796 

Net increase (decrease) in debts

  (796,842  (1,990,258  1,129,837    1,035,702  

Net increase in debts

   178,497  1,849,513  4,272,011  4,002,184 

Increase in debentures

  10,282,920    10,758,948    43,135,390    39,541,466     80,263,530  99,305,813  139,700,967  130,877,224 

Decrease in debentures

  (12,945,650  (7,924,609  (43,816,790  (40,166,094   (77,062,704 (98,484,764 (129,235,557 (121,072,827

Increase in other payables to trust accounts

  456,449    414,279    124,904    114,497  

Dividends paid to shareholders of the parent company

  (278,173  (231,811  (193,176  (177,081

Increase in other payables from trust accounts

   242,827  1,639,104  587,523  550,414 

Dividends paid to shareholders of the Parent Company

   (301,354 (378,625 (497,969 (466,516

Disposal of treasury shares

   —     —    3,515  3,293 

Acquisition of treasury shares

   —    (716,808 (185,532 (173,813

Dividends paid tonon-controlling interests

   (4,640 (5,156 (5,156 (4,830

Changes in interest in subsidiaries

  (8,048  (168,293  (95  (87   —     —    (163,658 (153,321

Others

  (38,680  837,906    (930,573  (853,040   652  (38,786 148,775  139,377 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

  (3,252,263  1,707,139    (755,066  (692,156

Net cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities

   3,255,265  3,181,326  14,688,746  13,760,981 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents

  (13,560  41,452    12,227    11,208     65,557  89,142  (133,240 (124,824
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

  1,846,501    (418,119  849,610    778,823     439,123  (43,083 990,062  927,528 

Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year

  4,740,804    6,587,305    6,169,186    5,655,186     7,018,796  7,457,919  7,414,836  6,946,503 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year

 6,587,305   6,169,186   7,018,796   US$6,434,009    7,457,919  7,414,836  8,404,898  US$7,874,031 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

KB FINANCIAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. The Parent Company

KB Financial Group Inc. (the “Parent Company”) was incorporated on September 29, 2008, under the Financial Holding Companies Act of Korea. KB Financial Group Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) derive substantially all of their revenue and income from providing a broad range of banking and related financial services to consumers and corporations primarily in Korea and in selected international markets. The Parent Company’s principal business includes ownership and management of subsidiaries and associated companies that are engaged in financial services or activities. In 2011, Kookmin Bank spun off its credit card business segment and established a new separate credit card company, KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd., and KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. merged with KB Futures Co., Ltd. The Group established KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd. in January 2012, acquired Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd. in September 2013, and KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd. merged with Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd. in January 2014. In addition,March 2014, the Group acquired Woori Financial Co., Ltd. and changed the name to KB Capital Co., Ltd. Meanwhile, the Group included LIG Insurance Co., Ltd. as an associate and changed the name to KB Insurance Co., Ltd. in March 2014.June 2015. Also, the Group included Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd. as an associate in June 2016 and included as a subsidiary in October 2016 by comprehensive exchange of shares. Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd. merged with KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. in December 2016 and changed the name to KB Securities Co., Ltd. in January 2017. KB Insurance Co., Ltd. became one of the subsidiaries through a tender offer in May 2017. See Note 44 for details of business combination.

The Parent Company’s share capital as of December 31, 2014,2017, is ₩1,931,758₩2,090,558 million. The Parent Company is authorized to issue up to 1 billion shares. The Parent Company has been listed on the Korea Exchange (“KRX”) since October 10, 2008, and on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) for its American Depositary Shares (“ADS”) since September 29, 2008. Number of shares authorized onin its Articles of Incorporation is 1,000 million.

2. Basis of Preparation

2.1 Application of IFRS

The Group’s consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). IFRS are the standards, subsequent amendments and related interpretations (“IFRICs”) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. ItManagement also requires managementneeds to exercise judgment in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note 2.4.

The Group has applied the following accounting policystandards and amendments for the first time for their annual reporting period commencing January 1, 2017. The adoption of these amendments did not have any impact on the current period or any prior period and is not likely to affect future periods.

Amendments to IAS 7,Statement of Cash Flows

Amendments to IAS 7Statement of Cash flows requires to provide disclosures that enable users of financial yearstatements to evaluate changes in liabilities arising from financing activities, including both changes arising from cash flows andnon-cash flows.

Amendments to IAS 12,Income Tax

Amendments to IAS 12 clarify how to account for deferred tax assets related to debt instruments measured at fair value. IAS 12 provides requirements on the recognition and measurement of current or deferred tax

liabilities or assets. The amendments issued clarify the requirements on recognition of deferred tax assets for unrealized losses, to address diversity in practice.

Amendments to IFRS 12,Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities

Amendments to IFRS 12 clarify when an entity’s interest in a subsidiary, a joint venture or an associate is classified as held for sales in accordance with IFRS 5, the entity is required to disclose other information except for summarized financial information in accordance with IFRS 12.

Certain new accounting standards and interpretations that have been published that are not mandatory for annual reporting period commencing January 1, 2017 and have not been early adopted by the Group are set out below.

Amendments to IAS 28,Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures

When an investment in an associate or a joint venture is held by, or it held indirectly through, an entity that is a venture capital organization, or a mutual fund, unit trust and similar entities including investment-linked insurance funds, the entity may elect to measure that investment at fair value through profit or loss in accordance with IFRS 9. The amendments clarify that an entity shall make this election separately for each associate of joint venture, at initial recognition of the associate or joint venture. The Group will apply these amendments retrospectively for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2014

Amendment to IAS 32, Financial Instruments: Presentation

According to Amendment to IAS 32, Financial Instruments: Presentation, provides that the right to offset must not be contingent on a future event2018, and must be legally enforceable in all of circumstances; and if an entity can settle amounts in a manner such that outcomeearly adoption is in effect, equivalent to net settlement, the entity will meet the net settlement criterion.permitted. The application of this amendmentGroup does not expect the amendments to have a materialsignificant impact on the consolidated financial statements.statements because the Group is not a venture capital organization.

Amendment

Amendments to IAS 40,Transfers of Investment Property

Paragraph 57 of IAS 40 clarifies that a transfer to, IAS 36, Impairmentor from, investment property, including Property under construction, can only be made if there has been a change in use that is supported by Evidence, and provides a list of Assetscircumstances as examples. The amendment will be effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. With early adoption permitted. The Group does not expect the amendment to have a significant impact on the financial statements.

Amendment

Amendments to IFRS 2,Share-based Payment

Amendments to IAS 36, ImpairmentIFRS 2 clarify accounting for a modification to the terms and conditions of Assets, removed certain disclosuresa share-based payment that changes the classification of the recoverable amounttransaction from cash-settled to equity-settled. Amendments also clarify that the measurement approach should treat the terms and conditions of cash-generating units which had been includeda cash-settled award in this amendment by the issuance of IFRS 13.same way as for an equity-settled award. The application of this amendmentamendments will be effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early adoption. The Group does not expect the amendments to have a materialsignificant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Enactments to IFRIC 22,Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration

AmendmentAccording to IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement

Amendmentthese enactments, the date of the transaction for the purpose of determining the exchange rate to IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, allowsuse on initial recognition of the continuationrelated asset, expense or income (or part of hedge accountingit) is the date on which an entity initially recognizes thenon-monetary asset ornon-monetary liability arising from the payment or receipt of advance consideration. If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, the entity shall determine a date of the transaction for a derivative that has been designated as a hedging instrument in a circumstance in which that derivative is novated to a central counterparty (CCP) as a consequenceeach payment or receipt of lawsadvance consideration. These enactments will be effective for annual periods beginning on or regulations.after January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The application of this amendmentGroup does not expect the enactments to have a materialsignificant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Amendment to IFRS 2, Share-based payment

IFRS 9,Financial Instruments

IFRS 2, Share-based payment, clarifies the definition of ‘vesting conditions’ such as ‘performance condition’, ‘service condition’ and others. This amendmentThe new standard for financial instruments issued in July 2014 is applied to share-based payment transactionseffective for which the grant date isannual periods beginning on or after JulyJanuary 1, 2014.2018 with early application permitted. This standard will replace IAS 39Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. The Group will apply the standards for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018.

The standard requires retrospective application with some exceptions. For example, an entity is not required to restate prior periods in relation to classification, measurement and impairment of financial instruments. The standard requires prospective application of this amendment does not have a materialits hedge accounting requirements for all hedging relationships except the accounting for time value of options and other exceptions.

IFRS 9Financial Instruments requires all financial assets to be classified and measured on the basis of the entity’s business model for managing financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets. A new impairment model, an expected credit loss model, is introduced and any subsequent changes in expected credit losses will be recognized in profit or loss. Also, hedge accounting rules are amended to allow more hedging instruments and hedged items to qualify for hedge accounting.

An effective implementation of IFRS 9 requires preparation processes including financial impact assessment, accounting policy establishment, accounting system development and the system stabilization. The impact on the Group’s financial statements due to the application of the standard is dependent on judgements made in applying the standard, financial instruments held by the Group and macroeconomic variables.

Within the Group, IFRS 9 Task Force Team (‘TFT’) has been set up to prepare for implementation of IFRS 9 since October 2015. There are three stages for implementation of IFRS, such as analysis, design and implementation, and preparation for application. The Group analyzed the financial impacts of IFRS 9 on its consolidated financial statements.

Enactment

Stage

Period

Process

1From Oct. to Dec. 2015 (for 3 months)Analysis of GAAP differences and development of methodology
2From Jan. to Dec. 2016 (for 12 months)Development of methodology, definition of business requirement, and the system development and test.
3From Jan. 2017 to Mar. 2018 (for 15 months)Preparation for opening balances of the financial statements

The Group performed an impact assessment to identify potential financial effects of IFRIC 2121, Leviesapplying IFRS 9. The assessment was performed based on available information as at December 31, 2017, and the results of the assessment are explained as below. The results of the assessment in the financial effects as at December 31, 2017 may change due to additional information and decisions that the Group may obtain in the future.

IFRIC 2121, Levies,

(a) Classification and Measurement of Financial Assets

When implementing IFRS 9, the classification of financial assets will be driven by the Group’s business model for managing the financial assets and contractual terms of cash flow. The following table shows the classification of financial assets measured subsequently at amortized cost, at fair value through other comprehensive income and at fair value through profit or loss. For hybrid (combined) instruments, the Group does not measure an embedded derivative separately from its host contract, financial assets with embedded derivatives are classified in their entirety.

Business model

Contractual cash flows characteristics

Solely represent payments of

principal and interest

All other

Hold the financial asset for the collection of the contractual cash flows

Measured at amortized cost1Recognized at fair value through profit or loss2

Hold the financial asset for the collection of the contractual cash flows and sale

Measured at fair value through other comprehensive income1

Hold for sale and others

Measured at fair value through profit or loss

1A designation at fair value through profit or loss is allowed only if such designation mitigates an accounting mismatch (irrevocable).
2A designation at fair value through other comprehensive income is allowed only if the financial instrument is the equity investment that is not held for trading (irrevocable).

With the implementation of IFRS 9, the criteria to classify the financial assets at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income are more strictly applied than the criteria applied with IAS 39. Accordingly, the financial assets at fair value through profit or loss may increase by implementing IFRS 9 and may result an extended fluctuation in profit or loss.

The following table presents the impact of the change in classification and measurement of financial instrument (excluding derivatives) held by the Group as at December 31, 2017, using the financial instrument accounting system developed by the Group with applying IFRS 9.

Classification in accordance with

 Amount in accordance with 

IAS 39

  

IFRS 9

 IAS 391  IFRS 91 
     (In millions of Korean won) 

Cash and due from financial institutions

  Measured at amortized cost 19,817,825  17,020,727 
  

Recognized at fair value through profit or loss2

  —     2,782,821 
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  19,817,825   19,803,548 
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

 

Trading Securities-Debt

  

Recognized at fair value through profit or loss

  25,168,338  

 

32,227,345

 

Trading Securities-Equity

    4,935,100  

Trading Securities-Others

    73,855  

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit and loss3

    2,050,052  
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  32,227,345   32,227,345 
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Loans

  Measured at amortized cost  290,122,838   288,970,214 
  

Recognized at fair value through profit or loss2

  —     629,223 
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  290,122,838   289,599,437 
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Financial investments

    

Available-for-sale Securities- Debt

  

Recognized at fair value through other comprehensive income

  38,959,401   33,611,908 
  

Recognized at fair value through profit or loss2

  —     2,511,902 
  Measured at amortized cost  —     2,839,709 

Available-for-sale Securities- Equity

  

Recognized at fair value through other comprehensive income

  9,156,862   2,367,745 
  

Recognized at fair value through profit or loss2

  —     6,800,632 

Financial assetsheld-to-maturity

  Measured at amortized cost  18,491,980   18,222,076 
  

Recognized at fair value through profit or loss2

  —     269,661 
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  66,608,243   66,623,633 
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Other assets

  Measured at amortized cost  10,195,015   10,188,309 
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 418,971,266  418,442,272 
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

1Loans and other financial assets are net of allowance.
2In accordance with IFRS 4, the Group applied Overlay approach to the financial instruments related to insurance contracts (cash and due from financial institutions ₩186,293 million, Loans ₩587 million,Available-for-sale securities ₩6,349,091 million, andHeld-to-maturity securities ₩57,386 million). For the financial assets designated as fair value through profit or loss, the Group reclassifies the amount reported in profit or loss for the designated financial assets applying IFRS 9 to the amount that would have been reported in profit or loss for the designated financial assets of the insurer has applied IAS 39.
3The financial assets amounting to ₩2,050,052 million that was previously classified as financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss in accordance with IAS 39, will be reclassified as financial assets recognized at fair value through profit or loss, even if the financial assets are not designated at fair value through profit or loss.

With the implementation of IFRS 9, as at December 31, 2017, ₩2,782,821 million of cash and due from financial institutions, ₩629,223 million of loans, ₩9,312,534 million of financial assetsavailable-for-sales and ₩269,661 million of assetsheld-to-maturity are classified to a liabilityfinancial assets recognize at fair value through profit or loss. These classifications will increase the financial assets recognized at fair value through profit or loss from 7.7% to pay a levy imposed by a government10.8% over the total financial assets (excluding derivatives) of ₩418,442,272 million and may result an extended fluctuation in accordance with the legislation. The interpretationprofit or loss.

(b) Classification and Measurement of Financial Liabilities

IFRS 9 requires that the liabilityamount of the change of fair value attributable to paychanges in the credit risk in the financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss will be recognized in other comprehensive income, not in profit or loss, unless this treatment of the credit risk component creates or enlarges a levymeasurement mismatch. Amounts presented in other comprehensive income are not subsequently transferred to profit or loss.

Under IAS 39, all financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss recognized their fair value change in profit or loss. However, under IFRS 9, certain fair value change will be recognized in other comprehensive income and as a result, profit or loss from fair value change may decrease. Based on the impact assessment, ₩10,438 million was identified as changes in credit risk in relation to the financial liabilities of ₩10,078,288 million designated as fair value through profit or loss.

(c) Impairment: Financial Assets and Contract Assets

The new impairment model requires the recognition of impairment provisions based on expected credit losses (ECL) rather than only incurred credit losses as is the case under IAS 39. It applies to financial assets classified at amortized cost, debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, lease receivables, contract assets, loan commitments and certain financial guarantee contracts.

Under IFRS 9, a credit event (or impairment ‘trigger’) no longer has to occur before credit losses are recognized. The Group will always recognize (at a minimum)12-month expected credit losses in profit or loss. Lifetime expected losses will be recognized on assets for which there is a significant increase in credit risk after initial recognition.

Stage

Loss allowance

1

No significant increase in credit risk after initial recognition12-month expected credit losses: expected credit losses that result from those default events on the financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date

2

Significant increase in credit risk after initial recognitionLifetime expected credit losses: expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument

3

Credit-impaired

Under IFRS 9, the asset that is credit-impaired at initial recognition would recognize all changes in lifetime expected credit losses since the initial recognition as a loss allowance.

According to the financial assessment, the Group owns loss allowance set out below.

Classification in accordance with

 Loss allowance in accordance with  Difference (b)-(a) 

IAS 39

 

IFRS 9

 IAS 39(a)  IFRS 9(b)  
    (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans and receivables

    

Due from financial institutions

 

Measured at amortized cost

 —    1,797  1,797 

Loans

 

Measured at amortized cost

  2,064,469   2,608,937   544,468 
 

Recognized at fair value through profit or loss

  45,763   —     (45,763

Other assets

 

Measured at amortized cost

  104,813   109,899   5,086 

Available-for-sale Securities

    

Debt Securities

 

Recognized at fair value through other comprehensive income

  —     4,433   4,433 
 

Measured at amortized cost

  —     176   176 

Financial assetsheld-to-maturity

    

Debt Securities

 

Measured at amortized cost

  —     1,530   1,530 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  2,215,045   2,726,772   511,727 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Unused Commitment and Guarantee

  267,011   295,648   28,637 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  267,011   295,648   28,637 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Financial Guarantee Contract

  2,682   4,857   2,175 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  2,682   4,857   2,175 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

Total

 2,484,738  3,027,277  542,539 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

(d) Hedge Accounting

Hedge accounting mechanics (fair value hedges, cash flow hedges and hedge of net investments in a foreign operations) required by IAS 39 remains unchanged in IFRS 9, however, the new hedge accounting rules will align the accounting for hedging instruments more closely with the Group’s risk management practices. As a general rule, more hedge relationships might be eligible for hedge accounting, as the standard introduces a more principles-based approach. IFRS 9 allows more hedging instruments and hedged items to qualify for hedge accounting, and relaxes the hedge accounting requirement by removing two hedge effectiveness tests that are a prospective test to ensure that the hedging relationship is expected to be highly effective and a quantitative retrospective test (within range of80-125%) to ensure that the hedging relationship has been highly effective throughout the reporting period.

With implementation of IFRS 9, volatility in profit or loss may be reduced as some items that were not eligible as hedged items or hedging instruments under IAS 39 are now eligible under IFRS 9.

Furthermore, when the Group first applies IFRS 9, it may choose as its accounting policy to continue to apply all of the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39 instead of the requirements of IFRS 9.

Meanwhile, as at December 31, 2017, no hedge accounting was applied to risk management activity which is eligible for being hedged under IFRS 9 but not under IAS 39.

IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15Revenue from Contracts with Customers issued in May 2014 replaces IAS 18Revenue, IAS 11Construction Contracts, SIC 31Revenue-Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services, IFRIC 13Customer Loyalty Programs, IFRIC 15Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate and IFRIC 18Transfers of assets from customers.

IAS 18 and other, the current standard, provide revenue recognition criteria by type of transactions; such as, sales goods, the rendering of services, interest income, royalty income, dividend income, and construction contracts. However, IFRS 15, the new standard, is based on the principle that revenue is recognized when control of a good or service transfers to a customer—so the activity that triggersnotion of control replaces the paymentexisting notion of risks and rewards.

A new five-step process must be applied before revenue from contract with customer can be recognized:

Identify contracts with customers

Identify the separate performance obligation

Determine the transaction price of the levy occurs,contract

Allocate the transaction price to each of the separate performance obligations, and

Recognize the revenue as identified byeach performance obligation is satisfied.

The Group will apply new standard for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The Group performed a preliminary impact assessment on the legislation (the obligating event). The interpretation doesemployees of the accounting department based on the current situation and available information as at December 31, 2017 to identify potential financial effects of applying IFRS 15. As a result, the Group expects the standard will not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Changes in accounting policy with respect to uncertain tax position

For The results of the periods prior to the year endedassessment as at December 31, 2014, pursuant2017, may change due to IAS 37 if an uncertain tax position satisfied the criteria for provisions,additional information that the Group measuredmay obtain after the best estimate of expenditures for the uncertain tax position. Group’s claims of refund of the amounts levied by the tax authority were then treated as contingent assets. However, in 2014, the Group retrospectively applied the accounting policy in accordance with the IAS 12, which allows recognition of the tax payment as income tax assets when it is probable to receive a tax refund. The restated comparative consolidated financial statements reflect adjustments resulting from the retrospective application.

The effect of these changes in accounting policy to financial position as of January 1, 2013, December 31, 2013, 2014, and to comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

Effect on Consolidated Statements of Financial Positionassessment.

 

   Jan. 1, 2013   Dec. 31, 2013   Dec. 31, 2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Increase in current income tax assets

  318,450    329,443    306,313  

Increase in retained earnings

   318,450     329,443     306,313  

Effect on Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

    2012   2013   2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Decrease(increase) in income tax

  38,534    10,993    (23,130
   (In Korean won) 

Increase(decrease) in earnings per share

   100     28     (60

Increase(decrease) in diluted earnings per share

   100     28     (60

A number of new standards and amendments to standards and interpretations are effective for annual periods beginning after 1 January 2014, and have not been applied in preparing these consolidated financial statement. None of these is expected to have a significant effect on the consolidated financial statements of the Group, except the following set out below:

IFRS 16, Leases

IFRS 9, ‘Financial instruments’, addresses the classification, measurement and recognition of financial assets and financial liabilities. The complete version of IFRS 9 was16Leases issued in July 2014. It replaces the guidance in IAS 39 that relates to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 9 retains but simplifies the mixed measurement model and establishes three primary measurement categories for financial assets: amortised cost, fair value through OCI and fair value through P&L. The basis of classification depends on the entity’s business model and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset. Investments in equity instruments are required to be measured at fair value through profit or loss with the irrevocable option at inception to present changes in fair value in OCI not recycling. There is now a new expected credit losses model that replaces the incurred loss impairment model used in IAS 39. For financial liabilities there were no changes to classification and measurement except for the recognition of changes in own credit risk in other comprehensive income, for liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss. IFRS 9 relaxes the requirements for hedge effectiveness by replacing the bright line hedge effectiveness tests. It requires an economic relationship between the hedged item and hedging instrument and for the ‘hedged ratio’ to be the same as the one management actually use for risk management purposes. Contemporaneous documentation is still required but is different to that currently prepared under IAS 39. The standard is effective for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The group is yet to assess IFRS 9’s full impact.

IFRS 15, ‘Revenue from contracts with customers’ deals with revenue recognition and establishes principles for reporting useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity’s contracts with customers. Revenue is recognised when a customer obtains control of a good or service and thus has the ability to direct the use and obtain the benefits from the good or service. The standard replaces IAS 18 ‘Revenue’ and IAS 11 ‘Construction contracts’ and related interpretations. The standard2016 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, January 20172019, with early adoption permitted. This standard will replace IAS 17Leases, IFRIC 4Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease, IFRIC 15Operating Leases-Incentives, and earlierSIC 27Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease.

At inception of a contract, the entity shall assess whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. Also, at the date of initial application, the entity shall assess whether the contract is, permitted.or contains, a lease in accordance with the standard. However, the entity will not need to reassess all contracts with applying the practical expedient because the entity elected to apply the practical expedient only to contracts entered before the date of initial application.

For a contract that is, or contains, a lease, the entity shall account for each lease component within the contract as a lease separately fromnon-lease components of the contract. A lease is required to recognize aright-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying leased asset and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments. The grouplessee may elect not to apply the requirements to short-term lease (a lease term of 12 months or less at the commencement date) and low value assets (e.g. underlying assets below $ 5,000). In addition, as a practical expedient, the lessee may elect, by class of underlying asset, not to separatenon-lease components from lease components, and instead account for each lease component and any associatednon-lease components as a single lease component.

The classification criteria between a financial lease and an operating lease for a lessor under IFRS 16 are similar to IAS 17.

The Group is assessingcurrently in progress of analyzing the potential impact on its consolidated financial statements resulting from the application of IFRS 15.16.

IFRS 17,Insurance Contracts

IFRS 17 was issued in May 2017 as replacement for IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts and is effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021. It requires a current measurement model where estimates arere-measured each reporting period. Contracts are measured using the building blocks of:

discounted probability-weighted cash flows

an explicit risk adjustment, and

a contractual service margin (“CSM”) representing the unearned profit of the contract which is recognized as revenue over the coverage period.

The standard allows a choice between recognizing changes in discount rates either in the income statement or directly in other comprehensive income. The choice is likely to reflect how insurers account for their financial assets under IFRS 9.

An optional, simplified premium allocation approach is permitted for the liability for the remaining coverage for short duration contracts, which are often written bynon-life insurers.

There is a modification of the general measurement model called the ‘variable fee approach’ for certain contracts written by life insurers where policyholders share in the returns from underlying items. When applying the variable fee approach the entity’s share of the fair value changes of the underlying items is included in the contractual service margin. The results of insurers using this model are therefore likely to be less volatile than under the general model.

The new rules will affect the financial statements and key performance indicators of all entities that issue insurance contracts or investment contracts with discretionary participation features.

2.2 Measurement Basis

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention unless otherwise specified.

2.3 Functional and Presentation Currency

Items included in the financial statements of each entity of the Group are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“the functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Korean won, which is the Parent Company’s functional and presentation currency. Refer to currency(Notes 3.2.1 and 3.2.2.3.2.2).

2.4 SignificantCritical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires the application of accounting policies, certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions that may have a significant impact on the assets (liabilities) and incomeincomes (expenses). Management’s estimates of outcomes may differ from actual outcomes if management’s estimates and assumptions based on management’s best judgment at the reporting date are different from the actual environment.

Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and any change in an accounting estimate is recognized prospectively by including it in profit or loss in the period of the change, if the change affects that period only. Alternatively if the change in accounting estimate affects both the period of change and future periods, that change is recognized in the profit or loss of all those periods.

Uncertainty in estimates and assumptions with significant risk that may result in material adjustment to the consolidated financial statements are as follows:

2.4.1 Deferred incomeIncome taxes

The recognitionGroup is operating in numerous countries and the income generated from these operations is subject to income taxes based on tax laws and interpretations of a deferred tax asset relies on an assessmentauthorities in numerous jurisdictions. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. If certain portion of the probabilitytaxable income is not used for investments, increase in wages, or dividends in accordance with the Tax System for Recirculation of Corporate Income, the Group is liable to pay additional income tax calculated based on the tax laws. The new tax system is effective for three years from 2015. Accordingly, the measurement of current and sufficiency of future taxable profits, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differencesdeferred income tax is affected by the tax effects from the new system. As the Group’s income tax is dependent on the investments, increase in wages and ongoingdividends, there exists uncertainty with regard to measuring the final tax planning strategies.effects.

2.4.2 Fair value of financial instruments

The fair value of financial instruments where no active market exists or where quoted prices are not otherwise available is determined by using valuation techniques. Financial instruments, which are not actively traded in the market and those with less transparent market prices, will have less objective fair values and require broad judgment on liquidity, concentration, uncertainty in market factors and assumptions in price determination and other risks.

As described in the significant accounting policies in Note 3.3, ‘Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments’, diverse valuation techniques are used to determine the fair value of financial instruments, from generally accepted market valuation models to internally developed valuation models that incorporate various types of assumptions and variables.

2.4.3 Provisions for credit losses (allowances for loan losses, provisions for acceptances and guarantees, and unused loan commitments)

The Group determines and recognizes allowances for losses on loans through impairment testing and recognizes provisions for guarantees, and unused loan commitments. The accuracy of provisions for credit losses is determined by the methodology and assumptions used for estimating expected cash flows of the borrower for individually assessed allowances of loans, collectively assessed allowances for groups of loans, guarantees and unused loan commitments.

2.4.4 Measurements of netNet defined benefit liabilitiesliability

The present value of net defined benefit liability depends on a number of factors that are determined on an actuarial basis using a number of assumptions (Note 24).

2.4.5 Estimated impairmentImpairment of goodwill

The Group tests annually whether goodwill has suffered any impairment. The recoverable amounts of cash-generating units have been determined based onvalue-in-use calculations to test whether goodwill has suffered any impairment (Note 15).

3. Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all yearsperiods presented, unless otherwise stated.

3.1 Consolidation

3.1.1 Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are companies that are controlled by the Group. The Group controls an investee when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. The existence and effects of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered when assessing whether the Group controls another entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date when control is transferred to the Group andde-consolidated from the date when control is lost.

If a subsidiary uses accounting policies other than those adopted in the consolidated financial statements for like transactions and events in similar circumstances, appropriate adjustments are made to make the subsidiary’s accounting policies conform to those of the Group when the subsidiary’s financial statements are used by the Group in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income are attributed to the owners of the parent and to thenon-controlling interests, if any. Total comprehensive income is attributed to the owners of the parent and to thenon-controlling interests even if this results in thenon-controlling interests having a deficit balance.

Transactions withnon-controlling interests that do not result in loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions; that is, as transactions with the owners in their capacity as owners. The difference between fair value of any consideration paid and the relevant share acquired of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidiary is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals tonon-controlling interests are also recorded in equity.

When the Group ceases to have control, any retained interest in the entity isre-measured to its fair value at the date when control is lost, with the change in carrying amount recognized in profit or loss. The fair value is the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in respect of that entity are accounted for as if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss.

The Group applies the acquisition method to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred is measured at the fair values of the assets transferred, and identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are initially measured at their fair values at the acquisition date. The Group recognizes anynon-controlling interest in the acquiree on anacquisition-by-acquisition basis in the event of liquidation, either at fair value or at thenon-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the recognized amounts of acquiree’s identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

In a business combination achieved in stages, the Group shall remeasure its previously held equity interest in the acquiree at its acquisition-date fair value and recognize the resulting gain or loss, if any, in profit or loss or other comprehensive income, as appropriate. In prior reporting periods, the Group may have recognized changes in the value of its equity interest in the acquiree in other comprehensive income. If so, the amount that was recognized in other comprehensive income shall be recognized on the same basis as would be required if the Group had disposed directly of the previously held equity interest.

The Group applies the book amount method to account for business combinations of entities under a common control. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured at their book amounts on the consolidated financial statements of the Group. In addition, the difference between the sum of consolidated book amounts of the assets and liabilities transferred and accumulated other comprehensive income; and the consideration paid is recognized as capital surplus.

3.1.2 Associates and Joint ventures

Associates and joint ventures are entities over which the Group has significant influence in the financial and operating policy decisions. If the Group holds 20% or more of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the Group has significant influence.

Under the equity method, investments in associates and joint ventures are initially recognized at cost and the carrying amount is increased or decreased to recognize the Group’s share of the profit or loss of the investee and changes in the investee’s equity after the date of acquisition. The Group’s share of the profit or loss of the investee is recognized in the Group’s profit or loss. Distributions received from an investee reduce the carrying amount of the investment. Profit and lossesloss resulting from ‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’ transactions between the Group and associates are eliminated to the extent ofat the Group’s interest in associates. Unrealized losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealized gains except that they are only eliminated to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment.

If associates and joint ventures use accounting policies other than those adopted in the consolidated financial statements for like transactions and events in similar circumstances, appropriate adjustments are made to make the associate’s accounting policies conform to those of the Group when the associate’s financial statements are used by the Group in applying equity method.

After the carrying amount of the investment is reduced to zero, additional losses are provided for, and a liability is recognized, only to the extent that the Group has incurred legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the investee.

The Group determines at each reporting dateperiod whether there is any objective evidence that the investments in the associates and joint ventures are impaired. If this is the case, the Group calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of the associates and its carrying value and recognizes the amount as ‘share of profit or loss of associates’‘non-operating income (expense)’ in the statements of comprehensive income.

3.1.3 Structured entity

A structured entity is an entity that has been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity. When the Group decides whether it has power to the structured entities in which the Group has interests, it considers factors such as the purpose, the form, the practical ability to direct the relevant activities of a structured entity, the nature of its relationship with a structured entity and the amount of exposure to variable returns.

3.1.4 Management of FundsTrusts and funds

The Group provides management services for trust assets, collective investment and other funds. These trusts and funds are not consolidated in the Group’s consolidated financial statements, except for trusts and funds over which the Group has control.

3.1.5 Intra-group transactions

All intra-group balances and transactions, and any unrealized gains arising on intra-group transactions, are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Unrealized losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealized gains except that they are only eliminated to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment.

3.2 Foreign Currency

3.2.1 Foreign currency transactions and balances

A foreign currency transaction is recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction. At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate which is the spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting period.Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined andnon-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous consolidated financial statements are recognized in profit or loss in the yearperiod in which they arise.arise, except for exchange differences arising on net investments in a foreign operation and financial liability designated as a hedge of the net investment. When gains or losses on anon-monetary item are recognized in other comprehensive income, any exchange component of those gains or losses are also recognized in other comprehensive income. Conversely, when gains or losses on anon-monetary item are recognized in profit or loss, any exchange component of those gains or losses are also recognized in profit or loss.

3.2.2 Foreign Operationsoperations

The financial performance and financial position of all foreign operations, whose functional currencies differ from the Group’s presentation currency, are translated into the Group’s presentation currency using the following procedures:procedures.

Assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate at the end of the reporting period. Income and expenses in the statement of comprehensive income presented are translated at average exchange rates for the period. All resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.

Any goodwill arising from the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising from the acquisition of that foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus, they are expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and are translated into the presentation currency at the closing rate.

On the disposal of a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation, recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the separate component of equity, areis reclassified from equity to profit or loss (as a reclassification adjustment) when the gains or losses on disposal are recognized. On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the Group re-attributesredistributes the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income to thenon-controlling interests in that foreign operation. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation, the Group reclassifies to profit or loss only the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income.

3.3 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments

3.3.1 Initial recognition

The Group recognizes a financial asset or a financial liability in its statement of financial position when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets (a purchase or sale of a financial asset under a contract whose terms require delivery of the

financial instruments within the time frame established generally by market regulation or practice) is recognized and derecognized using trade date accounting.

The Group classifies financial assets as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss,held-to-maturity financial assets,available-for-sale financial assets, or loans and receivables.receivables, or other financial assets. The Group classifies financial liabilities as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, or other financial liabilities. The classification depends on the nature and holding purpose of the financial instrument at initial recognition in the consolidated financial statements.

At initial recognition, a financial asset or financial liability is measured at its fair value plus or minus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability. The fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is normally the transaction price (that is, the fair value of the consideration given or received) in an arm’s length transaction.

3.3.2 Subsequent measurement

After initial recognition, financial instruments are measured at amortized cost or fair value based on classification at initial recognition.

Amortized cost

The amortized cost of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition and adjusted to reflect principal repayments, cumulative amortization using the effective interest method and any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility.uncollectability.

Fair value

Fair values, which the Group primarily uses for the measurement of financial instruments, are the published price quotations based on market prices or dealer price quotations of financial instruments traded in an active market where available. These are the best evidence of fair value. A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange, dealer, broker, an entity in the same industry, pricing service or regulatory agency, and those prices represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions on an arm’s length basis.

If the market for a financial instrument is not active, fair value is determined either by using a valuation technique or independent third-party valuation service. Valuation techniques include using recent arm’s length market transactions between knowledgeable, willing parties, if available, referencing to the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis and option pricing models.

The Group uses valuation models that are commonly used by market participants and customized for the Group to determine fair values of commonover-the-counter (OTC) derivatives such as options, interest rate swaps and currency swaps which are based on the inputs observable in markets. For more complex instruments, the Group uses internally developed models, which are usually based on valuation methods and techniques generally recognized as standardused within the industry, or a value measured by an independent external valuation institution as the fair values if all or some of the inputs to the valuation models are not market observable and therefore it is necessary to estimate fair value based on certain assumptions.

The Group’s Fair Value Evaluation Committee, which consists of the risk management department, trading department and accounting department, reviews the appropriateness of internally developed valuation models,

and approves the selection and changing of the external valuation institution and other considerations related to fair value measurement. The review results on the fair valuation models are reported to the Market Risk Management subcommittee by the Fair Value Evaluation Committee on a regular basis.

If the valuation technique does not reflect all factors which market participants would consider in setting a price, the fair value is adjusted to reflect those factors. TheseThose factors include counterparty credit risk,bid-ask spread, liquidity risk and others.

The chosen valuation technique makes maximum use of market inputs and relies as little as possible on entity-specific inputs. It incorporates all factors that market participants would consider in setting a price and is consistent with accepted economic methodologies applied for pricing financial instruments. Periodically, the Group calibrates the valuation technique and tests it forits validity using prices fromof observable current market transactions of the same instrument or based on other relevant observable market data.

3.3.3 Derecognition

Derecognition is the removal of a previously recognized financial asset or financial liability from the statement of financial position. The Group derecognizes a financial asset or a financial liability when, and only when:

Derecognition of financial assets

Financial assets are derecognized when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial assets expire or the financial assets have been transferred and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial assets are also transferred, or all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial assets are neither substantially transferred nor retained and the Group has not retained control. If the Group neither transfers nor disposes of substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial assets, the Group continues to recognize the financial asset to the extent of its continuing involvement in the financial asset.

If the Group transfers the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the Group continues to recognize the transferred asset in its entirely and recognize a financial liability for the consideration received.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are derecognized from the statement of financial position when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expires.

3.3.4 Offsetting

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the consolidated statements of financial position where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the assets and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Group or the counterparty.

3.4 Cash and cash equivalentsCash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, foreign currency, and short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

3.53.5 Non-derivative financial assets Financial Assets

3.5.1 Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

This category comprises twosub-categories: financial assets classified as held for trading, and financial assets designated by the Group as at fair value through profit or loss upon initial recognition.

Anon-derivative financial asset is classified as held for trading if either:

 

It is acquired for the purpose of selling in the near term, or

 

It is part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking.

The Group may designate certain financial assets, other than held for trading, upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss when one of the following conditions is met:

 

It eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency (sometimes referred to as ‘an accounting mismatch’) that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognizing the gains and losses on them on different bases.

 

A group of financial assets is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy, and information about the group is provided internally on that basis to the Group’s key management personnel.

 

  

A contract contains one or more embedded derivatives; the Group may designate the entire hybrid (combined) contract as a financial asset at fair value through profit or loss if allowed by IAS 39,Financial Instruments: Recognition and measurement.measurement

.

After initial recognition, a financial asset at fair value through profit or loss is measured at fair value and gains or losses arising from a change in the fair value are recognized in profit or loss. Interest income, dividend income, and gains or losses from sale and repayment from financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in the statement of comprehensive income as net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss.

3.5.2 Financial Investments

Available-for-sale andheld-to-maturity financial assets are presented as financial investments.

Available-for-sale financial assets

Profit or loss of financial assets classified as available for sale, except for impairment loss and foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from changes in amortized cost of debt securities, is recognized as other comprehensive income, and cumulative profit or loss is reclassified from equity to current profit or loss at the derecognition of the financial asset, and it is recognized as part of other operating profit or loss in the statement of comprehensive income.

However, interest revenueincome measured using the effective interest method is recognized in current profit or loss, and dividends of financial assets classified asavailable-for-sale are recognized when the right to receive payment is established.

Available-for-sale financial assets denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the closing rate. Foravailable-for-sale debt securities denominated in foreign currency, exchange differences resulting from changes in amortized cost are recognized in profit or loss as part of other operating income and expenses. Foravailable-for-sale equity securities denominated in foreign currency, the entire change in fair value including any exchange component is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Held-to-maturity financial assets

Held-to-maturity financial assets arenon-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity that the Group’s management has the positive intention and ability to hold to maturity.Held-to-maturity financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method after initial recognition and interest income is recognized using the effective interest method.

3.5.3 Loans and receivables

Non-derivative financial assets which meet the following conditions are classified as loans and receivables:

 

Those with fixed or determinable payments.

 

Those that are not quoted in an active market.

 

Those that the Group does not intend to sell immediately or in the near term.

 

Those that the Group, upon initial recognition, does not designate asavailable-for-sale or as at fair value through profit or loss.

After initial recognition, these are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

If the financial asset is purchased under an agreement to resale the asset at a fixed price or at a price that provides a lender’s return on the purchase price, the consideration paid is recognized as loans and receivables.

3.6 Impairment of financial assetsFinancial Assets

The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets except for financial assets at fair value through profit or loss is impaired. A financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired and impairment losses are incurred, if and only if, there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a ‘loss event’) and that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or group of financial assets that can be reliably estimated. However, losses expected as a result of future events, no matter how likely, are not recognized.

Objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impaired includes observable data that comes to the attention of the holder of the asset about the following loss events:

 

Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or obligor.

 

A breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments.

 

The lender, for economic or legal reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty, granting to the borrower a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider.

 

It becomes probable that the borrower will declare bankruptcy or undergo financial reorganization.

 

The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties.

 

Observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows from a group of financial assets since the initial recognition of those assets, although the decrease cannot yet be identified with the individual financial assets in the portfolio.

In addition to the types of events in the preceding paragraphs, objective evidence of impairment for an investment in an equity instrument classified as anavailable-for-sale financial asset includes a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value below its cost. Accordingly, theThe Group considers the decline in the fair value of over 30% against the original cost as a “significant decline” and a six-month. A decline is considered as prolonged if the period, in which the fair value of the financial asset has been below its original cost for an equity instrumentat initial recognition, is same as a “prolonged decline”.or more than six months.

If there is objective evidence that an impairment loss has been incurred, the amount of the loss is measured and recognized in profit or loss as either provisions for credit loss or other operating income and expenses.

3.6.1 Loans and receivables

If there is objective evidence that an impairmentThe amount of the loss on loans and receivables carried at amortized cost has been incurred, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate.

The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists individually for financial assets that are individually significant (individual assessment of impairment), and individually or collectively for financial.

Financial assets that are not individually significant.significant assess objective evidence of impairment individually or collectively. If the Group determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset, whether significant or not, it includes the asset in a group of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment (collective assessment of impairment).

Individual assessment of impairment

Individual assessment of impairment losses are calculated by discounting the expected future cash flows of a loan at its original effective interest rate and comparing the resultant present value with the loan’s current carrying amount. This process normally encompasses management’s best estimate, such as operating cash flow of the borrower and net realizable value of any collateral held.

Collective assessment of impairment

A methodology based on historical loss experience is used to estimate inherent incurred loss on groups of assets for collective assessment of impairment. Such methodology incorporates factors such as type of collateral, product and borrowers, credit rating, loss emergence period, recovery period and applies probability of default on a group of assets and loss given default by type of recovery method. Also, consistent assumptions are applied to form a formula-based model in estimating inherent loss and to determine factors on the basis of historical loss experience and current condition. The methodology and assumptions used for collective assessment of impairment are reviewed regularly to reduce any differences between loss estimates and actual loss experience.

Impairment loss on loans reduces the carrying amount of the asset through use of an allowance account, and when a loan becomes uncollectable, it is written off against the related allowance account. If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and is objectively related to the subsequent event after recognition of impairment, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed by adjusting the allowance account. The amount of the reversal is recognized in profit or loss.

3.6.2Available-for-sale financial assets

When a decline in the fair value of anavailable-for-sale financial asset has been recognized in other comprehensive income and there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired, the cumulative loss (the difference between the acquisition cost and current fair value, less any impairment loss on that financial asset previously recognized in profit or loss) that had been recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss as part of other operating income and expenses. The impairment loss onavailable-for-sale financial assets is directly deducted from the carrying amount.

If, in a subsequent period, the fair value of a debt instrument classified asavailable-for-sale increases and the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized in profit or loss, a portion of the impairment loss is reversed up to but not exceeding the previously recorded impairment

loss, with the amount of the reversal recognized in profit or loss as part of other operating income and expenses in the statement of comprehensive income. However, impairment losses recognized in profit or loss for anavailable-for-sale equity instrument classified as available for sale are not reversed through profit or loss.

3.6.3Held-to-maturity financial assets

If there is objective evidence that an impairment loss onheld-to-maturity financial assets carried at amortized cost has been incurred, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. The amount of the loss is recognized in profit or loss as part of other operating income and expenses. The impairment loss onheld-to-maturity financial assets is directly deducted from the carrying amount.

In the case of a financial asset classified as held to maturity, if, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and it is objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment is recognized, a portion of the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed up to but not exceeding the extent of amortized cost at the date of recovery. The amount of reversal is recognized in profit or loss as part of other operating income and expenses in the statement of comprehensive income.

3.7 Derivative Financial Instruments

The Group enters into numerous derivative financial instrument contracts such as currency forwards, interest rate swaps, currency swaps and others for trading purposes or to manage its exposures to fluctuations in interest rates and currency exchange, amongst others. These derivative financial instruments are presented as derivative financial instruments within the consolidated financial statements irrespective of transaction purpose and subsequent measurement requirement.

The Group designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments to hedge the risk of changes in fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (fair value hedge) and the risk of changes in cash flow (cash flow hedge). The Group designatesnon-derivatives as hedging instruments to hedge the risk of foreign exchange of a net investment in a foreign operation (hedge of net investment).

At the inception of the hedge, there is formal designation and documentation of the hedging relationship and the Group’s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. That documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the entity will assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item’s fair value attributable to the hedged risk.

3.7.1 Derivative financial instruments held for trading

All derivative financial instruments, except for derivatives that are designated and qualify for hedge accounting, are classified as financial instruments held for trading and are measured at fair value. Gains or losses arising from a change in fair value are recognized in profit or loss as part of net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss.

3.7.2 Fair value hedges

If derivatives qualify for a fair value hedge, the change in fair value of the hedging instrument and the change in fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in profit or loss as part of other operating income and expenses. Fair value hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting or the Group revokes the designation. Once fair value hedge accounting is discontinued, the adjustment to the carrying amount of a hedged item is fully amortized to profit or loss by the maturity of the financial instrument using the effective interest method.

3.7.3 Cash flow hedges

The portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge is recognized directly in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized in profit or loss. The associated gains or losses that were previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment in the same period or periods during which the hedged forecast cash flows affects profit or loss. Cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting or the Group revokes the designation. When the cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued, the cumulative gains or losses on the hedging instrument that have been recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss over the year in which the forecast transaction occurs. If the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gains or losses that had been recognized in other comprehensive income are immediately reclassified to profit or loss.

3.7.4 Hedge of net investment

If financial liabilities qualify for a net investment hedge, the effective portion of changes in fair value of hedging instrument is recognized in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognized in profit. The gain or loss on the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion of the hedge that has been recognized in other comprehensive income will be reclassified from other comprehensive income to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment on the disposal or partial disposal of the foreign operation in accordance with IAS 39,Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.

3.7.5 Embedded derivatives

An embedded derivative is separated from the host contract and accounted for as a derivative if, and only if the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are not closely related to those of the host contract and a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative and the hybrid (combined) instrument is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss. Gains or losses arising from a change in the fair value of an embedded derivative separated from the host contract are recognized in profit or loss as part of net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss.

3.7.53.7.6 Day one gain and loss

If the Group uses a valuation technique that incorporates data not obtained from observable markets for the fair value at initial recognition of the financial instrument, there may be a difference between the transaction price and the amount determined using that valuation technique. In these circumstances, the difference is deferred and not recognized in profit or loss, and is amortized by using the straight-line method over the life of the financial instrument. If the fair value of the financial instrument is subsequently determined using observable market inputs, the remaining deferred amount is recognized in profit or loss as part of net gains or losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss or other operating income and expenses.

3.8 Property and equipmentEquipment

3.8.1 Recognition and Measurementmeasurement

All property and equipment that qualify for recognition as an asset are measured at cost and subsequently carried at cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

The cost of property and equipment includes any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when they prolong the useful life or enhance values of the assets but the costs of theday-to-day servicing of the assets such as repair and maintenance costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. When part of an item of an asset has a useful life different from that of the entire asset, it is recognized as a separate asset.

3.8.2 Depreciation

Land is not depreciated, whereas other property and equipment are depreciated using the method that reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Group. The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value. As for leased assets, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Group will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is fully depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.

Each part of an item of property and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item is depreciated separately.

The depreciation method and estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows:

 

Property and equipment

 

Depreciation method

 

Estimated useful liveslife

Buildings and structures

 Straight-line 40 years

Leasehold improvements

 Declining-balanceDeclining-balance/ Straight-line 4 years

Equipment and vehicles

 Declining-balanceDeclining-balance/ Straight-line 43~8 years

Finance leased assets

 Declining-balance 

8 months ~ 5 years and

8 months

The residual value, the useful life and the depreciation method applied to an asset are reviewed at least at each financial year end, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the changes are accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.

3.9 Investment propertiesProperties

3.9.1 Recognition and Measurement

Properties held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both are classified as investment properties. Investment properties are measured initially at their cost and subsequently the cost model is used.

3.9.2 Depreciation

Land is not depreciated, whereas other investment properties are depreciated using the method that reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Group. The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value.

The depreciation method and estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows:

 

Property and equipmentInvestment property

  

Depreciation method

  

Estimated useful liveslife

Buildings

  Straight-line  40 years

The residual value, the useful life and the depreciation method applied to an asset are reviewed at least at each financial year end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, or if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the changes are accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.

3.10 Intangible assetsAssets

Intangible assets are measured initially at cost and subsequently carried at their cost less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.

Intangible assets, except for goodwill and membership rights, are amortized using the straight-line method or double declining balance method with no residual value over their estimated useful economic life since the asset is available for use.

 

Intangible assets

  

Amortization method

  

Estimated useful liveslife

Industrial property rights

  Straight-line  3~10 years

Software

  Straight-line  3~5 years

Finance leased assets

  Straight-line  8 months ~ 5 years and 8 months

VOBA

Declining-Balance60 years

Others

  Straight-line  4~2~30 years

The amortization period and the amortization method for intangible assets with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at each financial year end. Where an intangible asset is not being amortized because its useful life is considered to be indefinite, the Group carries out a review in each accounting period to confirm whether or not events and circumstances still support the assumption of an indefinite useful life. If they do not, the change from the indefinite to finite useful life is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.

3.10.1 Value of Business Acquired (VOBA)

The Group recorded Value of business acquired (VOBA) as intangible assets, which are the differences between the fair value of insurance liabilities and book value calculated based on the accounting policy of the acquired company. VOBA is an estimated present value of future cash flow of long-term insurance contracts at the acquisition date. VOBA is amortized for above estimated useful life using declining balance method, the depreciation is recognized as insurance expense.

3.10.2 Goodwill

Recognition and measurement

Goodwill acquired from business combinations before January 1, 2010, is stated at its carrying amount which was recognized under the Group’s previous accounting policy, prior to the transition to IFRS.

Goodwill acquired from business combinations after January 1, 2010, is initially measured as the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred, fair value ofnon-controlling interest and the acquisition-date fair value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If this consideration is lower than the fair value of the net assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized in profit or loss.

For each business combination, the Group decides whether thenon-controlling interest in the acquiree is initially measured at fair value or at thenon-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets at the acquisition date.

Acquisition-related costs incurred to effect a business combination are charged to expenses in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received, except for the costs to issue debt or equity securities.

Additional acquisitions ofnon-controlling interest

Additional acquisitions ofnon-controlling interests are accounted for as equity transactions. Therefore, no additional goodwill is recognized.

Subsequent measurement

Goodwill is not amortized and is stated at cost less accumulated impairment losses. However, goodwill that forms part of the carrying amount of an investment in associates is not separately recognized and an impairment loss recognized is not allocated to any asset, including goodwill, which forms part of the carrying amount of the investment in the associates.

3.10.23.10.3 Subsequent expenditure

Subsequent expenditure is capitalized only when it enhances values of the assets. Internally generated intangible assets, such as goodwill and trade name, are not recognized as assets but expensed as incurred.

3.11 Leases

3.11.1 Finance lease

A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership. At the commencement of the lease term, the Group recognizes finance leases as assets and liabilities in its statements of financial position at amounts equal to the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments, each determined at the inception of the lease. Any initial direct costs of the lessee are added to the amount recognized as an asset.

Minimum lease payments are apportioned between the finance charge and the reduction of the outstanding liability. The finance charge is allocated to each period during the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Contingent rents are charged as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.

The depreciable amount of a leased asset is allocated to each accounting period during the period of expected use on a systematic basis consistent with the depreciation policy the Group adopts for depreciable assets that are owned. If there is reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the period of expected use is the useful life of the asset; otherwise, the asset is fully depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.

3.11.2 Operating lease

A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership.

Leases in the financial statements of lessors

Lease income from operating leases are recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the lease term, unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which use benefit derived from the leased asset is diminished. Initial direct costs incurred by lessors in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized as an expense over the lease term on the same basis as the lease income.

Leases in the financial statements of lessees

Lease payments under an operating lease (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern of the asset’s benefit.

3.12 Greenhouse Gas Emission Rights and Liabilities

The Group measured at zero the emission rights received free of charge from the government following the Enforcement of Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allowances. Emission rights purchased are measured initially at cost and subsequently carried at their costs less any accumulated impairment losses. Emission liabilities are measured as the sum of the carrying amount of emission allowances held by the Group and best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation for any excess emissions at the end of reporting period. The emission rights and liabilities are classified as ‘intangible assets’ and ‘provisions’, respectively, in the consolidated statement of financial position.

The emission rights held for trading are measured at fair value and the changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss. The changes in fair value and gain or loss on disposal are classified as3.12non-operating income and expenses.

3.13 Impairment of non-financial assetsNon-Financial Assets

The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that anon-financial asset, except for (i) deferred income tax assets, (ii) assets arising from employee benefits and(iii) non-current assets (or group of assets to be sold) classified as held for sale, may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. However, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, the Group tests (i) goodwill acquired in a business combination, (ii) intangible assets with an indefinite useful life and (iii) intangible assets not yet available for use for impairment annually by comparing their carrying amount with their recoverable amount.

The recoverable amount is estimated for the individual asset. If it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of the individual asset, the Group determines the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to

which the asset belongs (the asset’s cash-generating unit). A cash-generating unit is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The recoverable amount of an asset is the higher of its fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from an asset or cash-generating unit that are discounted by apre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the future cash flow estimates have not been adjusted.

If the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount. That reduction is an impairment loss and recognized immediately in profit or loss. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each of the cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. The impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the cash-generating unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit.

An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in a subsequent period. The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that an impairment loss recognized in prior periods for an asset, other than goodwill, may no longer exist or may have decreased, and an impairment loss recognized in prior periods for an asset other than goodwill shall be reversed if, and only if, there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The increased carrying amount of an asset other than goodwill attributable to a reversal of an impairment loss cannot exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of amortization or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

3.143.13 Non-current assets heldNon-Current Assets Held for saleSale

Anon-current asset or disposal group is classified as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. For this to be the case, the asset (or

disposal group) must be available for immediate sale in its present condition and its sale must be highly probable. Anon-current asset (or disposal group) classified as held for sale is measured at the lower of its carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell which is measured in accordance with the applicable IFRS, immediately before the initial classification of the asset (or disposal group) as held for sale.

Anon-current asset while it is classified as held for sale or while it is part of a disposal group classified as held for sale is not depreciated (or amortized).

Impairment loss is recognized for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset (or disposal group) to fair value less costs to sell. Gains are recognized for any subsequent increase in fair value less costs to sell of an asset, but not in excess of the cumulative impairment loss that has been recognized.

3.143.15 Financial liabilitiesLiabilities at fair valueFair Value through profitProfit or lossLoss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are financial liabilities held for trading. After initial recognition, financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value and gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value, and gains or losses from sale and repayment of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized as net gains on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss in the statement of comprehensive income.

3.153.16 Insurance Contracts

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd., oneand KB Insurance Co., of the subsidiaries of the Group, issues insurance contracts.

Insurance contracts are defined as “a contract under which one party (the insurer) accepts significant insurance risk from another party by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event

adversely affects the policyholder”. A contract that qualifies as an insurance contract remains an insurance contract until all rights and obligations are extinguished or expire. Such a contract that does not contain significant insurance risk is classified as an investment contract and is within the scope of IAS 39,Financial Instruments: Recognition and measurement to the extent that it gives rise to a financial asset or financial liability, except if the investment contract contains a Discretionary Participation Features (DPF). If the contract has a DPF, the contract is subject to IFRS 4,Insurance Contracts. The Group recognizes assets (liabilities) and gains (losses) relating to insurance contracts as other assets (liabilities) in the statements of financial position, and as other operating income (expenses) in the statements of comprehensive income, respectively.

3.15.13.16.1 Insurance premiums

The Group recognizes collected premiums as revenue when aon the due date of collection of premiums from insurance contracts comes and the collected premium which is unmatured at the end of the reporting period is recognized as unearned premium.

3.15.23.16.2 Insurance liabilities

The Group recognizes a liability for future claims, refunds, policyholders’ dividends and related expenses as follows:

Premium reserve

A premium reserve refers to an amount based on the net premium method for payment of future claims with respect to events covered by insurance policies which have not yet occurred as of the reporting date.period.

Reserve for outstanding claims

A reserve for outstanding claims refers to the amount not yet paid, out of an amount to be paid or expected to be paid with respect to the insured events which have arisen as of the end of each fiscal year.

Unearned premium reserve

Unearned premium refers to the portion of the premium that has been paid in advance for insurance that has not yet been provided. An unearned premium reserve refers to the amount maintained by the insurer to refund in the event of either party cancelling the contract.

Policyholders’ dividends reserve

Policyholders’ dividends reserve including an interest rate guarantee reserve, a mortality dividend reserve and an interest rate difference dividend reserve is recognized for the purpose of provisioning for policyholders’ dividends in the future in accordance with statutes or insurance terms and conditions.

3.15.33.16.3 Liability adequacy test

The Group assesses at each reporting dateperiod whether its insurance liabilities are adequate, using current estimates of all future contractual cash flows and related cash flow such as claims handling cost, as well as cash flows resulting from embedded options and guarantees under its insurance contracts in accordance with IFRS 4. If the assessment shows that the carrying amount of its insurance liabilities is inadequate in light of the estimated future cash flows, the entire deficiency is recognized in profit or loss and reserved as insurance liabilities. Future cash flows from long-term insurance are discounted at a future rate of return on operating assets, whereas future cash flows from general insurance are not discounted to present value. For liability adequacy tests of premium and unearned premium reserves, the Group considers all cash flow factors such as future insurance premium,

deferred acquisition costs, operating expenses and operating premiums. In relation to the reserve for outstanding claims, the Group elects a model that best reflects the trend of paid claims among several statistical methods to perform the adequacy test.

3.15.43.16.4 Deferred acquisition costs

Acquisition cost is deferred in an amount actually spent for an insurance contract and equally amortized over the premium payment period or the period in which acquisition costs are charged for the relevant insurance contract. Acquisition costs are amortized over the shorter of seven years or premium payment period; if there is any unamortized acquisition costs remaining as of the date of surrender or lapse, such remainder shall be amortized in the period in which the contract is surrendered or lapsed.

3.163.17 Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The risks and uncertainties that inevitably surround many events and circumstances are taken into account in reaching the best estimate of provisions, and where the effect of the time value of money is material, the amount of provisions are the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation.

Provisions on confirmed and unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees, unfunded commitments of credit cards and unused credit lines of consumer and corporate loans are recognized using a valuation model that applies the credit conversion factor, probability of default, and loss given default.

Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provisions are reversed.

If the Group has a contract that is onerous, the present obligation under the contract is recognized and measured as provisions. An onerous contract is a contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the minimum net cost to exit from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling it and any compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfill it.

3.173.18 Financial guarantee contractsGuarantee Contracts

A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer (the Group) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument.

Financial guarantee contracts are initially recognized at fair value. After initial recognition, financial guarantee contracts are measured at the higher of:

 

  

The amount determined in accordance with IAS 37,Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assetsand

 

  

The initial amount recognized, less, when appropriate, cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18,RevenueRevenue.

3.183.19 Equity instrumentsInstruments issued by the Group

An equity instrument is any contract or agreement that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

3.18.13.19.1 Ordinary shares

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares are deducted net of tax, from the equity.

3.18.23.19.2 Treasury shares

If entities of the Group reacquireacquire the Parent Company’s equity instruments, those instruments (‘treasury shares’) are deducted from equity. No gains or losses are recognized in profit or loss on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of own equity instruments.

3.193.20 Revenue recognitionRecognition

3.19.13.20.1 Interest income and expense

Interest income and expense are recognized using the effective interest method. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or groups of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.

The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts or payments through the expected life of the financial instrument or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying

amount of the financial asset or financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Group estimates cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider future credit losses. The calculation includes all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts. In those rare cases when it is not possible to estimate reliably the cash flows or the expected life of a financial instrument (or group of financial instruments), the Group uses the contractual cash flows over the full contractual term of the financial instrument (or group of financial instruments).

Interest on impaired financial assets is recognized using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss.

3.19.23.20.2 Fee and commission income

The Group recognizes financial service fees in accordance with the accounting standard of the financial instrument related to the fees earned.

Fees that are an integral part of the effective interest of a financial instrument

Such fees are generally treated as adjustments of effective interest. Such fees may include compensation for activities such as evaluating the borrower’s financial condition, evaluating and recording guarantees, collateral and other security arrangements, negotiating the terms of the instrument, preparing and processing documents and closing the transaction and origination fees received on issuing financial liabilities measured at amortized cost. However, fees relating to the creation or acquisition of a financial instrument at fair value through profit or loss are recognized as revenue immediately.

Fees earned as services are provided

Such fees are recognized as revenue as the services are provided. The fees include fees charged for servicing a financial instrument and charged for managing investments.

Fees that are earned on the execution of a significant act

Such fees are recognized as revenue when the significant act has been completed.

Commission on the allotment of shares to a client is recognized as revenue when the shares have been allotted and placement fees for arranging a loan between a borrower and an investor is recognized as revenue when the loan has been arranged.

A syndication fee received by the Group that arranges a loan and retains no part of the loan package for itself (or retains a part at the same effective interest rate for comparable risk as other participants) is compensation for the service of syndication. Such a fee is recognized as revenue when the syndication has been completed.

3.19.33.20.3 Dividend income

Dividend income is recognized in profit or loss when the right to receive payment is established. Dividend income from financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial investment is recognized in profit or loss as part of net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and other operating income and expenses, respectively.

3.20

3.21 Employee compensationCompensation and benefitsBenefits

3.20.13.21.1 Post-employment benefits:benefits

Defined benefit plans

All post-employment benefits, other than defined contribution plans, are classified as defined benefit plans. The amount recognized as a defined benefit liability is the present value of the defined benefit obligation less the fair value of plan assets at the end of the reporting period.

The present value of the defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the Projected Unit Credit method. The rate used to discount post-employment benefit obligations is determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on high quality corporate bonds. The currency and term of the corporate bonds are consistent with the currency and estimated term of the post-employment benefit obligations. Actuarial gains and losses including experience adjustments and the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).income.

When the total of the present value of the defined benefit obligation minus the fair value of plan assets results in an asset, it is recognized to the extent of the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan.

Past service cost is the change in the present value of the defined benefit obligation, which arises when the Group introduces a defined benefit plan or changes the benefits of an existing defined benefit plan. Such past service cost is immediately recognized as an expense for the year.

Defined contribution plans

The contributions are recognized as employee benefit expense when they are incurred.

due.

3.20.23.21.2 Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits (other than termination benefits) that are due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service is recognized as a liability (accrued expense), after deducting any amount already paid.

The expected cost of profit-sharing and bonus payments are recognized as liabilities when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation to make such payments as a result of past events rendered by employees and a reliable estimate of the obligation can be made.

3.20.33.21.3 Share-based payment

The Group operates share-based payment arrangements granting awardshas share option and share grant programs to directors and employees of the Group. TheWhen the options are exercised, the Group has a choicecan either select to issue new shares or distribute treasury shares, or compensate the difference in fair value of whether to settle the awards in cash or by issuing equity instruments of the parent company at the date of settlement.shares and exercise price.

For a share-based payment transaction in which the terms of the arrangement provide the Group with the choice of whether to settle in cash or by issuing equity instruments, the Group determineddetermines that it has a present obligation to settle in cash because the Group has a past practice and a stated policy of settling in cash. Therefore, the Group accounts for the transaction in accordance with the requirements of cash-settled share-based payment transactions.

The Group measures the services acquired and the liability incurred at fair value.value, and the fair value is recognized as expense and accrued expenses over the vesting period. Until the liability is settled, the Group remeasures the fair value of the liability at the end of each reporting period and at the date of settlement, with any changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss for the year.

3.20.43.21.4 Termination benefits

Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated by the Group before the normal retirement date, or whenever an employee accepts voluntary redundancy in exchange for these benefits. An entityThe Group shall recognize a liability and expense for termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates: when the entityGroup can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits and when the entityGroup recognizes costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of IAS 37 and involves the payment of termination benefits. Termination benefits are measured by considering the number of employees expected to accept the offer in the case of a voluntary early retirement. Termination benefits over 12 months after the reporting period are discounted to present value.

3.213.22 Income tax expensesTax Expenses

Income tax expense (tax income) comprises current tax expense (current tax income) and deferred income tax expense (deferred income tax income).expense. Current and deferred income tax are recognized as income or expense and included in profit or loss for the year,period, except to the extent that the tax arises from (a) a transaction or an event which is recognized, in the same or a different period outside profit or loss, either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity and (b) a business combination.

3.21.13.22.1 Current income tax

Current income tax is the amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in respect of the taxable profit (tax loss)(loss) for a period. A difference between the taxable profit and accounting profit may arise when income or expense is included in accounting profit in one period, but is included in taxable profit in a different period. Differences may also arise if there is revenue that is exempt from taxation, or expense that is not deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss)(loss). Current income tax liabilities (assets) for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be paid to (recovered from) the taxation authorities, using the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The Group offsets current income tax assets and current income tax liabilities if, and only if, the Group (a) has a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and (b) intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

3.21.23.22.2 Deferred income tax

Deferred income tax is recognized, using the asset-liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax based amount of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount in the financial statements. Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences and deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary difference can be utilized. However, deferred income tax liabilities are not recognized if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill; deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.

Deferred income tax is provided on temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries and associates, except for deferred income tax liabilities for which the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Group and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

The carrying amount of a deferred income tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period. The Group reduces the carrying amount of a deferred income tax asset to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of that deferred income tax asset to be utilized.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred income tax liabilities and deferred income tax assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Group expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

The Group offsets deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities when the Group has a legally enforceable right to offset current income tax assets against current income tax liabilities; and the deferred income tax assets and the deferred income tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity; or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current income tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred income tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

3.21.33.22.3 Uncertain tax positions

Uncertain tax positions arise from tax treatments applied by the Group which may be challenged by the tax authorities due to the complexity of the transaction or different interpretation of the tax laws, a claim for rectification brought by the Group, or an appeal for a refund of tax levied byclaimed from the tax authorities or others duerelated to different interpretation of tax laws or others.additional assessments. The Group recognizes its uncertain tax positions in the consolidated financial statements based on the guidance in IAS 12. The income tax asset is recognized if a tax refund is probable for taxes paid and levied by the tax authority. However, interest and penalties related to income tax are recognized in accordance with IAS 37.

3.223.23 Earnings per shareShare

The Group calculates basic earnings per share amounts and diluted earnings per share amounts for profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent entityParent Company and presents them in the statement of

comprehensive income. Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the Group adjusts profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company and the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares including convertible bonds and share options.

3.233.24 Operating segmentsSegments

Operating segments are components of the Group where separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.

Segment information includes items which are directly attributable and reasonably allocated to the segment.

3.243.25 United States dollar amounts

The Group operates primarily in Korea and its official accounting records are maintained in Korean won. The U.S. dollar amounts are provided herein as supplementary information solely for the convenience of the

reader. Korean won amounts are expressed in U.S. dollars at the rate of ₩1,090.89₩1067.42 to U.S. $1.00, the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of New York buying exchange rate in effect at noon, December 31, 2014.29, 2017. Such convenience translation into US dollars should not be construed as representations that the Korean won amounts have been, could have been, or could in the future be, converted at this or any other rate of exchange.

4. Financial risk managementRisk Management

4.1 Summary

4.1.1 Overview of Financial Risk Management Policy

The financial risks that the Group is exposed to are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and others.

The note regarding financial risk management provides information about the risks that the Group is exposed to, including the objectives, policies and processes for managing the risks, the methods used to measure the risks, and capital adequacy. Additional quantitative information is disclosed throughout the consolidated financial statements.

The Group’s risk management system focuses on increasing transparency, developing the risk management environment, preventing transmission of risk to other related subsidiaries, and the preemptive response to risk due to rapid changes in the financial environment to support the Group’s long-term strategy and business decisions efficiently. Credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk have been recognized as the Group’s key risks. These risks are measured and managed in Economic Capital or VaR (Value at Risk) and are managed using a statistical method.

4.1.2 Risk Management Organization

Risk Management Committee

The Risk Management Committee establishes risk management strategies in accordance with the directives of the Board of Directors and determines the Group’s target risk appetite,appetite. The Committee approves significant risk matters and reviews the level of risks that the Group is exposed to and the appropriateness of the Group’s risk management operations as an ultimate decision-making authority.

Risk Management Council

The Risk Management Council is a consultative group which reviews and makes decisions on matters delegated by the Risk Management Committee, and discusses the detailed issues relating to the Group’s risk management.

Risk Management DepartmentDivision

The Risk Management DepartmentDivision is responsible for monitoring and managing the Group’s economic capital limit and managing specificdetailed policies, procedures and workworking processes relating to the Group’s risk management.

4.2 Credit Risk

4.2.1 Overview of Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk of possible losses in an asset portfolio in the event of a counterparty’s default, breach of contract and deterioration in the credit quality of the counterparty. For risk management reporting purposes, the individual borrower’s default risk, country risk, specific risks and other credit risk exposure components are considered as a whole.

4.2.2 Credit Risk Management

The Group measures expected losses and economic capital on assets that are subject to credit risk management whetheron- or off-balance sheet items and uses expected losses and economic capital as a management indicator. The Group manages credit risk by allocating credit risk economic capital limits.

In addition, the Group controls the credit concentration risk exposure by applying and managing total exposure limits to prevent an excessive risk concentration to each industry and borrower.

The Group has organized a credit risk management team that focuses on credit risk management in accordance with the Group’s credit risk management policy. For Kookmin Bank, which isEspecially, the main subsidiary, its loan analysis department which is independent fromof Kookmin Bank, one of the sales departmentsubsidiaries, is responsible for loan policy, loan limit, loan review, credit evaluation,management, restructuring and subsequent events. Kookmin Bank’sevent management, independently of operating department. On the other hand, risk management group of Kookmin Bank is also responsible for planning risk management policy, applying limits of credit lines, measuring the credit risk economic capital, adjusting credit limits, reviewing credit and verifying credit evaluation models.

4.2.3 Maximum exposureExposure to credit riskCredit Risk

The Group’s maximum exposures of financial instruments, excluding equity securities, to credit risk without consideration of collateral values as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

      

Due from financial institutions

  12,094,103    12,878,430    15,326,173   17,219,661 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

        

Financial assets held for trading(1)

   7,866,037     9,763,553  

Financial assets held for trading1

   23,058,919    25,242,193 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

   210,805     442,960     1,693,255    1,982,224 

Derivatives

   1,819,409     1,968,190     3,381,935    3,310,166 

Loans(2)

   219,001,356     231,449,653  

Loans2

   265,486,134    290,122,838 

Financial investments

        

Available-for-sale financial assets

   18,933,288     19,359,822     27,445,752    38,959,401 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   13,016,991     12,569,154     11,177,504    18,491,980 

Other financial assets(2)

   6,251,679     7,559,631  

Other financial assets2

   7,322,335    10,195,015 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total financial assets

   279,193,668     295,991,393     354,892,007    405,523,478 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Off-balance sheet items

        

Acceptances and guarantees contracts

   9,804,692     9,045,824     7,822,124    6,977,468 

Financial guarantee contracts

   3,097,372     4,459,645     4,746,292    3,683,875 

Commitments

   95,422,032     96,316,581     97,005,556    102,183,167 
  

 

   

 

 

Total off-balance sheet items

   108,324,096     109,822,050     109,573,972    112,844,510 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  387,517,764    405,813,443    464,465,979   518,367,988 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1)1

The amounts of ₩40,252 million and ₩51,345 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, respectively, related to financialFinancial instruments indexed to the price of gold amounting to ₩72,349 million and ₩73,855 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively are included.

(2)2 

Loans and other financial assets are net of allowance.

4.2.4 Credit riskRisk of loansLoans

The Group maintains an allowance for loan losses associated with credit risk on loans to manage its credit risk.

The Group recognizes an impairment loss on loansloan carried at amortized cost when there is any objective indication of impairment. Under IFRS, an impairmentImpairment loss is based on lossesdefined as incurred at the endloss in accordance with IFRS; therefore, a loss that might be occur due to a future event is not recognized in spite of the reporting year. Therefore, the Group does not recognize losses expected as a result of future events.its likelihood. The Group measures inherent incurred losses on loans and presents them in the consolidated financial statements through the use of an allowance account which is offset against the related loans.

Loans as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are classified as follows:

 

 2013  2016 
 Retail Corporate Credit card Total 
 Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % 

Loans

 Retail Corporate Credit card Total 
Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Neither past due nor impaired

 104,751,607    97.22   98,939,364    96.68   11,253,836    95.50   214,944,807    96.88   133,491,252  98.86  117,346,453  98.44  13,001,473  96.09  263,839,178  98.53 

Past due but not impaired

  1,967,127    1.83    538,571    0.53    321,978    2.73    2,827,676    1.27   961,370  0.71  202,474  0.17  226,648  1.68  1,390,492  0.52 

Impaired

  1,024,480    0.95    2,856,933    2.79    208,644    1.77    4,090,057    1.85   575,711  0.43  1,656,387  1.39  302,122  2.23  2,534,220  0.95 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

  107,743,214    100.00    102,334,868    100.00    11,784,458    100.00    221,862,540    100.00   135,028,333  100.00  119,205,314  100.00  13,530,243  100.00  267,763,890  100.00 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Allowances(1)

  (580,510  0.54    (1,870,874  1.83    (409,800  3.48    (2,861,184  1.29  

Less: Allowances1

 (481,289 0.36  (1,382,172 1.16  (414,295 3.06  (2,277,756 0.85 
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Carrying amount

 107,162,704    100,463,994    11,374,658    219,001,356    134,547,044   ��117,823,142   13,115,948   265,486,134  
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 2014  2017 
 Retail Corporate Credit card Total 
 Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % 

Loans

 Retail Corporate Credit card Total 
Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount % 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Neither past due nor impaired

 116,956,042    98.04   100,542,430    97.64   11,155,710    95.90   228,654,182    97.76   144,705,621  98.93  129,130,466  98.76  14,496,109  95.34  288,332,196  98.67 

Past due but not impaired

  1,576,365    1.32    331,780    0.32    276,875    2.38    2,185,020    0.93   1,069,813  0.73  206,925  0.16  359,468  2.36  1,636,206  0.56 

Impaired

  765,751    0.64    2,097,041    2.04    199,711    1.72    3,062,503    1.31   495,546  0.34  1,419,851  1.08  349,270  2.30  2,264,667  0.77 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

  119,298,158    100.00    102,971,251    100.00    11,632,296    100.00    233,901,705    100.00   146,270,980  100.00  130,757,242  100.00  15,204,847  100.00  292,233,069  100.00 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Allowances(1)

  (536,959  0.45    (1,525,152  1.48    (389,941  3.35    (2,452,052  1.05  

Less: Allowances1

 (429,299 0.29  (1,231,666 0.94  (449,266 2.95  (2,110,231 0.72 
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Carrying amount

 118,761,199    101,446,099    11,242,355    231,449,653    145,841,681   129,525,576   14,755,581   290,122,838  
 

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

(1)1

Collectively assessed allowances for loans are included as they are not impaired individually.

Credit quality of loans that are neither past due nor impaired are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Retail   Corporate   Credit card   Total   Retail   Corporate   Credit card   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Grade 1

  88,331,532    40,950,125    5,670,689    134,952,346    110,720,263   57,754,882   6,804,763   175,279,908 

Grade 2

   12,320,960     43,497,358     3,806,194     59,624,512     18,400,111    49,531,423    4,774,368    72,705,902 

Grade 3

   3,195,119     11,993,854     1,438,491     16,627,464     3,188,861    7,722,663    1,147,814    12,059,338 

Grade 4

   637,556     2,237,288     184,110     3,058,954     935,265    1,728,631    249,529    2,913,425 

Grade 5

   266,440     260,739     154,352     681,531     246,752    608,854    24,999    880,605 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  104,751,607    98,939,364    11,253,836    214,944,807    133,491,252   117,346,453   13,001,473   263,839,178 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Retail   Corporate   Credit card   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Grade 1

  99,314,075    43,166,076    5,705,083    148,185,234  

Grade 2

   12,557,654     43,913,621     3,788,572     60,259,847  

Grade 3

   4,057,239     11,014,410     1,342,891     16,414,540  

Grade 4

   775,407     1,984,073     163,279     2,922,759  

Grade 5

   251,667     464,250     155,885     871,802  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  116,956,042    100,542,430    11,155,710    228,654,182  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2017 
   Retail   Corporate   Credit card   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Grade 1

  124,133,056   67,575,021   8,095,629   199,803,706 

Grade 2

   16,790,644    53,842,610    4,920,767    75,554,021 

Grade 3

   2,701,697    5,703,159    1,379,409    9,784,265 

Grade 4

   851,446    1,390,131    71,207    2,312,784 

Grade 5

   228,778    619,545    29,097    877,420 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  144,705,621   129,130,466   14,496,109   288,332,196 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Credit quality of loans graded according to internal credit ratings are as follows:

 

   

Range of PDProbability of

Default (%)
(Probability of Default)

  

Retail

  

Corporate

Grade 1

  0.0 ~ 1.0  ~5~ 5 grade  AAA ~ BBB+

Grade 2

  1.0 ~ 5.0  6 ~ 8  grade  BBB ~ BB

Grade 3

  5.0 ~ 15.0  9 ~ 10 grade  BB- ~ B

Grade 4

  15.0 ~ 30.0  11 grade  B- ~ CCC

Grade 5

  30.0 ~  12 grade or under  CC or under

Loans that are past due but not impaired are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  1 ~ 29 days   30 ~ 59 days   60 ~ 89 days   90 days or more   Total   1 ~ 29 days   30 ~ 59 days   60 ~ 89 days   90 days or more   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Retail

  1,729,091    169,341    68,629    66    1,967,127    782,262   119,667   57,187   2,254   961,370 

Corporate

   435,700     54,900     47,971     —       538,571     134,432    44,086    23,956    —      202,474 

Credit card

   234,003     51,416     36,259     300     321,978     176,390    31,880    18,378    —      226,648 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  2,398,794    275,657    152,859    366    2,827,676    1,093,084   195,633   99,521   2,254   1,390,492 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  1 ~ 29 days   30 ~ 59 days   60 ~ 89 days   90 days or more   Total   1 ~ 29 days   30 ~ 59 days   60 ~ 89 days   90 days or more   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Retail

  1,271,327    211,857    93,125    56    1,576,365    890,759   117,057   59,632   2,365   1,069,813 

Corporate

   279,413     37,918     14,449     —       331,780     162,668    27,065    17,192    —      206,925 

Credit card

   201,652     41,428     32,839     956     276,875     302,871    35,774    20,823    —      359,468 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  1,752,392    291,203    140,413    1,012    2,185,020    1,356,298   179,896   97,647   2,365   1,636,206 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Impaired loans are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Retail Corporate Credit card Total   Retail Corporate Credit card Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans

  1,024,480   2,856,933   208,644   4,090,057    575,711  1,656,387  302,122  2,534,220 

Allowances

     

Allowances under

     

Individual assessment

   (2  (1,126,249  —      (1,126,251   (3 (860,829  —    (860,832

Collective assessment

   (381,739  (229,058  (133,616  (744,413   (217,535 (133,507 (183,211 (534,253
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total allowances

   (381,741  (1,355,307  (133,616  (1,870,664   (217,538 (994,336 (183,211 (1,395,085
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Carrying amount

  642,739   1,501,626   75,028   2,219,393    358,173  662,051  118,911  1,139,135 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

   2014 
   Retail  Corporate  Credit card  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans

  765,751   2,097,041   199,711   3,062,503  

Allowances

     

Individual assessment

   —      (827,386  —      (827,386

Collective assessment

   (287,548  (212,625  (129,518  (629,691
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total allowances

   (287,548  (1,040,011  (129,518  (1,457,077
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Carrying amount

  478,203   1,057,030   70,193   1,605,426  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

   2017 
   Retail  Corporate  Credit card  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans

  495,546  1,419,851  349,270  2,264,667 

Allowances under

     

Individual assessment

   (788  (791,205  —     (791,993

Collective assessment

   (178,337  (90,771  (212,729  (481,837
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total allowances

   (179,125  (881,976  (212,729  (1,273,830
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Carrying amount

  316,421  537,875  136,541  990,837 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

AThe quantification of the extent to which collateral and other credit enhancements mitigate credit risk as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Impaired Loans   Non-impaired Loans       Impaired Loans   Non-impaired Loans     
  Individual   Collective   Past due   Not past due   Total   Individual   Collective   Past due   Not past due   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Guarantees

  29,929    226,721    382,997    32,102,952    32,742,599    21,168   131,752   207,493   52,994,315   53,354,728 

Deposits and savings

   5,099     27,060     56,066     2,324,625     2,412,850     10,849    6,114    51,815    2,115,376    2,184,154 

Property and equipment

   11,843     1,959     1,281     1,676,443     1,691,526     7,083    25,035    28,053    5,380,329    5,440,500 

Real estate

   425,748     537,904     1,506,854     114,659,274     117,129,780     262,340    341,803    590,196    137,263,717    138,458,056 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  472,619    793,644    1,947,198    150,763,294    153,976,755    301,440   504,704   877,557   197,753,737   199,437,438 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Impaired Loans   Non-impaired Loans       Impaired Loans   Non-impaired Loans     
  Individual   Collective   Past due   Not past due   Total   Individual   Collective   Past due   Not past due   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Guarantees

  19,654    190,491    359,532    37,754,080    38,323,757    17,257   113,551   209,180   57,828,611   58,168,599 

Deposits and savings

   954     15,466     35,756     2,286,691     2,338,867     11,857    5,461    40,833    4,149,157    4,207,308 

Property and equipment

   7,772     4,921     2,449     2,769,360     2,784,502     2,676    30,455    53,647    9,720,857    9,807,635 

Real estate

   270,230     529,446     1,125,065     123,451,062     125,375,803     189,480    282,327    688,502    148,183,907    149,344,216 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  298,610    740,324    1,522,802    166,261,193    168,822,929    221,270   431,794   992,162   219,882,532   221,527,758 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

4.2.5 Credit qualityQuality of securitiesSecurities

The financialFinancial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial investments excluding equity securities that are exposed to credit risk as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Securities that are neither past due nor impaired

  39,977,309    42,077,873    63,298,248   84,597,074 

Impaired securities

   9,560     6,271     4,833    4,869 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  39,986,869    42,084,144    63,303,081   84,601,943 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

The credit quality of securities, (excludingexcluding equity securities)securities, that are neither past due nor impaired as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Grade 1   Grade 2   Grade 3   Grade 4   Grade 5   Total   Grade 1   Grade 2   Grade 3   Grade 4   Grade 5   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Securities that are neither past due nor impaired

            

Financial assets held for trading

  6,634,168    1,172,476    19,141    —      —      7,825,785    20,101,364   2,752,038   46,113   18,397   68,658   22,986,570 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

   89,527     119,489     —       1,789     —       210,805     1,563,152    120,925    8,176    —      1,002    1,693,255 

Available-for-sale financial assets

   18,078,177     785,216     60,335     —       —       18,923,728     26,082,139    1,310,782    47,998    —      —      27,440,919 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   13,016,991     —       —       —       —       13,016,991     11,177,504    —      —      —      —      11,177,504 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  37,818,863    2,077,181    79,476    1,789    —      39,977,309    58,924,159   4,183,745   102,287   18,397   69,660   63,298,248 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 
  2017 
  Grade 1   Grade 2   Grade 3   Grade 4   Grade 5   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Securities that are neither past due nor impaired

            

Financial assets held for trading

  21,002,043   3,958,261   93,887   28,232   85,915   25,168,338 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

   1,550,617    200,633    63,856    60,332    106,786    1,982,224 

Available-for-sale financial assets

   36,471,247    2,433,685    47,079    2,521    —      38,954,532 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   18,466,624    21,113    4,243    —      —      18,491,980 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  77,490,531   6,613,692   209,065   91,085   192,701   84,597,074 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

  2014 
  Grade 1  Grade 2  Grade 3  Grade 4  Grade 5  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets held for trading

 8,464,038   1,248,170   —     —     —     9,712,208  

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

  76,893    366,067    —      —      —      442,960  

Available-for-sale financial assets

  18,442,055    847,565    63,931    —      —      19,353,551  

Held-to-maturity financial assets

  12,569,154    —      —      —      —      12,569,154  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 39,552,140   2,461,802   63,931   —     —     42,077,873  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

The credit qualities of securities, (excludingexcluding equity securities)securities, according to the credit ratings by external rating agencies are as follows:

 

  

Domestic

Foreign

Credit quality

 KAP

Foreign

Credit quality

 

KIS

 

NICE P&I

 S&P

KAP

 Fitch-IBCA

FnPricing Inc.

 Moody’s

S&P

 

Fitch-IBCA

Moody’s

Grade 1

 AA0 to AAA AA0 to AAA AA0 to AAA AA0 to AAA A- to AAA A- to AAA A3 to Aaa

Grade 2

 A- to AA- A- to AA- A- to AA- A- to AA- BBB- to BBB+ BBB- to BBB+ Baa3 to Baa1

Grade 3

 BBB0 to BBB+ BBB0 to BBB+ BBB0 to BBB+ BBB0 to BBB+ BB to BB+ BB to BB+ Ba2 to Ba1

Grade 4

 BB0 to BBB- BB0 to BBB- BB0 to BBB- BB0 to BBB- B+ to BB- B+ to BB- B1 to Ba3

Grade 5

 BB- or under BB- or under BB- or under BB- or under B or under B or under B2 or under

Debt securities’ creditCredit qualities of debit securities denominated in Korean won are based on the lowest credit rating by the three domestic credit rating agencies above, and those denominated in foreign currencies are based on the lowest credit rating by the three foreign credit rating agencies above.

4.2.6 Credit risk mitigation of derivative financial instruments

A quantification of the extent to which collateral and other credit enhancements mitigate credit risk of derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Deposits and savings, securities and others

  271,380    329,482    478,567   1,277,851 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  271,380    329,482    478,567   1,277,851 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

4.2.7 Credit risk concentration analysisRisk Concentration Analysis

The detailsDetails of the Group’s regional loans by country as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 2013  2016 
 Retail Corporate Credit card Total % Allowances Carrying
amount
  Retail Corporate Credit card Total % Allowances Carrying
amount
 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Korea

 107,644,600   100,533,577   11,782,169   219,960,346    99.14   (2,797,651 217,162,695   134,956,004  116,271,176  13,526,026  264,753,206  98.88  (2,234,971 262,518,235 

Europe

  9    98,752    406    99,167    0.04    (288  98,879   1  206,580  245  206,826  0.08  (1,719 205,107 

China

  227    583,176    315    583,718    0.26    (16,075  567,643    —    1,328,525  2,570  1,331,095  0.50  (23,500 1,307,595 

Japan

  5,708    475,242    350    481,300    0.22    (44,248  437,052   1,352  90,977  205  92,534  0.03  (10,385 82,149 

U.S

  —      448,868    578    449,446    0.20    (654  448,792  

United States

  —    984,472  566  985,038  0.37  (2,032 983,006 

Others

  92,670    195,253    640    288,563    0.14    (2,268  286,295   70,976  323,584  631  395,191  0.14  (5,149 390,042 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 107,743,214   102,334,868   11,784,458   221,862,540    100.00   (2,861,184 219,001,356   135,028,333  119,205,314  13,530,243  267,763,890  100.00  (2,277,756 265,486,134 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  2017 
  Retail  Corporate  Credit card  Total  %  Allowances  Carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Korea

 146,149,814  127,298,283  15,200,843  288,648,940   98.77  (2,063,919 286,585,021 

Europe

  —     192,980   310   193,290   0.07   (2,327  190,963 

China

  —     1,879,030   1,458   1,880,488   0.64   (31,017  1,849,471 

Japan

  539   127,009   339   127,887   0.04   (6,269  121,618 

United States

  —     866,867   1,001   867,868   0.30   (1,600  866,268 

Others

  120,627   393,073   896   514,596   0.18   (5,099  509,497 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 146,270,980  130,757,242  15,204,847  292,233,069   100.00  (2,110,231 290,122,838 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

  2014 
  Retail  Corporate  Credit card  Total  %  Allowances  Carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Korea

 119,248,111   100,878,627   11,629,337   231,756,075    99.08   (2,401,417 229,354,658  

Europe

  9    184,307    428    184,744    0.08    (390  184,354  

China

  84    764,415    240    764,739    0.33    (15,544  749,195  

Japan

  2,581    271,914    263    274,758    0.12    (31,394  243,364  

U.S

  —      698,294    834    699,128    0.30    (631  698,497  

Others

  47,373    173,694    1,194    222,261    0.09    (2,676  219,585  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 119,298,158   102,971,251   11,632,296   233,901,705    100.00   (2,452,052 231,449,653  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

The detailsDetails of the Group’s industrial corporate loans by industry as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Loans   %   Allowances Carrying
amount
   Loans   %   Allowances Carrying amount 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial institutions

  10,524,203     10.28    (87,471 10,436,732    10,603,474    8.90   (20,870 10,582,604 

Manufacturing

   31,160,890     30.45     (611,257  30,549,633     36,505,044    30.62    (539,512 35,965,532 

Service

   38,375,826     37.50     (448,114  37,927,712     48,529,236    40.71    (307,132 48,222,104 

Wholesale & Retail

   13,873,681     13.56     (194,840  13,678,841     14,246,756    11.95    (116,233 14,130,523 

Construction

   4,427,615     4.33     (502,223  3,925,392     3,381,470    2.84    (357,439 3,024,031 

Public sector

   654,998     0.64     (8,469  646,529     886,583    0.74    (6,318 880,265 

Others

   3,317,655     3.24     (18,500  3,299,155     5,052,751    4.24    (34,668 5,018,083 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

  102,334,868     100.00    (1,870,874 100,463,994    119,205,314    100.00   (1,382,172 117,823,142 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Loans   %   Allowances Carrying
amount
   Loans   %   Allowances Carrying amount 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial institutions

  9,117,333     8.85    (85,507 9,031,826    11,093,682    8.48   (47,531 11,046,151 

Manufacturing

   32,694,233     31.75     (524,868  32,169,365     40,201,037    30.74    (449,439 39,751,598 

Service

   39,384,520     38.25     (306,588  39,077,932     54,268,271    41.50    (288,521 53,979,750 

Wholesale & Retail

   13,286,775     12.90     (152,391  13,134,384     15,061,632    11.52    (90,390 14,971,242 

Construction

   3,862,457     3.75     (429,297  3,433,160     3,021,889    2.31    (269,535 2,752,354 

Public sector

   755,150     0.73     (6,740  748,410     1,056,520    0.81    (15,341 1,041,179 

Others

   3,870,783     3.77     (19,761  3,851,022     6,054,211    4.64    (70,909 5,983,302 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

  102,971,251     100.00    (1,525,152 101,446,099    130,757,242    100.00   (1,231,666 129,525,576 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

The detailsTypes of the Group’s retail and credit card loans by type as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Loans   %   Allowances Carrying
amount
   Loans   %   Allowances Carrying amount 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Housing purpose

  46,485,300     38.89    (77,985 46,407,315  

General purpose

   61,257,914     51.25     (502,525  60,755,389  

Housing

  59,015,452    39.73   (22,787 58,992,665 

General

   76,012,881    51.17    (458,502 75,554,379 

Credit card

   11,784,458     9.86     (409,800  11,374,658     13,530,243    9.10    (414,295 13,115,948 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

  119,527,672     100.00    (990,310 118,537,362    148,558,576    100.00   (895,584 147,662,992 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

   2017 
   Loans   %   Allowances  Carrying amount 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Housing

  64,140,941    39.72   (18,646 64,122,295 

General

   82,130,039    50.86    (410,653  81,719,386 

Credit card

   15,204,847    9.42    (449,266  14,755,581 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  161,475,827    100.00   (878,565 160,597,262 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

   2014 
   Loans   %   Allowances  Carrying
amount
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Housing purpose

  52,530,611     40.12    (30,966 52,499,645  

General purpose

   66,767,547     50.99     (505,993  66,261,554  

Credit card

   11,632,296     8.89     (389,941  11,242,355  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  130,930,454     100.00    (926,900 130,003,554  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

The detailsDetails of the Group’s industrial securities, (excludingexcluding equity securities)securities, and derivative financial instruments by industry as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Amount   %   Amount   % 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets held for trading

        

Government and government funded institutions

  3,057,633     39.07    7,875,106    34.26 

Banking and Insurance

   3,776,119     48.25  

Banking and insurance

   11,408,503    49.63 

Others

   992,033     12.68     3,702,961    16.11 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   7,825,785     100.00     22,986,570    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

        

Banking and Insurance

   210,805     100.00  

Banking and insurance and others

   1,693,255    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   210,805     100.00     1,693,255    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivative financial assets

        

Government and government funded institutions

   18,248     1.00     104,025    3.08 

Banking and Insurance

   1,606,285     88.29  

Banking and insurance

   2,998,412    88.66 

Others

   194,876     10.71     279,498    8.26 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   1,819,409     100.00     3,381,935    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

        

Government and government funded institutions

   9,966,361     52.64     10,579,880    38.55 

Banking and Insurance

   6,986,895     36.90  

Banking and insurance

   13,901,908    50.65 

Others

   1,980,032     10.46     2,963,964    10.80 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   18,933,288     100.00     27,445,752    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

        

Government and government funded institutions

   10,923,807     83.92     5,373,994    48.08 

Banking and Insurance

   1,259,282     9.67  

Banking and insurance

   5,471,443    48.95 

Others

   833,902     6.41     332,067    2.97 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   13,016,991     100.00     11,177,504    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  41,806,278      66,685,016   
  

 

     

 

   

  2014   2017 
  Amount   %   Amount   % 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets held for trading

        

Government and government funded institutions

  4,003,061     41.22    8,345,463    33.16 

Banking and Insurance

   4,368,341     44.98  

Banking and insurance

   11,486,321    45.64 

Others

   1,340,806     13.80     5,336,554    21.20 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   9,712,208     100.00     25,168,338    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

        

Banking and Insurance

   442,960     100.00  

Banking and insurance and others

   1,982,224    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   442,960     100.00     1,982,224    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivative financial assets

        

Government and government funded institutions

   19,732     1.00     12,099    0.37 

Banking and Insurance

   1,762,160     89.53  

Banking and insurance

   3,098,350    93.60 

Others

   186,298     9.47     199,717    6.03 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   1,968,190     100.00     3,310,166    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

        

Government and government funded institutions

   8,274,026     42.74     9,498,819    24.38 

Banking and Insurance

   8,192,189     42.32  

Banking and insurance

   23,314,336    59.84 

Others

   2,893,607     14.95     6,146,246    15.78 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   19,359,822     100.00     38,959,401    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

        

Government and government funded institutions

   10,221,322     81.32     8,449,839    45.69 

Banking and Insurance

   1,734,462     13.80  

Banking and insurance

   6,765,593    36.59 

Others

   613,370     4.88     3,276,548    17.72 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   12,569,154     100.00     18,491,980    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  44,052,334      87,912,109   
  

 

     

 

   

The detailsDetails of the Group’s regional securities, (excludingexcluding equity securities)securities, and derivative financial instruments by country, as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Amount   %   Amount   % 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets held for trading

        

Korea

  7,809,495     99.79    22,359,665    97.27 

India

   3,194     0.04  

United States

   141,022    0.61 

Others

   13,096     0.17     485,883    2.12 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   7,825,785     100.00     22,986,570    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

        

Korea

   205,512     97.49     1,232,226    72.77 

United States

   72,837    4.30 

Others

   5,293     2.51     388,192    22.93 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   210,805     100.00     1,693,255    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivative financial assets

        

Korea

   617,804     33.96     2,323,198    68.69 

United States

   284,795     15.65     291,160    8.61 

Others

   916,810     50.39     767,577    22.70 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   1,819,409     100.00     3,381,935    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

        

Korea

   18,908,743     99.87     26,855,024    97.85 

United States

   141,473    0.52 

Others

   24,545     0.13     449,255    1.63 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   18,933,288     100.00     27,445,752    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

        

Korea

   13,016,991     100.00     10,029,429    89.73 

United States

   193,360    1.73 

Others

   954,715    8.54 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   13,016,991     100.00     11,177,504    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  41,806,278      66,685,016   
  

 

     

 

   

  2014   2017 
  Amount   %   Amount   % 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets held for trading

        

Korea

  9,653,123     99.39    23,462,909    93.22 

United States

   643,249    2.56 

Others

   59,085     0.61     1,062,180    4.22 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   9,712,208     100.00     25,168,338    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

        

Korea

   442,960     100.00     1,178,197    59.44 

United States

   120,000    6.05 

Others

   684,027    34.51 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   442,960     100.00     1,982,224    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivative financial assets

        

Korea

   791,704     40.22     1,743,201    52.66 

United States

   274,608     13.95     325,909    9.85 

Others

   901,878     45.83     1,241,056    37.49 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   1,968,190     100.00     3,310,166    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

        

Korea

   19,307,222     99.73     36,705,979    94.22 

United States

   4,948     0.03     1,110,157    2.85 

Others

   47,652     0.24     1,143,265    2.93 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   19,359,822     100.00     38,959,401    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

        

Korea

   12,569,154     100.00     16,243,987    87.84 

United States

   1,076,331    5.82 

Others

   1,171,662    6.34 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   12,569,154     100.00     18,491,980    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  44,052,334      87,912,109   
  

 

     

 

   

The counterparties to the financial assets under due from financial institutions and financial instruments indexed to the price of gold within financial assets held for trading and derivatives are in the bankingfinancial and insurance industries andwhich have high credit ratings.

4.3 Liquidity riskRisk

4.3.1 Overview of liquidity riskLiquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is a risk that the Group becomes insolvency due to uncertain liquidity caused by unexpected cash outflows, or a risk of insolvencyborrowing high interest debts or loss due to a disparity between the inflowdisposal of liquid and outflow of funds, unexpected outflow of funds, and obtaining fundsother assets at a high price or disposing of securities at an unfavorable price due to lack of available funds.substantial discount. The Group manages its liquidity risk through analysis of the contractual maturity of interest-bearing assets and liabilities, assets and liabilities related to the other incash flow, and outflows, and off-balance sheet items related to in and outflowscash flow of currency derivative instruments and others.

Cash flows disclosed for the maturity analysis are undiscounted contractual principal and interest to be received (paid) and,and; thus, differ fromare not identical to the amount in the financial statements whichthat are based on the present value of expected cash flows in some cases. The amount of interest to be received or paid on floating rate assets and liabilities is measured on the assumption that the current interest rate would be the same through the maturity.

4.3.2

4.3.2. Liquidity risk managementRisk Management and indicatorIndicator

The liquidity risk is managed by ALM (‘Asset Liability Management’)risk management policy and relatedliquidity risk management guidelines which are applied to the risk management policies and procedures that address all the possible risks that arise from the overall business of the Group.

For the purpose of liquidity management, the liquidity ratioThe Group computes and accumulatedmanages cumulative liquidity gap ratio on alland liquidity rate subject to every transactions affectingthat affect cash flow in Korean won and foreign currencies andoff-balance sheet transactions in relation to the in and outflows of funds and transactions of off-balance items are measured, managed and reportedliquidity. The Group regularly reports to the Risk Planning Council and Risk Management Committee on a regular basis.Committee.

As the main subsidiary, Kookmin Bank regularly reports the liquidity gap ratio, liquidity ratio, maturity gap ratio and the results of the stress testing related to liquidity risk to the Asset-Liability Management Committee (‘ALCO’) which establishes and monitors the liquidity risk management strategy.

4.3.34.3.3. Analysis of remaining contractual maturityRemaining Contractual Maturity of financial assetsFinancial Assets and liabilitiesLiabilities

Cash flows disclosed below are undiscounted contractual principal and interest to be received (paid) and,and; thus, differ fromare not identical to the amount in the consolidated financial statements whichthat are based on the present value of expected cash flows. The amount of interest to be received or paid on floating rate assets and liabilities is measured on the assumption that the current interest rate would be the same through the maturity.

The remaining contractual maturity of financial assets and liabilities, excluding derivatives held for cash flow hedging, as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 
  On
demand
  Up to
1 month
  1-3 months  3-12 months  1-5 years  Over 5 years  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

  

     

Cash and due from financial institutions(1)

 5,672,570   501,100   183,931   586,696   49,314   160,826   7,154,437  

Financial assets held for trading(2)

  8,967,006    —      —      —      —      —      8,967,006  

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss(2)

  326,583    —      —      —      —      35,153    361,736  

Derivatives held for trading(2)

  1,680,880    —      —      —      —      —      1,680,880  

Derivatives held for fair value hedging(3)

  —      10,944    1,617    16,036    124,794    123,782    277,173  

Loans

  112,484    22,354,010    23,245,138    77,032,831    57,284,561    82,239,530    262,268,554  

Available-for-sale financial assets(4)

  2,496,486    571,796    1,542,912    4,891,859    12,313,615    1,977,317    23,793,985  

Held-to-maturity financial assets

  —      261,124    518,368    3,343,087    9,254,470    1,268,563    14,645,612  

Other financial assets

  27,788    4,262,763    22,473    1,526,228    6,554    2,382    5,848,188  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 19,283,797   27,961,737   25,514,439   87,396,737   79,033,308   85,807,553   324,997,571  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

       

Financial liabilities held for trading(2)

 236,637   —     —     —     —     —     236,637  

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss(2)

  878,565    —      —      —      —      —      878,565  

Derivatives held for trading(2)

  1,580,029    —      —      —      —      —      1,580,029  

Derivatives held for fair value hedging(3)

  —      —      25,411    179,000    8,959    —      213,370  

Deposits(5)

  74,110,641    14,193,153    28,638,089    77,181,179    8,603,695    2,677,536    205,404,293  

Debts

  270,987    3,279,051    1,711,622    4,733,173    4,038,514    356,424    14,389,771  

Debentures

  17,917    1,237,666    2,039,452    9,489,594    13,576,339    4,722,857    31,083,825  

Other financial liabilities

  141,041    8,372,426    13,101    63,409    198,068    509,412    9,297,457  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 77,235,817   27,082,296   32,427,675   91,646,355   26,425,575   8,266,229   263,083,947  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Off- balance sheet items

       

Commitments(6)

 95,422,032   —     —     —     —     —     95,422,032  

Financial guarantee contract(7)

  3,097,372    —      —      —      —      —      3,097,372  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 98,519,404   —     —     —     —     —     98,519,404  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  2016 
  On
demand
  Up to
1 month
  1-3 months  3-12 months  1-5 years  Over 5 years  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

       

Cash and due from financial institutions1

 6,431,488  815,026  414,076  629,696  353,581  —    8,643,867 

Financial assets held for trading2

  26,099,518   —     —     —     —     —     26,099,518 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss2

  1,758,846   —     —     —     —     —     1,758,846 

Derivatives held for trading2

  3,263,115   —     —     —     —     —     3,263,115 

Derivatives held for fair value hedging3

  —     4,075   1,719   1,791   (584  53,185   60,186 

Loans

  25,333   24,246,878   27,731,932   88,710,331   73,969,738   90,290,586   304,974,798 

Available-for-sale financial assets4

  6,444,890   617,457   1,734,077   6,027,364   17,804,826   3,916,630   36,545,244 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

  —     280,822   552,875   1,423,078   6,478,050   4,457,977   13,192,802 

Other financial assets

  138,840   5,316,491   34,215   1,188,493   42,957   10,408   6,731,404 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 44,162,030  31,280,749  30,468,894  97,980,753  98,648,568  98,728,786  401,269,780 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  2016 
  On
demand
  Up to
1 month
  1-3 months  3-12 months  1-5 years  Over 5 years  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial liabilities

       

Financial liabilities held for trading2

 1,143,510  —    —    —    —    —    1,143,510 

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss2

  10,979,326   —     —     —     —     —     10,979,326 

Derivatives held for trading2

  3,712,015   —     —     —     —     —     3,712,015 

Derivatives held for fair value hedging3

  (1,145  3,462   (5,114  8,081   (37,880  —     (32,596

Deposits5

  118,054,880   13,886,329   24,840,830   72,178,631   10,393,616   3,790,933   243,145,219 

Debts

  8,473,706   5,830,600   3,567,985   5,124,571   4,195,123   116,023   27,308,008 

Debentures

  52,188   2,078,866   2,403,874   7,493,938   20,673,639   3,273,158   35,975,663 

Other financial liabilities

  1,656,767   10,969,703   29,248   114,381   354,976   895,950   14,021,025 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 144,071,247  32,768,960  30,836,823  84,919,602  35,579,474  8,076,064  336,252,170 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Off- balance sheet items

       

Commitments6

 97,005,556  —    —    —    —    —    97,005,556 

Financial guarantee contract7

  4,746,292   —     —     —     —     —     4,746,292 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 101,751,848  —    —    —    —    —    101,751,848 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

  2014 
  On
demand
  Up to
1 month
  1-3 months  3-12 months  1-5 years  Over 5 years  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

       

Cash and due from financial institutions(1)

 6,397,552   675,876   544,520   675,266   57,441   —     8,350,655  

Financial assets held for trading(2)

  10,121,570    —      —      —      —      —      10,121,570  

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss(2)

  636,340    —      —      —      —      —      636,340  

Derivatives held for trading(2)

  1,858,637    —      —      —      —      —      1,858,637  

Derivatives held for fair value hedging(3)

  —      7,742    (1,147  20,804    77,968    118,804    224,171  

Loans

  95,437    21,432,048    24,040,500    79,199,603    60,798,143    88,936,816    274,502,547  

Available-for-sale financial assets(4)

  2,849,188    501,929    1,688,594    5,008,162    12,201,794    1,365,437    23,615,104  

Held-to-maturity financial assets

  —      276,462    665,030    3,618,565    8,174,038    1,184,433    13,918,528  

Other financial assets

  159,698    5,341,800    22,324    1,330,773    8,163    8,931    6,871,689  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 22,118,422   28,235,857   26,959,821   89,853,173   81,317,547   91,614,421   340,099,241  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

       

Financial liabilities held for trading(2)

 836,542   —     —     —     —     —     836,542  

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss(2)

  982,426    —      —      —      —      —      982,426  

Derivatives held for trading(2)

  1,775,341    —      —      —      —      —      1,775,341  

Derivatives held for fair value hedging(3)

  —      —      652    146    6,304    (15,580  (8,478

Deposits(5)

  83,154,750    13,861,281    25,306,312    80,646,054    9,666,892    3,266,842    215,902,131  

Debts

  943,012    4,058,558    2,078,905    5,200,009    3,611,420    282,484    16,174,388  

Debentures

  159,620    1,112,986    1,812,861    6,894,122    16,971,344    4,339,194    31,290,127  

Other financial liabilities

  152,035    7,737,557    23,709    109,784    298,553    559,911    8,881,549  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 88,003,726   26,770,382   29,222,439   92,850,115   30,554,513   8,432,851   275,834,026  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Off- balance sheet items

       

Commitments(6)

 96,316,581   —     —     —     —     —     96,316,581  

Financial guarantee contract(7)

  4,459,645    —      —      —      —      —      4,459,645  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 100,776,226   —     —     —     —     —     100,776,226  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  2017 
  On
demand
  Up to
1 month
  1-3 months  3-12 months  1-5 years  Over 5 years  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

 

      

Cash and due from financial institutions1

 6,355,289  1,842,808  319,173  324,703  357,340  11,462  9,210,775 

Financial assets held for trading2

  30,177,293   —     —     —     —     —     30,177,293 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss2

  2,050,052   —     —     —     —     —     2,050,052 

Derivatives held for trading2

  2,980,462   —     —     —     —     —     2,980,462 

Derivatives held for fair value hedging3

  559   48,093   29,693   42,163   (2,577  52,698   170,629 

Loans

  3,437,020   22,062,457   30,802,580   103,782,624   75,345,756   96,863,329   332,293,766 

Available-for-sale financial assets4

  10,063,251   1,580,946   2,311,652   11,655,746   20,322,800   7,567,341   53,501,736 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

  —     658,856   493,420   3,217,345   6,890,530   13,247,255   24,507,406 

Other financial assets

  8,416   7,934,856   52,757   1,305,410   43,433   16,532   9,361,404 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 55,072,342  34,128,016  34,009,275  120,327,991  102,957,282  117,758,617  464,253,523 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  2017 
  On
demand
  Up to
1 month
  1-3 months  3-12 months  1-5 years  Over 5 years  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial liabilities

 

      

Financial liabilities held for trading2

 1,944,770  —    —    —    —    —    1,944,770 

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss2

  10,078,288   —     —     —     —     —     10,078,288 

Derivatives held for trading2

  3,050,471   —     —     —     —     —     3,050,471 

Derivatives held for fair value hedging3

  404   3,740   (4,715  (19,705  (7,143  244   (27,175

Deposits5

  127,035,944   12,365,158   23,236,756   82,586,445   11,473,834   2,667,969   259,366,106 

Debts

  5,957,108   10,024,019   3,741,022   5,724,453   4,409,543   599,680   30,455,825 

Debentures

  40,655   1,015,298   3,020,683   9,644,135   29,611,835   3,245,342   46,577,948 

Other financial liabilities

  200,082   14,060,432   145,538   229,873   342,397   965,929   15,944,251 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 148,307,722  37,468,647  30,139,284  98,165,201  45,830,466  7,479,164  367,390,484 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Off- balance sheet items

 

      

Commitments6

 102,183,167  —    —    —    —    —    102,183,167 

Financial guarantee contract7

  3,683,875   —     —     —     —     —     3,683,875 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 105,867,042  —    —    —    —    —    105,867,042 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

(1)1

The amounts of ₩7,671,914₩9,307,958 million and ₩7,136,623₩10,669,956 million, which are restricted amounts due from the financial institutions as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, respectively, are excluded.

(2)2 

Financial instrumentsassets/liabilities held for trading, financial instrumentsassets/liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss and derivatives held for trading are not managed by contractual maturity because they are expected to be traded or redeemed before maturity. Therefore, the carrying amounts of those financial instruments are classified as ‘On demand’ category. However, hybrid capital instruments classified as financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or lossthe cash flows of the embedded derivatives (e.g. conversion options and others) which are includedseparated from their host contracts in accordance with the requirement IAS 39, are considered in the ‘Over 5 years’ category which they can be redeemed, owing to uncertain pointcash flows of sale.

the host contracts.
(3)3

Cash flows of derivative instruments held for fair value hedging are shown at net amounts of cash inflows and outflowsflow by remaining contractual maturity.

(4)4

InEquity investments in financial assets classified asavailable-for-sale are generally included in the ‘On demand’ category as most are available for sale at any time. However, in the case of equity investments restricted for sale, they are shown in the period in which the restriction is expected to be expired.

expire.
(5)5

Deposits that are contractually repayable on demand or on short notice are classified under the ‘On demand’ cate

category.
(6)6

Commitments are included under the ‘On demand’ category because payments canwill be requiredmade upon request.

(7)7 

The financial guarantee contracts are included under the ‘On demand’ category as payments canwill be requiredmade upon request.

The contractual cash flows of derivatives held for cash flow hedging as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013  2016 
  Up to
1 month
 1-3 months 3-12 months 1-5 years   Over 5 years   Total  Up to
1 month
 1-3 months 3-12 months 1-5 years Over 5 years Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Net cash flow of net settlement derivatives

  (449 (1,127 (3,815 1,212    —      (4,179 (283 (1,078 (3,088 (3,141 —    (7,590

Cash flow to be received of total settlement derivatives

   169    370    317,714    —       —       318,253   302  948  245,909  121,152   —    368,311 

Cash flow to be paid of total settlement derivatives

   (617  (1,153  (326,160  —       —       (327,930 (522 (1,080 (224,600 (110,373  —    (336,575
 2017 
 Up to
1 month
 1-3 months 3-12 months 1-5 years Over 5 years Total 
 (In millions of Korean won) 

Net cash flow of net settlement derivatives

 (224 (1,556 (3,044 (442 16  (5,250

Cash flow to be received of total settlement derivatives

 196,795  298,108  745,490  1,404,317   —    2,644,710 

Cash flow to be paid of total settlement derivatives

 (188,698 (285,397 (698,054 (1,324,504  —    (2,496,653

   2014 
   Up to
1 month
  1-3 months  3-12 months  1-5 years  Over 5 years   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Net cash flow of net settlement derivatives

  (688 (1,365 (5,203 (8,437 —      (15,693

Cash flow to be received of total settlement derivatives

   171    423    2,531    344,051    —       347,176  

Cash flow to be paid of total settlement derivatives

   (504  (1,062  (5,006  (343,149  —       (349,721

4.4 Market riskRisk

4.4.1 Overview of market riskMarket Risk

Definition of market riskConcept

Market risk is the risk of possible losses which arise from changes in market factors,factors; such as, interest rate, stock price, foreign exchange rate and other market factors that affect the fair value or future cash flows of financial instruments,instruments; such as, securities and derivatives amongst others. The most significant risks associated with trading positions are interest rate risks, and currency risks and other risks includealso, stock price risks. In addition, the Group is exposed to interest rate risks and currency risks associated withnon-trading positions. The Group classifies exposures to market risk into either trading ornon-trading positions. The Group measures and manages market risk separately for each subsidiary in the Group.subsidiary.

Market risk management groupRisk Management

The Group sets economicinternal capital limits for market risk and interest rate risk and monitors the risks to manage the risk of trading andnon-trading positions. The Group maintains risk management systems and procedures,procedures; such as, trading policies and procedures, and market risk management guidelines for trading positions, and interest rate risk management guidelines fornon-trading positions in order to manage market risk efficiently. The procedures mentioned are implemented with approval from the Risk Management Committee and Risk Management Council.

AsKookmin Bank, one of the main subsidiary, Kookmin Banksubsidiaries, establishes market risk management policy, sets position limits, loss limits and VaR limits of each business group and approves newly developed derivative instruments through its Risk Management Council. The Risk Management Council has delegated the responsibility for market risk management of individual business departments to the Market Risk Management Committee, which is chaired by athe Chief Risk Officer (CRO). The Market Risk Management Committee, is the decision maker and sets position limits, loss limits, VaR limits, sensitivity limits and scenario loss limits for each division, at the level of each individual business department.

The ALCO of Kookmin Bank determines the operational standards of interest and commission, the details of the establishment and prosecution of the Asset Liability Management (ALM) policies and enacts and amends relevant guidelines. The Risk Management Committee and Risk Management Council monitor the establishment and enforcement of ALM risk management policies, and enact and amend ALM risk management guidelines. The interest rate risk limit is set based on the future assets/liabilities position and interest rate volatility estimation reflects the annual work plan. The Financial Planning Department and Risk Management Department measures and monitors the interest risk status and limits on a regular basis. The status and limits of interest rate risks,risks; such as, interest rate gap, duration gap and sensitivity,interest rate VaR (Value at Risk), are reported to the ALCO and Risk Management Council on a monthly basis and to the Risk Management Committee on a quarterly basis. To ensure adequacy of interest rate and liquidity risk management, the Risk Management Department assigns the limits, monitors and reviews the risk management procedures and tasks conducted by the Financial Planning Department. Also, the Risk Management Department independently reports related information to the management.

4.4.2 Trading Position

Definition of a trading position

Trading positions subject to market risk management are defined under the Trading Policy and Guideline, and the basic requirements are as follows:

 

The trading position is not restricted for sale, is measured daily at fair value, and its significant inherent risks are able to be hedged in the market.

 

The criteria for classification as a trading position are clearly defined in the Trading Policy and Guideline, and separately managed by the trading department.

 

The trading position is operated in accordance with the documented trading strategy and managed through position limits.

 

The operating department or professional dealers have an authority to enforce a deal on the trading position within predetermined limits withoutpre-approval.

 

The trading position is reported periodically to management for the purpose of the Group’s risk management.

management

Observation method on market risk arising from trading positions

TheSubsidiaries of the Group calculatescalculate VaR to measure the market risk by using market risk management systems on the entire trading portfolio. Generally, the Group manages market risk on the trading portfolio. In addition, the Group controls and manages the risk of derivative trading based on the regulations and guidelines formulated by the Financial Supervisory Service.

VaR (Value at Risk)

i. VaR (Value at Risk)

The GroupKookmin Bank, one of the subsidiaries, uses thevalue-at-risk methodology to measure the market risk of trading positions. The GroupKookmin Bank uses the10-day VaR, which estimates the maximum amount of loss that could occur in ten days under an historical simulation model which is considered to be a full valuation method. The distributions of portfolio’s value changes are estimated based on the data over the previous 250 business days, andten-day VaR is calculated by subtracting net present market value from the value measured at a 99% confident level of portfolio’s value distribution results. However, the KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. calculates ten-day VaR using the variance-covariance method and a 99% single tail confidence level based on historical data for the previous 250 business days calculated by the equal-weighted average method. It means the maximum amount of loss for the 10 days that could occur under normal distribution of financial changes.

VaR is a commonly used market risk measurement technique. However, the method has some shortcomings. VaR estimates possible losses over a certain period at a particular confidence level using past market movement

data. Past market movements are, however, not necessarily a good indicator of future events, as there may be conditions and circumstances in the future that the model does not anticipate. As a result, the timing and magnitude of the actual losses may vary depending on the assumptions made at the time of the calculation. In addition, the time periods used for the model, generally one or ten days, are assumed to be a sufficient holding period before liquidating the relevant underlying positions. If these holding periods are not sufficient, or too long, the VaR results may understate or overstate the potential loss.

The GroupA subsidiary which hold trading positions uses an internal model (VaR) to measure general risk, and a standard method to measure each individual risk. Also, general and individual risks in some positions included inWhen the consolidated financial statements in adoption of IFRS, are measured using ainternal model is not permitted for certain market risk, the Group uses the standard method. Therefore, the market risk VaR may not reflect the market risk of each individual risk and some specific positions. And also, from this year,non-banking subsidiaries use the same standard method applied to measure regulatory capital for improvement of market risk VaR management utility (improvement of relation with regulatory capital).

ii. Back-Testing

Back-testing is conducted on a daily basis to validate the adequacy of the market risk model. In back-testing, the Group compares both the actual and hypothetical profit and loss with the VaR calculations.

iii. Stress Testing

Stress testing is carried out to analyze the impact of abnormal market situations on the trading andavailable-for-sale portfolio. It reflects changes in interest rates, stock prices, foreign exchange rates, implied volatilities of derivatives and other risk factors that have significant influence on the value of the portfolio. The Group mainly uses an historical scenario toolscenarios and also uses a hypothetical scenario toolscenarios for the analysis of abnormal market situations. Stress testing is performed at least once every quarter.year.

VaR at a 99% confidence level of interest rate, stock price and foreign exchange rate risk for trading positions with aten-day holding period by a subsidiary as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

Kookmin Bank

 

  2013   2016 
  Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  16,270    7,428    24,979    16,967    15,683   10,817   19,538   14,906 

Stock price risk

   3,480     932     7,114     1,049     1,757    726    2,269    1,201 

Foreign exchange rate risk

   9,264     5,287     13,589     5,287     16,493    10,123    22,206    10,123 

Deduction of diversification effect

         (6,928         (6,477
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total VaR

  17,316    10,868    22,249    16,375    19,018   11,558   28,519   19,753 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  12,938    7,657    19,801    10,148    22,682   14,313   42,155   23,758 

Stock price risk

   1,627     714     3,858     851     1,002    757    1,345    1,255 

Foreign exchange rate risk

   12,049     5,070     14,705     10,814     32,709    12,405    44,322    24,315 

Deduction of diversification effect

         (8,809         (29,727
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total VaR

  15,383    10,089    23,560    13,004    23,312   16,498   30,247   19,601 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd.

   2013 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  2,503    160    6,825    1,825  

Stock price risk

   1,920     507     6,244     1,139  

Foreign exchange rate risk

   527     24     1,311     53  

Deduction of diversification effect

         (698
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  3,319    589    8,908    2,318  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  1,334    294    2,971    1,874  

Stock price risk

   1,154     480     3,054     1,414  

Foreign exchange rate risk

   12     1     125     55  

Deduction of diversification effect

         (878
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  1,773    753    3,098    2,465  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

   2013 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  279    157    441    329  

Deduction of diversification effect

         —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  279    157    441    329  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  121    33    374    33  

Deduction of diversification effect

         —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  121    33    374    33  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

KB Investment Co., Ltd.

   2013 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Foreign exchange rate risk

  40    29    53    30  

Deduction of diversification effect

         —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  40    29    53    30  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Foreign exchange rate risk

  30    18    37    25  

Deduction of diversification effect

         —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  30    18    37    25  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Meanwhile, the required equity capital using the standardized method related to the positions which are not measured by VaR or thenon-banking subsidiaries as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014, is2017, are as follows:

Kookmin Bank

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  921    792    15,161   98,236 

Stock price risk

   2     1,101     4,816    1,646 

Foreign exchange rate risk

   9,214     9,387     —      810 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  10,137    11,280    19,977   100,692 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd.

 

  20161 
  2013   2014   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  5,081    8,865    79,205   41,116   312,094   312,094 

Stock price risk

   3,602     2,590     57,816    36,140    199,182    199,182 

Foreign exchange rate risk

   1,766    471    10,790    10,790 

Commodity risk

   80    —      125    —   
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  8,683    11,455  

Total VaR

  138,867   77,727   522,191   522,066 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

1Including Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd.(included as a subsidiary in October 2016)

   2017 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  421,275   347,369   498,631   457,470 

Stock price risk

   193,791    138,044    239,685    200,101 

Foreign exchange rate risk

   11,113    7,599    15,446    7,674 

Commodity risk

   5    —      34    3 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  626,184   493,012   753,796   665,248 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

   20171 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  47,569   40,546   55,875   41,467 

Stock price risk

   81    —      133    —   

Foreign exchange rate risk

   18,002    12,313    23,099    18,695 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  65,652   52,859   79,107   60,162 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

1Including KB Insurance Co., Ltd.(included as a subsidiary in second quarter, 2017)

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

 

   2013   2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Stock price risk

  106    —    
   2016 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  1,428   1,123   2,440   1,675 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  1,428   1,123   2,440   1,675 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   2017 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  1,381   593   1,961   1,596 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  1,381   593   1,961   1,596 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

KB Investment Co., Ltd.

 

   2013   2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Stock price risk

  1,424    1,979  
   2016 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Stock price risk

  2,852   1,571   4,516   4,516 

Foreign exchange rate risk

   592    357    792    792 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  3,444   1,928   5,308   5,308 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2017 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Stock price risk

  3,904   —     4,766   3,897 

Foreign exchange rate risk

   1,053    746    1,797    1,797 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  4,957   746   6,563   5,694 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.

   2017 
   Average   Minimum   Maximum   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate risk

  19   —     215   8 

Stock price risk

   241    —      1,634    1,634 

Foreign exchange rate risk

   93    —      1,049    1,049 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total VaR

  353   —     2,898   2,691 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Details of risk factors

i. Interest rate risk

Trading position interest rate risk usually arises from debt securities denominated in Korean won. The Group’s trading strategy is to benefit from short-term movements in the prices of debt securities arising from changes in interest rates. The Group manages interest rate risk on trading positions using market value-based tools such as VaR and sensitivity analysis (Price Value of a Basis Point: PVBP).

ii. Stock price risk

Stock price risk only arises from trading securities denominated in Korean won as the Group does not have any trading exposure to shares denominated in foreign currencies. The trading securities portfolio in Korean won are composed of exchange-traded stocks and derivative instruments linked to stock with strict limits on diversification.

iii. Foreign exchange rate risk

Foreign exchange rate risk arises from holding assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency.currency and foreign currency derivatives. Net foreign currency exposure mostly occurs from the foreign assets and liabilities which are denominated in US dollars and Kazakhstan Tenge, and the remainder in Japanese Yen or Euro.Chinese Yuan. The Group sets both loss limits and net foreign currency exposure limits and manages comprehensive net foreign exchange exposures which consider both trading andnon-trading portfolios.

4.4.3Non-trading position

Definition ofnon-trading position

Managed interest rate risk innon-trading position includeson- oroff-balance sheet assets, liabilities and derivatives that are sensitive to interest rate, except trading position for market risk. The most criticalinterest rate sensitive assets and liabilities are interest-bearing assets and liabilities that create interest income and expenses.

Observation method on market risk that arises in arising fromnon-trading portfolios is interest rate risk. position

Interest rate risk occurs due to mismatches on maturities and interest rate changereset periods between interest sensitive assets and liabilities. The Group measures interest rate risk arising from assets and liabilities denominated in Korean won and foreign currencies including derivative financial instruments held for hedging. Most interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities are denominated in Korean won. Most foreign currency assets and liabilities are denominated in US Dollars and the remainder in Japanese Yen or Euro.

Observation method on market risk arising from non-trading position

The main objective of interest rate risk management is to generate stable net interest income and to protect asset values against interest rate fluctuations.liabilities. The Group manages the risk through measuring and managing interest rate gap analysis on interest rate maturities between interest-bearing assetsVaR and interest-bearing liabilitiesEaR that are maximum expected decreases in net asset value (NPV) and measuring interest rate VaR.

Disclosure of results from each observation method

i. Interest rate gap analysis

Interest rate gap analysis is based on the interest rates repricing dates for interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities. It measures expected changes in net interest income by calculating the difference(NII) for one year, respectively, arising from unfavorable changes in the amounts of interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities in each maturity bucket. The Group conductsmarket interest gap analysis on assets denominated in Korean won and foreign currencies on a monthly basis. However, where there is no contractual maturity for a particular instrument, then a maturity date is set according to internal liquidity risk management guidelines, determined by ALM.

rate.

The results of the interest rate gap analysis by subsidiary as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

Kookmin Bank

  2013 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 83,935,439   54,589,446   46,832,862   21,608,336   14,297,239   221,263,322  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  91,505,923    37,966,586    50,647,954    20,948,789    18,244,867    219,314,119  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 (7,570,484 16,622,860   (3,815,092 659,547   (3,947,628 1,949,203  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Accumulated gap

  (7,570,484  9,052,376    5,237,284    5,896,831    1,949,203   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  (3.42  4.09    2.37    2.67    0.88   

Interest-bearing assets in foreign currencies

 10,112,905   1,888,724   607,499   396,714   257,419   13,263,261  

Interest-bearing liabilities in foreign currencies

  9,500,565    2,631,393    1,527,154    225,300    124,357    14,008,769  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 612,340   (742,669 (919,655 171,414   133,062   (745,508
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Accumulated gap

  612,340    (130,329  (1,049,984  (878,570  (745,508 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  4.62    (0.98  (7.92  (6.62  (5.62 

  2014 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 81,410,723   58,363,078   49,200,979   25,841,692   16,042,468   230,858,940  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  92,018,008    38,515,842    52,996,290    25,838,417    19,891,843    229,260,400  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 (10,607,285 19,847,236   (3,795,311 3,275   (3,849,375 1,598,540  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  (10,607,285  9,239,951    5,444,640    5,447,915    1,598,540   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  (4.59  4.00    2.36    2.36    0.69   

Interest-bearing assets in foreign currencies

 9,976,001   2,287,466   1,468,572   1,506,339   117,486   15,355,864  

Interest-bearing liabilities in foreign currencies

  9,321,764    3,710,940    1,475,686    1,415,952    51,071    15,975,413  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 654,237   (1,423,474 (7,114 90,387   66,415   (619,549
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  654,237    (769,237  (776,351  (685,964  (619,549 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  4.26    (5.01  (5.06  (4.47  (4.03 

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.

  2013 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 3,951,261   1,212,736   1,600,360   5,010,999   3,108,753   14,884,109  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  940,000    782,765    1,868,825    4,704,000    2,190,000    10,485,590  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 3,011,261   429,971   (268,465 306,999   918,753   4,398,519  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  3,011,261    3,441,232    3,172,767    3,479,766    4,398,519   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  20.23    23.12    21.32    23.38    29.55   

  2014 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 4,116,795   1,293,247   1,695,695   4,852,525   3,143,092   15,101,354  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  1,060,000    988,000    1,461,000    4,604,840    2,104,920    10,218,760  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 3,056,795   305,247   234,695   247,685   1,038,172   4,882,594  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  3,056,795    3,362,042    3,596,737    3,844,422    4,882,594   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  20.24    22.26    23.82    25.46    32.33   

KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd.

  2013 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 491,652   14,000   227,542   169,990   1,823   905,007  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  516,734    160,000    10,000    32,000    —      718,734  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 (25,082 (146,000 217,542   137,990   1,823   186,273  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  (25,082  (171,082  46,460    184,450    186,273   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  (2.77  (18.90  5.13    20.38    20.58   

Interest-bearing assets in foreign currencies

 66,576   6,162   56,558   —     —     129,296  

Interest-bearing liabilities in foreign currencies

  —      —      —      —      —      —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 66,576   6,162   56,558   —     —     129,296  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  66,576    72,738    129,296    129,296    129,296   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  51.49    56.26    100.00    100.00    100.00   

  2014 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 490,113   214,300   212,351   15,190   19,211   951,165  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  1,365,885    125,000    36,997    —      —      1,527,882  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 (875,772 89,300   175,354   15,190   19,211   (576,717
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  (875,772  (786,472  (611,118  (595,928  (576,717 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  (92.07  (82.69  (64.25  (62.65  (60.63 

Interest-bearing assets in foreign currencies

 20,815   10,419   64,997   —     —     96,231  

Interest-bearing liabilities in foreign currencies

  —      —      —      —      —      —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 20,815   10,419   64,997   —     —     96,231  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  20,815    31,234    96,231    96,231    96,231   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  21.63    32.46    100.00    100.00    100.00   

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

  2013 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 249,863   187,377   630,846   1,314,773   2,502,573   4,885,432  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  27,836    72,309    4,862,687    36,488    528,861    5,528,181  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 222,027   115,068   (4,231,841 1,278,285   1,973,712   (642,749
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  222,027    337,095    (3,894,746  (2,616,461  (642,749 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  4.54    6.90    (79.72  (53.56  (13.16 

  2014 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 501,452   317,004   732,000   1,883,395   2,648,788   6,082,639  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  2,068    949    1,579,923    4,137,043    465,131    6,185,114  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 499,384   316,055   (847,923 (2,253,648 2,183,657   (102,475
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  499,384    815,439    (32,484  (2,286,132  (102,475 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  8.21    13.41    (0.53  (37.58  (1.68 

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

  2013 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 160,377   64,008   90,405   71,477   43,765   430,032  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  88,608    108,965    212,012    26,693    1,271    437,549  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 71,769   (44,957 (121,607 44,784   42,494   (7,517
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  71,769    26,812    (94,795  (50,011  (7,517 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  16.69    6.23    (22.04  (11.63  (1.75 

  2014 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 209,895   109,368   156,869   53,424   86,272   615,828  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  133,057    160,070    249,389    62,139    2,403    607,058  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 76,838   (50,702 (92,520 (8,715 83,869   8,770  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  76,838    26,136    (66,384  (75,099  8,770   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  12.48    4.24    (10.78  (12.19  1.42   

Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

  2013 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 109,603   11,149   1,881   4,515   23,659   150,807  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  60,126    48,336    42,739    6,008    111    157,320  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 49,477   (37,187 (40,858 (1,493 23,548   (6,513
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  49,477    12,290    (28,568  (30,061  (6,513 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  32.81    8.15    (18.94  (19.93  (4.32 

KB Capital Co., Ltd.

  2014 
  Up to
3 months
  3~6
months
  6~12
months
  1~3
years
  Over
3 years
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest-bearing assets in Korean won

 574,781   423,694   694,273   1,768,434   498,480   3,959,662  

Interest-bearing liabilities in Korean won

  414,253    36,399    66,512    1,841,011    254,094    2,612,269  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gap

 160,528   387,295   627,761   (72,577 244,386   1,347,393  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Accumulated gap

  160,528    547,823    1,175,584    1,103,007    1,347,393   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Percentage (%)

  4.05    13.84    29.69    27.86    34.03   

ii. Interest Rate VaR

Interest rate VaR is the maximum possible loss due to interest rate risk under a normal distribution at a 99.94%99.9% confidence level. The measurement results of risk as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Kookmin Bank

  203,503    112,500    75,990   350,178 

KB Securities Co., Ltd.1

   33,345    39,717 

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.2

   —      451,335 

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.

   73,135     55,101     43,730    12,775 

KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd.

   7,503     3,489  

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

   168,542     103,424     21,510    51,677 

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

   3,870     4,649     5,694    6,447 

Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

   1,604     —    

KB Capital Co.,Ltd

   —       3,685  

KB Capital Co., Ltd.

   4,794    10,912 

1Including Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd.(included as a subsidiary in fourth quarter, 2016)
2Including KB Insurance Co., Ltd.(included as a subsidiary in second quarter, 2017)

4.4.4 Financial Instruments in Foreign Currencies

Details of financial instruments presented in foreign currencies

Financial instruments in foreign currencies translated into Korean won as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 2013  2016 
 USD JPY EUR GBP CNY Others Total  USD JPY EUR GBP CNY Others Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial Assets

              

Cash and due from financial institutions

 1,324,563   123,527   87,765   5,495   130,290   216,250   1,887,890   2,562,178  209,264  353,841  17,224  601,317  343,825  4,087,649 

Financial assets held for trading

  16,290    —      —      —      —      —      16,290   1,078,304  123,733  2,927   —    6,275   —    1,211,239 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

  5,293    —      —      —      —      —      5,293   458,422   —     —     —     —     —    458,422 

Derivatives held for trading

  94,664    —      946    —      —      —      95,610   84,938  13  24,616   —     —    90,626  200,193 

Derivatives held for hedging

  16,094    —      —      —      —      —      16,094   5,917   —     —     —     —     —    5,917 

Loans

  10,061,929    1,235,187    381,415    51,677    456    190,827    11,921,491   10,824,626  342,100  895,208  5,799  552,966  180,445  12,801,144 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  777,081    10,052    —      —      —      3,747    790,880   2,214,244  150,510   —     —    35,873  1,033  2,401,660 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

 1,148,075   —     —     —     —     —    1,148,075 

Other financial assets

  512,717    314,632    76,016    1,332    —      91,405    996,102   930,606  245,827  35,981  30,793  176,833  648,089  2,068,129 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 12,808,631   1,683,398   546,142   58,504   130,746   502,229   15,729,650   19,307,310  1,071,447  1,312,573  53,816  1,373,264  1,264,018  24,382,428 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Financial liabilities

              

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

 5,287   —     —     —     —     —     5,287   457,766  —    —    —    —    —    457,766 

Derivatives held for trading

  127,308    —      1,333    —      15    —      128,656   105,918   —    129,349   —     —    315,403  550,670 

Derivatives held for hedging

 63,634   —     —     —     —     —    63,634 

Deposits

  3,914,192    515,595    150,713    15,816    10,905    280,863    4,888,084   7,259,601  597,173  457,447  52,710  791,825  399,683  9,558,439 

Debts

  5,830,466    574,307    318,748    4,382    100,464    174,898    7,003,265   7,273,597  169,507  83,105  279  85,123  37,491  7,649,102 

Debentures

  2,717,876    236,020    193,062    —      —      148,687    3,295,645   3,830,709   —     —     —     —     —    3,830,709 

Other financial liabilities

  1,475,826    59,820    150,815    51,678    913    42,241    1,781,293   1,453,669  52,275  534,224  1,429  176,382  294,933  2,512,912 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 14,070,955   1,385,742   814,671   71,876   112,297   646,689   17,102,230   20,444,894  818,955  1,204,125  54,418  1,053,330  1,047,510  24,623,232 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Off-balance sheet items

 16,574,161   3,486   4,878   4,787   9,958   60,221   16,657,491   14,570,708  822  39,000  —    131,210  470,900  15,212,640 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 2014  2017 
 USD JPY EUR GBP CNY Others Total  USD JPY EUR GBP CNY Others Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial Assets

              

Cash and due from financial institutions

 1,554,219   148,923   104,932   10,875   47,653   180,518   2,047,120   1,820,651  268,482  309,890  20,062  872,650  356,242  3,647,977 

Financial assets held for trading

  43,753    —      15,333    —      —      —      59,086   3,021,509  84,980  81,394  8922  15,492  20,767  3,233,064 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

  11,000    —      —      —      —      —      11,000   826,906   —     —     —     —     —    826,906 

Derivatives held for trading

  55,895    83    694    —      37    6    56,715   124,434  446  10,172   —    96  56,362  191,510 

Derivatives held for hedging

  5,032    —      —      —      —      —      5,032   29,489   —     —     —     —     —    29,489 

Loans

  10,753,455    900,972    402,656    6,612    3,492    115,633    12,182,820   10,689,732  228,747  1,503,493  9,549  795,302  287,591  13,514,414 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  798,353    —      —      —      —      1,914    800,267   6,061,404  101,003  124,045   —    38,606  21,123  6,346,181 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

 2,313,099   —    44,267   —    4,905  4,242  2,366,513 

Other financial assets

  1,192,982    61,140    75,970    1,710    46,434    10,212    1,388,448   1,615,795  453,029  406,793  13,382  226,301  708,965  3,424,265 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 14,414,689   1,111,118   599,585   19,197   97,616   308,283   16,550,488   26,503,019  1,136,687  2,480,054  51,915  1,953,352  1,455,292  33,580,319 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Financial liabilities

              

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

 1,840,217  —    —    —    —    —    1,840,217 

Derivatives held for trading

 86,046   —     921   —     —     47   87,014   109,197  1,399  73,298   —    3,563  183,461  370,918 

Derivatives held for hedging

  226    —      —      —      —      —      226   49,962   —     —     —     —     —    49,962 

Deposits

  4,611,932    389,071    188,431    19,924    21,297    273,357    5,504,012   8,469,129  759,394  389,049  39,993  1,093,998  590,793  11,342,356 

Debts

  6,382,288    258,483    303,866    880    3,577    168,908    7,118,002   7,570,727  44,885  102,005  737   —    24,185  7,742,539 

Debentures

  3,094,159    73,606    26,730    —      —      22,671    3,217,166   3,473,284   —     —     —     —    219,376  3,692,660 

Other financial liabilities

  1,194,927    76,150    78,093    7,157    46,710    13,043    1,416,080   2,361,161  44,137  887,561  3,339  224,675  302,596  3,823,469 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 15,369,578   797,310   598,041   27,961   71,584   478,026   17,342,500   23,873,677  849,815  1,451,913  44,069  1,322,236  1,320,411  28,862,121 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Off-balance sheet items

 17,850,878   19,783   6,549   4,704   18,898   78,818   17,979,630   12,852,959  705  2,404  —    257,940  233,509  13,347,517 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

4.5 Operational Risk

4.5.1 Concept

The Group defines operational risk broadly to include all financial andnon-financial risks that may arise from operating activities and could cause a negative effect on capital.

4.5.2 Risk managementManagement

The purpose of operational risk management is not only to comply with supervisory and regulatory requirements but also to promote a risk management culture, strengthen internal controls, innovate processes and provide timely feedback to management and employees. In addition, Kookmin Bank established Business Continuity Plans (BCP) to ensure critical business functions can be maintained, or restored, in the event of material disruptions arising from internal or external events. It has constructed replacement facilities as well as has carried out exercise drills for head office and IT departments to test its BCPs.

4.6. Capital Adequacy

The Group complies with the capital adequacy standard established by the Financial Services Commission. The capital adequacy standard is based on Basel III published by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in Bank of International Settlements in June 2011, and was implemented in Korea in December 2013. The Group is

required to maintain a minimum Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of at least 4.0%(3.5%,2013)6.25%(2016: 5.375%), a minimum Tier 1 ratio of 5.5%(4.5%,2013)7.75%(2016: 6.875%) and a minimum Total Regulatory Capital of 8.0%(8.0%,2013)9.75%(2016: 8.875%) as of December 31, 2014.2017.

The Group’s equity capital is classified into three categories in accordance with the Supervisory Regulations and Detailed Supervisory Regulations on Financial Holding Companies:

 

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital: Common equity Tier 1 Capital represents the issued capital that takes the first and proportionately greatest share of any losses and represents the most subordinated claim in liquidation of the Group, and not repaid outside of liquidation. It includes common shares issued, capital surplus, retained earnings,non-controlling interests of consolidated subsidiaries, accumulated other comprehensive income, other capital surplus and others.

 

Additional Tier 1 Capital: Additional Tier 1 Capital includes (i) perpetual instruments issued by the Group that meet the criteria for inclusion in Additional Tier 1 capital, and (ii) stock surplus resulting from the issue of instruments included in Additional Tier 1 capital and others.

 

Tier 2 Capital: Tier 2 Capital represents the capital that takes the proportionate share of losses in the liquidation of the Group. Tier 2 Capital includes a fund raised by issuing subordinated debentures maturing in not less than 5five years that meet the criteria for inclusion in Additional Tier 2 capital, and the allowance for loan losses which are accumulated for assets classified as normal or precautionary as a result of classification of asset soundness in accordance with Regulation on Supervision of Financial Holding Companies and others.

Risk weighted asset means the inherent risks in the total assets held by the Group. The Group calculates risk weighted asset by each risk (credit risk, market risk, and operational risk) based on the Supervisory Regulations and Detailed Supervisory Regulations on Financial Holding Companies and uses it for BIS ratio calculation.

The Group assesses and monitors its adequacy of capital by using the internal assessment and management policy of the capital adequacy. The assessment of the capital adequacy is conducted by comparing available capital (actual amount of available capital) and economicinternal capital (amount of capital enough to cover all significant risks under target credit rate set by the Group). The Group monitors the soundness of finance and provides risk adjusted basis for performance review using the assessment of the capital adequacy.

EconomicInternal Capital is the amount of capital to prevent the inability of payment due to unexpected loss in the future. The Group measures, allocates and monitors economicinternal capital by risk type and subsidiaries.

The Risk Management Council of the Group determines the Group’s risk appetite and allocates economicinternal capital by risk type and subsidiary. Each subsidiary efficiently operates its capital within a range of allocated economicinternal capital. The Risk Management Department of the Group monitors the limit on economicinternal capital and reports the results to management and the Risk Management Council. The Group maintains the adequacy of capital through proactive review and approval of the Risk Management Committee when the economicinternal capital is expected to exceed the limits due to new business or business expansion. The Group and its subsidiaries comply with external capital adequacy requirements as of December 31, 2013 and 2014.

The detailsDetails of the Group’s capital adequacy calculation in line with Basel III requirements as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Equity Capital:

  27,296,535    28,347,675    31,103,291   32,401,580 

Tier 1 Capital

   22,693,836     24,248,598     29,264,494    31,059,475 

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital

   22,693,836     24,062,475     29,013,954    31,059,475 

Additional Tier 1 Capital

   —       186,123     250,540    —   

Tier 2 Capital

   4,602,699     4,099,077     1,838,797    1,342,105 

Risk-weighted assets:

   177,514,060     182,485,957     203,649,442    212,777,226 

Equity Capital (%):

   15.38     15.53     15.27    15.23 

Tier 1 Capital (%)

   12.78     13.29     14.37    14.6 

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (%)

   12.78     13.19     14.25    14.6 

5. Segment Information

5.1 Overall Segment Information and Business Segments

The Group is organized into the following business segments. These business divisions areclassifies reporting segments based on the nature of the products and services provided, the type or class of customer, and the Group’s management organization.

 

Banking businessBusiness

  

Corporate Banking

 

The activities within this segment include providing credit, deposit products and other related financial services to large, small-and small andmedium-sized enterprises and SOHOs.

 

  

Retail Banking

 

The activities within this segment include providing credit, deposit products and other related financial services to individuals and households.

 

  

Other Banking servicesServices

 

 

The activities within this segment include trading activities in securities and derivatives, funding and other supporting activities.

Securities Business

The activities within this segment include investment banking, brokerage services and other supporting activities.

 

Non-life Insurance Business

The activities within this segment include property insurance and other supporting activities.

Credit Card businessBusiness

 

The activities within this segment include credit sale, cash service, card loan and other supporting activities.

 

Investment & Securities business

The activities within this segment include investment banking and brokerage services and other supporting activities.

Life Insurance businessBusiness

 The activities within this segment include life insurance and other supporting activities.

Financial information by business segment for the year ended December 31, 2012,2016, is as follows:

 

 Banking business              Banking business             
 Corporate
Banking
 Retail
Banking
 Other
Banking
Services
 Sub-total Credit Card Investment
&
Securities
 Life
Insurance
 Others Intra-group
Adjustments
 Total  Corporate
Banking
 Retail
Banking
 Other
Banking
Services
 Sub-total Securities Credit Card Life
Insurance
 Others Intra-group
Adjustments
 Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Operating revenues from external customers

 1,952,464   3,041,135   1,297,400   6,290,999   1,286,719   142,617   131,188   32,988   —     7,884,511   1,803,204  2,248,035  1,402,861  5,454,100  184,856  1,269,573  139,847  396,566  —    7,444,942 

Segment operating revenues (expenses)

  2,289    (70,422  300,356    232,223    (238,094  5,971    (62,774  201,566    (138,892  —    

Intra-segment operating revenues(expenses)

 9,274   —    249,235  258,509  3,268  (261,747 (26,528 159,944  (133,446  —   
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

 1,954,753   2,970,713   1,597,756   6,523,222   1,048,625   148,588   68,414   234,554   (138,892 7,884,511   1,812,478  2,248,035  1,652,096  5,712,609  188,124  1,007,826  113,319  556,510  (133,446 7,444,942 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net interest income

  2,593,646    2,524,163    661,666    5,779,475    974,419    19,059    192,011    75,971    (3,152  7,037,783   2,286,347  2,353,232  189,331  4,828,910  73,205  981,342  233,742  283,158  2,172  6,402,529 

Interest income

  5,190,403    5,681,723    1,622,918    12,495,044    1,387,987    38,206    191,907    123,096    (26,134  14,210,106   3,297,791  3,740,601  855,764  7,894,156  142,960  1,261,787  233,764  501,675  (12,460 10,021,882 

Interest expense

  (2,596,757  (3,157,560  (961,252  (6,715,569  (413,568  (19,147  104    (47,125  22,982    (7,172,323 (1,011,444 (1,387,369 (666,433 (3,065,246 (69,755 (280,445 (22 (218,517 14,632  (3,619,353

Net fee and commission income

  232,981    696,311    324,120    1,253,412    157,788    85,610    211    96,899    (27,214  1,566,706   231,182  504,259  352,410  1,087,851  193,384  92,070  (927 212,723  (209 1,584,892 

Fee and commission income

  274,794    760,802    401,892    1,437,488    1,427,271    96,247    211    117,008    (324,349  2,753,876   293,336  583,048  433,998  1,310,382  220,938  1,658,034  85  252,031  (290,593 3,150,877 

Fee and commission expense

  (41,813  (64,491  (77,772  (184,076  (1,269,483  (10,637  —      (20,109  297,135    (1,187,170 (62,154 (78,789 (81,588 (222,531 (27,554 (1,565,964 (1,012 (39,308 290,384  (1,565,985

Net insurance income

  —     —     —     —     —    20,825  (166,095  —    27,467  (117,803

Insurance income

  —     —     —     —     —    33,874  1,167,478   —     —    1,201,352 

Insurance expenses

  —     —     —     —     —    (13,049 (1,333,573  —    27,467  (1,319,155

Net gains (losses) on financial assets/ liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  (501  (15,102  756,103    740,500    —      39,137    7,703    24,617    7    811,964   (1,166  —    198,064  196,898  (212,522  —    8,154  7,851  (9,149 (8,768

Net other operating income (loss)

  (871,373  (234,659  (144,133  (1,250,165  (83,582  4,782    (131,511  37,067    (108,533  (1,531,942

Net other operating income (expense)

 (703,885 (609,456 912,291  (401,050 134,057  (86,411 38,445  52,778  (153,727 (415,908

General and administrative expenses

  (792,533  (1,672,741  (811,714  (3,276,988  (348,243  (117,861  (45,166  (133,069  75,717    (3,845,610 (950,038 (2,102,384 (1,216,527 (4,268,949 (316,958 (348,121 (94,753 (266,124 66,194  (5,228,711

Operating profit before provision for credit losses

  1,162,220    1,297,972    786,042    3,246,234    700,382    30,727    23,248    101,485    (63,175  4,038,901   862,440  145,651  435,569  1,443,660  (128,834 659,705  18,566  290,386  (67,252 2,216,231 

Provision (reversal) for credit losses

  (852,964  (392,354  (48,712  (1,294,030  (314,843  (3,244  (479  5,842    51    (1,606,703 (278,277 (2,615 26,563  (254,329 9,083  (249,809 (1,663 (42,893 328  (539,283

Net operating profit

  309,256    905,618    737,330    1,952,204    385,539    27,483    22,769    107,327    (63,124  2,432,198  

Share of profit of associates

  —      —      (5,712  (5,712  —      —      —      (185  (9,385  (15,282

Net other non-operating revenue (expense)

  5,522    —      (69,537  (64,015  (4,334  (2,987  (856  (44,177  (1,903  (118,272

Net operating income (expense)

 584,163  143,036  462,132  1,189,331  (119,751 409,896  16,903  247,493  (66,924 1,676,948 

Share of profit of associates and joint ventures

  —     —    17,615  17,615  106,423  (20  —    156,820   —    280,838 

Net othernon-operating income (expense)

 (1,300  —    50,611  49,311  634,863  2,262  (148 (440 (14,979 670,869 

Segment profits before income tax

  314,778    905,618    662,081    1,882,477    381,205    24,496    21,913    62,965    (74,412  2,298,644   582,863  143,036  530,358  1,256,257  621,535  412,138  16,755  403,873  (81,903 2,628,655 

Income tax expense

  (76,854  (219,173  (107,793  (403,820  (90,464  (6,604  (5,268  (14,894  1,073    (519,977

Profit for the year

  237,924    686,445    554,288    1,478,657    290,741    17,892    16,645    48,071    (73,339  1,778,667  

Profit attributable to Shareholders of the parent company

  237,924    686,445    553,919    1,478,288    290,741    17,892    16,645    48,071    (82,069  1,769,568  

Profit attributable to Non-controlling interests

  —      —      369    369    —      —      —      —      8,730    9,099  

Total assets(1)

  93,143,686    100,591,642    67,629,975    261,365,303    14,046,174    3,314,907    5,987,928    21,072,698    (19,717,506  286,069,504  

Total liabilities(1)

  84,489,904    115,521,270    41,018,121    241,029,295    10,966,541    2,769,160    5,594,727    1,097,595    (469,405  260,987,913  

Income tax benefit (expense)

 (140,910 (34,614 (116,477 (292,001 20,765  (95,035 (4,041 (66,262 (1,901 (438,475

Profit (loss) for the year

 441,953  108,422  413,881  964,256  642,300  317,103  12,714  337,611  (83,804 2,190,180 

Profit (loss) attributable to shareholders of the parent company

  441,953   108,422   413,881   964,256   642,300   317,103   12,714   291,175   (83,804 2,143,744 

Profit attributable tonon-controlling interests

  —     —     —     —     —     —     —     46,436   —    46,436 

Total assets1

 109,500,342  122,806,490  74,759,538  307,066,370  32,382,795  15,772,036  8,887,413  36,646,767  (25,081,725 375,673,656 

Total liabilities1

 91,685,643  140,082,958  51,972,767  283,741,368  28,198,439  11,807,038  8,337,849  12,468,290  (140,731 344,412,253 

 

(1)1AmountsAssets and liabilities of the reporting segments are amounts before intra-groupintra-segment transaction adjustment.

Financial information by business segment for the year ended December 31, 2013,2017, is as follows:

 

 Banking business              Banking business               
 Corporate
Banking
 Retail
Banking
 Other
Banking
Services
 Sub-total Credit Card Investment
& Securities
 Life
Insurance
 Others Intra-group
Adjustments
 Total  Corporate
Banking
 Retail
Banking
 Other
Banking
Services
 Sub-total Securities Non-life
Insurance
 Credit Card Life
Insurance
 Others Intra-group
Adjustments
 Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won)   

Operating revenues from external customers

 1,731,770   2,453,683   1,486,647   5,672,100   1,420,937   115,054   102,226   143,811   —     7,454,128   2,128,913  2,710,798  1,405,605  6,245,316  1,074,365  1,121,108  1,276,803  129,513  345,077  —    10,192,182 

Segment operating revenues(expenses)

  4,945    (91,800  314,854    227,999    (218,231  5,180    (38,327  124,281    (100,902  —    

Intra-segment operating revenues(expenses)

 (18,447  —    203,310  184,863  (1,157 18,039  (194,167 (20,515 171,422  (158,485  —   
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

 1,736,715   2,361,883   1,801,501   5,900,099   1,202,706   120,234   63,899   268,092   (100,902 7,454,128   2,110,466  2,710,798  1,608,915  6,430,179  1,073,208  1,139,147  1,082,636  108,998  516,499  (158,485 10,192,182 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
Net interest income  2,550,728    2,012,661    596,851    5,160,240    1,057,046    23,985    200,422    80,694    445    6,522,832   2,555,780  2,647,768  190,767  5,394,315  251,967  465,016  1,083,665  215,743  296,920  2,383  7,710,009 

Interest income

  4,390,623    4,785,526    1,419,231    10,595,380    1,435,952    40,567    200,422    106,336    (21,727  12,356,930   3,584,021  3,935,895  818,508  8,338,424  452,862  465,144  1,341,150  215,768  582,864  (13,760 11,382,452 

Interest expense

  (1,839,895  (2,772,865  (822,380  (5,435,140  (378,906  (16,582  —      (25,642  22,172    (5,834,098 (1,028,241 (1,288,127 (627,741 (2,944,109 (200,895 (128 (257,485 (25 (285,944 16,143  (3,672,443
Net fee and commission income  240,698    612,165    251,881    1,104,744    184,679    75,796    109    118,136    (4,225  1,479,239   235,210  595,322  394,157  1,224,689  551,619  (97,828 132,686  (3,612 252,813  (10,343 2,050,024 

Fee and commission income

  282,403    674,250    324,997    1,281,650    1,406,239    84,168    109    137,796    (252,597  2,657,365   315,994  668,227  487,259  1,471,480  637,630  1,532  1,901,112  69  299,783  (323,356 3,988,250 

Fee and commission expense

  (41,705  (62,085  (73,116  (176,906  (1,221,560  (8,372  —      (19,660  248,372    (1,178,126 (80,784 (72,905 (93,102 (246,791 (86,011 (99,360 (1,768,426 (3,681 (46,970 313,013  (1,938,226

Net gains(losses) on financial assets/ liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  184    (1,804  692,121    690,501    —      19,422    18,051    28,898    (50  756,822  

Net other operating income(loss)

  (1,054,895  (261,139  260,648    (1,055,386  (39,019  1,031    (154,683  40,364    (97,072  (1,304,765
Net insurance income  —     —     —     —     —    699,873  19,948  (141,421  —    15,310  593,710 

Insurance income

  —     —     —     —     —    7,947,262  33,579  1,008,329   —    (18,178 8,970,992 

Insurance expenses

  —     —     —     —     —    (7,247,389 (13,631 (1,149,750  —    33,488  (8,377,282

Net gains (losses) on financial assets/ liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

 (1,750  —    101,012  99,262  526,023  41,079   —    7,795  19,749  46,421  740,329 

Net other operating income (expense)

 (678,774 (532,292 922,979  (288,087 (256,401 31,007  (153,663 30,493  (52,983 (212,256 (901,890

General and administrative expenses

  (821,503  (1,739,768  (835,517  (3,396,788  (354,392  (96,345  (50,692  (141,668  56,321    (3,983,564 (974,096 (1,946,640 (745,086 (3,665,822 (734,024 (629,469 (370,508 (72,423 (291,240 134,822  (5,628,664

Operating profit before provision for credit losses

  915,212    622,115    965,984    2,503,311    848,314    23,889    13,207    126,424    (44,581  3,470,564   1,136,370  764,158  863,829  2,764,357  339,184  509,678  712,128  36,575  225,259  (23,663 4,563,518 

Provision(reversal) for credit losses

  (706,464  (358,150  (575  (1,065,189  (344,555  (5,425  (526  (28,235  358    (1,443,572

Provision (reversal) for credit losses

 6,918  (122,107 23  (115,166 (23,080 (8,987 (336,884 (1,692 (62,894 459  (548,244

Net operating profit

  208,748    263,965    965,409    1,438,122    503,759    18,464    12,681    98,189    (44,223  2,026,992  

Share of profit of associates

  —      —      (202,880  (202,880  —      7    —      (38,134  41,615    (199,392

Net other non-operating revenue (expense)

  1,662    —      (25,293  (23,631  (1,652  (1,728  (791  31,256    (15,763  (12,309

Net operating income (expense)

 1,143,288  642,051  863,852  2,649,191  316,104  500,691  375,244  34,883  162,365  (23,204 4,015,274 

Share of profit of associates and joint ventures

  —     —    37,571  37,571  535   —    (462  —    6,076  40,554  84,274 

Net othernon-operating income (expense)

 1,873   —    (75,340 (73,467 1,794  11,167  (6,882 (289 6,582  99,971  38,876 

Segment profits before income tax

  210,410    263,965    737,236    1,211,611    502,107    16,743    11,890    91,311    (18,371  1,815,291   1,145,161  642,051  826,083  2,613,295  318,433  511,858  367,900  34,594  175,023  117,321  4,138,424 

Income tax expense

  (53,195  (86,283  (241,421  (380,899  (117,696  (4,887  (2,792  (30,021  (4,298  (540,593

Income tax benefit (expense)

 (181,936 (102,059 (154,595 (438,590 (46,732 (181,488 (71,069 (13,508 (61,610 18,034  (794,963

Profit for the year

  157,215    177,682    495,815    830,712    384,411    11,856    9,098    61,290    (22,669  1,274,698   963,225  539,992  671,488  2,174,705  271,701  330,370  296,831  21,086  113,413  135,355  3,343,461 

Profit attributable to Shareholders of the parent company

  157,215    177,682    495,731    830,628    384,411    11,856    6,231    61,290    (22,914  1,271,502  

Profit attributable to Non-controlling interests

  —      —      84    84    —      —      2,867    —      245    3,196  

Total assets(1)

  92,498,513    103,202,391    69,887,481    265,588,385    15,854,992    2,525,070    6,945,605    21,504,989    (20,251,443  292,167,598  

Total liabilities(1)

  81,008,201    122,206,712    41,426,715    244,641,628    12,385,131    1,973,888    6,396,477    1,414,111    (625,911  266,185,324  

Profit attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company

 963,225  539,992  671,488  2,174,705  271,701  330,286  296,831  21,086  113,798  103,031  3,311,438 

Profit attributable tonon-controlling interests

  —     —     —     —     —    84   —     —    (385 32,324  32,023 

Total assets1

 117,904,269  129,438,168  82,423,490  329,765,927  37,351,680  32,351,778  17,658,310  9,125,741  37,439,753  (26,907,580 436,785,609 

Total liabilities1

 102,224,405  147,870,309  54,347,779  304,442,493  32,936,024  29,128,747  13,616,481  8,586,328  15,137,421  (1,106,714 402,740,780 

 

(1)1 

AmountsAssets and liabilities of the reporting segments are amounts before intra-groupintra-segment transaction adjustment.

Financial information by business segment for the year ended December 31, 2014, is as follows:

  Banking business                   
  Corporate
Banking
  Retail
Banking
  Other
Banking
Services
  Sub-total  Credit Card  Investment
& Securities
  Life
Insurance
  Others  Intra-group
Adjustments
  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Operating revenues from external customers

 1,710,416   2,211,969   1,480,838   5,403,223   1,280,628   141,355   105,255   266,332   —     7,196,793  

Segment operating revenues(expenses)

  70,271    (48,256  211,993    234,008    (223,878  5,218    (30,498  166,503    (151,353  —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

 1,780,687   2,163,713   1,692,831   5,637,231   1,056,750   146,573   74,757   432,835   (151,353 7,196,793  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net interest income

  2,448,966    2,079,834    442,646    4,971,446    993,806    18,136    227,344    203,443    1,600    6,415,775  

Interest income

  4,008,584    4,432,760    1,261,283    9,702,627    1,353,704    45,404    227,372    326,366    (20,177  11,635,296  

Interest expense

  (1,559,618  (2,352,926  (818,637  (4,731,181  (359,898  (27,268  (28  (122,923  21,777    (5,219,521

Net fee and commission income

  237,229    524,784    316,032    1,078,045    95,132    76,268    253    134,154    (1,123  1,382,729  

Fee and commission income

  277,196    597,072    397,070    1,271,338    1,408,749    82,531    253    157,924    (254,610  2,666,185  

Fee and commission expense

  (39,967  (72,288  (81,038  (193,293  (1,313,617  (6,263  —      (23,770  253,487    (1,283,456

Net gains(losses) on financial assets/ liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  179    (20,238  376,350    356,291    —      46,999    10,338    25,595    (25  439,198  

Net other operating income(loss)

  (905,687  (420,667  557,803    (768,551  (32,188  5,170    (163,178  69,643    (151,805  (1,040,909

General and administrative expenses

  (711,029  (1,695,563  (966,266  (3,372,858  (340,606  (102,526  (59,994  (188,510  54,800    (4,009,694

Operating profit before provision for credit losses

  1,069,658    468,150    726,565    2,264,373    716,144    44,047    14,763    244,325    (96,553  3,187,099  

Provision(reversal) for credit losses

  (566,942  (304,116  (16,596  (887,654  (277,662  (4,422  (1,112  (57,350  224    (1,227,976

Net operating profit

  502,716    164,034    709,969    1,376,719    438,482    39,625    13,651    186,975    (96,329  1,959,123  

Share of profit of associates

  —      —      17,555    17,555    —      81    —      (13,778  9,570    13,428  

Net other non-operating revenue (expense)

  1,242    —      (35,241  (33,999  (5,076  (1,025  (1,383  (24,877  (4,766  (71,126

Segment profits before income tax

  503,958    164,034    692,283    1,360,275    433,406    38,681    12,268    148,320    (91,525  1,901,425  

Income tax expense

  (120,504  (53,967  (156,763  (331,234  (100,705  (13,057  (5,731  (33,602  (1,985  (486,314

Profit for the year

  383,454    110,067    535,520    1,029,041    332,701    25,624    6,537    114,718    (93,510  1,415,111  

Profit attributable to Shareholders of the parent company

  383,454    110,067    535,520    1,029,041    332,701    25,624    6,537    100,329    (93,510  1,400,722  

Profit attributable to Non-controlling interests

  —      —      —      —      —      —      —      14,389    —      14,389  

Total assets(1)

  94,313,469    111,074,156    70,066,039    275,453,664    15,886,769    4,131,568    7,680,184    25,965,518    (20,761,995  308,355,708  

Total liabilities(1)

  83,780,834    123,792,699    45,939,658    253,513,191    12,406,314    3,554,828    7,096,459    5,347,261    (1,075,017  280,843,036  

(1)

Amounts before intra-group transaction adjustment.

5.2 Services and Geographical Segments

5.2.1 Services information

Operating revenues from external customers by servicesfor each service for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Banking service

  6,290,999    5,672,100    5,403,223    5,398,554   5,454,100   6,245,316 

Securities service

   184,880    184,856    1,074,365 

Non-life insurance service

   —      —      1,121,108 

Credit card service

   1,286,719     1,420,937     1,280,628     1,310,628    1,269,573    1,276,803 

Investment & securities service

   142,617     115,054     141,355  

Life insurance service

   131,188     102,226     105,255     142,885    139,847    129,513 

Other service

   32,988     143,811     266,332     345,002    396,566    345,077 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  7,884,511    7,454,128    7,196,793    7,381,949   7,444,942   10,192,182 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

5.2.2 Geographical information

Geographical operating revenues from external customers for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, and majornon-current assets as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012   2013   2014  2015 2016 2017 
  Revenues
from external
customers
   Major
non-current
assets
   Revenues
from external
customers
 Major
non-current
assets
   Revenues
from external
customers
   Major
non-current
assets
  Revenues
from external
customers
 Major
non-current
assets
 Revenues
from external
customers
 Major
non-current
assets
 Revenues
From external
customers
 Major
non-current
assets
 
  (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Domestic

  7,785,586    3,574,205    7,399,906   3,600,424    7,093,068    3,807,792   7,305,697  3,821,634  7,354,698  4,952,552  10,078,253  7,472,597 

United States

   11,438     35     12,730    21     11,655     256   11,847  276  10,522  299  17,596  363,330 

New Zealand

   8,268     35     8,581    20     6,684     193   5,143  209  5,422  128  5,855  57 

China

   30,800     11,349     32,190    10,488     46,892     7,518   30,590  6,949  47,360  5,038  44,531  4,585 

Japan

   30,810     2,653     (17,182  1,722     19,842     1,391  

Argentina

   10     —       6    —       573     —    

Vietnam

   1,172     429     3,268    316     3,130     287  

Cambodia

   4,151     546     5,741    898     5,364     564   5,072  350  6,109  1,216  7,475  1,753 

United Kingdom

   12,276     16     8,888    9     9,585     108   9,533  130  10,987  149  11,547  319 

Intra-group adjustment

   —       57,230     —      56,408     —       131,342  

Others

 14,067  1,786  9,844  2,242  26,925  78,142 

Adjustment

  —    134,692   —    72,971   —    72,455 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  7,884,511    3,646,498    7,454,128   3,670,306    7,196,793    3,949,451   7,381,949  3,966,026  7,444,942  5,034,595  10,192,182  7,993,238 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

6. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

6.1 Classification and Fair valueValue of financial instrumentsFinancial Instruments

Carrying amount and fair value of financial assets and liabilities as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  Carrying
amount
   Fair value   Carrying
amount
   Fair value   Carrying amount   Fair value   Carrying amount   Fair value 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

                

Cash and due from financial institutions

  14,792,654    14,793,603    15,423,847    15,425,123    17,884,863   17,878,714   19,817,825   19,805,138 

Financial assets held for trading

   8,967,006     8,967,006     10,121,570     10,121,570     26,099,518    26,099,518    30,177,293    30,177,293 

Debt securities

   7,825,785     7,825,785     9,712,208     9,712,208     22,986,570    22,986,570    25,168,338    25,168,338 

Equity securities

   1,100,969     1,100,969     358,017     358,017     3,040,599    3,040,599    4,935,100    4,935,100 

Others

   40,252     40,252     51,345     51,345     72,349    72,349    73,855    73,855 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

   361,736     361,736     636,340     636,340     1,758,846    1,758,846    2,050,052    2,050,052 

Debt securities

   331,664    331,664    368,820    368,820 

Equity securities

   115,778     115,778     134,172     134,172     65,591    65,591    67,828    67,828 

Derivative linked securities

   245,958     245,958     502,168     502,168  

Derivative-linked securities

   1,361,591    1,361,591    1,613,404    1,613,404 

Derivatives held for trading

   1,680,880     1,680,880     1,858,637     1,858,637     3,298,328    3,298,328    2,998,042    2,998,042 

Derivatives held for hedging

   138,529     138,529     109,553     109,553     83,607    83,607    312,124    312,124 

Loans

   219,001,356     219,319,406     231,449,653     232,084,413     265,486,134    265,144,250    290,122,838    289,807,038 

Available-for-sale financial assets

   21,832,104     21,832,104     22,391,466     22,391,466     33,970,293    33,970,293    48,116,263    48,116,263 

Debt securities

   18,933,288     18,933,288     19,359,822     19,359,822     27,445,752    27,445,752    38,959,401    38,959,401 

Equity securities

   2,898,816     2,898,816     3,031,644     3,031,644     6,524,541    6,524,541    9,156,862    9,156,862 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   13,016,991     13,386,962     12,569,154     13,050,574     11,177,504    11,400,616    18,491,980    18,483,065 

Other financial assets

   6,251,679     6,251,679     7,559,631     7,559,631     7,322,335    7,322,335    10,195,015    10,195,015 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

   286,042,935     286,731,905     302,119,851     303,237,307    367,081,428   366,956,507   422,281,432   421,944,030 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial liabilities

                

Financial liabilities held for trading

   236,637     236,637     836,542     836,542    1,143,510   1,143,510   1,944,770   1,944,770 

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

   878,565     878,565     982,426     982,426     10,979,326    10,979,326    10,078,288    10,078,288 

Derivatives held for trading

   1,580,029     1,580,029     1,775,341     1,775,341     3,717,819    3,717,819    3,054,614    3,054,614 

Derivatives held for hedging

   215,310     215,310     22,049     22,049     89,309    89,309    88,151    88,151 

Deposits

   200,882,064     201,128,271     211,549,121     211,946,808     239,729,695    240,223,353    255,800,048    256,222,490 

Debts

   14,101,331     14,098,569     15,864,500     15,944,770     26,251,486    26,247,768    28,820,928    28,814,801 

Debentures

   27,039,534     28,221,196     29,200,706     29,752,202     34,992,057    35,443,751    44,992,724    44,400,325 

Other financial liabilities

   13,262,914     13,262,946     11,918,820     11,918,865     16,286,578    16,257,142    18,330,004    18,328,276 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  258,196,384    259,621,523    272,149,505    273,179,003    333,189,780   334,101,978   363,109,527   362,931,715 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

The fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. For each class of financial assets and financial liabilities, the Group discloses the fair value of that class of assets and liabilities in a way that permits it to be compared with its carrying amount at the end of each reporting period. The best evidence of fair value of financial instruments is a quoted price in an active market.

Methods of determining fair value for financial instruments are as follows:

 

Cash and due from financial institutions

  The carrying amounts of cash and demand due from financial institutions and payment due from financial institutions are a reasonable approximation of fair values. These financial instruments do not have a fixed maturity and are receivable on demand. Fair value of ordinary due from financial institutions is measured using a DCF model.model (Discounted Cash Flow Model).

Investment securities

  The fair value of financial instruments that are quoted in active markets is determined using the quoted prices. Fair value is determined through the use of independent third-party pricing servicesexternal professional valuation institution where quoted prices are not available. Pricing servicesThe institutions use one or more of the following valuation techniques including Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Model, Imputed Market ValueDCF Model, Free Cash Flow to Equity Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Dividend Discount Model, Risk Adjusted Discount Rate Method, and Net Asset Value Method.

Loans

  DCF model is used to determine the fair value of loans. Fair value is determined by discounting the expected cash flows, which are contractual cash flows adjusted by the expected prepayment rate, at appropriate discount rate.

Derivatives and Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

  For exchange traded derivatives, quoted price in an active market is used to determine fair value and for OTC derivatives, fair value is determined using valuation techniques. The Group uses internally developed valuation models that are widely used by market participants to determine fair values of plain vanilla OTC derivatives including options, interest rate swaps, and currency swaps, based on observable market parameters. However, some complex financial instruments are valued using appropriate models developed from generally accepted market valuation models including the Finite Difference Method, and the Monte Carlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, Closed Form and Tree Model or valuation results from independent third-partyexternal professional valuation service.institution.

Deposits

  Carrying amount of demand deposits is regarded as representative of fair value because they do not have a fixed maturity and are payable on demand. Fair value of time deposits is determined using a DCF model. Fair value is determined by discounting the expected cash flows, which are contractual cash flows adjusted by the expected prepayment rate, at an appropriate discount rate.

Debts

  Carrying amount of overdraft in foreign currency is regarded as representative of fair value because they do not have a fixed maturity and are payable on demand. Fair value of other debts is determined using a DCF model discounting contractual future cash flows at an appropriate discount rate.

Debentures

  Fair value is determined by using the valuations of independent third-party pricing services,external professional valuation institution, which are calculated using market inputs.

Other financial assets and liabilities

  The carrying amounts are reasonable approximation of fair values. These financial instruments are temporary accounts used for other various transactions and their maturities are relatively short or not defined. However, fair value of finance lease liabilities is measured using a DCF model.

Fair value hierarchy

The Group believes that valuation methods used for measuring the fair values of financial instruments are reasonable and that the fair values recognized in the statements of financial position are appropriate. However, the fair values of the financial instruments recognized in the statements of financial position may be different if other valuation methods or assumptions are used. Additionally, as there is a variety of valuation techniques and assumptions used in measuring fair value, it may be difficult to reasonably compare the fair value with that of other financial institutions.

The Group classifies and discloses fair value of the financial instruments into the following three-level hierarchy:hierarchy as follows:

Level 1: The fair values are based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date.

Level 2: The fair values are based on inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: The fair values are based on unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety shall be determined on the basis of the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. For this purpose, the significance of an input is assessed against the fair value measurement in its entirety. If a fair value measurement uses observable inputs that require significant adjustment based on unobservable inputs, that measurement is a Level 3 measurement.

Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value in the statements of financial position

The fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value in the statements of financial position as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, is as follows:

 

 2013   2016 
 Fair value hierarchy     Fair value hierarchy     
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total   Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

            

Financial assets held for trading

            

Debt securities

 3,160,592   4,665,193   —     7,825,785    7,426,480   15,560,090   —     22,986,570 

Equity securities

  327,260    773,709    —      1,100,969     1,137,531    1,903,068    —      3,040,599 

Others

  40,252    —      —      40,252     72,349    —      —      72,349 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   8,636,360    17,463,158    —      26,099,518 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

            

Equity securities

  —      115,778    —      115,778  

Derivative linked securities

  —      12,030    233,928    245,958  

Derivatives held for trading

  744    1,630,940    49,196    1,680,880  

Derivatives held for hedging

  —      138,077    452    138,529  

Available-for-sale financial assets(1)

    

Debt securities

  9,754,737    9,175,742    2,809    18,933,288     —      237,595    94,069    331,664 

Equity securities

  985,108    254,464    1,659,244    2,898,816     —      —      65,591    65,591 

Derivative-linked securities

   —      757,979    603,612    1,361,591 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   —      995,574    763,272    1,758,846 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivatives held for trading

   128,236    3,033,156    136,936    3,298,328 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivatives held for hedging

   —      82,144    1,463    83,607 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Available-for-sale financial assets1

        

Debt securities

   10,456,882    16,978,619    10,251    27,445,752 

Equity securities

   1,112,502    2,349,998    3,062,041    6,524,541 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   11,569,384    19,328,617    3,072,292    33,970,293 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

 14,268,693   16,765,933   1,945,629   32,980,255    20,333,980   40,902,649   3,973,963   65,210,592 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial liabilities

            

Financial liabilities held for trading

 236,637   —     —     236,637    1,143,510   —     —     1,143,510 

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

  —      —      878,565    878,565     566    3,181,621    7,797,139    10,979,326 

Derivatives held for trading

  261    1,538,374    41,394    1,580,029     474,921    3,041,052    201,846    3,717,819 

Derivatives held for hedging

  —      206,468    8,842    215,310     —      89,123    186    89,309 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

 236,898   1,744,842   928,801   2,910,541    1,618,997   6,311,796   7,999,171   15,929,964 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Fair value hierarchy       Fair value hierarchy     
  Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total   Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

                

Financial assets held for trading

                

Debt securities

  4,371,105    5,341,103    —      9,712,208    7,814,921   17,353,417   —     25,168,338 

Equity securities

   248,689     109,328     —       358,017     2,340,497    2,594,603    —      4,935,100 

Others

   51,345     —       —       51,345     73,855    —      —      73,855 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   10,229,273    19,948,020    —      30,177,293 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

                

Equity securities

   —       134,172     —       134,172  

Derivative linked securities

   —       —       502,168     502,168  

Derivatives held for trading

   348     1,793,894     64,395     1,858,637  

Derivatives held for hedging

   —       109,293     260     109,553  

Available-for-sale financial assets(1)

        

Debt securities

   6,982,339     12,377,142     341     19,359,822     —      66,969    301,851    368,820 

Equity securities

   1,052,269     178,377     1,800,998     3,031,644     —      —      67,828    67,828 

Derivative-linked securities

   —      668,739    944,665    1,613,404 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   —      735,708    1,314,344    2,050,052 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivatives held for trading

   80,678    2,720,285    197,079    2,998,042 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivatives held for hedging

   —      311,349    775    312,124 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Available-for-sale financial assets1

        

Debt securities

   10,446,001    28,464,019    49,381    38,959,401 

Equity securities

   1,550,766    1,789,501    5,816,595    9,156,862 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   11,996,767    30,253,520    5,865,976    48,116,263 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  12,706,095    20,043,309    2,368,162    35,117,566    22,306,718   53,968,882   7,378,174   83,653,774 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial liabilities

                

Financial liabilities held for trading

  836,542    —      —      836,542    1,944,770   —     —     1,944,770 

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

   —       —       982,426     982,426     843    1,389,553    8,687,892    10,078,288 

Derivatives held for trading

   1,146     1,751,617     22,578     1,775,341     272,766    2,717,862    63,986    3,054,614 

Derivatives held for hedging

   —       19,768     2,281     22,049     —      88,081    70    88,151 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  837,688    1,771,385    1,007,285    3,616,358    2,218,379   4,195,496   8,751,948   15,165,823 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1)1 

The amounts of equity securities carried at cost in “Level 3”, which do not have a quoted market price in an active market and cannot be measured reliably at fair value, are ₩117,750₩223,398 million and ₩93,435₩116,629 million as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, respectively. These equity securities are carried at cost because it is practically difficult to quantify the intrinsic values of the equity securities issued by unlisted public andnon-profit entities. In addition, probabilities and range ofdue to significant fluctuations in estimated cash flows of thearising from entities being in its initial stages, which further results in varying and unpredictable probabilities, unlisted equity securities which are issued by project financing companies cannot be reliably and reasonably assessed. Therefore, these equity securities are carried at cost. The Group has no plan to sell these instruments in the near future.

Valuation techniques and the inputs used in the fair value measurement classified as Level 2

Valuation techniques and inputs of financialFinancial assets and liabilities measured at fair value in the statement of financial position and classified as Level 2 in the statements of financial position as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  Fair value   Valuation
techniques
  

Inputs

 Fair value 

Valuation techniques

 

Inputs

  2013   2014    2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)        (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

           

Financial assets held for trading

  5,438,902    5,450,431          

Debt securities

   4,665,193     5,341,103    DCF Model  Discount rate 15,560,090  17,353,417  

DCF Model, Option model

 

Underlying asset Index, Discount rate, Volatility

Equity securities

   773,709     109,328    DCF Model, Net
Asset Value
  

Discount rate, Fair value of underlying asset

  1,903,068   2,594,603  

DCF Model, Net Asset Value, Option Model

 

Underlying asset Index, Volatility, Discount rate, Fair value of underlying asset

 

 

  

 

   

Sub-total

 17,463,158  19,948,020   
 

 

  

 

   

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

   127,808     134,172          

Equity securities

   115,778     134,172    DCF Model  Discount rate

Derivative linked securities

   12,030    

 
—      Monte Carlo
Simulation
  

Price of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation of the underlying assets

Debt securities

  237,595   66,969  

DCF Model, Hull and White Model

 Discount rate, Volatility

Derivative-linked securities

 

 

757,979

 

 

 

668,739

 

 

DCF Model, Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation, Option Model

 

Underlying asset Index, Discount rate, Volatility

 

 

  

 

   

Sub-total

 995,574  735,708   
 

 

  

 

   

Derivatives held for trading

  

 

1,630,940

  

  

 

1,793,894

  

  

DCF Model,
Closed Form,
FDM

  

Discount rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate, Stock price and others

  3,033,156   2,720,285  

DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model and Others

 

Underlying asset Index, Discount rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate, Stock price, Dividend rate and others

Derivatives held for hedging

  

 

138,077

  

  

 

109,293

  

  

DCF Model,
Closed Form,
FDM

  

Discount rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate and others

  82,144   311,349  

DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM

 

Discount rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate and others

Available-for-sale financial assets

   9,430,206     12,555,519          

Debt securities

   9,175,742     12,377,142    DCF Model  Discount rate  16,978,619   28,464,019  

DCF Model, Option model, Net Asset Value

 

Discount rate

Equity securities

   254,464     178,377    DCF Model, Net
Asset Value
  

Discount rate, Fair value of underlying asset

  2,349,998   1,789,501  

DCF Model, Option Model, Net Asset Value

 

Discount rate, Fair value of underlying asset

  

 

   

 

      

 

  

 

   

Sub-total

 19,328,617  30,253,520   
 

 

  

 

   

Total

  16,765,933    20,043,309       40,902,649  53,968,882   
  

 

   

 

      

 

  

 

   

Financial liabilities

           

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

    

Derivative-linked securities

 3,181,621  1,389,553  

DCF Model, Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model and others

 

Price of Underlying asset, Discount rate, Dividend rate, Volatility

 

 

  

 

   

Sub-total

 3,181,621  1,389,553   
 

 

  

 

   

Derivatives held for trading

  

1,538,374

  

  

1,751,617

  

  

DCF Model,
Closed Form,
FDM

  

Discount rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate, Stock price and others

  3,041,052   2,717,862  

DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Black-Scholes Model, Hull and White Model, Option Valuation Model and others

 

Discount rate, Price of Underlying asset, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate, Credit Spread, Stock price and others

Derivatives held for hedging

  

 

206,468

  

  

 

19,768

  

  

DCF Model,
Closed Form,
FDM

  

Discount rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate and others

  89,123   88,081  

DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM

 

Discount rate, Volatility, Foreign exchange rate and others

  

 

   

 

      

 

  

 

   

Total

  1,744,842    1,771,385       6,311,796  4,195,496   
  

 

   

 

      

 

  

 

   

Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities whose fair values are disclosed

The fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities whose the fair values are disclosed

The fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities which the fair value is disclosed as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014, is2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Fair value hierarchy       Fair value hierarchy     
  Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total   Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

                

Cash and due from financial institutions(1)

  2,698,018    10,555,993    1,539,592    14,793,603  

Cash and due from financial
institutions1

  2,625,516   13,390,534   1,862,664   17,878,714 

Loans

   —       —       219,319,406     219,319,406     —      —      265,144,250    265,144,250 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   3,535,217     9,851,745     —       13,386,962     1,505,288    9,895,328    —      11,400,616 

Other financial assets(2)

   —       —       6,251,679     6,251,679  

Other financial assets2

   —      —      7,322,335    7,322,335 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  6,233,235    20,407,738    227,110,677    253,751,650    4,130,804   23,285,862   274,329,249   301,745,915 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial liabilities

                

Deposits(1)

  —      72,839,365    128,288,906    201,128,271  

Debts(1)

   —       156,349     13,942,220     14,098,569  

Deposits1

  —     116,068,290   124,155,063   240,223,353 

Debts3

   —      1,444,983    24,802,785    26,247,768 

Debentures

   —       27,752,493     468,703     28,221,196     —      33,504,039    1,939,712    35,443,751 

Other financial liabilities(3)

   —       —       13,262,946     13,262,946  

Other financial liabilities4

   —      —      16,257,142    16,257,142 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  —      100,748,207    155,962,775    256,710,982    —     151,017,312   167,154,702   318,172,014 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Fair value hierarchy       Fair value hierarchy     
  Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total   Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

                

Cash and due from financial institutions(1)

  2,588,407    10,879,916    1,956,800    15,425,123  

Cash and due from financial
institutions1

  2,754,086   15,281,705   1,769,347   19,805,138 

Loans

   —       —       232,084,413     232,084,413     —      569,625    289,237,413    289,807,038 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   2,639,552     10,411,022     —       13,050,574     4,825,393    13,653,429    4,243    18,483,065 

Other financial assets(2)

   —       —       7,559,631     7,559,631  

Other financial assets2

   —      —      10,195,015    10,195,015 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  5,227,959    21,290,938    241,600,844    268,119,741    7,579,479   29,504,759   301,206,018   338,290,256 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial liabilities

                

Deposits(1)

  —      82,709,205    129,237,603    211,946,808  

Debts(1)

   —       48,984     15,895,786     15,944,770  

Deposits1

  —     125,154,284   131,068,206   256,222,490 

Debts3

   —      853,615    27,961,186    28,814,801 

Debentures

   —       29,256,810     495,392     29,752,202     —      41,058,076    3,342,249    44,400,325 

Other financial liabilities(3)

   —       —       11,918,865     11,918,865  

Other financial liabilities4

   —      —      18,328,276    18,328,276 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  —      112,014,999    157,547,646    269,562,645    —     167,065,975   180,699,917   347,765,892 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1)1

The amounts included in Level 2 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximationapproximations of the fair values.

(2)2

The ₩6,251,679Other financial assets of ₩7,322,335 million and ₩7,559,631₩10,195,015 million are included in Level 3, the carrying amounts that are reasonable approximations of otherfair values as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively.

3Debts of ₩70,624 million and ₩19,820 million included in Level 2 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximations of fair values as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively.
4Other financial assetsliabilities of ₩15,890,765 million and ₩17,882,909 million included in Level 3 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximationapproximations of fair values as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014.

(3)

The ₩13,261,041 million and ₩11,905,579 million of other financial liabilities included in Level 3 are the carrying amounts which are reasonable approximation of fair values as of December 31, 2013 and 2014.

2017, respectively.

Valuation techniques and the inputs used in the fair value measurement

The valuation techniques and the inputs of financialFinancial assets and liabilities which are disclosed by thewhose carrying amounts because itamount is a reasonable approximation of fair value are not subject to be disclosed.

Thedisclose valuation techniques and theinputs.

Valuation techniques and inputs of financial assets and liabilities whose the fair values are disclosed and classified as Level 2 as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  Fair value   

Valuation
technique

  

Inputs

  Fair value   

Valuation
technique

  

Inputs

  2013   2014    2016   2017   
  (In millions of Korean won)         (In millions of Korean won)       

Financial assets

                

Loans

  —     569,625   DCF Model  Discount rate

Held-to-maturity financial assets

  9,851,745    10,411,022    DCF Model  Discount rate   9,895,328    13,653,429   DCF Model  Discount rate

Financial liabilities

                

Debts

   1,374,359    833,795   DCF Model  Discount rate

Debentures

  27,752,493    29,256,810    DCF Model  Discount rate   33,504,039    41,058,076   DCF Model  Discount rate

The valuationValuation techniques and the inputs of financial assets and liabilities whose the fair values are disclosed and classified as Level 3 as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  Fair value   

Valuation
technique

  

Inputs

  

Unobservable
Inputs

 Fair value 

Valuation
technique

 

Inputs

  2013   2014    2016 

2017

 
  (In millions of Korean won)           (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

              

Cash and due from financial institutions

  

1,539,592

  

  

1,956,800

  

  

DCF Model

  

Credit spread, Other spread, Interest rate

  

Credit spread, Other spread

 

1,862,664

 

 

₩1,769,347

 

DCF Model

 

Credit spread, Other spread, Interest rates

Loans

   219,319,406     232,084,413    DCF Model  

Credit spread, Other spread, Prepayment rate, Interest rate

  

Credit spread, Other spread, Prepayment rate

  265,144,250  289,237,413 DCF Model 

Credit spread, Other spread, Prepayment rate, Interest rates

Held-to-maturity financial assets

 

 

—  

 

 

4,243

 

DCF Model

 

Interest rates

  

 

   

 

        

 

  

 

  

Total

  220,858,998    234,041,213         267,006,914  ₩291,011,003  
  

 

   

 

        

 

  

 

  

Financial liabilities

              

Deposits

  128,288,906    129,237,603    DCF Model  

Other spread, Prepayment rate, Interest rate

  

Other spread, Prepayment rate

 124,155,063  ₩131,068,206 DCF Model 

Other spread, Prepayment rate, Interest rates

Debts

   13,942,220     15,895,786    DCF Model  

Other spread, Interest rate

  Other spread  24,802,785  27,961,186 DCF Model 

Other spread, Interest rates

Debentures

   468,703     495,392    DCF Model  

Other spread, Implied default probability, Interest rate

  

Other spread, Implied default probability

  1,939,712  3,342,249 DCF Model 

Other spread, Implied default probability, Interest rates

Other financial liabilities

   1,905     13,286    DCF Model  

Other spread, Interest rate

  Other spread  366,377  445,367 DCF Model 

Other spread, Interest rates

  

 

   

 

        

 

  

 

  

Total

  142,701,734    145,642,067         151,263,937  ₩162,817,008  
  

 

   

 

        

 

  

 

  

6.2 Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy disclosureFair Value Hierarchy Disclosure

6.2.1 Valuation policyPolicy and process ofProcess for Fair Value Measurement Categorized Within Level 3 Fair value3.

The Group uses external, independent and qualified independent third-partyprofessional valuer’s valuation service in addition to internal valuation models to determine the fair value of the Group’s assets at the end of every reporting period.

Where a reclassification between the levels of the fair value hierarchy occurs for a financial asset or liability, the Group’s policy is to recognize such transfers as having occurred at the beginning of the reporting period.

6.2.2 Changes in fair valueFair Value (Level 3) measured using valuation technique basedMeasured Using Valuation Technique Based on unobservableUnobservable in marketMarket

ChangesDetails of changes in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Financial assets
at  fair value
through profit or

loss
 Financial
investments
 Financial
liabilities  at

fair value
through profit
or loss
 Net derivatives   Financial assets
at fair value
through profit or
loss
 Financial
investments
 Financial
liabilities at
fair value
through profit
or loss
 Net derivatives financial
instruments
 
  Designate at
fair value
through

profit or loss
 Available-for-sale
financial assets
 Designate at
fair value
through profit
or loss
 Derivatives
held for
trading
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
   Designated at
fair value
through
profit or loss
 Available-for-sale
financial assets
 Designated at
fair value
through profit
or loss
 Derivatives
held for
trading
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning balance

  177,624   1,478,339   (469,138 (1,158 (6,535  386,838  1,888,439  (1,819,379 (89,042 714 

Total gains or losses

            

Profit or loss

   7,138    (10,180  (31,379  (2,007  (1,229

Other comprehensive income

   —      41,204    —      —      —    

—Profit or loss

   62,717  (12,038 (382,798 25,649  676 

—Other comprehensive income

   —    86,320   —     —     —   

Purchases

   415,876    519,140    —      96    —       278,743  744,221   —    33,664   —   

Sales

   (366,710  (85,191  —      (2,058  —       (345,846 (288,082  —    (178,670  —   

Issues

   —      —      (1,076,965  (4,080  —       —     —    (4,085,714 (26,049  —   

Settlements

   —      —      698,917    17,009    (626   (118,913  —    4,182,978  282,671  (113

Transfers into Level 3

   —      26,979    —      —      —    

Transfers out of Level 3

   —      (308,238  —      —      —    

Transfers into Level 31

   —     —     —    8,815   —   

Transfers out of Level 31

   (337,217 (24,816 2,388,485  (72,571  —   

Business combination

   836,950  678,248  (8,080,711 (49,377  —   
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending balance

  233,928   1,662,053   (878,565 7,802   (8,390  763,272  3,072,292  (7,797,139 (64,910 1,277 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Financial assets
at  fair value
through profit or

loss
 Financial
investments
 Financial
liabilities at
fair value
through profit

or loss
 Net derivatives   Financial assets
at fair value
through profit or
loss
 Financial
investments
 Financial
liabilities at
fair value
through profit
or loss
 Net derivatives financial
instruments
 
  Designate at
fair value
through
profit or loss
 Available-for-sale
financial assets
 Designate at
fair value
through profit
or loss
 Derivatives
held for
trading
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
   Designated at
fair value
through

profit or loss
 Available-for-sale
financial assets
 Designated at
fair value
through profit
or loss
 Derivatives
held for
trading
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning balance

  233,928   1,662,053   (878,565 7,802   (8,390  763,272  3,072,292  (7,797,139 (64,910 1,277 

Total gains or losses

            

Profit or loss

   11,350    (131,057  (26,232  27,124    6,579  

Other comprehensive income

   —      141,422    —      —      —    

—Profit or loss

   52,936  (20,827 (846,704 504,627  (408

—Other comprehensive income

   —    6,356   —     —     —   

Purchases

   678,750    225,272    —      7,130    —       1,315,500  1,713,098   —    35,649   —   

Sales

   (421,860  (116,194  —      (3,771  —       (1,076,928 (916,778  —    (270,435  —   

Issues

   —      —      (1,417,513  (4,829  —       —     —    (11,528,433 (67,958  —   

Settlements

   —      —      1,339,884    (14,290  (210   (264,816  —    11,484,384  (3,760 (164

Transfers into Level 3

   —      25,146    —      22,651    —    

Transfers out of Level 3

   —      (12,137  —      —      —    

Transfers into Level 31

   —    14,168   —     —     —   

Transfers out of Level 31

   —    (922  —    (642  —   

Business combination

   —      6,834    —      —      —       524,380  2,038,779   —    522   —   

Changes from replacement of assets Of disposal group as held for sale

   —    (40,190  —     —     —   
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending balance

  502,168   1,801,339   (982,426 41,817   (2,021  1,314,344  5,865,976  (8,687,892 133,093  705 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

1The changes in levels for the financial instruments occurred due to change in the availability of observable market data.

In relation to changes in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, total gains or losses recognized in profit or loss for the year,period, and total gains or losses for the yearperiod included in profit or loss for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period in the statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2012 
   Net income from financial
investments at fair value
through profit or loss
  Other operating
income
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Total losses included in profit or loss for the year

  (47,152 (80,259

Total losses for the year included in profit or loss for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period

   (18,063  (83,533
   2015 
   Net income(loss) from financial
investments at fair value
through profit or loss
   Other operating
income(loss)
  Net interest income 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Total gains or losses included in profit or loss for the period

  8,699   125,331  7 

Total gains or losses for the period included in profit or loss for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period

   30,926    (24,143  7 

 

   2013 
   Net income from financial
investments at fair value
through profit or loss
  Other operating
income
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Total gains or losses included in profit or loss for the year

  (26,248 (11,409

Total gains or losses for the year included in profit or loss for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period

   (3,285  (23,948
   2016 
   Net income(loss) from financial
investments at fair value
through profit or loss
  Other operating
income(loss)
  Net interest income 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Total gains or losses included in profit or loss for the period

  (294,432 (11,375 13 

Total gains or losses for the period included in profit or loss for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period

   (89,797  (15,306  —   

 

   2014 
   Net income from financial
investments at fair value
through profit or loss
   Other operating
income
  Net Interest Income 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Total gains or losses included in profit or loss for the year

  12,242    (124,559 81  

Total gains or losses for the year included in profit or loss for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period

   35,573     (119,657  81  
   2017 
   Net income(loss) from financial
investments at fair value
through profit or loss
  Other operating
income(loss)
  Net interest income 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Total gains or losses included in profit or loss for the period

  (289,141 (21,235 —   

Total gains or losses for the period included in profit or loss for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period

   48,333   (90,103  —   

6.2.3 Sensitivity analysisAnalysis of changesChanges in unobservable inputsUnobservable Inputs

Information about fair value measurements using unobservable inputs as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

 

 2013 2016
 Fair value 

Valuation
technique

 

Inputs

 

Unobservable inputs

 Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)
 

Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value

 Fair value 

Valuation

technique

 

Unobservable inputs

 Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)
 

Relationship of unobservable inputs to

fair value

 (In millions of
Korean won)
  

(In millions of

Korean won)

   

Financial assets

    

Financial assets

 

    

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

   

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

  

Derivative linked securities

 

233,928

  

 

Monte Carlo Simulation, Closed Form, Hull and White model

 

Price of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Dividend yield, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation between underlying asset, Volatility of interest rate, Discount rate

 

Volatility of the underlying asset

 

10.99~40.28

 

The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

 Correlation between underlying asset -3.28~57.89 The higher the correlation between underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 Volatility of interest rate 0.48 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 Discount rate 2.54~5.32 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value

Debt securities

 94,069  Black-Scholes Model Volatility of the underlying asset  10.51~27.70  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Equity securities

  65,591  Black-Scholes Model Volatility of the underlying asset  10.51~30.97  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivative-linked securities

  603,612  

DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo

Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model

 Volatility of the underlying asset  15.00~49.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Correlation between underlying assets  4.00~73.07  The higher the correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for trading

Derivatives held for trading

         

Stock and index

  42,706   DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation Price of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation between underlying asset, Dividend yield, Discount rate Volatility of the underlying asset 7.10~45.64 

The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

  124,888  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Tree Model Volatility of the underlying asset  5.60~55.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 Correlation between underlying asset 11.43~79.26 The higher the correlation between underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 Discount rate 3.46 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Tree Model Correlation between underlying assets  4.00~69.00  The higher the correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Currency

  6,490   DCF Model Interest rates, Foreign exchange rate, Loss given default Loss given default 88.24~94.12 The higher the loss given default, the lower the fair value

Currency, interest rate and others

  12,048  DCF Model, Hull and White Model, Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation, Tree Model Loss given default  0.80~0.84  The higher the loss given default, the lower the fair value
  Volatility of the stock price  14.82~30.97  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Volatility of the interest rate  0.57  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Volatility of the underlying asset  18.00~59.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Correlation between underlying assets  -5.00~47.00  The higher the absolute value of correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for hedging

Derivatives held for hedging

       

Interest rate

  452   DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation Interest rates, Correlation between underlying asset (Interest rates), Foreign exchange rate Correlation between underlying asset(Interest rates) 0.03 The higher the correlation between underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation  1,463  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Tree Model Volatility of the underlying asset  5.04  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Available-for-sale financial assets

    

Debt securities

  2,809   DCF Model Discount rate Discount rate 8.85 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value

2013
Fair value

Valuation
technique

Inputs

Unobservable inputs

Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)

Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value

(In millions of
Korean won)

Equity securities

1,659,244DCF Model, Comparable company analysis, Adjusted discount rate method, Binomial trees, Hull and White model, Net asset value method, Dividend discount model, Discounted cash flows to equity,Growth rate, Discount rate, Volatility of interest rate, Volatilities of real estate selling price, Liquidation value, Net asset value, Stock price index of the comparative companyGrowth rate0.00~1.00The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
Discount rate2.86~58.69The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
Volatility of interest rate12.37~16.26The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Volatilities of real estate selling price0.74~0.96The higher the real estate selling price, the higher the fair value
Liquidation value0.00The higher the liquidation value, the higher the fair value

Total

1,945,629

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

Derivative linked securities

878,565

Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation

Price of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation between underlying asset, Dividend yield

Volatility of the underlying asset

10.99~44.71

The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Correlation between underlying asset-3.28~58.28The higher the correlation between underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for trading

Stock and index

41,394DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo SimulationPrice of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation between underlying asset, Dividend yield, Volatility of interest rateVolatility of the underlying asset10.99~45.64The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Correlation between underlying asset16.20~79.26The higher the correlation between underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Volatility of interest rate12.37~16.26The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for hedging

Interest rate

8,842DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo SimulationPrice of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Volatility of the underlying assetVolatility of the underlying asset3.00~5.28The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Total

928,801

  2016
  Fair value  

Valuation

technique

 

Unobservable inputs

 Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)
 

Relationship of unobservable inputs to

fair value

  

(In millions of

Korean won)

         

Available-for-sale financial assets

     

Debt securities

  10,251  DCF Model Discount rate 6.55 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value

Equity securities

  3,062,041  DCF Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Adjusted discount rate method, Net asset value method, Dividend discount model, Hull and White model, Discounted cash flows to equity, Income approach Growth rate 0.00~1.00 The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
   Discount rate 1.49~22.01 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
   Liquidation value 0.00 The higher the liquidation value, the higher the fair value
   Recovery rate of receivables’ acquisition cost 155.83 The higher the recovery rate of receivables’ acquisition cost, the higher the fair value
 

 

 

     

Total

 3,973,963     
 

 

 

     

Financial liabilities

     

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

  

Derivative-linked securities

 7,797,139  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black Scholes-Model Volatility of the underlying asset 1.00~49.00 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Correlation between underlying assets -5.00~77.00 The higher the absolute value of correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for trading

     

Stock and index

  153,419  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation Volatility of the underlying asset 17.00~43.00 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Correlation between underlying assets 4.00~59.00 The higher the correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Others

  48,427  DCF Model, Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Tree Model Volatility of the stock price 14.82 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Volatility of the interest rate 0.57~37.15 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Discount rate 2.09 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
   Volatility of the underlying asset 18.00~30.15 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Correlation between underlying assets -5.00~47.00 The higher the absolute value of correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

 2016
 Fair value 

Valuation

technique

 

Unobservable inputs

 Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)
 

Relationship of unobservable inputs to

fair value

 

(In millions of

Korean won)

   

Derivatives held for hedging

     

Interest rate

  186  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Tree Model Volatility of the underlying asset  2.74  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 

 

     

Total

 7,999,171     
 

 

     
 2014 2017
 Fair value 

Valuation
technique

 

Inputs

 

Unobservable inputs

 Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)
 

Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value

 Fair value 

Valuation

technique

 

Unobservable inputs

 Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)
 

Relationship of unobservable inputs to

fair value

 (In millions of
Korean won)
  

(In millions of

Korean won)

   

Financial assets

    

Financial assets

 

    

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

   

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

  

Derivative linked securities

 

502,168

  

 

Monte Carlo Simulation, Closed Form, DCF Model, Black-Derman-Toy Model

 

Price of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Dividend yield, Discount rate, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation between underlying asset, Probability of Default, Volatility of interest rate

 

Volatility of the underlying asset

 

2.82~48.96

 

The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

  Correlation between underlying asset -7.75~59.13 The higher the correlation between underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  Probability of Default 0.17~4.42 The higher the probability of default, the lower the fair value

Debt securities

 301,851  Tree Model, DCF Model, Hull and White Model Volatility of the underlying asset  9.96~29.53  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Equity securities

  67,828  Tree Model Volatility of the underlying asset  11.45~24.01  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivative-linked securities

  944,665  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Option Model, Tree Model Volatility of the underlying asset  10.00~30.07  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  

Monte Carlo Simulation, Closed Form, DCF Model, Black-Derman-Toy Model

 

Price of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Dividend yield, Discount rate, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation between underlying asset, Probability of Default, Volatility of interest rate

 Volatility of interest rate 4.48 The higher volatility of interest rate, the higher the fair value fluctuation  Recovery rate  40.00  The higher the recovery rate, the higher the fair value
  Correlation between underlying assets  8.27~90.00  The higher the correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for trading

Derivatives held for trading

        

Stock and index

  61,400   Volatility of the underlying asset 4.80~45.82 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation  138,972  DCF Model, FDM, Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Tree Model Volatility of the underlying asset  1.00~39.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Binomial trees, Black-Scholes Model 

Price of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Dividend yield, Discount rate, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation between underlying asset

 Correlation between underlying asset -3.27~59.13 The higher the correlation between underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation  Correlation between underlying assets  3.00~67.00  The higher the value of correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Currency, Interest rate and others

  58,107  DCF Model, Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Tree Model, Option Model Loss given default  0.56  The higher the loss given default, the lower the fair value
  Volatility of the interest rate  0.47  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Currency

  2,995   DCF Model, Interest rates, Foreign exchange rate, Loss given default Loss given default 6.78~90.56 The higher the loss given default, the lower the fair value
  Volatility of the underlying asset  3.00~51.00  The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for hedging

  

Interest rate

  260   DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, MonteCarlo Simulation Price of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Volatility of the underlying asset Volatility of the underlying asset 3.91 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
  DCF Model, Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes Model, Tree Model, Option Model Correlation between underlying assets  -13.00~90.00  The higher the absolute value of correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Available-for-sale financial assets

    

Debt securities

  341   DCF Model Discount rate Discount rate 9.21 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value

2014
Fair value

Valuation
technique

Inputs

Unobservable inputs

Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)

Relationship of unobservable inputs to
fair value

(In millions of
Korean won)

Equity securities

1,800,998DCF Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Adjusted discount rate method, Binomial trees, Discounted cash flows to equity, Net asset value method, Dividend discount modelGrowth rate, Discount rate, Volatility of interest rate, Volatilities of real estate selling price, Liquidation value, Recovery rate of receivables’ acquisition costGrowth rate0.00~3.00The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
Discount rate2.29~23.25The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
Volatility of interest rate16.25~21.45The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Volatilities of real estate selling price1.10The higher the real estate selling price, the higher the fair value
Liquidation value0.00The higher the liquidation value, the higher the fair value
Recovery rate of receivables’ acquisition cost155.83The higher the recovery rate of receivables’ acquisition cost, the higher the fair value

Total

2,368,162

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

Derivative linked securities

982,426

Closed Form, MonteCarlo Simulation

Price of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Dividend yield, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation between underlying asset

Volatility of the underlying asset

3.42~48.89

The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Correlation between underlying asset-7.75~59.13The higher the correlation between underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for trading

Stock and index

22,578DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black-Scholes ModelPrice of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Volatility of the underlying asset, Correlation between underlying asset, Dividend yield, Volatility of interest rateVolatility of the underlying asset11.15~41.79The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Correlation between underlying asset-3.83~68.20The higher the correlation between underlying asset, the higher the fair value fluctuation
Volatility of interest rate16.25~21.45The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for hedging

Interest rate

2,281DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo SimulationPrice of the underlying asset, Interest rates, Volatility of the underlying assetVolatility of the underlying asset2.35~3.91The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Total

1,007,285

  2017
  Fair value  

Valuation

technique

 

Unobservable inputs

 Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)
 

Relationship of unobservable inputs to

fair value

  

(In millions of

Korean won)

         

Derivatives held for hedging

     

Interest rate

  775  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation Volatility of the underlying asset 3.02 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Available-for-sale financial assets

     

Debt securities

  49,381  DCF Model, Option Model, Net asset value method, Market approach Discount rate 2.57~11.08 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
   Volatility 15.26~30.07 The Volatility is different for each item
   Correlation between underlying assets 48.82~82.16 The coefficient of correlation is different for each item
   Growth rate 0.00~2.20 The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value

Equity securities

  5,816,595  DCF Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Adjusted discount rate method, Dividend Discount Model, Net asset value method, Discounted cash flows to equity, Income approach, Market approach, One Factor Hull-White Model, Usage of past transactions, Cost methods, Asset value approach, Tree Model and others Growth rate -1.00~1.00 The higher the growth rate, the higher the fair value
   Discount rate -1.00~52.68 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
   Asset value -1.00~1.00 The higher the asset value, the higher the fair value
   Correlation between underlying assets 48.82~82.16 The coefficient of correlation is different for each item
   Volatility 15.26~30.07 The Volatility is different for each item
 

 

 

     

Total

 7,378,174     
 

 

 

     

Financial liabilities

     

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

  

Derivative-linked securities

 8,687,892  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Black Scholes-Model Volatility of the underlying asset 1.00~52.00 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Correlation between underlying assets -13.42~90.24 The higher the absolute value of correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for trading

     

Stock and index

  14,796  DCF Model, Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation, FDM Volatility of the underlying asset 1.00~33.00 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Correlation between underlying assets 7.00~67.00 The higher the correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

  2017
  Fair value  

Valuation

technique

 

Unobservable inputs

 Range of
unobservable
inputs(%)
 

Relationship of unobservable inputs to

fair value

  

(In millions of

Korean won)

         

Others

  49,190  DCF Model, Closed Form, Monte Carlo Simulation, Hull and White Model, Option Model Volatility of the stock price 15.84 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Volatility of the interest rate 0.47 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Discount rate 2.57~2.69 The lower the discount rate, the higher the fair value
   Volatility of the underlying asset 1.00~49.00 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
   Correlation between underlying assets 25.00~90.00 The higher the correlation, the higher the fair value fluctuation

Derivatives held for hedging

     

Interest rate

  70  DCF Model, Closed Form, FDM, Monte Carlo Simulation, Tree Model Volatility of the underlying asset 2.64 The higher the volatility, the higher the fair value fluctuation
 

 

 

     

Total

 8,751,948     
 

 

 

     

Sensitivity analysis of changes in unobservable inputs

Sensitivity analysis of financial instruments is performed to measure favorable and unfavorable changes in the fair value of financial instruments which are affected by the unobservable parameters, using a statistical technique. When the fair value is affected by more than two input parameters, the amounts represent the most favorable or most unfavorable. Amongst Level 3 financial instruments subject to sensitivity analysis are equity-related derivatives, currency-related derivatives and interest rate-related derivatives whose fair value changes are recognized in profit or loss as well as debt securities and unlisted equity securities (including private equity funds) whose fair value changes are recognized in profit or loss or other comprehensive income and loss.income.

Sensitivity analyses by typeThe results of instrument as a result of varying input parametersthe sensitivity analysis from changes in inputs are as follows:

 

  2013 
  Recognition
in profit or loss
  Other comprehensive income
or loss
 
  Favorable
changes
  Unfavorable
changes
  Favorable
changes
  Unfavorable
changes
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

    

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

    

Derivative linked securities(1)

 6,188   (8,834 —     —    

Derivatives held for trading(2)

  6,653    (6,299  —      —    

Derivatives held for hedging(2)

  —      —      —      —    

Available-for-sale financial assets

    

Debt securities(3)

  —      —      61    (58

Equity securities(4)

  —      —      322,444    (121,192
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 12,841   (15,133 322,505   (121,250
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

    

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss(1)

 15,467   (10,330 —     —    

Derivatives held for trading(2)

  4,596    (4,968  —      —    

Derivatives held for hedging(2)

  345    (333  —      —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 20,408   (15,631 —     —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
   2016 
   Recognition
in profit or loss
  Other comprehensive income 
   Favorable
changes
   Unfavorable
changes
  Favorable
changes
   Unfavorable
changes
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

       

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss1

       

Debt securities

  1,029   (866 —     —   

Equity securities

   840    (521  —      —   

Derivative-linked securities

   5,666    (5,463  —      —   

Derivatives held for trading2

   28,334    (29,486  —      —   

Derivatives held for hedging2

   9    (6  —      —   

Available-for-sale financial assets

       

Debt securities3

   —      —     69    (45

Equity securities4

   —      —     168,225    (87,529
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  35,878   (36,342 168,294   (87,574
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

       

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss1

  97,429   (97,571 —     —   

Derivatives held for trading2

   31,759    (33,715  —      —   

Derivatives held for hedging2

   3    (3  —      —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  129,191   (131,289 —     —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

  2014 
  Recognition
in profit or loss
  Other comprehensive income
or loss
 
  Favorable
changes
  Unfavorable
changes
  Favorable
changes
  Unfavorable
changes
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

    

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

    

Derivative linked securities(1)

 6,006   (10,768 —     —    

Derivatives held for trading(2)

  9,851    (8,194  —      —    

Derivatives held for hedging(2)

  17    (15  —      —    

Available-for-sale financial assets

    

Debt securities(3)

  —      —      20    (18

Equity securities(4)

  —      —      388,278    (147,164
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 15,874   (18,977 388,298   (147,182
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

    

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss(1)

 23,283   (15,248 —     —    

Derivatives held for trading(2)

  4,211    (6,812  —      —    

Derivatives held for hedging(2)

  86    (76  —      —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 27,580   (22,136 —     —    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
   2017 
   Recognition
in profit or loss
  Other comprehensive income 
   Favorable
changes
   Unfavorable
changes
  Favorable
changes
   Unfavorable
changes
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

       

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss1

       

Debt securities

  3,220   (2,563 —     —   

Equity securities

   654    (626  —      —   

Derivative-linked securities

   6,906    (6,820  —      —   

Derivatives held for trading2

   25,616    (28,488  —      —   

Derivatives held for hedging2

   —      —     —      —   

Available-for-sale financial assets

       

Debt securities3

   —      —     205    (51

Equity securities4

   —      —     126,916    (71,396
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  36,396   (38,497 127,121   (71,447
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

       

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss1

  40,020   (36,757 —     —   

Derivatives held for trading2

   11,091    (10,827  —      —   

Derivatives held for hedging2

   2    (2  —      —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  51,113   (47,586 —     —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1)1 

For financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss, the changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such asvolatility of the underlying asset or correlation between underlying asset by ± 10%.

2For stock price fluctuation range of underlying assets by +/- 10%.

(2)

For equity-relatedand index-related derivatives, the changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as correlation betweenof the stock pricerates of return on stocks and volatility of the underlying asset by +/-± 10%. For currency-related derivatives, changes in fair value are calculated by shifting unobservable input parameters, such as loss given default ratio by ± 1%. For interest rate-related derivatives, correlation of the interest rates or volatility of the underlying asset is shifted by ± 10% to calculate fair value changes.

3For debt securities,changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as loss given default by ± 1%. For interest rate-related derivatives, coefficient of correlation between long-term and short-term interest rates or the volatilities of the underlying assets are shifted by +/- 10% to calculate the fair value changes.

(3)

For debt securities, the changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parametersparameters; such as, discount rate by +/-± 1%.

(4)4 

For equity securities, the changes in fair value are calculated by shifting principal unobservable input parameters such as correlation between growth rate (0~0.5%) and discount rate, liquidation value(-1~1%) and discount rate, or recovery rate of receivables’ acquisition cost(-1~1%). Sensitivity of fair values to unobservable parameters of private equity fund is practically impossible, but in the case of equity fund composed of real estates, the changes in fair value are calculated by shifting correlation between discount rate(-1~1%) and volatilities of real estate price(-1~1%)

.

6.2.4 Day one gainOne Gain or lossLoss

If the Group uses a valuation technique that incorporates data not obtained from observable markets for the fair value at initial recognition of financial instruments, there could be a difference between the transaction price and the amount determined using that valuation technique. In these circumstances, the fair value of financial instruments is recognized as the transaction price, and the difference is deferred and not recognized in profit or loss, and is amortized by using the straight-line method over the life of the financial instrument. IfWhen the fair value of the financial instruments is subsequently determined using observable market inputs, the remaining deferred amount is recognized in profit or loss.

The aggregate difference yet to be recognized in profit or loss at the beginning and end of the period and a reconciliation of changes in the balance of this difference for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

 

   2013  2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Balance at the beginning of the year

  8,652   4,190  

New transactions

   3,449    (853

Amounts recognized in profit or loss during the year

   

Amortization

   (3,484  (891

Settlement

   (4,427  (1,070
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Balance at the end of the year

  4,190   1,376  
  

 

 

  

 

 

 
   2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Balance at the beginning of the period

  4,055  39,033 

New transactions and others

   37,819   58,445 

Changes during the period

   (2,841  (74,664
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Balance at the end of the year

  39,033  22,814 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

6.3 Carrying amountsAmounts of financial instrumentsFinancial Instruments by categoryCategory

Financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value or amortized cost. Measurement policies for each class of financial assets and liabilities are disclosed in Note 3, ‘Significant accounting policies’.

The carrying amounts of financial assets and liabilities by category as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 2013  2016 
 Financial assets at fair
value through profit or loss
            Financial assets at fair
value through profit or loss
           
 Held for
trading
 Designated
at fair value
through
profit or loss
 Loans and
receivables
 Available-
for-sale
financial
assets
 Held-to-
Maturity
financial
assets
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
 Total  Held for
trading
 Designated
at fair value
through

profit or loss
 Loans and
receivables
 Available-
for-sale
financial
assets
 Held-to-
Maturity
financial
assets
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
 Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

              

Cash and due from financial institutions

 —     —     14,792,654   —     —     —     14,792,654   —    —    17,884,863  —    —    —    17,884,863 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

  8,967,006    361,736    —      —      —      —      9,328,742   26,099,518  1,758,846   —     —     —     —    27,858,364 

Derivatives

  1,680,880    —      —      —      —      138,529    1,819,409   3,298,328   —     —     —     —    83,607  3,381,935 

Loans

  —      —      219,001,356    —      —      —      219,001,356    —     —    265,486,134   —     —     —    265,486,134 

Financial investments

  —      —      —      21,832,104    13,016,991    —      34,849,095    —     —     —    33,970,293  11,177,504   —    45,147,797 

Other financial assets

  —      —      6,251,679    —      —      —      6,251,679    —     —    7,322,335   —     —     —    7,322,335 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 10,647,886   361,736   240,045,689   21,832,104   13,016,991   138,529   286,042,935   29,397,846  1,758,846  290,693,332  33,970,293  11,177,504  83,607  367,081,428 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

  2013  2016 
  Financial liabilities at fair
value through profit or loss
              Financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or loss
       
  Held for
trading
   Designated
at fair value
through
profit or loss
   Financial
liabilities at
amortized cost
   Derivatives
held for
hedging
   Total  Held for
trading
 Designated at
fair value
through profit
or loss
 Financial
liabilities at
amortized cost
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
 Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial liabilities

               

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  236,637    878,565    —      —      1,115,202   1,143,510  10,979,326  —    —    12,122,836 

Derivatives

   1,580,029     —       —       215,310     1,795,339   3,717,819   —     —    89,309  3,807,128 

Deposits

   —       —       200,882,064     —       200,882,064    —     —    239,729,695   —    239,729,695 

Debts

   —       —       14,101,331     —       14,101,331    —     —    26,251,486   —    26,251,486 

Debentures

 �� —       —       27,039,534     —       27,039,534    —     —    34,992,057   —    34,992,057 

Other financial liabilities

   —       —       13,262,914     —       13,262,914    —     —    16,286,578   —    16,286,578 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  1,816,666    878,565    255,285,843    215,310    258,196,384   4,861,329  10,979,326  317,259,816  89,309  333,189,780 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 2014  2017 
 Financial assets at fair
value through profit or  loss
            Financial assets at fair
value through profit or loss
           
 Held for
trading
 Designated
at fair value
through
profit or loss
 Loans and
receivables
 Available-
for-sale
financial
assets
 Held-to-
Maturity
financial
assets
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
 Total  Held for
trading
 Designated
at fair value
through
profit or loss
 Loans and
receivables
 Available-
for-sale
financial
assets
 Held-to-
Maturity
financial
assets
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
 Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets

              

Cash and due from financial institutions

 —     —     15,423,847   —     —     —     15,423,847   —    —    19,817,825  —    —    —    19,817,825 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

  10,121,570    636,340    —      —      —      —      10,757,910   30,177,293  2,050,052   —     —     —     —    32,227,345 

Derivatives

  1,858,637    —      —      —      —      109,553    1,968,190   2,998,042   —     —     —     —    312,124  3,310,166 

Loans

  —      —      231,449,653    —      —      —      231,449,653    —     —    290,122,838   —     —     —    290,122,838 

Financial investments

  —      —      —      22,391,466    12,569,154    —      34,960,620    —     —     —    48,116,263  18,491,980   —    66,608,243 

Other financial assets

  —      —      7,559,631    —      —      —      7,559,631    —     —    10,195,015   —     —     —    10,195,015 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 11,980,207   636,340   254,433,131   22,391,466   12,569,154   109,553   302,119,851   33,175,335  2,050,052  320,135,678  48,116,263  18,491,980  312,124  422,281,432 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

  2014  2017 
  Financial liabilities at fair
value through profit or loss
              Financial liabilities at fair value
through profit or loss
       
  Held for
trading
   Designated
at fair value
through
profit or loss
   Financial
liabilities at
amortized cost
   Derivatives
held for
hedging
   Total  Held for
trading
 Designated at
fair value
through profit
or loss
 Financial
liabilities at
amortized cost
 Derivatives
held for
hedging
 Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial liabilities

               

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  836,542    982,426    —      —      1,818,968   1,944,770  10,078,288  —    —    12,023,058 

Derivatives

   1,775,341     —       —       22,049     1,797,390   3,054,614   —     —    88,151  3,142,765 

Deposits

   —       —       211,549,121     —       211,549,121    —     —    255,800,048   —    255,800,048 

Debts

   —       —       15,864,500     —       15,864,500    —     —    28,820,928   —    28,820,928 

Debentures

   —       —       29,200,706     —       29,200,706    —     —    44,992,724   —    44,992,724 

Other financial liabilities

   —       —       11,918,820     —       11,918,820    —     —    18,330,004   —    18,330,004 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  2,611,883    982,426    268,533,147    22,049    272,149,505   4,999,384  10,078,288  347,943,704  88,151  363,109,527 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

6.4 Transfer of financial assetsFinancial Assets

6.4.1 Transferred financial assets that are derecognized in their entiretyentirety.

The Group transferred loans and other financial assets that are derecognized in their entirety to SPEs, while the maximum exposure to loss (carryingloss(carrying amount) from its continuing involvement in the derecognized financial assets as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  

2013

 
  

Type of continuing
involvement

 

Classification of financial
instruments

 Carrying amount
of continuing
involvement
in statement of
financial position
  Fair value  of
continuing
involvement
 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

KR ABS Co., Ltd.

 

Mezzanine/ subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

 11,434   11,434  

KR ABS Second Co., Ltd.(1)

 Senior debt 

Loans and receivables

  26,065    26,227  
 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  33,017    33,017  

EAK ABS Co., Ltd.(2)

 Subordinate debt 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  35,020    35,020  

AP ABS First Co., Ltd.(3)

 Senior debt 

Loans and receivables

  67,326    67,353  
 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  16,669    16,669  

Discovery ABS First Co., Ltd.(4)

 Senior debt 

Loans and receivables

  23,494    23,547  
 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  21,454    21,454  
   

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Total

 234,479   234,721  
   

 

 

  

 

 

 
   

2016

 
   

Type of continuing
involvement

  

Classification of financial
instruments

  Carrying amount
of continuing
involvement

in statement of
financial position
   Fair value of
continuing
involvement
 
         (In millions of Korean won) 

EAK ABS Co., Ltd.

  

Subordinate debt

  

Available-for-sale financial assets

  7   7 

AP ABS First Co., Ltd.

  

Subordinate debt

  

Available-for-sale financial assets

   1,393    1,393 

Discovery ABS First Co., Ltd.

  

Subordinate debt

  

Available-for-sale financial assets

   6,876    6,876 

EAK ABS Second Co., Ltd.

  

Subordinate debt

  

Available-for-sale financial assets

   12,302    12,302 

FK1411 Co., Ltd.

  

Subordinate debt

  

Available-for-sale financial assets

   15,212    15,212 

AP 3B ABS Ltd.

  

Subordinate debt

  

Available-for-sale financial assets

   14,374    14,374 

AP 4D ABS Ltd.1

  

Senior debt

  

Loans and receivables

   13,626    13,689 
  

Subordinated debt

  

Available-for-sale financial assets

   14,450    14,450 
      

 

 

   

 

 

 
    

Total

  78,240   78,303 
      

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1)1

Recognized net lossgain from transferring loans to the SPEs amounts to ₩24,589₩6,705 million.

(2)2 

Recognized net loss from transferring loans to the SPEs amounts to ₩2,480 million.

(3)

Recognized net loss from transferring loans to the SPEs amounts to ₩18,556 million.

(4)

Recognized net loss from transferring loans to the SPEs amounts to ₩37,975 million.

(5)

In addition to the above, there were gains from the transfer of non-performing loans to the National Happiness Fund (‘the Fund’) amounting to ₩57,826 million. According to the agreement with the Fund, where the recovered amounts exceedportion in excess of the consideration paid by the Fund for the non-performing loans, the excess amount is to be reimbursed to the Group.

  

2014

 
  

Type of continuing
involvement

 

Classification of financial
instruments

 Carrying amount
of continuing
involvement

in statement of
financial position
  Fair value of
continuing
involvement
 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

KR ABS Co., Ltd.

 Subordinate debt 

Available-for-sale financial assets

 4,921   4,921  

KR ABS Second Co., Ltd.

 Subordinate debt 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  22,219    22,219  

EAK ABS Co., Ltd.

 Subordinate debt 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  11,211    11,211  

AP ABS First Co., Ltd.

 Senior debt 

Loans and receivables

  9,762    9,842  
 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  17,346    17,346  

Discovery ABS First Co., Ltd.

 Senior debt 

Loans and receivables

  1,175    1,194  
 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  22,591    22,591  

EAK ABS Second Co., Ltd.(1)

 Senior debt 

Loans and receivables

  19,806    20,026  
 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  38,207    38,207  

FK1411 Co., Ltd. (2)

 Senior debt 

Loans and receivables

  44,966    44,917  
 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  47,600    47,600  
   

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Total

 239,804   240,074  
   

 

 

  

 

 

 

(1)

Recognized net loss from transferring loans to the SPEs amounts to ₩6,924 million.

(2)

Recognized net loss from transferring loans to the SPEs amounts to ₩27,365 million.

(3)

In addition to the above, there were gains on sale of loans attributable to true-up adjustments based on the transfer agreement with the National Happiness Fund (‘the Fund’) amountingfornon-performing loans amounts to ₩3,762 million.

₩4,394 million during 2016.

  

2017

 
  

Type of continuing
involvement

 

Classification of financial
instruments

  Carrying amount
of continuing
involvement

in statement of
financial position
   Fair value of
continuing
involvement
 
       (In millions of Korean won) 

Discovery ABS Second Co., Ltd.

 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  6,022   6,022 

EAK ABS Second Co., Ltd.

 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

   5,339    5,339 

FK1411 Co., Ltd.

 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

   9,601    9,601 

AP 3B ABS Ltd.

 

Subordinate debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

   9,902    9,902 

AP 4D ABS Ltd.

 

Senior debt

 

Loans and receivables

   2,248    2,251 
 

Subordinated debt

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

   14,160    14,160 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Total

  47,272   47,275 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 

1In addition to the above, the recovered portion in excess of the consideration paid attributable to adjustments based on the agreement with the National Happiness Fund fornon-performing loans amounts to ₩2,989 million as of December 31, 2017.

6.4.2 Transferred financial assets that are not derecognized in their entirety

The Group securitized the loans and receivedissued the subordinated debts as part of consideration related to the securitization to provide credit enhancements to otherasset-backed debentures. The senior debtors, and this transaction was recognized by the Group as collateralized debts. The liabilitiesdebentures and related securitized assets as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 
        Liabilities arising from asset-backed securities 
  Carrying amount
of assets (Underlying
assets)
  Carrying amount
of the associated
liabilities (Senior
debentures)
  Fair value of
assets (Underlying
assets)
  Fair value of the
associated
liabilities (Senior
debentures)
  Net Position 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

KB Mortgage Loan First Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd.

 295,679   193,062   295,679   192,972   102,707  

KAMCO Value Recreation Third Securitization Specialty
Co., Ltd.

  8,291    1,958    8,291    1,958    6,333  

KH First Co., Ltd.(3)

  99,763    100,900    —      —      —    

KB Kookmin Card First Securitization Co., Ltd.(1)

  568,916    315,845    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile First Securitization Specialty(2)

  339,222    329,785    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Second Securitization Specialty(2)

  384,473    374,733    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Third Securitization Specialty(2)

  350,822    343,736    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Fourth Securitization Specialty(2)

  202,038    199,802    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Fifth Securitization Specialty(2)

  344,047    339,631    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Sixth Securitization Specialty(2)

  362,975    359,534    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Seventh Securitization Specialty(2)

  351,905    349,486    —      —      —    

  2014 
        Liabilities arising from asset-backed securities 
  Carrying amount
of assets (Underlying
assets)
  Carrying amount
of the associated
liabilities (Senior
debentures)
  Fair value of
assets (Underlying
assets)
  Fair value of the
associated
liabilities (Senior
debentures)
  Net Position 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

KB Kookmin Card First Securitization Co., Ltd.(1)

 546,770   —     —     —     —    

KB Kookmin Card Second Securitization Co., Ltd.(1)

  622,573    327,553    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile First Securitization Specialty(2)

  122,528    109,972    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Second Securitization Specialty(2)

  158,396    144,958    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Third Securitization Specialty(2)

  169,609    158,957    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Fourth Securitization Specialty(2)

  99,952    94,959    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Fifth Securitization Specialty(2)

  179,703    169,926    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Sixth Securitization Specialty(2)

  204,095    194,896    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Seventh Securitization Specialty(2)

  207,387    199,878    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Eighth Securitization Specialty(2)

  202,745    194,862    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Ninth Securitization Specialty(2)

  143,666    139,889    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Tenth Securitization Specialty(2)

  193,959    189,827    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Eleventh Securitization Specialty(2)

  182,281    179,781    —      —      —    

Wise Mobile Twelfth Securitization Specialty(2)

  191,329    189,719    —      —      —    
(In millions of Korean won) 2016  2017 
  Carrying amount
of underlying
assets
  Carrying amount
of senior
debentures
  Carrying amount
of underlying
assets
  Carrying amount
of senior
debentures
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

KB Kookmin Card Second Securitization Co., Ltd.1

 605,958  361,769  495,545  107,093 

KB Kookmin Card Third Securitization Co., Ltd.1

  —     —     600,813   324,425 

KB Kookmin Card Fourth Securitization Co., Ltd.1

  —     —     561,495   320,892 

Wise Mobile Eighth Securitization Specialty2

  11,209   —     —     —   

Wise Mobile Ninth Securitization Specialty2

  6,027   —     —     —   

Wise Mobile Tenth Securitization Specialty2

  17,485   9,999   —     —   

Wise Mobile Eleventh Securitization Specialty2

  16,830   9,998   —     —   

Wise Mobile Twelfth Securitization Specialty2

  27,107   19,995   —     —   

Wise Mobile Thirteenth Securitization Specialty2

  31,873   24,996   7,284   —   

Wise Mobile Fourteenth Securitization Specialty2

  52,583   44,991   8,504   —   

Wise Mobile Fifteenth Securitization Specialty2

  68,270   64,983   4,105   —   

Wise Mobile Sixteenth Securitization Specialty2

  114,213   109,966   5,500   —   

Wise Mobile Seventeenth Securitization Specialty2

  118,767   114,955   10,407   4,999 

Wise Mobile Eighteenth Securitization Specialty2

  97,910   94,950   9,340   4,999 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
 1,168,232  856,602  1,702,993  762,408 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

(1)1

They have theThe Company has an obligation to early redeem the asset-backed debentures upon occurrence of an event specified in the agreement such as trust type asset securitization.when the outstanding balance of the eligible asset-backed securitization (ABS), a trust-type ABS, is below the solvency margin ratio (minimum rate: 104.5%) of the beneficiary interest in the trust. In addition, the Company can entrust additional eligible card transaction accounts and deposits. To avoid such early redemption, they entrust supplementarythe Company entrusts accounts and deposits in addition to the previously entrusted card accounts, deposits and others.accounts. Accordingly, as asset-backed debenture holders’ recourse is not limited to the underlying assets, the fair value is not disclosed.

(2)2

IfAccording to the liquidity facility agreement entered between the Special Purpose Companies (SPC) could not redeemand Woori Bank and NH Bank, if the senior debentures cannot be redeemed by collection ofthe underlying assets, the SPCsenior debentures should be redeemredeemed by borrowings from the creditliquidity facilities. Accordingly, as senior debenture holders’ recourse is not limited to the underlying assets, the fair value is not disclosed.

(3)

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement of the liabilities, the fair value is not disclosed as the counterparty has both a right of recourse for the securitized assets and a right to request to purchase the liabilities.

6.4.3 Securities under repurchase agreements and loaned securities

The Group continues to recognize the financial assets related to repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions on the statements of financial position since those transactions are not qualified for derecognition even though the Group transfers the financial assets. A financial asset is sold under ana repurchase agreement to repurchase the same asset at a fixed price, or loaned under a securities lending agreement to be returned as the same asset. Thus, the Group retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. The amounts of transferred assets and related liabilities as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Carrying amount of
transferred assets
   Carrying amount of related
liabilities
   Carrying amount of
transferred assets
   Carrying amount of
related liabilities
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Securities under repurchase agreements

  649,309    608,156  

Repurchase agreements

  9,302,087   8,815,027 

Loaned securities

        

Government bond

   527,427     —       108,062    —   

Stock

   14,296     —       552,872    —   

Others

   16,250    —   
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  1,191,032    608,156    9,979,271   8,815,027 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Carrying amount of
transferred assets
   Carrying amount of related
liabilities
   Carrying amount of
transferred assets
   Carrying amount of
related liabilities
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Securities under repurchase agreements

  1,080,804    1,019,071  

Repurchase agreements

  10,111,732   10,666,315 

Loaned securities

        

Government bond

   162,408     —       418,966    —   

Stock

   2,378     —       729,702    —   

Others

   —      —   
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  1,245,590    1,019,071    11,260,400   10,666,315 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

6.5 Offsetting financial assetsFinancial Assets and financial liabilitiesFinancial Liabilities

The Group enters into International Derivatives Swaps and DealersDerivatives Association (“ISDA”) master netting agreements and other similar arrangements with the Group’s derivative and spot exchange counterparties. Similar netting agreements are also entered into with the Group’s reverse repurchase, securities and others. Pursuant to these agreements, in the event of default by one party, contracts are to be terminated and receivables and payables are to be offset. Further, as the law allows for the right to offset, domestic uncollected receivables balances and domestic accrued liabilities balances are shown in its net settlement balance in the consolidated statement of consolidated financial position.

The detailsDetails of financial assets subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreementsagreement as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 
  Gross
amounts of
recognized
financial
assets
  Gross amounts of
recognized
financial liabilities
offset in the
statement of
financial position
  Net amounts of
financial assets
presented in the
statement of
financial
position
  Non-offsetting amount  Net amount 
     Financial
instruments
  Cash
collateral
received
  
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Derivatives held for trading

 1,593,909   —     1,593,909   (1,190,301 (1,850 401,758  

Derivatives held for hedging

  138,028    —      138,028    (36,133  —      101,895  

Receivable spot exchange

  2,256,532    —      2,256,532    (2,255,085  —      1,447  

Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing and similar agreements(1)

  4,173,200    —      4,173,200    (4,173,200  —      —    

Other financial instruments

  16,475,869    (15,637,526  838,343    —      —      838,343  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 24,637,538   (15,637,526 9,000,012   (7,654,719 (1,850 1,343,443  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

  2014 
  Gross
amounts of
recognized
financial
assets
  Gross amounts of
recognized
financial liabilities
offset in the
statement of
financial position
  Net amounts of
financial assets
presented in
the statement of
financial position
  Non-offsetting amount  Net amount 
     Financial
instruments
  Cash
collateral
received
  
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Derivatives held for trading

 1,806,087   —     1,806,087   (1,477,495 (1,635 326,957  

Derivatives held for hedging

  109,553    —      109,553    (15,688  —      93,865  

Receivable spot exchange

  2,343,308    —      2,343,308    (2,342,116  —      1,192  

Reverse repurchase, securities borrowing and similar agreements(1)

  3,529,900    —      3,529,900    (3,529,900  —      —    

Other financial instruments

  18,680,680    (16,483,341  2,197,339    —      —      2,197,339  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 26,469,528   (16,483,341 9,986,187   (7,365,199 (1,635 2,619,353  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

(1)

Includes a portion of the securities loaned.

  2016 
  Gross assets  Gross liabilities
offset
  Net amounts
presented in

the statement
of financial
position
  Non-offsetting amount  Net
amount
 
    Financial
instruments
  Cash
collateral
  
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Derivatives held for trading and Derivatives linked securities

 3,800,978  —    3,800,978  (2,390,096 (2,711 1,408,171 

Derivatives held for hedging

  80,718   —     80,718   (10,980  —     69,738 

Receivable spot exchange

  2,557,424   —     2,557,424   (2,555,485  —     1,939 

Reverse repurchase agreements

  2,926,515   —     2,926,515   (2,926,515  —     —   

Domestic exchange settlement debits

  19,854,611   (19,323,418  531,193   —     —     531,193 

Other financial instruments

  1,055,379   (829,137  226,242   (7,222  —     219,020 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 30,275,625  (20,152,555 10,123,070  (7,890,298 (2,711 2,230,061 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  2017 
  Gross assets  Gross liabilities
offset
  Net amounts
presented in the
statement
of financial
position
  Non-offsetting amount  Net
amount
 
     Financial
instruments
  Cash
collateral
  
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Derivatives held for trading and Derivatives linked securities

 2,981,437  —    2,981,437  (2,195,210 (191,349 594,878 

Derivatives held for hedging

  312,124   —     312,124   (21,990  (21,830  268,304 

Receivable spot exchange

  3,443,674   —     3,443,674   (3,443,298  —     376 

Reverse repurchase agreements

  2,617,700   —     2,617,700   (2,617,700  —     —   

Domestic exchange settlement debits

  30,904,611   (29,959,914  944,697   —     —     944,697 

Other financial instruments

  1,542,035   (1,531,622  10,413   (9,525  —     888 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 41,801,581  (31,491,536 10,310,045  (8,287,723 (213,179 1,809,143 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

The detailsDetails of financial liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreementsagreement as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 2013  2016 
 Gross
amounts of
recognized
financial
liabilities
  Gross amounts of
recognized
financial assets
offset in the
statement of
financial position
  Net amounts of
financial liabilities
presented in the
statement of
financial
position
  Non-offsetting amount Net
amount
  Gross liabilities  Gross assets
offset
  Net amounts
presented in the
statement of
financial
position
  Non-offsetting amount Net amount 
 Financial
instruments
 Cash
collateral
received
  Financial
instruments
 Cash
collateral
 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Derivatives held for trading

 1,579,878   —     1,579,878   (992,164 —     587,714  

Derivatives held for trading and Derivatives linked securities

 4,622,729  —    4,622,729  (3,005,000 (207,797 1,409,932 

Derivatives held for hedging

  204,642    —      204,642    (16,320  —      188,322   88,506   —    88,506  (22,795 (11,922 53,789 

Payable spot exchange

  2,256,147    —      2,256,147    (2,255,085  —      1,062   2,556,009   —    2,556,009  (2,555,485  —    524 

Repurchase agreements, securities lending and similar
agreements
(1),(2)

  804,726    —      804,726    (804,726  —      —    

Repurchase agreements1

 8,815,027   —    8,815,027  (8,815,027  —     —   

Securities borrowing agreements

 1,063,056   —    1,063,056  (1,063,056  —     —   

Domestic exchange settlement credits

 20,655,999  (19,323,418 1,332,581  (1,332,503  —    78 

Other financial instruments

  16,754,401    (15,637,526  1,116,875    (946,800  —      170,075   953,137  (829,137 124,000  (7,252  —    116,748 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 21,599,794   (15,637,526 5,962,268   (5,015,095 —     947,173   38,754,463  (20,152,555 18,601,908  (16,801,118 (219,719 1,581,071 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

 2014  2017 
 Gross
amounts of
recognized
financial
liabilities
  Gross amounts
of recognized
financial assets
offset in the
statement of
financial position
  Net amounts of
financial liabilities
presented in the
statement of
financial
position
  Non-offsetting amount Net
amount
  Gross liabilities  Gross asset
offset
  Net amounts
presented in the
statement
of financial
position
  Non-offsetting amount   
 Financial
instruments
 Cash
collateral
received
  Financial
instruments
 Cash
collateral
 Net amount 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Derivatives held for trading

 1,765,781   —     1,765,781   (1,323,749 —     442,032  

Derivatives held for trading and Derivatives linked securities

 3,193,238  —    3,193,238  (1,540,336 (32,585 1,620,317 

Derivatives held for hedging

  21,147    —      21,147    (3,013  —      18,134   88,151   —    88,151  (11,770 (9,139 67,242 

Payable spot exchange

  2,343,234    —      2,343,234    (2,342,116  —      1,118   3,445,098   —    3,445,098  (3,443,298  —    1,800 

Repurchase agreements, securities lending and similar
agreements
(1),(2)

  1,803,963    —      1,803,963    (1,803,963  —      —    

Repurchase agreements1

 10,666,315   —    10,666,315  (10,666,315  —     —   

Securities borrowing agreements

 1,870,579   —    1,870,579  (1,870,579  —     —   

Domestic exchange settlement credits

 29,999,359  (29,959,914 39,445  (39,445  —     —   

Other financial instruments

  16,724,449    (16,483,341  241,108    (122,797  —      118,311   1,721,862  (1,530,488 191,374  (194  —    191,180 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 22,658,574   (16,483,341 6,175,233   (5,595,638 —     579,595   50,984,602  (31,490,402 19,494,200  (17,571,937 (41,724 1,880,539 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

(1)1 

Includes repurchase agreements sold to customers.

(2)

Includes a portion of securities sold.

7. Due from financial institutionsFinancial Institutions

The detailsDetails of due from financial institutions as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

     

Financial Institutions

  Interest rate(%)   2013   2014 
           (In millions of Korean won) 

Due from financial institutions in Korean won

 

Due from Bank of Korea

 

Bank of Korea

   0.00~2.03    6,717,697    6,283,230  
 

Due from banking institutions

 

Hana Bank and others

   0.00~7.15     636,837     1,191,877  
 

Due from others

 

DaiShin Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. and others

   0.10~3.20     3,203,452     3,750,163  
      

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

     10,557,986     11,225,270  
      

 

 

   

 

 

 

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies

 

Due from banks in foreign currencies

 

Bank of Korea and others

   —       855,388     899,080  
 

Time deposits in foreign currencies

 

Bank of Communications and others

   0.11~6.70     657,408     708,926  
 

Due from others

 

Woori Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. and others

   —       23,321     45,154  
      

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

     1,536,117     1,653,160  
      

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Total

    12,094,103    12,878,430  
      

 

 

   

 

 

 

Due from financial institutions, classified by type of financial institution as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

   2013 
   In Korean won   In foreign currencies   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Bank of Korea

  6,717,697    410,328    7,128,025  

Other banking institutions

   636,837     1,105,842     1,742,679  

Other financial institutions

   3,203,452     19,947     3,223,399  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  10,557,986    1,536,117    12,094,103  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   In Korean won   In foreign currencies   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Bank of Korea

  6,283,230    225,393    6,508,623  

Other banking institutions

   1,191,877     1,399,586     2,591,463  

Other financial institutions

   3,750,163     28,181     3,778,344  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  11,225,270    1,653,160    12,878,430  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

    

Financial institutions

  Interest
rate(%)
   2016   

2017

           (In millions of Korean won)

Due from financial institutions in Korean won

 

Due from Bank of Korea

 

Bank of Korea

   0.00~1.53   7,259,264   ₩8,511,295
 

Due from banks

 

KEB Hana Bank and others

   0.00~1.86    1,233,368   2,267,778
 

Due from others

 

Kyobo Securities Co., Ltd. and others

   0.00~1.64    3,276,913   3,377,102
      

 

 

   

 

  

Sub-total

     11,769,545   14,156,175
      

 

 

   

 

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies

 

Due from banks in foreign currencies

 

Bank of Korea and others

   —      2,025,373   1,670,935
 

Time deposits in foreign currencies

 

AOZORA BANK and others

   0.11~6.40    808,253   775,917
 

Due from others

 

Societe Generale and others

   0.00~5.02    723,002   616,634
      

 

 

   

 

  

Sub-total

     3,556,628   3,063,486
      

 

 

   

 

  

Total

    15,326,173   ₩17,219,661
      

 

 

   

 

Restricted duecash from financial institutions as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 

Financial Institutions

 2013 2014 

Reason for restriction

 

Financial Institutions

  2016   2017   

Reason for restriction

 (in millions of Korean won)    (In millions of Korean won)    

Due from financial institutions in Korean won

 

Due from Bank of Korea

 Bank of Korea 6,717,697   6,283,230   

Bank of Korea Act

 

Due from Bank of Korea

 

Bank of Korea

  7,259,264   8,511,295   Bank of Korea Act

Due from Banking institution

 

Hana Bank and others

  342,469    393,824   

Agreement for allocation of deposit

Due from others 

The Korea Exchange and others

  102,460    137,327   

Market entry deposit and others

   

 

  

 

   

Due from banks

 

Citibank Korea Inc. and others

   209,676    572,132   Deposits related to securitization and others
  

Sub-total

  7,162,626    6,814,381    

Due from others

 

NH Investment Securities and others

   580,655    371,398   Derivatives margin account and others
   

 

  

 

      

 

   

 

   

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies

 

Due from banks in foreign currencies

 

Bank of Korea and others

  482,296    293,067   

Bank of Korea Act and others

Time deposit in foreign currencies

 

Bank of communications and others

  10,553    16,488   

Bank Act of the State of New York

  

Sub-total

   8,049,595    9,454,825   
    

 

   

 

   

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies

Due from others 

Woori Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. and others

  10,428    8,158   

Derivatives margin account and others

 

Due from banks in foreign currencies

 

Bank of Korea and others

   564,099    619,130   Bank of Korea Act and others
   

 

  

 

   

Time deposit in foreign currencies

 

China Construction Bank NY Branch and others

   24,170    29,650   Bank Act of the State of New York and others
  

Sub-total

  503,277    317,713    

Due from others

 

Societe Generale and others

   664,082    509,484   Derivatives margin account and others
   

 

  

 

      

 

   

 

   
  

Total

 7,665,903   7,132,094     

Sub-total

   1,252,351    1,158,264   
   

 

  

 

      

 

   

 

   
  

Total

  9,301,946   10,613,089   
    

 

   

 

   

8. Assets pledged as collateral

The detailsDetails of assets pledged as collateral as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

    2013

Assets pledged

 

Pledgee

 Carrying
amount
  Collateralized
amount
  

Reason of pledge

    (In millions of Korean won)   

Due from financial institutions

 

Korea Federation of Savings Banks and others

 238,901   238,901   Borrowings from Bank and others
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Financial assets held for trading

 

Korea Securities Depository and others

  336,154    329,391   

Repurchase agreements and similar agreements

 

Korea Securities Depository and others

  446,126    393,981   

Securities lending transactions

 

Samsung Futures Inc. and others

  15,570    14,589   

Derivatives transactions

  

 

 

  

 

 

  
 

Sub-total

  797,850    737,961   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Available-for-sale financial assets

 

Korea Securities Depository and others

  45,771    45,145   

Securities lending transactions

 

Samsung Futures Inc. and others

  33,317    31,746   

Derivatives transactions

 Others  15,100    14,370   

Others

  

 

 

  

 

 

  
 

Sub-total

  94,188    91,261   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Held-to-maturity financial assets

 

Korea Securities Depository and others

  3,577,052    3,572,000   

Repurchase agreements and similar agreements

 

Bank of Korea

  617,250    610,000   Borrowings from Bank of Korea
 

Bank of Korea

  956,284    946,800   Settlement risk of Bank of Korea
 

Samsung Futures Inc. and others

  325,616    325,521   Derivatives transactions
 Others  258,615    258,500   Others
  

 

 

  

 

 

  
 

Sub-total

  5,734,817    5,712,821   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Mortgage loans

 Others  846,000    843,127   Covered Bond
  

 

 

  

 

 

  
 

Total

 7,711,756   7,624,071   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  
2016

Assets pledged

Pledgee

Carrying amount

Reason of pledge

(In millions of
Korean won)

Due from financial institutions

Korea Federation of Savings Banks and others

159,736Borrowings from Bank and others

Financial assets held for trading

Korea Securities Depository and others

5,977,536Repurchase agreements

Korea Securities Depository and others

2,392,945Securities borrowing transactions
Korea Exchange, Inc. and others2,170,588Derivatives transactions

Sub-total

10,541,069

Available-for-sale financial assets

Korea Securities Depository and others

3,314,106

Repurchase agreements

Korea Securities Depository and others

193,028Securities borrowing transactions

Bank of Korea

490,297

Borrowings from Bank of Korea

Bank of Korea

493,896

Settlement risk of Bank of Korea

KEB Hana Bank and others

1,084,500

Derivatives transactions

Others

19,956Others

Sub-total

5,595,783

Held-to-maturity financial assets

Korea Securities Depository and others

44,988

Repurchase agreements

Bank of Korea

1,251,011Borrowings from Bank of Korea

Bank of Korea

1,185,267Settlement risk of Bank of Korea

Samsung Futures Inc. and others

209,022Derivatives transactions
Others296,632Others

Sub-total

2,986,920

Mortgage loans

Others2,252,315Covered bond

Real estate

Natixis Real Estate Capital LLC and others791,873Borrowings from Bank and others

Total

22,327,696

    2014

Assets pledged

 

Pledgee

 Carrying
amount
  Collateralized
amount
  

Reason of pledge

    (In millions of Korean won)

Due from financial institutions

 

Korea Federation of Savings Banks and others

 166,344   166,344   Borrowings from Bank and others

Financial assets held for trading

 

Korea Securities Depository and others

  999,412    960,368   

Repurchase agreements and similar agreements

 

Korea Securities Depository and others

  959,858    869,279   Securities lending transactions
 

Samsung Futures Inc. and others

  17,521    16,033   Derivatives transactions
 

Others

  17,864    17,721   Others
  

 

 

  

 

 

  
 

Sub-total

  1,994,655    1,863,401   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Available-for-sale financial assets

 

Korea Securities Depository and others

  120,081    90,576   Securities lending transactions
 

Samsung Futures Inc. and others

  24,856    22,634   Derivatives transactions
 

Others

  39,100    37,132   Others
  

 

 

  

 

 

  
 

Sub-total

  184,037    150,342   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

Held-to-maturity financial assets

 

Korea Securities Depository and others

  1,460,932    1,452,000   

Repurchase agreements and similar agreements

 

Bank of Korea

  993,853    990,000   Borrowings from Bank of Korea
 

Bank of Korea

  1,440,821    1,416,800   Settlement risk of Bank of Korea
 

Samsung Futures Inc. and others

  285,023    284,492   Derivatives transactions
 

Others

  238,654    238,500   Others
  

 

 

  

 

 

  
 

Sub-total

  4,419,283    4,381,792   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  
 

Total

 6,764,319   6,561,879   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  
2017

Assets pledged

Pledgee

Carrying amount

Reason of pledge

(In millions of
Korean won)

Due from financial institutions

Korea Federation of Savings Banks and others

165,026Borrowings from Bank and others

Financial assets held for trading

Korea Securities Depository and others

7,699,857Repurchase agreements

Korea Securities Depository and others

4,941,912Securities borrowing transactions
Samsung Futures Inc. and others1,047,758Derivatives transactions

Sub-total

13,689,527

Available-for-sale financial assets

Korea Securities Depository and others

2,401,388

Repurchase agreements

Korea Securities Depository and others

838,149Securities borrowing transactions

Bank of Korea

651,284

Borrowings from Bank of Korea

Bank of Korea

750,254

Settlement risk of Bank of Korea

Samsung Futures Inc. and others

221,004

Derivatives transactions

Sub-total

4,862,079

Held-to-maturity financial assets

Korea Securities Depository and others

35,026

Repurchase agreements

Bank of Korea

1,326,558

Borrowings from Bank of Korea

Bank of Korea

1,204,990Settlement risk of Bank of Korea

Samsung Futures Inc. and others

330,316Derivatives transactions

Others

163,960Others

Sub-total

3,060,850

Mortgage loans

Others

4,950,490Covered bond

Real estate

Natixis Real Estate Capital LLC and others

778,789Borrowings from Bank and others

Total

27,506,761

The Group provides ₩3,185,601 million of its borrowing securities and securities held as collateral with Korea Securities Finance Corporation (“KSFC”) and others as at December 31, 2017

The fair valuevalues of collateral available to sell or repledge, and collateral sold or repledged, regardless of debtor’s default, as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013 
   Fair value of collateral
held
   Fair value of collateral
sold or repledged
   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Securities

  4,258,909    —      4,258,909  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  4,258,909    —      4,258,909  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   2016 
   Fair value of collateral
held
   Fair value of collateral
sold or repledged
   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Securities

  2,990,908   —     2,990,908 

 

   2014 
   Fair value of collateral
held
   Fair value of collateral
sold or repledged
   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Securities

  3,601,032    —      3,601,032  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  3,601,032    —      3,601,032  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   2017 
   Fair value of collateral
held
   Fair value of collateral
sold or repledged
   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Securities

  2,677,878   —     2,677,878 

9. Derivative financial instrumentsFinancial Instruments and hedge accountingHedge Accounting

The Group’s derivative operations focus on addressing the needs of the Group’s corporate clients to hedge their risk exposure and to hedge the Group’s risk exposure that results from such client contracts. The Group also engages in derivative trading activities to hedge the interest rate and foreign currency risk exposures that arise from the Group’s own assets and liabilities. In addition, the Group engages in proprietary trading of derivatives within the Group’s regulated open position limits.

The Group provides and trades a range of derivatives products, including:

 

Interest rate swaps, relating to interest rate risks in Korean won;

won

 

Cross-currency swaps, forwards and options relating to foreign exchange rate risks,

 

Stock price index options linked with the KOSPI index.

In particular, the Group uses cross currency swaps,applies fair value hedge accounting using interest rate swaps, currency forwards and others to hedge the risk of changes in fair values and in cash flows due to the changes in interest rates and foreign exchange rates of subordinated debtsstructured debentures in Korean won, structured debts and financial debentures in foreign currencies.currencies, structured deposits in foreign currencies and others. And the Group applies cash flow hedge using interest rate swaps, cross currency swaps and others to hedge the risk of changes in cash flows of floating rate notes in Korean won, borrowings in foreign currencies and others. In addition, the Group applies net investment hedge accounting using currency forwards and designating financial debentures in foreign currencies as hedging instruments to hedge foreign exchange risks on net investments in foreign operations.

The detailsDetails of derivative financial instruments held for trading as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities   Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate

            

Futures(1)

  928,684    —      —    

Futures1

  4,352,216   130   620 

Swaps

   141,275,150     582,544     639,695     138,697,962    695,474    676,887 

Options

   8,285,091     45,063     85,906     6,376,707    48,323    161,747 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   150,488,925     627,607     725,601     149,426,885    743,927    839,254 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Currency

            

Forwards

   23,055,704     241,804     289,629     58,662,586    1,343,953    1,206,539 

Futures(1)

   415,560     219     15  

Futures1

   482,323    1,210    —   

Swaps

   17,414,405     693,116     503,663     30,929,704    756,936    919,549 

Options

   273,745     2,428     1,492     487,937    4,955    4,557 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   41,159,414     937,567     794,799     90,562,550    2,107,054    2,130,645 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Stock and index

            

Futures(1)

   136,624     —       95  

Futures1

   823,202    9,438    170 

Swaps

   477,143     17,565     15,168     6,276,026    105,437    175,679 

Options

   1,982,455     30,006     35,118     10,641,997    259,896    511,218 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   2,596,222     47,571     50,381     17,741,225    374,771    687,067 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Commodity

      

Futures(1)

   2,024     121     —    

Credit

      

Swaps

   5,219,740    55,207    49,653 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   2,024     121     —       5,219,740    55,207    49,653 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Other

   60,000     68,014     9,248  
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  194,306,585    1,680,880    1,580,029  
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

  2014   2016 
  Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities   Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate

      

Futures(1)

  678,798    —      —    

Commodity

      

Futures1

   320    —      7 

Swaps

   101,610,724     924,189     957,504     12,240    766    4,765 

Options

   8,398,000     86,277     128,185     2,168    20    —   
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   110,687,522     1,010,466     1,085,689  
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Currency

      

Forwards

   21,363,840     340,339     217,357  

Futures(1)

   632,430     46     289  

Swaps

   18,430,843     415,842     441,696  

Options

   616,977     6,057     6,078  
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   41,044,090     762,284     665,420  
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Stock and index

      

Forwards

   685,000     —       —    

Futures(1)

   162,766     90     753  

Swaps

   431,709     30,091     6,222  

Options

   1,860,561     31,632     8,199  
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   3,140,036     61,813     15,174  
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Commodity

      

Futures(1)

   765     7     9  
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   765     7     9     14,728    786    4,772 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Other

   —       24,067     9,049     1,145,195    16,583    6,428 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  154,872,413    1,858,637    1,775,341    264,110,323   3,298,328   3,717,819 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

   2017 
   Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate

      

Futures1

  4,770,568   4,952   528 

Swaps

   190,186,189    434,316    399,674 

Options

   13,560,861    137,958    234,474 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   208,517,618    577,226    634,676 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Currency

      

Forwards

   64,308,472    1,261,491    1,233,633 

Futures1

   622,711    52    1,163 

Swaps

   29,769,290    847,506    759,757 

Options

   695,617    4,099    6,994 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   95,396,090    2,113,148    2,001,547 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Stock and index

      

Futures1

   1,013,846    3,599    1,132 

Swaps

   5,623,391    112,929    96,894 

Options

   6,408,019    116,215    274,544 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   13,045,256    232,743    372,570 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Credit

      

Swaps

   5,799,606    42,000    36,963 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   5,799,606    42,000    36,963 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Commodity

      

Futures1

   4,791    112    19 

Swaps

   67,008    4,221    118 

Options

   245    1    —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   72,044    4,334    137 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Other

   1,955,581    28,591    8,721 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  324,786,195   2,998,042   3,054,614 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1)1 

A gainGain or loss arising from futures daily mark-to-market futuressettlement is reflected in the margin accounts.

Fair value hedgeValue Hedge

The detailsDetails of derivativesderivative instruments designated as fair value hedging instrumentshedge as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities   Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate

            

Swaps

  1,951,013    137,445    —      3,130,646   48,424   63,634 

Currency

            

Forwards

   42,048     502     —       433,831    1,912    17,454 

Swaps

   1,055,300     —       195,800  

Other

   140,000     —       8,842     140,000    1,463    186 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  3,188,361    137,947    204,642    3,704,477   51,799   81,274 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

   2017 
   Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate

      

Swaps

  2,919,935   47,856   49,962 

Currency

      

Forwards

   2,818,527    108,144    872 

Other

   50,000    775    70 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  5,788,462   156,775   50,904 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

The fair value ofnon-derivative financial instruments designated as hedging instruments is as follows:

   2014 
   Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate

      

Swaps

  2,179,779    109,293    1,144  

Other

   140,000     260     2,281  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  2,319,779    109,553    3,425  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

  2016  2017 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Deposits in foreign currencies

 —    32,051 

Gains and losses from fair value hedging instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012  2013  2014 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Losses on hedging instruments

 (14,654 (48,545 (26,320

Gains on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk

  37,641    81,428    52,721  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 22,987   32,883   26,401  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  2015  2016  2017 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Gains(losses) on hedging instruments

 (47,491 (88,999 93,112 

Gains(losses) on the hedged items attributable to the hedged risk

  48,265   91,167   (56,461
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 774  2,168  36,651 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Cash flow hedgeFlow Hedge

The detailsDetails of derivativesderivative instruments designated as cash flow hedging instrumentshedge as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities   Notional amount Assets Liabilities 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate

          

Swaps

  1,403,000    582    4,902    1,078,000  907  8,035 

Currency

          

Swaps

   316,590     —       5,766     362,550  29,888   —   
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  1,719,590    582    10,668    1,440,550  30,795  8,035 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 
  2017 
  Notional amount Assets Liabilities 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate

    

Swaps

  2,393,491  15,796  3,905 

Currency

    

Swaps

   2,396,957  117,597  33,342 
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  4,790,448  133,393  37,247 
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Gains and losses from hedging instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

Gains and losses from hedging instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

 

  2015 2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Gains(losses) on hedging instruments

  24,047  16,759  (112,513

Effective gains(losses) from cash flow hedging instruments

   23,368  16,238  (100,949
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ineffective gains(losses) from cash flow hedging instruments

  679  521  (11,564
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

 

  2015 2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Amount recognized in other comprehensive income

  23,368  16,238  (100,949

Amount reclassified from equity to profit or loss

   (22,118  (10,447  126,239 

Tax effect

   (525  (1,488  (4,331
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  725  4,303  20,959 
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Hedge on Net Investments in Foreign Operations

   2014 
   Notional amount   Assets   Liabilities 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest rate

      

Swaps

  1,033,000    —      16,073  

Currency

      

Swaps

   329,760     —       2,551  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  1,362,760    —      18,624  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gains and losses from cash flow hedgingDetails of derivative instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the years endeddesignated as foreign operations net investments hedge as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2012  2013  2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Losses on hedging instruments

  (27,006 (3,068 (7,976

Losses on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk

   (26,838  (2,990  (7,452
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ineffectiveness recognized in loss

  (168 (78 (524
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
   2016 
   Notional amount  Assets  Liabilities 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Currency

    

Forwards

  12,502  1,013  —   
   2017 
   Notional amount  Assets  Liabilities 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Currency

    

Forwards

  484,033  21,956  —   

Gain or loss from hedging instruments in hedge of net investments in foreign operations and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

 

   2015  2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Effective portion of gain(loss) on hedges of net investments in foreign operations

  (33,611 (9,360 34,800 

Ineffective portion of gain on hedges of net investments in foreign operations

   —     —     1,129 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gains(losses) on hedging instruments

  (33,611 (9,360 35,929 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

The effective portion of gain (loss) on hedging instruments recognized in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

 

   2015  2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Amount recognized in other comprehensive income

  (33,611 (9,360 34,800 

Tax effect

   8,134   2,265   (8,186
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Amount recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax

  (25,477 (7,095 26,614 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

The fair value ofnon-derivative financial instruments designated as hedging instruments is as follows:

   2016   2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial debentures in foreign currencies

  199,478   99,994 

Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss for the years ended10. Loans

Details of loans as of December 31, 2012, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2012  2013  2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Amount recognized in other comprehensive income

  (26,838 (2,990 (7,452

Amount reclassified from equity to profit or loss

   25,000    5,227    (5,426

Tax effect

   1,025    (619  2,619  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  (813 1,618   (10,259
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
   2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans

  267,045,265  291,513,253 

Deferred loan origination fees and costs

   718,625   719,816 

Less: Allowances for loan losses

   (2,277,756  (2,110,231
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Carrying amount

  265,486,134  290,122,838 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Details of loans for other banks as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

 

   2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans

  5,542,989  5,314,577 

Less: Allowances for loan losses

   (66  (77
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Carrying amount

  5,542,923  5,314,500 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

10. Loans

Loans asDetails of December 31, 2013loan types and 2014, are as follows:

   2013  2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans

  221,439,295   233,300,563  

Deferred loan origination fees and costs

   423,245    601,142  

Less: Allowances for loan losses

   (2,861,184  (2,452,052
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Carrying amount

  219,001,356   231,449,653  
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Loanscustomer types of loans to banks as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

   2013  2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans

  6,335,056   6,208,391  

Less: Allowances for loan losses

   (25  —    
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Carrying amount

  6,335,031   6,208,391  
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Loans to customerscustomer, other than banks, as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014, consist of:2017, are as follows:

 

 2013   2016 
 Retail Corporate Credit card Total   Retail Corporate Credit card Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans in Korean won

 104,920,187   84,596,181   —     189,516,368    130,381,597  101,541,864  —    231,923,461 

Loans in foreign currencies

  98,614    2,956,418    —      3,055,032     72,329  2,685,932   —    2,758,261 

Domestic import usance bills

  —      2,978,478    —      2,978,478     —    2,962,676   —    2,962,676 

Off-shore funding loans

  —      669,603    —      669,603     —    559,915   —    559,915 

Call loans

  —      696,929    —      696,929     —    263,831   —    263,831 

Bills bought in Korean won

  —      14,243    —      14,243     —    5,568   —    5,568 

Bills bought in foreign currencies

  —      1,588,066    —      1,588,066     —    2,834,171   —    2,834,171 

Guarantee payments under payment guarantee

  —      38,318    —      38,318     172  11,327   —    11,499 

Credit card receivables in Korean won

  —      —      11,782,005    11,782,005     —     —    13,525,992  13,525,992 

Credit card receivables in foreign currencies

  —      —      2,453    2,453     —     —    4,251  4,251 

Reverse repurchase agreements

  —      1,683,200    —      1,683,200     —    1,244,200   —    1,244,200 

Privately placed bonds

  —      731,706    —      731,706     —    1,468,179   —    1,468,179 

Factored receivables

  2,724,413    46,670    —      2,771,083     810,582  17,898   —    828,480 

Lease receivables

   1,470,503  66,764   —    1,537,267 

Loans for installment credit

   2,293,150   —     —    2,293,150 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

  107,743,214    95,999,812    11,784,458    215,527,484     135,028,333  113,662,325  13,530,243  262,220,901 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Proportion (%)

  49.99    44.54    5.47    100.00     51.49  43.35  5.16  100.00 

Allowances

  (580,510  (1,870,849  (409,800  (2,861,159

Less: Allowances

   (481,289 (1,382,106 (414,295 (2,277,690
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 107,162,704   94,128,963   11,374,658   212,666,325    134,547,044  112,280,219  13,115,948  259,943,211 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 2014  2017 
 Retail Corporate Credit card Total  Retail Corporate Credit card Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans in Korean won

 114,712,199   85,633,171   —     200,345,370   140,630,735  112,014,669  —    252,645,404 

Loans in foreign currencies

  50,047    2,574,041    —      2,624,088   121,166  3,078,907   —    3,200,073 

Domestic import usance bills

  —      3,693,951    —      3,693,951    —    2,128,868   —    2,128,868 

Off-shore funding loans

  —      664,794    —      664,794    —    730,817   —    730,817 

Call loans

  —      292,043    —      292,043    —    335,200   —    335,200 

Bills bought in Korean won

  —      6,678    —      6,678    —    4,168   —    4,168 

Bills bought in foreign currencies

  —      1,958,251    —      1,958,251    —    3,875,550   —    3,875,550 

Guarantee payments under payment guarantee

  418    12,975    —      13,393   105  6,373   —    6,478 

Credit card receivables in Korean won

  —      —      11,629,215    11,629,215    —     —    15,200,843  15,200,843 

Credit card receivables in foreign currencies

  —      —      3,081    3,081    —     —    4,004  4,004 

Reverse repurchase agreements

  —      1,082,200    —      1,082,200    —    1,197,700   —    1,197,700 

Privately placed bonds

  —      743,348    —      743,348    —    1,994,932   —    1,994,932 

Factored receivables

  2,741,789    50,435    —      2,792,224   51,401  1,419   —    52,820 

Lease receivables

  808,866    50,973    —      859,839   1,773,901  60,527   —    1,834,428 

Loans for installment credit

  984,839    —      —      984,839   3,693,672  13,535   —    3,707,207 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

  119,298,158    96,762,860    11,632,296    227,693,314   146,270,980  125,442,665  15,204,847  286,918,492 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Proportion (%)

  52.39    42.50    5.11    100.00   50.98  43.72  5.30  100.00 

Allowances

  (536,959  (1,525,152  (389,941  (2,452,052

Less: Allowances

 (429,299 (1,231,589 (449,266 (2,110,154
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 118,761,199   95,237,708   11,242,355   225,241,262   145,841,681  124,211,076  14,755,581  284,808,338 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

The changesChanges in deferred loan origination fees and costs for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Beginning   Increase   Decrease Others Ending   Beginning   Increase   Decrease Business
combination
   Others Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Deferred loan origination costs

                  

Loans in Korean won

  502,512    330,202    288,683   (33,130 510,901    659,553   368,551   (383,926 18,863   —    663,041 

Other origination costs

   344     635     602    —      377     77,908    80,535    (58,565  —      —    99,878 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   502,856     330,837     289,285    (33,130  511,278     737,461    449,086    (442,491 18,863    —    762,919 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Deferred loan origination fees

                  

Loans in Korean won

   69,994     72,822     62,383    (70  80,363     43,720    13,204    (37,442 363    —    19,845 

Other origination fees

   6,526     3,872     2,709    (19  7,670     17,465    23,371    (16,389  —      2  24,449 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   76,520     76,694     65,092    (89  88,033     61,185    36,575    (53,831 363    2  44,294 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

  426,336    254,143    224,193   (33,041 423,245    676,276   412,511   (388,660 18,500   (2 718,625 
  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

  2014 

 

   2017 
  Beginning   Increase   Decrease   Business
Combination
   Others Ending   Beginning   Increase   Decrease Business
combination
   Others Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Deferred loan origination costs

                     

Loans in Korean won

  510,901    402,415    310,681    24,656    —     627,291    663,041   334,438   (358,721 12,532   (18,610 632,680 

Other origination costs

   377     40,693     63,486     79,907     —      57,491     99,878    101,656    (75,267  —      (2 126,265 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   511,278     443,108     374,167     104,563     —      684,782     762,919    436,094    (433,988 12,532    (18,612 758,945 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Deferred loan origination fees

                     

Loans in Korean won

   80,363     51,216     71,495     2,272     —      62,356     19,845    7,904    (16,188  —      —    11,561 

Other origination fees

   7,670     10,526     25,564     28,645     7    21,284     24,449    19,356    (16,228  —      (9 27,568 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   88,033     61,742     97,059     30,917     7    83,640     44,294    27,260    (32,416  —      (9 39,129 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

  423,245    381,366    277,108    73,646    (7 601,142    718,625   408,834   (401,572 12,532   (18,603 719,816 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

11. Allowances for Loan Losses

The changesChanges in the allowances for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 2013   2016 
 Retail Corporate Credit card Total   Retail Corporate Credit card Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

 687,851   2,251,318   329,490   3,268,659    491,352  1,692,352  398,350  2,582,054 

Written-off

  (581,100  (1,146,767  (404,199  (2,132,066   (295,459 (747,151 (356,705 (1,399,315

Recoveries from written-off loans

  126,651    147,110    141,452    415,213     167,033  214,915  133,456  515,404 

Sale

  (8,483  (76,413  435    (84,461

Provision(1)

  361,253    720,136    346,064    1,427,453  

Sale and repurchase

   (23,046 (55,151  —    (78,197

Provision1

   82,035  252,195  244,569  578,799 

Business combination

   59,615  76,755   —    136,370 

Other changes

  (5,662  (24,510  (3,442  (33,614   (241 (51,743 (5,375 (57,359
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending

 580,510   1,870,874   409,800   2,861,184    481,289  1,382,172  414,295  2,277,756 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

 2014   2017 
 Retail Corporate Credit card Total   Retail Corporate Credit card Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

 580,510   1,870,874   409,800   2,861,184    481,289  1,382,172  414,295  2,277,756 

Written-off

  (576,084  (1,087,897  (427,059  (2,091,040   (341,506 (395,272 (400,385 (1,137,163

Recoveries from written-off loans

  139,131    260,574    131,046    530,751     145,606  280,324  132,665  558,595 

Sale

  (6,736  (65,163  —      (71,899

Provision(1)

  341,783    589,913    279,413    1,211,109  

Sale and repurchase

   (40,267 (26,105  —    (66,372

Provision1

   233,262  38,644  312,248  584,154 

Business combination

  58,346    24,294    —      82,640     9,679  50,227   —    59,906 

Other changes

  9    (67,443  (3,259  (70,693   (58,764 (98,324 (9,557 (166,645
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending

 536,959   1,525,152   389,941   2,452,052    429,299  1,231,666  449,266  2,110,231 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

(1)1

Provision for credit losses in statements of comprehensive income also include provision (reversal) for unused commitments and guarantees (Note 23)23.(2)), reversalprovision (reversal) for financial guarantees contracts (Note 23)23.(3)), and provision (reversal) for other financial assets (Note 18)18.(2)).

The amounts of written-off loans, over which the Group still has a right to claim against the borrowers and guarantors due to unexpired statute of limitations, are ₩15,061,182 million and ₩16,686,972 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

The coverage ratio of allowances for loan losses as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, is as follows:

   2013   2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Loans

  221,862,540    233,901,705  

Allowances for loan losses

   2,861,184     2,452,052  

Ratio (%)

   1.29     1.05  

12. Financial assetsAssets at fair valueFair Value through profitProfit or lossLoss and Financial investmentsInvestments

The detailsDetails of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial investments as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial assets held for trading

        

Debt securities:

        

Government and public bonds

  2,085,450    3,067,490    5,389,757   6,232,514 

Financial bonds

   3,265,960     4,049,449     11,186,427    11,324,330 

Corporate bonds

   1,759,993     1,826,682     4,594,741    5,133,226 

Asset-backed securities

   510,159     318,893     222,076    161,991 

Others

   204,223     449,694     1,593,569    2,316,277 

Equity securities:

        

Stocks

   145,163     69,736  

Stocks and others

   424,637    1,009,190 

Beneficiary certificates

   955,806     288,281     2,615,962    3,925,910 

Others

   40,252     51,345     72,349    73,855 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   8,967,006     10,121,570     26,099,518    30,177,293 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

        

Debt securities:

    

Corporate bonds

   237,595    66,969 

Equity securities:

        

Beneficiary certificates

   115,778     134,172  

Derivative linked securities

   245,958     502,168  

Stocks and others

   65,591    67,828 

Derivative-linked securities

   1,361,591    1,613,404 

Privately placed bonds

   94,069    301,851 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   361,736     636,340     1,758,846    2,050,052 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

  9,328,742    10,757,910    27,858,364   32,227,345 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Available-for-sale financial assets

        

Debt securities:

        

Government and public bonds

  6,925,617    4,702,036    7,110,899   3,629,479 

Financial bonds

   5,782,234     6,980,846     11,172,159    20,946,100 

Corporate bonds

   4,997,788     6,119,889     5,904,414    10,570,501 

Asset-backed securities

   1,208,241     1,211,343     2,729,749    2,402,437 

Others

   19,408     345,708     528,531    1,410,884 

Equity securities:

        

Stocks

   2,366,887     2,402,675     2,590,989    3,077,748 

Equity investments and others

   97,937     74,596     402,659    459,808 

Beneficiary certificates

   433,992     554,373     3,530,893    5,619,306 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   21,832,104     22,391,466     33,970,293    48,116,263 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

        

Debts securities:

        

Government and public bonds

   4,357,623     3,556,913     2,218,274    5,448,471 

Financial bonds

   892,509     1,262,187     1,868,928    2,474,841 

Corporate bonds

   7,400,085     7,277,779     3,487,787    6,218,723 

Asset-backed securities

   366,774     472,275     3,602,515    4,305,678 

Others

   —      44,267 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   13,016,991     12,569,154     11,177,504    18,491,980 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total financial investments

  34,849,095    34,960,620    45,147,797   66,608,243 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

The impairment losses and the reversal of impairment losses in financial investments for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2012 
   Impairment   Reversal   Net 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  280,610    —      280,610  

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   154     —       154  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  280,764    —      280,764  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   2015 
   Impairment  Reversal   Net 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  (227,588 265   (227,323
   2016 
   Impairment  Reversal   Net 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  (35,216 328   (34,888
   2017 
   Impairment  Reversal   Net 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  (47,917 —     (47,917

   2013 
   Impairment   Reversal   Net 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  163,464    —      163,464  

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   5     —       5  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  163,469    —      163,469  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Impairment   Reversal   Net 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Available-for-sale financial assets

  195,929    260    195,669  

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   —       —       —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  195,929    260    195,669  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

13. Investments in associatesAssociates and Joint Ventures

Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013
  Ownership
  Acquisition
cost
  Share of
net asset
amount
  Carrying
amount
  

Industry

 Location
  (%)  (in millions of Korean won)  

Associates

      

Balhae Infrastructure Fund(1)

  12.61   121,817   124,968   124,968   Investment finance Korea

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.(1)

  9.00    4,500    4,185    4,185   Credit Information Korea

UAMCO., Ltd.(1)

  17.50    85,050    139,286    150,826   Other finance Korea

JSC Bank CenterCredit

      

Ordinary share(2),(3)

  29.56    954,104    51,989    68,110   Banking Kazakhstan

Preference share(2)

  93.15       

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ 2010-5(PEF)

  50.00    47,580    46,496    45,393   Investment finance Korea

Semiland Co., Ltd

  21.32    1,470    2,639    2,639   Manufacture Korea

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund(1)

  17.72    191,617    203,618    197,941   Other finance Korea

CH Engineering Co., Ltd

  41.73    —      64    —     Specialty construction Korea

Shinla Construction Co., Ltd

  20.24    —      —      —     

Specialty construction

 Korea

Kores Co., Ltd.(8)

  10.39    634    1,925    1,505   

Manufacture of automobile parts

 Korea

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  26.74    113,880    126,556    123,085   Investment finance Korea

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.(1)

  14.99    24,677    (429  —     

Operation of Highways and Related facilities

 Korea

Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.(8)

  15.64    28,779    2,490    —     

Office and Commercial Building Construction

 Korea

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  21.05    20,000    20,347    19,934   

Investment finance

 Korea

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund

  25.00    14,025    11,620    10,329   Investment finance Korea

NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1(1)

  2.56    3,393    4,238    4,238   Investment finance Korea

KBIC Private Equity Fund No.3(1)

  2.00    2,050    2,223    2,223   Investment finance Korea

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund(1)

  0.03    10    10    10   Investment finance Korea

Terra Co., Ltd

  24.06    —      20    4   

Manufacture of Hand-Operated Kitchen Appliances and Metal Ware

 Korea
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Total

  1,613,586   742,245   755,390    
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   
  2016
  Ownership
(%)
  Acquisition
cost
  Share of
net asset
amount
  Carrying
amount
  

Industry

 Location
  (In millions of Korean won)

Associates

      

JSC Bank CenterCredit

      

Ordinary share10

  29.56  954,104  (32,191 —    

Banking

 Kazakhstan

Preference share10

  93.15      

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  26.74   113,880   133,150   129,678  

Investment finance

 Korea

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund2,11

  0.03   10   10   10  

Investment finance

 Korea

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  21.05   20,000   20,220   19,807  

Investment finance

 Korea

Doosung Metal Co., Ltd.7

  26.52   —     (51  —    

Manufacture of metal products

 Korea

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

  24.24   2,000   2,000   2,000  

Research and experimental development on medical sciences and pharmacy

 Korea

Balhae Infrastructure Company2

  12.61   130,189   133,200   133,200  

Investment finance

 Korea

IMM Investment 5th PRIVATE EQUITY FUND8

  98.88   10,000   9,999   9,999  

Private equity fund

 Korea

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

  38.46   1,998   1,949   1,998  

Investment finance

 Korea

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

  49.00   9,800   26,311   5,693  

Installment loan

 Korea

Wise Asset Management Co., Ltd.9

  33.00   —     —     —    

Asset management

 Korea

isMedia Co., Ltd.

  22.87   3,978   3,978   3,978  

Semiconductor instrument manufacture

 Korea

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.2

  14.99   24,677   728   728  

Operation of highways and related facilities

 Korea

Jungdong Steel Co., Ltd.7

  42.88   —     (423  —    

Wholesale of primary metal

 Korea

KB Insurance Co., Ltd. 1

  39.81   1,052,759   1,393,320   1,392,194  

Non-life insurance

 Korea

Kendae Co., Ltd.7

  41.01   —     (351  —    

Screen printing

 Korea

Dpaps Co., Ltd.7

  38.62   —     151   —    

Wholesale of paper products

 Korea

Shinla Construction Co., Ltd.7

  20.24   —     (545  —    

Specialty construction

 Korea

  2014
  Ownership  Acquisition
cost
  Share of
net asset
amount
  Carrying
amount
  

Industry

 Location
  (%)  (in millions of Korean won)  

Associates

      

Balhae Infrastructure Fund(1)

  12.61   122,623   125,119   125,119   Investment finance Korea

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.(1)

  9.00    4,500    4,222    4,222   Credit Information Korea

UAMCO., Ltd.(1)

  17.50    85,050    114,240    121,182   Other finance Korea

JSC Bank CenterCredit

      

Ordinary share(2),(3)

  29.56    954,104    36,763    29,279   Banking Kazakhstan

Preference share(2)

  93.15       

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ
2010-5(PEF)

  50.00    31,635    26,176    23,559   Investment finance Korea

United PF 1st Recovery Private
Equity Fund(1)

  17.72    191,617    203,270    198,089   Other finance Korea

CH Engineering Co., Ltd

  41.73    —      178    20   Specialty construction Korea

Shinla Construction Co., Ltd

  20.24    —      (504  —     Specialty construction Korea

KB GwS Private Securities
Investment Trust

  26.74    113,880    127,525    124,074   Investment finance Korea

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.(1)

  14.99    24,677    (1,716  —     

Operation of Highways and Related facilities

 Korea

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  21.05    20,000    20,402    19,989   

Investment finance

 Korea

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund

  25.00    26,250    23,204    22,329   Investment finance Korea

NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1(1)

  2.56    3,393    —      —     Investment finance Korea

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3(1)

  2.00    2,050    2,287    2,287   Investment finance Korea

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund(1)

  0.03    10    10    10   Investment finance Korea

Terra Co., Ltd

  24.06    —      (99  —     

Manufacture of Hand-Operated Kitchen Appliances and Metal Ware

 Korea

KB No.3 Special Purpose Acquition Company(1),(4)

  0.19    20    39    39   

SPAC

 Korea

KB No.4 Special Purpose Acquition Company(1),(5)

  0.19    30    38    38   

SPAC

 Korea

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquition Company(1),(6)

  0.19    10    19    19   

SPAC

 Korea

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquition Company(1),(7)

  0.25    40    77    77   

SPAC

 Korea
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Total

  1,579,889   681,250   670,332    
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   
  2016 
  Ownership
(%)
  Acquisition
cost
  Share of
net asset
amount
  Carrying
amount
  

Industry

 Location 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Shinhwa Underwear Co., Ltd.7

  26.24   —     (138  103  

Manufacture of underwears and sleepwears

  Korea 

MJT&I Co., Ltd.7

  22.89   —     (542  232  

Wholesale of other goods

  Korea 

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.2

  19.90   398   378   378  

Credit rating model development

  Korea 

Ejade Co., Ltd.7

  25.81   —     (523  —    

Wholesale of underwears

  Korea 

Jaeyang Industry Co., Ltd.7

  20.86   —     (522  —    

Manufacture of luggage and other protective cases

  Korea 

Terra Co., Ltd.7

  24.06   —     44   28  

Manufacture of hand-operated kitchen appliances and metal ware

  Korea 

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 32

  2.00   2,050   2,396   2,396  

Investment finance

  Korea 

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2,3

  0.10   10   19   19  

SPAC

  Korea 

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2,4

  0.11   24   31   31  

SPAC

  Korea 

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2,5

  0.19   10   20   20  

SPAC

  Korea 

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2

  4.76   10   13   13  

SPAC

  Korea 

KB Private Equity Fund III2

  15.68   8,000   8,000   8,000  

Investment finance

  Korea 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.2

  9.00   4,500   4,853   4,853  

Credit information

  Korea 

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

  50.00   23,985   25,105   24,719  

Investment finance

  Korea 

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund No. 2

  25.00   22,701   24,789   24,789  

Investment finance

  Korea 

Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund2

  5.64   1,842   1,850   1,850  

Investment finance

  Korea 

Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund

  25.47   4,645   3,957   3,957  

Investment finance

  Korea 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Total

  2,391,570  1,761,185  1,770,673   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

  2017 
  Ownership
(%)
  Acquisition
cost
  Share of
net asset
amount
  Carrying
amount
  

Industry

 Location 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates and Joint ventures

      

KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund 1st2

  15.19  1,671  1,601  1,601  Investment finance  Korea 

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  26.74   113,880   134,891   131,420  Investment finance  Korea 

KB-KDBC New Technology Business Fund12

  66.66   5,000   4,972   4,972  Investment finance  Korea 

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  21.05   20,000   20,122   19,709  Investment finance  Korea 

Sun Surgery Center Inc.

  28.00   2,682   2,682   2,682  Hospital  

United
States of
America
 
 
 

Dae-A Leisure Co., Ltd.7

  49.36   —     1,017   —    Earth works  Korea 

Doosung Metal Co., Ltd.7

  26.52   —     (20  —    Manufacture of metal products  Korea 

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

  24.24   2,000   2,000   2,000  Research and experimental development on medical sciences and pharmacy  Korea 

Balhae Infrastructure Company2

  12.61   101,794   105,190   105,190  Investment finance  Korea 

  2017
  Ownership
(%)
  Acquisition
cost
  Share of
net asset
amount
  Carrying
amount
  

Industry

 Location
  (In millions of Korean won)

Bungaejangter Inc.

  22.69   3,484   3,484   3,484  Portals and other internet information media service activities 

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

  38.46   8,230   7,856   8,230  Investment finance Korea

Acts Co., Ltd.

  27.78   500   500   500  Manufacture of optical lens and elements Korea

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

  49.00   9,800   14,099   8,070  Installment loan Korea

Wise Asset Management Co., Ltd.9

  33.00   —     —     —    Asset management Korea

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.2

  14.99   9,158   (16,202  —    Operation of highways and related facilities Korea

Jungdong Steel Co., Ltd.7

  42.88   —     (436  —    Wholesale of primary metal Korea

Kendae Co., Ltd.7

  41.01   —     (223  127  Screen printing Korea

Daesang Techlon Co., Ltd.7

  47.73   —     97   —    Manufacture of plastic wires, bars, pipes, tubes and hoses Korea

Dongjo Co., Ltd.7

  29.29   —     691   —    Wholesale of agricultural and forestry machinery and equipment Korea

Dpaps Co., Ltd.7

  38.62   —     155   —    Wholesale of paper products Korea

Big Dipper Co., Ltd.

  29.33   440   325   440  Big data consulting 

Builton Co., Ltd.

  22.22   800   800   800  Software development and supply Korea

Shinla Construction Co., Ltd.7

  20.24   —     (553  —    Specialty construction Korea

Shinhwa Underwear Co., Ltd.7

  26.24   —     (103  138  Manufacture of underwears and sleepwears Korea

A-PRO Co., Ltd.2

  12.61   1,500   1,500   1,500  Manufacture of electric power storage system 

MJT&I Co., Ltd.7

  22.89   —     (601  127  Wholesale of other goods Korea

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.2

  19.90   398   230   230  Credit rating model development Korea

Jaeyang Industry Co., Ltd.7

  20.86   —     (522  —    Manufacture of luggage and other protective cases Korea

Jungdo Co., Ltd.7

  25.53   —     1,664   —    Office, commercial and institutional building construction Korea

Jinseung Tech Co., Ltd.7

  30.04   —     (173  —    Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery n.e.c. Korea

Terra Co., Ltd.7

  24.06   —     36   20  Manufacture of hand-operated kitchen appliances and metal ware Korea

Paycoms Co., Ltd.

  24.06   800   800   800  System software publishing Korea

Food Factory Co., Ltd.

  30.00   1,000   1,000   1,000  Farm product distribution industry Korea

Korea NM Tech Co., Ltd.7

  22.41   —     580   —    Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semitrailers Korea

KB IGen Private Equity Fund No.12,11

  0.03   3   3   3  Investment finance Korea

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2 3

  0.10   10   20   20  SPAC Korea

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2,4

  0.11   24   31   31  SPAC Korea

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2,5

  0.19   10   20   20  SPAC Korea

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2,6

  0.31   10   19   19  SPAC Korea

  2017 
  Ownership
(%)
  Acquisition
cost
  Share of
net asset
amount
  Carrying
amount
  

Industry

 Location 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

KB Private Equity Fund III2

  15.68   8,000   7,899   7,899  Investment finance  Korea 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.2

  9.00   4,500   5,056   5,056  Credit information  Korea 

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

  50.00   6,485   7,506   7,120  Investment finance  Korea 

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund No.2

  25.00   12,970   17,213   17,213  Investment finance  Korea 

Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund2

  5.64   1,842   1,761   1,761  Investment finance  Korea 

POSCO-KB Shipbuilding Fund

  31.25   2,500   2,345   2,345  Investment finance  Korea 

Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund

  25.47   82   543   543  Investment finance  Korea 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Total

  319,573  329,875  335,070   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

(1)1

The market value of KB Insurance Co., Ltd., reflecting the quoted market price, as of December 31, 2016, amounts to ₩522,288 million.

2As of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, the Group is represented in the governing bodies of its associates. Therefore, the Group has a significant influence over the decision-making process relating to their financial and business policies.

3The market value of KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company, reflecting the quoted market price as of December 31, 2016, and 2017 amounts to ₩20 million and ₩20 million.
4The market value of KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company, reflecting the quoted market price as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, amounts to ₩31 million and ₩31 million, respectively.
5The market value of KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company, reflecting the quoted market price as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, amounts to ₩20 million and ₩20 million, respectively.
6The market value of KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company, reflecting the quoted market price as of December 31, 2017, amounts to ₩20 million.
7The investment in associates was reclassified fromavailable-for-sale financial assets due to termination of rehabilitation procedures.
(2)8Although the Group holds a majority of the investee’s voting rights, other limited partners have a right to replace general partners. Therefore, the Group has been classified the entity as investment in associates.
9Carrying amount of the investment has been recognized as a loss from the date Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd. was included in the consolidation scope.
10 

Market values of ordinary shares of JSC Bank CenterCredit, reflecting the published market price, as of December 31, 2016, are ₩29,358 million. The Group determined that ordinary shares and convertible preference shares issued by JSC Bank CenterCredit are the same in economic substance except for the voting rights, and therefore, the equity method of accounting is applied on the basis of single ownership ratio of 41.93%, which is calculated based on ordinary and convertible preference shares held by the Group against the total outstanding ordinary and convertible preference shares issued by JSC Bank CenterCredit.

(3)

Fair value of ordinary On April 18, 2017, the Group transferred the entire shares of JSC Bank CenterCredit reflectingheld by the published market price, as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are ₩57,476 million and ₩42,945 million.

Group.
(4)11

The fair value ofKB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund changed the name to KB No.3 Special Purpose Acquisition Company, reflecting the quoted market price as of December 31, 2014, amounts to ₩40 million.

IGen Private Equity Fund No. 1.
(5)12 

The fair value of KB No.4 Special Purpose Acquisition Company, reflecting the quoted market price as of December 31, 2014, amountsIn order to ₩40 million.

(6)

The fair value of KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquisition Company, reflecting the quoted market price as of December 31, 2014, amounts to ₩20 million.

(7)

The fair value of KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquisition Company, reflecting the quoted market price as of December 31, 2014, amounts to ₩84 million.

(8)

Where the Group has acquired shares of entities through debt-for-equity swaps, the Group is represented in the creditor council. Therefore, the Group has significant influencetake control over the decision-making process relating to their financialrelated operations, the agreement from two operative members are required. As such, the group cannot control the investee alone, and business policies.

the equity method is applied.

Summarized financial information on associates:major associates, adjustments to carrying amount of investment in associates and joint ventures and dividends received from the associates and joint ventures are as follows:

 

  2013(1) 
  Total assets  Total
liabilities
  Share
capital
  Equity  Share of
net asset
amount
  Unrealized
gains
  Consolidated
carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

       

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 993,571   2,157   993,030   991,414   124,968   —     124,968  

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd

  63,043    16,542    10,000    46,501    4,185    —      4,185  

UAMCO., Ltd

  4,365,097    3,567,972    2,430    797,125    139,286    11,540    150,826  

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  7,083,662    6,903,416    546,794    180,246    51,989    16,121    68,110  

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ 2010-5(PEF)

  93,367    375    95,160    92,992    46,496    (1,103  45,393  

Semiland Co., Ltd

  20,753    14,608    1,970    6,145    2,639    —      2,639  

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

  1,159,220    10,092    1,081,400    1,149,128    203,618    (5,677  197,941  

CH Engineering Co., Ltd.(2)

  917    763    158    154    64    (64  —    

Kores Co., Ltd.(3)

  92,937    80,914    11,099    12,023    1,925    (420  1,505  

Terra Co., Ltd.(3)

  1,659    1,576    254    83    20    (16  4  

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  473,946    738    425,814    473,208    126,556    (3,471  123,085  

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

  740,321    743,182    164,621    (2,861  (429  429    —    

Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.(3)

  1,359,658    1,343,734    73,045    15,924    2,490    (2,490  —    

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  217,557    120,910    95,000    96,647    20,347    (413  19,934  

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private
Equity Fund

  48,192    1,712    56,100    46,480    11,620    (1,291  10,329  

NPS KBIC Private Equity
Fund No. 1

  174,469    8,911    132,541    165,558    4,238    —      4,238  

KBIC Private Equity
Fund No. 3

  111,270    79    102,500    111,191    2,223    —      2,223  

KB-Glenwood Private
Equity Fund

  30,558    1,794    31,100    28,764    10    —      10  
     

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

     742,245   13,145   755,390  
     

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  20161 
  Total
assets
  Total
liabilities
  Share
capital
  Equity  Share of
net asset
amount
  Unrealized
gains
(losses)
  Consolidated
carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

       

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

       

(initial acquisition 22.59%)

 30,949,859  27,357,084  33,250  3,592,775  810,704  (1,126 1,392,194 

(additional acquisition 10.70%)

  31,071,846   27,386,605   33,250   3,685,241   393,678   

(additional acquisition 6.52%)3

  30,038,426   27,136,518   33,250   2,901,908   188,938   

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

  1,059,008   2,288   1,061,216   1,056,720   133,200   —     133,200 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

  71,245   17,322   10,000   53,923   4,853   —     4,853 

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  4,510,673   4,578,854   546,794   (68,181  (32,191  32,191   —   

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

  50,213   2   47,970   50,211   25,105   (386  24,719 

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  498,606   741   425,814   497,865   133,150   (3,472  129,678 

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

  660,858   656,000   164,621   4,858   728   —     728 

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund No. 2

  100,252   1,094   90,800   99,158   24,789   —     24,789 

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

  5,249   181   5,200   5,068   1,949   49   1,998 

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  216,988   120,943   95,000   96,045   20,220   (413  19,807 

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

  119,885   76   102,500   119,809   2,396   —     2,396 

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

  2,720   5   83   2,715   2,000   —     2,000 

isMedia Co., Ltd.2

  41,192   20,925   2,520   20,267   3,978   —     3,978 

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  22,743   2,265   1,031   20,478   19   —     19 

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  29,677   2,503   1,382   27,174   31   —     31 

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  11,795   1,628   521   10,167   20   —     20 

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  991   714   21   277   13   —     13 

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund

  30,558   3,204   31,100   27,354   10   —     10 

IMM Investment 5th PRIVATE EQUITY FUND

  10,114   1   10,114   10,113   9,999   —     9,999 

Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund

  15,910   375   15,360   15,535   3,957   —     3,957 

Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund

  112,865   73,429   34,114   39,436   1,850   —     1,850 

KB Private Equity Fund III2

  51,000   —     51,000   51,000   8,000   —     8,000 

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.

  1,903   1   2,000   1,902   378   —     378 

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

  65,292   38,981   20,000   26,311   26,311   (20,618  5,693 

  2013 
  Operating
income
  Profit
(Loss)
  Other
comprehensive
income(loss)
  Total
comprehensive
income(loss)
  Dividends 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

     

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 57,754   49,685   —     49,685   6,299  

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd

  51,571    4,909    —      4,909    —    

UAMCO., Ltd

  708,035    105,085    —      105,085    —    

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  532,768    (497,885  (5,732  (503,617  3  

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ 2010-5(PEF)

  3,368    (2,454  7,064    4,610    —    

Semiland Co., Ltd

  11,513    649    —      649    11  

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

  152,315    13,769    —      13,769    —    

CH Engineering Co., Ltd.(2)

  681    (102  —      (102  —    

Kores Co., Ltd.(3)

  100,769    565    2,472    3,037    —    

Terra Co., Ltd.(3)

  1,422    17    —      17    —    

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  76,201    41,247    —      41,247    8,894  

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd

  77,311    (13,533  —      (13,533  —    

Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.(3)

  1,724,742    (314,105  (8,615  (322,720  —    

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  16,672    8,490    —      8,490    1,751  

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund

  1,685    (8,803  1,759    (7,044  —    

NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1

  10,206    9,301    (2,113  7,188    106  

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

  3,702    3,385    —      3,385    —    

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund

  —      (627  —      (627  —    
  20161 
  Operating
income
  Profit (loss)  Other
comprehensive
income
  Total
comprehensive
income
  Dividends 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

     

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

     

(initial acquisition 22.59%)

 11,229,942  253,362  (19,150 234,212  7,989 

(additional acquisition 10.70%)

  11,247,685   274,678   (39,203  235,475  

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

  55,541   46,428   —     46,428   5,654 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

  59,868   3,517   —     3,517   135 

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  157,996   (13,912  (15,374  (29,286  1 

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

  3,045   2,001   2,390   4,391   —   

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  36,502   35,513   —     35,513   7,355 

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

  98,341   17,449   —     17,449   —   

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund No. 2

  22,411   15,002   872   15,874   —   

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  16,314   7,460   —     7,460   1,679 

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

  2,641   2,361   —     2,361   —   

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

  —     (112  —     (112  —   

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  —     317   276   593   —   

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  —     129   25,392   25,521   —   

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  —     (22  —     (22  —   

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  —     (12  —     (12  —   

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund

  —     (542  —     (542  —   

IMM Investment 5th PRIVATE EQUITY FUND

  —     (1  —     (1  —   

Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund

  519   (5,258  —     (5,258  —   

Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund

  197   (626  —     (626  —   

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.

  —     (98  —     (98  —   

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

  20,340   6,962   —     6,962   —   

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

  50   (128  —     (128  —   

 

(1)1 

The amounts included in the financial statements of the associates are adjusted to reflect adjustments made by the entity,entity; such as fair value adjustments made at the time of acquisition and adjustments for differences in accounting policies.

(2)2 

AsDetails of profit or loss are not disclosed as the financial statementsentity is classified as of December 31, 2013, were not available,an associate during the Group applied the equity method by using the financial statements as of November 30, 2013, and adjusted for the effects of significant transactions or events that occurred between the date of those financial statements and the date of the consolidated financial statements.

fourth quarter.
(3)3

AsDetails of profit or loss are not disclosed as the financial statements as3rd share acquisition of KB Insurance Co., Ltd. occurred on December 31, 2013 were not available, the Group applied the equity method by using the financial statements as of September 30, 2013, and adjusted for the effects of significant transactions or events that occurred between the date of those financial statements and the date of the consolidated financial statements.

29, 2016.

  2014(1) 
  Total assets  Total
liabilities
  Share capital  Equity  Share of
net asset
amount
  Unrealized
gains
  Consolidated
carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

       

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 994,768   2,158   999,430   992,610   125,119   —     125,119  

Korea Credit Bureau
Co., Ltd

  54,717    7,806    10,000    46,911    4,222    —      4,222  

UAMCO., Ltd

  4,357,490    3,688,589    2,430    668,901    114,240    6,942    121,182  

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  6,278,391    6,156,255    546,794    122,136    36,763    (7,484  29,279  

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ 2010-5(PEF)

  52,499    148    63,270    52,351    26,176    (2,617  23,559  

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

  1,187,406    40,240    1,081,400    1,147,166    203,270    (5,181  198,089  

CH Engineering
Co., Ltd.
(2)

  1,086    659    158    427    178    (158  20  

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  477,646    738    425,814    476,908    127,525    (3,451  124,074  

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd

  727,659    739,105    164,621    (11,446  (1,716  1,716    —    

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  218,250    121,341    95,000    96,909    20,402    (413  19,989  

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund

  94,731    1,917    105,000    92,814    23,204    (875  22,329  

NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1

  151    146    —      5    —      —      —    

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

  114,575    162    102,500    114,413    2,287    —      2,287  

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund

  30,558    1,804    31,100    28,754    10    —      10  

KB No.3 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  21,904    1,531    1,052    20,373    39    —      39  

KB No.4 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  22,567    2,382    1,052    20,185    38    —      38  

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  12,399    2,382    522    10,017    19    —      19  

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  34,434    3,515    1,600    30,919    77    —      77  
     

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

     681,853   (11,521 670,332  
     

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  20171 
  Total
assets
  Total
liabilities
  Share
capital
  Equity  Share of
net asset
amount
  Unrealized
gains
(losses)
  Consolidated
carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates and Joint ventures

       

KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund 1st

 10,908  30  11,000  10,878  1,601  —    1,601 

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  505,115   741   425,814   504,374   134,891   (3,471  131,420 

KB-KDBC New Technology Business Investment Fund

  7,503   45   7,500   7,458   4,972   —     4,972 

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  216,041   120,462   95,000   95,579   20,122   (413  19,709 

Sun Surgery Center Inc

  9,579   —     43   9,579   2,682   —     2,682 

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

  1,876   7   71   1,869   2,000   —     2,000 

Balhae Infrastructure Company

  836,309   1,800   807,567   834,509   105,190   —     105,190 

Bungaejangter Inc.

  5,592   3,450   43   2,142   3,484   —     3,484 

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

  20,676   250   21,400   20,426   7,856   374   8,230 

Acts Co., Ltd.

  6,741   6,894   117   (153  500   —     500 

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

  79,845   51,071   20,000   28,774   14,099   (6,029  8,070 

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

  646,811   754,900   61,096   (108,089  (16,202  16,202   —   

Big Dipper Co., Ltd.

  1,138   30   1,500   1,108   325   115   440 

Builton Co., Ltd.

  1,418   808   321   610   800   —     800 

A-PRO Co., Ltd.

  8,692   5,681   43   3,011   1,500   —     1,500 

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.

  1,184   28   2,000   1,156   230   —     230 

Paycoms Co., Ltd.

  1,898   1,374   810   524   800   —     800 

Food Factory Co., Ltd.

  3,501   3,552   —     (51  1,000   —     1,000 

KB IGen Private Equity Fund No. 1

  7,666   9   11,230   7,657   3   —     3 

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  22,920   2,369   1,031   20,551   20   —     20 

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  29,963   2,566   1,382   27,397   31   —     31 

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  11,858   1,675   521   10,183   20   —     20 

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  6,730   717   321   6,013   19   —     19 

KB Private Equity Fund III

  50,357   —     51,000   50,357   7,899   —     7,899 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

  75,504   19,323   10,000   56,181   5,056   —     5,056 

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

  15,017   3   12,970   15,014   7,506   (386  7,120 

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund No. 2

  70,166   1,315   51,880   68,851   17,213   —     17,213 

Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund

  170,155   133,034   34,114   37,121   1,761   —     1,761 

POSCO-KB Shipbuilding Fund

  7,752   247   8,000   7,505   2,345   —     2,345 

Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund

  2,466   339   320   2,127   543   —     543 

  2014 
  Operating
income
  Profit (Loss)  Other
comprehensive
income(loss)
  Total
comprehensive
income(loss)
  Dividends 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

     

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 53,100   44,616   —     44,616   6,280  

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd

  46,111    114    —      114    —    

UAMCO., Ltd

  548,990    57,438    —      57,438    35,041  

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  425,506    (22,973  (26,987  (49,960  2  

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ 2010-5(PEF)

  16,942    957    (3,249  (2,292  3,230  

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

  105,369    (1,962  —      (1,962  —    

CH Engineering Co., Ltd.(2)

  787    251    —      251    —    

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  39,207    38,207    —      38,207    9,229  

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd

  83,578    (8,185  —      (8,185  —    

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  17,413    8,585    —      8,585    1,752  

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund

  9,228    3,771    (6,337  (2,566  —    

NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1

  59,068    55,241    (53,847  1,394    4,274  

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

  3,539    3,222    —      3,222    —    

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund

  —      (10  —      (10  —    

KB No.3 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  —      (392  —      (392  —    

KB No.4 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  —      (313  —      (313  —    

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  —      (193  —      (193  —    

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  —      (555  —      (555  —    
  20171 
  Operating
income
  Profit (loss)  Other
comprehensive
income
  Total
comprehensive
income
  Dividends 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates and Joint ventures

     

KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund 1st

 394  (60 (62 (122 —   

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  35,002   34,004   —     34,004   7,350 

KB-KDBC New Technology Business Investment Fund

  3   (42  —     (42  —   

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  13,071   5,684   —     5,684   1,295 

Sun Surgery Center Inc.

  —     —     —     —     —   

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

  —     (607  —     (607  —   

Balhae Infrastructure Company

  113,441   104,942   —     104,942   12,842 

Bungaejangter Inc.

  406   48   —     48   —   

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

  660   (841  —     (841  —   

Acts Co., Ltd.

  3,537   (578  —     (578  —   

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

  15,783   2,490   (27  2,463   —   

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

  90,691   (8,719  —     (8,719  —   

Big Dipper Co., Ltd.

  140   (392  —     (392  —   

Builton Co., Ltd.

  1,433   58   —     58   —   

A-PRO Co., Ltd.

  12,226   661   —     661   —   

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.

  (751  (749  —     (749  —   

Paycoms Co., Ltd.

  303   (170  —     (170  —   

Food Factory Co., Ltd.

  3,324   (1,036  —     (1,036  —   

KB IGen Private Equity Fund No. 1

  —     172   —     172   —   

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  —     73   —     73   —   

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  —     223   —     223   —   

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  —     29   —     29   —   

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  —     (262  —     (262  —   

KB Private Equity Fund III

  —     (545  —     (545  —   

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

  68,750   3,580   —     3,580   149 

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

  2,728   (294  142   (152  —   

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund No. 2

  21,916   8,624   129   8,753   —   

Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund

  5,391   (1,507  —     (1,507  —   

POSCO-KB Shipbuilding Fund

  23   (495  —     (495  —   

Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund

  4,159   3,231   —     3,231   407 

 

(1)1 

The amounts included in the financial statements of the associates and joint ventures are adjusted to reflect adjustments made by the entity,entity; such as, fair value adjustments made at the time of acquisition and adjustments for differences in accounting policies.

(2)

As the financial statements as of December 31, 2014, were not available, the Group applied the equity method by using the financial statements as of November 30, 2014, and adjusted for the effects of significant transactions or events that occurred between the date of those financial statements and the date of the consolidated financial statements.

As Shinla Construction Co., Ltd. is capital deficient as of December 31, 2014, its reliable financial information was not available. Therefore, financial information of this associate is not included in the summarized financial information.

The changesChanges in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 
  Beginning  Acquisition  Disposal  Dividends  Gains
(losses)
  Other
compre-
hensive
income
  Impairment  Others  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

         

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 125,004   —     —     (6,299 6,263   —     —     —     124,968  

Korea Credit Bureau
Co., Ltd

  3,790    —      —      —      395    —      —      —      4,185  

UAMCO., Ltd

  139,760    —      —      —      11,066    —      —      —      150,826  

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  281,889    —      —      (3  (204,312  (9,464  —      —      68,110  

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ 2010-5(PEF)

  25,539    15,565    (135  —      4,227    197    —      —      45,393  

KB Global Star Game & Apps SPAC

  48    —      —      —      1    —      —      (49  —    

Semiland Co., Ltd

  2,513    —      —      (11  137    —      —      —      2,639  

Serit Platform Co., Ltd.

  1,517    —      (1,518  —      1    —      —      —      —    

Sehwa Electronics Co., Ltd

  2,955    —      (1,577  —      (360  (71  —      (947  —    

Testian Co., Ltd

  1,041    —      (260  —      (587  —      —      (194  —    

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

  195,425    —      —      —      2,516    —      —      —      197,941  

Kores Co., Ltd

  1,384    —      —      —      91    450    (420  —      1,505  

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  120,939    —      —      (8,894  11,040    —      —      —      123,085  

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd

  1,630    —      —      —      (1,630  —      —      —      —    

Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.(1)

  —      28,779    —      —      (8,200  (1,176  (19,403  —      —    

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  19,898    —      —      (1,751  1,787    —      —      —      19,934  

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund

  4,983    7,775    —      —      (2,703  274    —      —      10,329  

NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1

  4,160    —      —      (106  238    (54  —      —      4,238  

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

  2,156    —      —      —      67    —      —      —      2,223  

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund

  10    —      —      —      —      —      —      —      10  

Terra Co., Ltd

  —      —      —      —      4    —      —      —      4  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 934,641   52,119   (3,490 (17,064 (179,959 (9,844 (19,823 (1,190 755,390  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

  2014 
  Beginning  Acquisition  Disposal  Dividends  Gains
(losses)
  Other
compre-
hensive
income
  Impairment  Others  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

         

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 124,968   807   —     (6,280 5,624   —     —     —     125,119  

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd

  4,185    —      —      —      37    —      —      —      4,222  

UAMCO., Ltd

  150,826    —      —      (35,041  5,397    —      —      —      121,182  

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  68,110    —      —      (2  (6,278  (32,551  —      —      29,279  

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ 2010-5(PEF)

  45,393    50    (15,995  (3,230  (5,877  3,586    (368  —      23,559  

Semiland Co., Ltd

  2,639    —      (1,638  (11  104    —      —      (1,094  —    

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

  197,941    —      —      —      148    —      —      —      198,089  

CH Engineering Co., Ltd

  —      —      —      —      20    —      —      —      20  

Kores Co., Ltd

  1,505    —      —      —      —      —      —      (1,505  —    

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  123,085    —      —      (9,229  10,218    —      —      —      124,074  

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  19,934    —      —      (1,752  1,807    —      —      —      19,989  

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund

  10,329    12,225    —      —      1,880    (2,105  —      —      22,329  

NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1

  4,238    —      —      (4,274  1,414    (1,378  —      —      —    

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

  2,223    —      —      —      64    —      —      —      2,287  

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund

  10    —      —      —      —      —      —      —      10  

Terra Co., Ltd

  4    —      —      —      (4  —      —      —      —    

KB No.2 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  —      15    —      —      —      —      —      (15  —    

KB No.3 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  —      20    —      —      19    —      —      —      39  

KB No.4 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  —      4,483    (4,453  —      8    —      —      —      38  

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  —      10    —      —      9    —      —      —      19  

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquition Company

  —      40    —      —      37    —      —      —      77  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 755,390   17,650   (22,086 (59,819 14,627   (32,448 (368 (2,614 670,332  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  2016 
  Beginning  Acquisition
and others
  Disposal
and others
  Dividends  Gains
(losses) on
equity-
method
accounting
  Other-
comprehensive
income
  Others  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

        

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.1

 1,077,014  170,625  —    (7,989 160,954  (8,410 —    1,392,194 

Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd.6

  —     1,349,150   (1,459,604  —     112,931   (2,477  —     —   

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

  128,275   4,727   —     (5,654  5,852   —     —     133,200 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

  4,580   —     —     (135  408   —     —     4,853 

UAMCO., Ltd.

  129,707   —     (101,740  (26,961  (1,006  —     —     —   

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  —     —     —     (1  1   —     —     —   

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

  25,508   —     (2,900  —     916   1,195   —     24,719 

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

  183,117   —     (190,863  —     7,746   —     —     —   

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  127,539   —     —     (7,355  9,494   —     —     129,678 

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund No. 2

  28,470   3,751   (12,000  —     4,578   (10  —     24,789 

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

  —     —     —     —     728   —     —     728 

Terra Co., Ltd.

  21   —     —     —     7   —     —     28 

MJT&I Co., Ltd.

  149   —     —     —     83   —     —     232 

Jungdong Steel Co., Ltd.

  33   —     —     —     (33  —     —     —   

Shinhwa Underwear Co., Ltd.

  56   —     —     —     47   —     —     103 

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

  —     2,000   (2  —     —     —     —     1,998 

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  19,915   —     —     (1,679  1,571   —     —     19,807 

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

  2,348   —     —     —     48   —     —     2,396 

Sawnics Co., Ltd.

  1,397   —     (1,223  —     (174  —     —     —   

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

  —     2,000   —     —     —     —     —     2,000 

isMedia Co. Ltd

  —     3,978   —     —     —     —     —     3,978 

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  20   —     (20  —     —     —     —     —   

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  78   —     (78  —     —     —     —     —   

KB No.7 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  88   —     (88  —     —     —     —     —   

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  19   —     —     —     —     —     —     19 

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition
Company2

  15   4,082   (4,074  —     —     —     8   31 

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition
Company3

  —     10   —     —     —     —     10   20 

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  —     10   —     —     (1  4   —     13 

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund

  10   —     —     —     —     —     —     10 

IMM Investment 5th PRIVATE EQUITY FUND

  —     10,000   —     —     (1  —     —     9,999 

KB Private Equity Fund III

  —     8,000   —     —     —     —     —     8,000 

Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund5

  —     —     —     —     (688  —     4,645   3,957 

Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund4

  —     —     —     —     (3  11   1,842   1,850 

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.

  —     398   —     —     (20  —     —     378 

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

  9,481   —     —     —     (3,788  —     —     5,693 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 1,737,840  1,558,731  (1,772,592 (49,774 299,650  (9,687 6,505  1,770,673 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

(1)1Among the gain on valuation of equity method investments, ₩75,097 million includes the gains on bargain purchase

2Other gain of KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company amounting to ₩8 million represents the changes in interests due to unequal share capital increase in the associate.
3Other gain of KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company amounting to ₩10 million represents the changes in interests due to unequal share capital increase in the associate.
4Other gain of Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund amounting ₩1,842 million represents the Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd.’s inclusion of the consolidation scope.
5Other gain of Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund amounting ₩4,645 million represents the Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd.’s inclusion of the consolidation scope.
6Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd. is included as a subsidiary in fourth quarter, 2016.
7Loss on disposal of investments in associates for the year ended December 31, 2016, amounts to ₩18,812 million.

  2017 
  Beginning  Acquisition
and others
  Disposal
and others
  Dividends  Gains (losses)
on equity-
method
accounting
  Other-
comprehen-
sive income
  Others  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates and Joint ventures

        

KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund 1st

 —    1,671  —    —    (60 (10 —    1,601 

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  129,678   —     —     (7,350  9,092   —     —     131,420 

KB-KDBC New Technology Business Investment Fund

  —     5,000   —     —     (28  —     —     4,972 

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  19,807   —     —     (1,295  1,197   —     —     19,709 

Sun Surgery Center Inc.

  —     2,682   —     —     —     —     —     2,682 

Kyobo 7 Special Purpose Acquisition Co., Ltd.

  —     10   (10  —     —     —     —     —   

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

  2,000   —     —     —     —     —     —     2,000 

Balhae Infrastructure Company

  133,200   806   (29,202  (12,842  13,228   —     —     105,190 

Bungaejanter Inc.

  —     3,484   —     —     —     —     —     3,484 

IMM Investment 5th PRIVATE EQUITY FUND

  9,999   25,200   (35,185  —     (14  —     —     —   

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

  1,998   6,232   —     —     —     —     —     8,230 

Acts Co., Ltd.

  —     500   —     —     —     —     —     500 

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

  5,693   —     —     —     2,390   (13  —     8,070 

isMedia Co. Ltd

  3,978   —     (5,409  —     1,431   —     —     —   

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

  728   —     (728  —     —     —     —     —   

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.1

  1,392,194   —     (1,417,397  (15,884  38,873   2,214   —     —   

Kendae Co., Ltd.

  —     —     —     —     127   —     —     127 

Big Dipper Co., Ltd.

  —     440   —     —     —     —     —     440 

Builton Co., Ltd.

  —     800   —     —     —     —     —     800 

Shinhwa Underwear Co., Ltd.

  103   —     —     —     35   —     —     138 

A-PRO Co., Ltd.

  —     1,500   —     —     —     —     —     1,500 

MJT&I Co., Ltd.

  232   —     —     —     (105  —     —     127 

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.

  378   —     —     —     (148  —     —     230 

Korbi Co., Ltd.

  —     750   (750  —     —     —     —     —   

Terra Co., Ltd.

  28   —     —     —     (8  —     —     20 

Paycoms Co., Ltd.

  —     800   —     —     —     —     —     800 

Food Factory Co., Ltd.

  —     1,000   —     —     —     —     —     1,000 

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

  2,396   —     (2,763  —     367   —     —     —   

KB IGen Private Equity Fund No. 1

  10   —     (7  —     —     —     —     3 

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  19   —     —     —     1   —     —     20 

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  31   —     —     —     —     —     —     31 

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  20   —     —     —     —     —     —     20 

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2

  13   —     —     —     (2  (3  11   19 

KB Private Equity Fund III

  8,000   —     —     —     (101  —     —     7,899 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

  4,853   —     —     (149  352   —     —     5,056 

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

  24,719   —     (17,500  —     (170  71   —     7,120 

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB shared growth Private Equity Fund No. 2

  24,789   —     (9,730  —     2,121   33   —     17,213 

Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund

  1,850   —     —     —     (85  (4  —     1,761 

POSCO-KB Shipbuilding Fund

  —     2,500   —     —     (155  —     —     2,345 

Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund

  3,957   —     (3,830  (407  823   —     —     543 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 1,770,673  53,375  (1,522,511 (37,927 69,161  2,288  11  335,070 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

1KB Insurance Co., Ltd. is included as a subsidiary in the second quarter of 2017.
2 

Impairment recognizedOther gain of KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company amounting to ₩11 million represents the changes in interests due to unequal share capital increase in the associate.

3Gain on reorganization proceedings filed ondisposal of investments in associates and joint ventures for year ended December 30, 2013.

31, 2017, amounts to ₩15,113 million.

Accumulated unrecognized share of losses in investments in associates and joint ventures due to discontinuation of applying the equity method as offor the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013 
   Unrecognized loss   Unrecognized change in equity 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd

  429    429  

CH Engineering Co., Ltd

   43     94  

Shinla Construction Co., Ltd

   41     101  
   2016   2017 
   Unrecognized
loss
  Accumulated
unrecognized
loss
   Unrecognized
loss
  Accumulated
unrecognized
loss
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Doosung Metal Co., Ltd

  5  54   (31 23 

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

   (1,879  —      16,202   16,202 

Jungdong Steel Co., Ltd.

   476   476    13   489 

Dpaps Co., Ltd.

   188   188    (4  184 

Shinla Construction Co., Ltd.

   27   175    7   183 

Ejade Co., Ltd.

   1,112   1,112    (1,118  —   

JSC Bank CenterCredit

   5,308   108,761    (108,761)   —   

Myeongwon Tech Co., Ltd

   (43  —      —     —   

   2014 
   Unrecognized loss   Unrecognized change in equity 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd

  1,287    1,716  

Shinla Construction Co., Ltd

   34     134  

Terra Co., Ltd

   115     115  

14. Property and Equipment, and Investment PropertyProperties

The detailsDetails of property and equipment as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
depreciation
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
   Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
depreciation
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

  1,991,831    —     —     1,991,831    2,325,568   —    (1,018 2,324,550 

Buildings

   1,219,806     (353,140  (2,117  864,549     1,469,894    (482,319 (5,859 981,716 

Leasehold improvements

   567,231     (511,207  —      56,024     711,316    (637,588  —    73,728 

Equipment and vehicles

   1,642,796     (1,503,257  —      139,539     1,591,143    (1,353,935 (6,938 230,270 

Construction in progress

   4,205    —     —    4,205 

Financial lease assets

   66,641     (57,741  —      8,900     34,111    (21,312  —    12,799 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  5,488,305    (2,425,345 (2,117 3,060,843    6,136,237   (2,495,154 (13,815 3,627,268 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
depreciation
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
   Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
depreciation
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

  1,970,010    —     —     1,970,010    2,475,372   —    (1,018 2,474,354 

Buildings

   1,231,645     (373,306  (2,117  856,222     2,061,717    (684,705 (5,859 1,371,153 

Leasehold improvements

   602,438     (549,942  —      52,496     783,446    (693,717  —    89,729 

Equipment and vehicles

   1,725,901     (1,561,480  —      164,421     1,699,563    (1,456,358  —    243,205 

Construction in-progress

   7,946     —      —      7,946  

Construction in progress

   14,808    —     —    14,808 

Financial lease assets

   32,965     (1,075  —      31,890     34,789    (26,341  —    8,448 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  5,570,905    (2,485,803 (2,117 3,082,985    7,069,695   (2,861,121 (6,877 4,201,697 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

The changes in property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 2013  2016 
 Beginning Acquisition Transfers(1) Disposal Depreciation(2) Business
Combination
 Others Ending  Beginning Acquisition Transfers1 Disposal Depreciation2 Business
combination
 Others Ending 
 (In millions of Korean won)    (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

 2,012,265   1,405   (21,551 (214 —     —     (74 1,991,831   2,080,686  98,566  71,086  (127 —    74,319  20  2,324,550 

Buildings

  879,878    3,234    11,056    (281  (29,094  —      (244  864,549   936,813  4,008  34,811  (545 (33,385 39,950  64  981,716 

Leasehold improvement

  55,658    2,687    32,702    (332  (46,057  299    11,067    56,024   54,844  7,843  48,504  (1,033 (50,200 3,431  10,339  73,728 

Equipment and vehicles

  141,932    94,875    —      (434  (97,119  247    38    139,539   194,492  141,546   —    (1,553 (131,926 21,196  6,515  230,270 

Construction in-progress

  893    51,268    (52,161  —      —      —      —      —     635  144,589  (141,020  —     —     —    1  4,205 

Financial lease assets

  9,767    10,734    —      —      (11,601  —      —      8,900   19,913  605   —     —    (7,719  —     —    12,799 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 3,100,393   164,203   (29,954 (1,261 (183,871 546   10,787   3,060,843   3,287,383  397,157  13,381  (3,258 (223,230 138,896  16,939  3,627,268 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

 2014  2017 
 Beginning Acquisition Transfers(1) Disposal Depreciation(2) Business
Combination
 Others Ending  Beginning Acquisition Transfers1 Disposal Depreciation2 Business
combination
 Others Ending 
 (In millions of Korean won)    (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

 1,991,831   11,371   (37,017 —     —     3,850   (25 1,970,010   2,324,550  35,242  (89,338 (11,203 —    215,274  (171 2,474,354 

Buildings

  864,549    12,884    2,044    —      (29,335  6,159    (79  856,222   981,716  14,611  31,608  (12,314 (48,280 403,816  (4 1,371,153 

Leasehold improvement

  56,024    3,854    30,420    (605  (40,570  791    2,582    52,496   73,728  10,973  57,663  (858 (66,279 497  14,005  89,729 

Equipment and vehicles

  139,539    110,269    1,947    (333  (90,200  2,285    914    164,421   230,270  124,702  (16,695 (452 (138,317 42,703  994  243,205 

Construction in-progress

  —      63,629    (55,683  —      —      —      —      7,946   4,205  112,840  (102,352  —     —    127  (12 14,808 

Financial lease assets

  8,900    40,873    (1,947  —      (15,936  —      —      31,890   12,799  679   —     —    (5,030  —     —    8,448 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 3,060,843   242,880   (60,236 (938 (176,041 13,085   3,392   3,082,985   3,627,268  299,047  (119,114 (24,827 (257,906 662,417  14,812  4,201,697 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

(1)1 

Including transfers with investment property and assets held for sale.

(2)2

Including depreciation cost ₩71and others ₩212 million and ₩82₩157 million recorded in other operating expenses in the statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, respectively.

The changes in accumulated impairment losses of property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

2013 
20162016 
BeginningBeginning   Impairment   Reversal   Others   Ending Beginning   Impairment   Reversal   Business
combination
 Others   Ending 
(In millions of Korean won)(In millions of Korean won) (In millions of Korean won) 
(3,242)    —      —      1,125    (2,117(6,877)   —     3,383   (10,321 —     (13,815

 

2014 
20172017 
BeginningBeginning   Impairment   Reversal   Others   Ending Beginning   Impairment   Reversal   Business
combination
   Disposal
and others
   Ending 
(In millions of Korean won)(In millions of Korean won) (In millions of Korean won) 
(2,117)    —      —      —      (2,117)  (13,815)   —     —     —     6,938   (6,877

The details

Details of investment property as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
depreciation
 Carrying
amount
   Acquisition cost   Accumulated
depreciation
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

  94,708    —     94,708    203,795   —    (1,404 202,391 

Buildings

   78,526     (6,975  71,551     616,085    (63,465  —    552,620 
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  173,234    (6,975 166,259    819,880   (63,465 (1,404 755,011 
  

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
depreciation
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
   Acquisition cost   Accumulated
depreciation
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

  229,437    —     (738 228,699    252,234   —    (738 251,496 

Buildings

   157,885     (9,040  —      148,845     719,920    (122,935  —    596,985 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  387,322    (9,040 (738 377,544    972,154   (122,935 (738 848,481 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

The valuation technique and input variables that are used to measure the fair value of investment property as of December 31, 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   20142017
   Fair value   

Valuation technique

  

Inputs

   (In millions of Korean won)

Land and buildings

  379,81235,886   Cost Approach Method  

- Price per square meter

- Replacement cost

178,083Market comparison method- Price per square meter
679,614Income approach

- Discount rate

- Capitalization rate

- Vacancy rate

As of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, fair values of the investment properties amount to ₩189,534₩786,506 million and ₩379,812₩893,583 million, respectively. The investment properties were measured by qualified independent appraisers with experience in valuing similar properties in the same area. In addition, per the fair value hierarchy on Note 6.1, the fair value hierarchy of all investment properties has been categorized and classified as Level 3.

Rental income from the above investment properties for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, amounts to ₩4,889₩12,884 million and ₩7,107₩59,259 million, respectively.

The changes in investment property for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013 
   Beginning   Acquisition   Transfers   Depreciation  Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

  38,653    56,055    —      —     94,708  

Buildings

   14,321     58,554     257     (1,581  71,551  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  52,974    114,609    257    (1,581 166,259  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

   

 

   2014 
   Beginning   Acquisition   Transfers  Depreciation  Business
combination
   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

  94,708    132,924    (262 —     1,329    228,699  

Buildings

   71,551     79,071     288    (2,065  —       148,845  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  166,259    211,995    26   (2,065 1,329    377,544  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Property and equipment insured as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:
   2016 
   Beginning   Acquisition   Transfers  Depreciation  Business
combination
   Others   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

  124,553   —     (17,184 —    92,826   2,196   202,391 

Buildings

   87,262    1,254    (8,108  (2,531  441,905    32,838    552,620 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  211,815   1,254   (25,292 (2,531 534,731   35,034   755,011 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

     Insurance coverage  

Insurance company

Type

  

Assets insured

 2013  2014  
     (In millions of Korean won)   

General property insurance

  Buildings(1) 1,027,420   1,134,840   

Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. and others

  

Leasehold improvements

  121,188    142,163   
  

Equipment and vehicles and others

  139,544    164,106   
   

 

 

  

 

 

  

Total

 1,288,152   1,441,109   
   

 

 

  

 

 

  
  2017 
  Beginning  Acquisition  Transfers  Disposal  Depreciation  Business
combination
  Others  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

 202,391  —    (39,533 (330 —    91,618  (2,650 251,496 

Buildings

  552,620   262   (33,737  (1,263  (20,096  141,106   (41,907  596,985 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 755,011  262  (73,270 (1,593 (20,096 232,724  (44,557 848,481 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

(1)

Buildings include office buildings, investment properties and assets held for sale.

15. Intangible Assets

The detailsDetails of intangible assets as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
amortization
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
   Acquisition cost   Accumulated
amortization
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
Amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Goodwill

  252,098    —     (46,533 205,565    331,707   —    (69,315 262,392 

Other intangible assets

   851,406     (590,550  (23,217  237,639     1,312,732    (877,881 (44,927 389,924 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  1,103,504    (590,550 (69,750 443,204    1,644,439   (877,881 (114,242 652,316 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

   2014 
   Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
amortization
  Accumulated
impairment
losses
  Carrying
amount
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Goodwill

  331,707    —     (69,315 262,392  

Other intangible assets

   900,951     (649,723  (24,698  226,530  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  1,232,658    (649,723 (94,013 488,922  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

   2017 
   Acquisition cost   Accumulated
amortization
  Accumulated
impairment
losses
  Others  Carrying
Amount
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Goodwill

  344,799   —    (70,517 (832 273,450 

Other intangible assets

   4,012,563    (1,299,879  (43,074  —     2,669,610 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  4,357,362   (1,299,879 (113,591 (832 2,943,060 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

The detailsDetails of goodwill as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013   2014 
   Acquisition
cost
   Carrying
amount
   Acquisition
cost
   Carrying
amount
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Housing & Commercial Bank

  65,288    65,288    65,288    65,288  

KB Cambodia Bank

   1,202     1,202     1,202     1,202  

KB Investment Securities

   70,265     58,889     70,265     58,889  

KB Capital Co., Ltd

   —       —       79,609     79,609  

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd

   108,000     72,843     115,343     57,404  

Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd

   7,343     7,343     —       —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  252,098    205,565    331,707    262,392  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   2016   2017 
   Acquisition cost   Carrying
amount
   Acquisition cost   Carrying
amount
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Housing & Commercial Bank

  65,288   65,288   65,288   65,288 

KB Cambodia Bank

   1,202    1,202    1,202    —   

KB Securities Co., Ltd.1

   70,265    58,889    70,265    58,889 

KB Capital Co., Ltd.

   79,609    79,609    79,609    79,609 

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

   115,343    57,404    115,343    57,404 

KB Securities Vietnam joint stock company2

   —      —      13,092    12,260 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  331,707   262,392   344,799   273,450 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

1The amount occurred from formerly known as KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd.
2MARITIME SECURITIES INCORPORATION changed the name to KB Securities Vietnam joint stock company.

The changes in accumulated impairment losses of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

2013 
20162016 
BeginningBeginning   Impairment   Others   Ending Beginning   Impairment   Others   Ending 
(In millions of Korean won)(In millions of Korean won) (In millions of Korean won) 
35,157    11,376    —      46,533  (69,315)   —     —     (69,315

 

2014 
20172017 
BeginningBeginning   Impairment   Others   Ending Beginning   Impairment Others   Ending 
(In millions of Korean won)(In millions of Korean won) (In millions of Korean won) 
46,533    22,782    —      69,315  (69,315)   (1,202 —     (70,517

The details of allocating goodwill to cash-generating units and related information for impairment testing as of December 31, 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 Housing & Commercial Bank            

 

Housing & Commercial Bank

 KB
Cambodia
Bank
  KB
Securities
Co., Ltd.1
  KB Capital
Co., Ltd.
  KB Savings
Bank Co., Ltd.
and Yehansoul
Savings Bank
Co., Ltd.
  Total 
Retail
Banking
 Corporate
Banking
 KB
Cambodia
Bank
 KB
Investment
Securities
 KB Capital
Co., Ltd.
 KB Savings
Bank Co., Ltd.
and Yehansoul
Savings Bank
Co., Ltd.
 Total  Retail
Banking
 Corporate
Banking
 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Carrying amounts

 49,315   15,973   1,202   58,889   79,609   57,404   262,392   49,315  15,973  —    58,889  79,609  57,404  261,190 

Recoverable amount exceeded carrying amount

  1,090,789    1,058,505    735    38,772    210,379    —      2,399,180   8,957,260  3,448,191   —    145,177  623,381  51,402  13,225,411 

Discount rate (%)

  17.13    17.49    33.45    16.53    13.67    17.01    20.47  20.81  27.57  25.71  13.00  14.91  

Permanent growth rate (%)

  2.00    2.00    2.00    2.00    2.00    2.00    1.00  1.00  1.00  1.00  1.00  1.00  

1The amount occurred from formerly known as KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd.
2Goodwill occurred from a business combination during 2017 has not been tested for impairment.

Goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units, based on management’s analysis, that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination for impairment testing, and cash-generating units consist of an operating segment or units which are not larger than an operating segment. The Group recognized the amount of ₩65,288 million related to goodwill acquired in the merger of Housing & Commercial Bank. Of those respective amounts, the amounts of ₩49,315 million and ₩15,973 million were allocated to the Retail Banking and Corporate Banking, respectively. Cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually, and whenever there is an indication that the unit may be impaired, by comparing the carrying amount of the unit, including the goodwill, with the recoverable amount of the unit.

The recoverable amount of a cash-generating unit is measured at the higher of its fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. The fair value less costs to sell is the amount obtainable from the sale in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties, less the costs of disposal. If it is difficult to measure the amount obtainable from the sale, the Group measures the fair value less costs to sell by reflecting the characteristics of the measured cash-generating unit. If it is not possible to obtain reliable information to measure the fair value less costs to sell, the Group uses the asset’s value in use as its recoverable amount. Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from an asset or cash-generating unit.unit The projections of the future cash flows are based on the most recent financial budget approved by management and generally cover a period of five years. The future cash flows after projection period are estimated on the assumption that the future cash flows will increase 2.0%by 1.0% for every year.all other cash-generating units. The key assumptions used for the estimation of the future cash flows are the market size and the Group’s market share. The discount rate is apre-tax rate that reflects assumptions regarding risk-free interest rate, market risk premium and the risks specific to the asset for which the future cash flow estimates have not been adjusted.

The details

Details of intangible assets, excluding goodwill, as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
amortization
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
   Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
amortization
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Industrial property rights

  1,405    (936 —     469    4,617   (1,612 —    3,005 

Software

   614,124     (500,327  —      113,797     887,098    (749,997  —    137,101 

Other intangible assets

   206,427     (67,892  (23,217  115,318     378,608    (111,814 (44,927 221,867 

Finance leases assets

   29,450     (21,395  —      8,055     42,409    (14,458  —    27,951 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  851,406    (590,550 (23,217 237,639    1,312,732   (877,881 (44,927 389,924 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
amortization
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
   Acquisition
cost
   Accumulated
amortization
 Accumulated
impairment
losses
 Carrying
amount
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Industrial property rights

  1,470    (1,079 —     391    9,497   (2,399 —    7,098 

Software

   644,485     (564,887  —      79,598     1,062,699    (885,133  —    177,566 

Other intangible assets

   213,927     (83,190  (24,698  106,039     501,874    (211,321 (43,074 247,479 

Value of Business Acquired (VOBA)

   2,395,291    (179,193  —    2,216,098 

Finance leases assets

   41,069     (567  —      40,502     43,202    (21,833  —    21,369 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  900,951    (649,723 (24,698 226,530    4,012,563   (1,299,879 (43,074 2,669,610 
  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

The changes in intangible assets, excluding goodwill, for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 2013  2016 
 Beginning Acquisition Disposal Amortization(1) Business
combination
 Others Ending  Beginning Acquisition Disposal Transfer Amortization1 Business
combination
   Others Ending 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Industrial property rights

 418   190   —     (137 —     (2 469   320  3,073  —    —    (388 —     —    3,005 

Software

  168,032    33,649    —      (87,078  —      (806  113,797   75,009  91,631   —     —    (41,540 11,998    3  137,101 

Other intangible assets(2)

  107,994    34,252    (5,177  (9,122  38    (12,667  115,318  

Other intangible assets2

 94,816  16,900  (7,234 1,926  (14,701 132,461    (2,301 221,867 

Finance leases assets

  7,089    6,036    —      (5,070  —      —      8,055   34,291  708   —     —    (7,048  —      —    27,951 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

 283,533   74,127   (5,177 (101,407 38   (13,475 237,639   204,436  112,312  (7,234 1,926  (63,677 144,459   (2,298 389,924 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

 2014  2017 
 Beginning Acquisition Disposal Transfer Amortization(1) Business
combination
 Others Ending  Beginning Acquisition Disposal Transfer Amortization1 Business
combination
 Others Ending 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Industrial property rights

 469   74   —     —     (151 —     (1 391   3,005  4,772  (8 —    (683 —    12  7,098 

Software

  113,797    24,516    —      4,528    (62,805  364    (802  79,598   137,101  86,768  (48 1,404  (66,655 20,396  (1,400 177,566 

Other intangible assets(2)

  115,318    6,165    (4,455  —      (11,805  2,050    (1,234  106,039  

Other intangible assets2

 221,867  20,354  (7,054 14,401  (18,437 18,362  (2,014 247,479 

Value of Business Acquired (VOBA)3

  —     —     —     —    (179,193 2,395,291   —    2,216,098 

Finance leases assets

  8,055    45,305    —      (4,528  (8,330  —      —      40,502   27,951  792   —     —    (7,374  —     —    21,369 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 237,639   76,060   (4,455 —     (83,091 2,414   (2,037 226,530   389,924  112,686  (7,110 15,805  (272,342 2,434,049  (3,402 2,669,610 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

(1)1

Including ₩31₩607 million and ₩59₩179,809 million recorded in insurance expenses and other operating expenses and others in the statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014.

2017.
(2)2 

Membership rightsImpairment loss for membership right of other intangible assetsasset with indefinite useful liveslife was recognized impairment losses because theirwhen its recoverable amount is lower than theirits carrying amount, and reversal of impairment loss was recognized when its recoverable amount is higher than its carrying amount.

3See Note 44 for details on business combination.

The changes in accumulated impairment losses on intangible assets excluding goodwill, for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 
  Beginning  Impairment  Reversal  Disposal
and
others
  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Accumulated impairment losses on intangible assets

 (17,845 (5,763 24   367   (23,217
   2016 
   Beginning  Impairment  Reversal   Disposal and
others
  Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Accumulated impairment losses on intangible assets

  (26,211 (2,704 482   (16,494 (44,927

 

  2014 
  Beginning  Impairment  Reversal  Disposal
and
others
  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Accumulated impairment losses on intangible assets

 (23,217 (1,888 411   (4 (24,698
   2017 
   Beginning  Impairment  Reversal   Disposal and
others
   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Accumulated impairment losses on intangible assets

  (44,927 (601 954   1,500   (43,074

The changes in emissions rights for year ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

  Applicable
under 2015
  Applicable
under 2016
  Applicable
under 2017
  Total 
  Quantity  Carrying
amount
  Quantity  Carrying
amount
  Quantity  Carrying
amount
  Quantity  Carrying
amount
 
  (KAU)  (In millions of
Korean won)
  (KAU)  (In millions of
Korean won)
  (KAU)  (In millions of
Korean won)
  (KAU)  (In millions of
Korean won)
 

Beginning

  116,799  —     112,137  —     109,140  —     338,076  —   

Borrowing

  8,518   —     (8,518  —     —     —     —     —   

Surrendered to government

  (121,261  —     —     —     —     —     (121,261  —   

Cancel

  (4,056  —     (4,336  —     (4,220  —     (12,612  —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ending

  —    —     99,283  —     104,920  —     204,203  —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

  Applicable
under 2016
  Applicable
under 2017
  Total 
  Quantity  Carrying
amount
  Quantity  Carrying
amount
  Quantity  Carrying
amount
 
  (KAU)  (In millions of
Korean won)
  (KAU)  (In millions of
Korean won)
  (KAU)  (In millions of
Korean won)
 

Beginning

  99,283  —     104,920  —     204,203  —   

Additional Allocation

  578   —     17,046   —     17,624   —   

Borrowing

  18,306   —     (18,306  —     —     —   

Surrendered to government

  (117,484  —     —     —     (117,484  —   

Cancel

  (683  —     (398  —     (1,081  —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ending

  —    —     103,262  —     103,262  —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

16. Deferred income tax assetsIncome Tax Assets and liabilitiesLiabilities

The detailsDetails of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Assets Liabilities Net amount   Assets Liabilities Net amount 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Other provisions

  113,685   —     113,685    91,201  —    91,201 

Allowances for loan losses

   171    (2,118  (1,947   7,297   —    7,297 

Impairment losses on property and equipment

   2,873    —      2,873     7,920  (359 7,561 

Interest on equity index-linked deposits

   340    —      340     41   —    41 

Share-based payments

   8,512    —      8,512     13,709   —    13,709 

Provisions for guarantees

   50,463    —      50,463     30,569   —    30,569 

Losses(gains) from valuation on derivative financial instruments

   1,045    (15,119  (14,074   9,761  (46,765 (37,004

Present value discount

   2,554    (6,812  (4,258   11,358  (6,160 5,198 

Losses(gains) from fair value hedged item

   16,670    (111  16,559     —    (14,335 (14,335

Accrued interest

   —      (79,656  (79,656   —    (84,676 (84,676

Deferred loan origination fees and costs

   13,263    (97,532  (84,269   1,247  (158,914 (157,667

Gains from revaluation

   —      (276,057  (276,057   803  (286,119 (285,316

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   74,324    (63,407  10,917     12,014  (109,925 (97,911

Derivative linked securities

   265,477    (264,024  1,453  

Gains on valuation of security investment

   109,071  (8,279 100,792 

Defined benefit liabilities

   319,467   —    319,467 

Accrued expenses

   273,092   —    273,092 

Retirement insurance expense

   —    (283,771 (283,771

Adjustments to the prepaid contributions

   —    (15,142 (15,142

Derivative-linked securities

   30,102  (42,825 (12,723

Others

   546,499    (337,434  209,065     365,616  (195,856 169,760 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   1,095,876    (1,142,270  (46,394   1,283,268  (1,253,126 30,142 
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Offsetting of deferred income tax assets and liabilities

   (1,080,454  1,080,454    —       (1,149,644 1,149,644   —   
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  15,422   (61,816 (46,394  133,624  (103,482 30,142 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Assets Liabilities Net amount   Assets Liabilities Net amount 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Other provisions

  99,369   —     99,369    115,518  —    115,518 

Allowances for loan losses

   2,416    (1,900  516     1,142   —    1,142 

Impairment losses on property and equipment

   5,590    (358  5,232     36,598  (407 36,191 

Interest on equity index-linked deposits

   183    —      183     43   —    43 

Share-based payments

   8,134    —      8,134     23,238   —    23,238 

Provisions for guarantees

   50,115    —      50,115     24,341   —    24,341 

Losses(gains) from valuation on derivative financial instruments

   3,714    (52,714  (49,000   6,258  (17,479 (11,221

Present value discount

   8,078    (10,694  (2,616   25,332  (4,498 20,834 

Losses(gains) from fair value hedged item

   12,834    —      12,834     —    (15,698 (15,698

Accrued interest

   —      (79,385  (79,385   243  (111,514 (111,271

Deferred loan origination fees and costs

   9,265    (132,815  (123,550   332  (180,401 (180,069

Advanced depreciation provision

   —    (1,703 (1,703

Gains from revaluation

   —      (274,947  (274,947   648  (350,801 (350,153

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   12,635    (74,504  (61,869   24,834  (103,268 (78,434

Derivative linked securities

   336,025    (338,587  (2,562

Gains on valuation of security investment

   86,290  (225,158 (138,868

Defined benefit liabilities

   436,706   —    436,706 

Accrued expenses

   194,399   —    194,399 

Retirement insurance expense

   —    (369,300 (369,300

Adjustments to the prepaid contributions

   —    (16,236 (16,236

Derivative-linked securities

   27,992  (5,679 22,313 

Others

   703,497    (363,600  339,897     321,453  (452,303 (130,850
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   1,251,855    (1,329,504  (77,649   1,325,367  (1,854,445 (529,078
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Offsetting of deferred income tax assets and liabilities

   (1,236,293  1,236,293    —       (1,321,376 1,321,376   —   
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  15,562   (93,211 (77,649  3,991  (533,069 (529,078
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Unrecognized deferred income tax assets

No deferred income tax assets have been recognized for the deductible temporary difference of ₩563,040₩49,179 million associated with investments in subsidiaries and others as of December 31, 2014,2017, because it is not probable that the temporary differences will be reversed in the foreseeable future.

No deferred income tax assets have been recognized for deductible temporary differences of ₩199₩80,204 million ₩80,204million and ₩172,199million₩112,030 million associated with loss on other provisions, SPE repurchase and others, respectively, as of December 31, 2014,2017, due to the uncertainty that these will be realized in the future.

Unrecognized deferred income tax liabilities

No deferred income tax liabilities have been recognized for the taxable temporary difference of ₩27,367₩28,407 million associated with investment in subsidiaries and associates as of December 31, 2014,2017, due to the following reasons:

��

The Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference.

 

It is probable that the temporary difference will not be reversed in the foreseeable future.

No deferred income tax liabilities have been recognized as of December 31, 2014,2017, for the taxable temporary difference of ₩65,288 million arising from the initial recognition of goodwill from the merger of Housing and Commercial Bank.Bank in 2001.

The changes in cumulative temporary differences for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Beginning Decrease Increase Ending   Beginning Decrease Increase Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Deductible temporary differences

          

Losses(gains) from fair value hedged item

  127,281   127,281   68,884   68,884    11,882  11,882  —    —   

Other provisions

   576,999    553,376    446,706    470,329     449,239  466,913  398,537  380,863 

Allowances for loan losses

   4,727    4,221    199    705     5,079  26,492  51,567  30,154 

Impairment losses on property and equipment

   8,723    8,723    11,873    11,873     21,476  31,914  43,164  32,726 

Deferred loan origination fees and costs

   36,136    35,720    54,200    54,616     23,491  24,937  6,600  5,154 

Interest on equity index-linked deposits

   2,985    2,985    1,407    1,407     287  287  168  168 

Share-based payments

   25,591    25,591    35,174    35,174     44,922  39,600  51,328  56,650 

Provisions for guarantees

   208,255    208,255    208,524    208,524     157,954  157,954  126,319  126,319 

Gains(losses) from valuation on derivative financial instruments

   6,581    6,581    4,319    4,319     118,745  180,332  101,921  40,334 

Present value discount

   9,655    9,658    10,558    10,555     42,288  14,693  19,366  46,961 

Loss on SPE repurchase

   80,204    —      —      80,204     80,204   —     —    80,204 

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   2,687,622    2,099,827    302,836    890,631     821,059  59,354  49,014  810,719 

Gains on valuation of security investment

   298,796  394,580  543,172  447,388 

Defined benefit liabilities

   1,153,686  75,269  241,718  1,320,135 

Accrued expenses

   271,463  358,583  1,215,612  1,128,492 

Derivative linked securities

   667,942    667,942    1,097,012    1,097,012     3,090,264  3,098,449  132,573  124,388 

Others

   2,004,536    947,787    1,300,751    2,357,500     1,220,133  557,068  739,581  1,402,646 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   6,447,237   4,697,947   3,542,443    5,291,733     7,810,968  5,498,307  3,720,640  6,033,301 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Unrecognized deferred income tax assets:

          

Share-based payments

   10      —    

Other provisions

   817      250     67     —   

Loss on SPE repurchase

   80,204      80,204     80,204    80,204 

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   2,492,775      603,097     797,862    774,259 

Others

   87,342      94,786     170,214    119,334 
  

 

    

 

   

 

    

 

 

Total

   3,786,089      4,513,396     6,762,621    5,059,504 

Tax rate (%)

   24.2      24.2  

Tax rate (%)1

   24.2    24.2 
  

 

    

 

   

 

    

 

 

Total deferred income tax assets from deductible temporary difference

  919,214     1,095,876  

Total deferred income tax assets from deductible temporary differences

  1,636,968    1,283,268 
  

 

    

 

   

 

    

 

 

Taxable temporary differences

          

Losses(gains) from fair value hedged item

  —     —     (502 (502  —    —    (59,235 (59,235

Accrued interest

   (339,126  (220,320  (217,970  (336,776   (338,402 (333,121 (344,618 (349,899

Allowances for loans losses

   (10,654  (1,902  —      (8,752

Impairment losses on property and equipment

   (1,481  —     —    (1,481

Deferred loan origination fees and costs

   (389,017  (389,017  (403,026  (403,026   (629,161 (649,107 (680,891 (660,945

Gains(losses) from valuation on derivative financial instruments

   (163,225  (162,935  (62,287  (62,577   (128,985 (457,371 (521,629 (193,243

Present value discount

   (32,185  (1,221  —      (30,964   (37,741 (38,009 (25,722 (25,454

Goodwill

   (65,288  —      —      (65,288   (65,288  —     —    (65,288

Gains on revaluation

   (1,142,234  (1,504  —      (1,140,730   (1,136,143 (61,094 (107,261 (1,182,310

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   (5,959,490  (5,644,900  (53,127  (367,717   (408,490 (68,158 (46,935 (387,267

Gains on valuation of security investment

   (93,510 (114,227 (57,969 (37,252

Retirement insurance expense

   (996,448 (63,979 (238,045 (1,170,514

Adjustments to the prepaid contributions

   (90,653 (90,653 (62,569 (62,569

Derivative linked securities

   (661,700  (661,700  (1,091,009  (1,091,009   (3,222,110 (3,401,273 (356,125 (176,962

Others

   (1,307,717  (581,961  (660,956  (1,386,712   (426,328 (663,284 (1,031,097 (794,141
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   (10,070,636 (7,665,460 (2,488,877  (4,894,053   (7,574,740 (5,940,276 (3,532,096 (5,166,560
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Unrecognized deferred income tax assets:

          

Goodwill

   (65,288    (65,288   (65,288   (65,288

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   (83,745    (118,749   (66,345   (17,205

Others

   (1,914   (906
  

 

    

 

   

 

    

 

 

Total

   (9,921,603    (4,710,016   (7,441,193   (5,083,161

Tax rate (%)

   24.2      24.2  

Tax rate (%)1

   24.2    24.2 
  

 

    

 

   

 

    

 

 

Total deferred income tax assets from deductible temporary differences

  (1,055,085   (1,142,270  (1,807,838   (1,253,126
  

 

    

 

   

 

    

 

 

1The rate of 24.2% has been applied for the deferred tax assets and liabilities expected to be utilized.

  2014   2017 
  Beginning Decrease Increase Ending   Beginning Business
Combination
 Decrease Increase Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Deductible temporary differences

           

Losses(gains) from fair value hedged item

  68,884   68,884   53,033   53,033  

Other provisions

   470,329    445,632    386,116    410,813    380,863  30,180  395,138  407,923  423,828 

Allowances for loan losses

   705    292    5,720    6,133     30,154   —    26,134  202  4,222 

Impairment losses on property and equipment

   11,873    11,873    22,363    22,363     32,726  107,755  139,743  132,346  133,084 

Deferred loan origination fees and costs

   54,616    54,772    37,529    37,373     5,154   —    5,154  1,207  1,207 

Interest on equity index-linked deposits

   1,407    1,325    676    758     168   —    168  155  155 

Share-based payments

   35,174    35,174    33,613    33,613     56,650   —    49,333  77,185  84,502 

Provisions for guarantees

   208,524    208,524    225,414    225,414     126,319   —    126,319  88,512  88,512 

Gains(losses) from valuation on derivative financial instruments

   4,319    4,319    15,171    15,171     40,334   —    40,334  22,758  22,758 

Present value discount

   10,555    10,555    11,762    11,762     46,961   —    18,417  63,573  92,117 

Loss on SPE repurchase

   80,204    —      —      80,204     80,204   —     —     —    80,204 

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   890,631    310,123    18,691    599,199     810,719   —    753,918  76,902  133,703 

Gains on valuation of security investment

   447,388   —    447,388  299,082  299,082 

Defined benefit liabilities

   1,320,135  255,375  256,580  271,857  1,590,787 

Accrued expenses

   1,128,492   —    1,123,713  701,756  706,535 

Derivative linked securities

   1,097,012    1,097,012    1,388,534    1,388,534     124,388   —    124,388  101,789  101,789 

Others

   2,357,500    1,349,309    2,099,534    3,107,725     1,402,646   —    629,002  501,901  1,275,545 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   5,291,733   3,597,794   4,298,156    5,992,095     6,033,301  393,310  4,135,729  2,747,148  5,038,030 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Unrecognized deferred income tax assets:

           

Share-based payments

   —        —    

Other provisions

   250      199     —     —      2,879 

Loss on SPE repurchase

   80,204      80,204     80,204   —      80,204 

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   603,097      563,040     774,259   —      49,179 

Others

   94,786      172,199     119,334   —      112,030 
  

 

    

 

   

 

  

 

    

 

 

Total

   4,513,396      5,176,453     5,059,504  393,310    4,793,738 

Tax rate (%)

   24.2      24.2  

Tax rate (%)1

   24.2  24.2    27.5 
  

 

    

 

   

 

  

 

    

 

 

Total deferred income tax assets from deductible temporary differences

  1,095,876     1,251,855    1,283,268  95,181    1,325,367 
  

 

    

 

   

 

  

 

    

 

 

Taxable temporary differences

           

Losses(gains) from fair value hedged item

  (502 (502 —     —      (59,235 —    (59,235 (57,083 (57,083

Accrued interest

   (336,776  (220,808  (213,071  (329,039   (349,899 (72,117 (377,010 (360,536 (405,542

Allowances for loans losses

   (8,752  (902  —      (7,850

Impairment losses on property and equipment

   (1,481  —     —     —    (1,481

Deferred loan origination fees and costs

   (403,026  (403,026  (548,978  (548,978   (660,945 (15,846 (665,209 (657,081 (668,663

advanced depreciation provision

   —    (6,192  —     —    (6,192

Gains(losses) from valuation on derivative financial instruments

   (62,577  (61,187  (216,436  (217,826   (193,243  —    (192,491 (61,077 (61,829

Present value discount

   (30,964  —      (13,226  (44,190   (25,454 (8,766 (34,220 (16,357 (16,357

Goodwill

   (65,288  —      —      (65,288   (65,288  —     —     —    (65,288

Gains on revaluation

   (1,140,730  (4,587  —      (1,136,143   (1,182,310 (99,244 (59,030 (53,117 (1,275,641

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   (367,717  (60,223  (15,199  (322,693   (387,267  —    (72,284 (72,484 (387,467

Gains on valuation of security investment

   (37,252 (236,137 (273,171 (764,891 (765,109

Retirement insurance expense

   (1,170,514 (168,714 (200,722 (203,506 (1,342,012

Adjustments to the prepaid contributions

   (62,569  —    (61,034 (57,505 (59,040

Derivative linked securities

   (1,091,009  (1,091,009  (1,399,118  (1,399,118   (176,962  —    (176,962 (20,650 (20,650

Others

   (1,386,712  (562,646  (677,763  (1,501,829   (794,141 (1,215,733 (429,645 (95,568 (1,675,797
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   (4,894,053 (2,404,890 (3,083,791  (5,572,954   (5,166,560 (1,822,749 (2,601,013 (2,419,855 (6,808,151
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Unrecognized deferred income tax assets:

           

Goodwill

   (65,288    (65,288   (65,288  —      (65,288

Investments in subsidiaries and others

   (118,749    (27,367   (17,205 (4,546   (28,407

Others

   (906  —      (677
  

 

    

 

   

 

  

 

    

 

 

Total

   (4,710,016    (5,480,299   (5,083,161 (1,818,203   (6,713,779

Tax rate (%)

   24.2      24.2  

Tax rate (%)1

   24.2  24.2    27.5 
  

 

    

 

   

 

  

 

    

 

 

Total deferred income tax assets from deductible temporary differences

  (1,142,270   (1,329,504  (1,253,126 (442,206   (1,854,445
  

 

    

 

   

 

  

 

    

 

 

1The corporate tax rate was changed due to the amendment of corporate tax law in 2017. Accordingly, the rate of 27.5% has been applied for the deferred tax assets and liabilities expected to be utilized in periods after December 31, 2017.

17. Assets heldHeld for saleSale

The detailsDetails of assets held for sale as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013 
   Acquisition
cost(1)
   Accumulated
impairment
  Carrying
amount
   Fair value less
costs to sell
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

  21,380    (5,109 16,271    16,271  

Buildings

   39,777     (18,330  21,447     21,447  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  61,157    (23,439 37,718    37,718  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 
   2016 
   Acquisition
cost1
   Accumulated
impairment
  Carrying
amount
   Fair value less
costs to sell
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land held for sale

  31,310   (8,179 23,131   24,704 

Buildings held for sale

   50,086    (21,069  29,017    29,300 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  81,396   (29,248 52,148   54,004 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

   2014 
   Acquisition
cost(1)
   Accumulated
impairment
  Carrying
amount
   Fair value less
costs to sell
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land

  47,418    (9,442 37,976    40,530  

Buildings

   57,005     (24,624  32,381     33,752  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  104,423    (34,066 70,357    74,282  
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 
   2017 
   Acquisition
cost1
   Accumulated
impairment
  Carrying
amount
   Fair value less
costs to sell
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Land held for sale

  133,445   (1,492 131,953   251,520 

Buildings held for sale

   34,862    (11,309  23,553    24,548 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  168,307   (12,801 155,506   276,068 
  

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1)1

Acquisition cost of buildings held for sale is net of accumulated depreciation.

The valuation technique and input variables that are used to measure the fair value of assets held for sale as of December 31, 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  20142017
  Fair value  

Valuation
technique(1)1

 

Unobservable input(2)2

 

Range of


unobservable inputs

(%)

 

Relationship of
unobservable

inputs
to fair

value

(In millions of Korean won)

Land and buildings

 57,982276,068  

Market comparison approach model and others

 Adjustment index 0.17~2.000.20~1.10 

Fair value increases as the adjustment index rises.

   Adjustment ratio -20.00~0.00 

Fair value decreases as the absolute value of adjustment index rises.

Land and buildings

16,323

Market comparison approach model

Unit price per area of exclusive possession, Time point adjustment, Individual factor and others

Unit price per area of exclusive possession: About ₩4.9 million

Time point adjustment: 0.9987

Individual factor: 0.85

Fair value increases as the unit price per area of exclusive possess and others rise.

Total

74,305

 

(1)1 

The Group adjusted the appraisal value by the adjustment ratio in the event the public sale is unsuccessful.

(2)2 

Adjustment index is calculated using the real estate index or the producer price index, or land price volatility.

The fair values of assets held for sale were measured by qualified independent appraisers with experience in valuing similar properties in the same area. In addition, per the fair value hierarchy on Note 6.1, the fair value hierarchy of all investment properties has been categorized and classified as Level 3.

The changes in accumulated impairment losses of assets held for sale for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

2013 
20162016 
BeginningBeginning   Provision Reversal   Others   Ending Beginning Provision Reversal   Others   Ending 
(In millions of Korean won)(In millions of Korean won) (In millions of Korean won) 
(5,759)    (22,365 —      4,685    (23,439(24,484 (5,269 96   409   (29,248
20172017 
BeginningBeginning Provision1 Reversal   Disposal and others1   Ending 
(In millions of Korean won)(In millions of Korean won) 
(29,248 (24,192 5,138   35,501   (12,801

 

2014 
Beginning   Provision  Reversal   Others   Ending 
(In millions of Korean won) 
(23,439)    (16,592 —      5,965    (34,066
1Including the amount of assets of disposal group as held for sale sold during 2017

As of December 31, 2014, buildings and land classified as2017, assets held for sale consist of 15 pieces of real estate ofKookmin bank Myeongdong head office and ten properties that had been owned by closed branches and KB Wellyan Private Equity Real Estate Fund No. 6 and 7, which were acquired from the litigation of KB Asset Management Co., Ltd. The management of the Group decided to sell the assets, and accordingly, the assetsbank. These were classifiedreclassified as assets held for sale. Assale by management’s decision and were not disposed of December 31, 2014,as at the reporting date. The sales of Myeongdong head office is scheduled to be completed in 2018 as sales contract was entered into during 2017. Negotiations with buyers are underway for three assets out of above assets heldthe other ten properties. The Group is also actively seeking sales opportunities for sale are under negotiation for sale and the remaining assets are also being actively marketed.seven properties.

18. Other Assets

The detailsDetails of other assets as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013  2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Other financial assets

   

Other receivables

  3,494,745   3,185,783  

Accrued income

   1,018,907    1,166,555  

Guarantee deposits

   1,395,359    1,339,572  

Domestic exchange settlement debits

   735,807    2,096,804  

Others

   188,540    119,733  

Allowances for loan losses

   (580,651  (347,918

Present value discount

   (1,028  (898
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   6,251,679    7,559,631  
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Other non-financial assets

   

Other receivables

   663    1,469  

Prepaid expenses(1)

   379,854    327,633  

Guarantee deposits

   3,941    4,081  

Insurance assets

   157,154    127,493  

Separate account assets

   696,909    689,701  

Others

   76,798    96,759  

Allowances on other asset

   (16,402  (23,294
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   1,298,917    1,223,842  
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  7,550,596   8,783,473  
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

(1)

Prepaid income tax expenses amounting to ₩17,467 million for KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd as of December 31, 2013 were reclassified from other assets into deferred income tax assets.

   2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Other financial assets

   

Other receivables

  4,326,183  6,447,405 

Accrued income

   1,305,680   1,594,455 

Guarantee deposits

   1,230,400   1,211,841 

Domestic exchange settlement debits

   535,237   949,897 

Others

   25,226   101,909 

Less: Allowances for loan losses

   (95,629  (104,813

Less: Present value discount

   (4,762  (5,679
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   7,322,335   10,195,015 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Othernon-financial assets

   

Other receivables

   17,727   3,640 

Prepaid expenses

   188,135   153,650 

Guarantee deposits

   3,934   4,904 

Insurance assets

   128,146   1,180,980 

Separate account assets

   866,310   4,119,203 

Others

   356,380   578,795 

Less: Allowances on other asset

   (25,182  (32,018
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   1,535,450   6,009,154 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  8,857,785  16,204,169 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

The changesChanges in allowances for loan losses on other assets for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Other financial
assets
 Other non-financial
assets
 Total   Other financial
assets
 Othernon-financial
assets
 Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  590,110   7,988   598,098    308,699  23,977  332,676 

Written-off

   (37,382  (6,715  (44,097   (271,522 (540 (272,062

Provision

   29,229    15,129    44,358     2,445  1,745  4,190 

Business combination

   13,537   —    13,537 

Others

   (1,306  —      (1,306   42,470   —    42,470 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending

  580,651   16,402   597,053    95,629  25,182  120,811 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 
  2017 
  Other financial
assets
 Othernon-financial
assets
 Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  95,629  25,182  120,811 

Written-off

   (14,546 (1,970 (16,516

Provision

   9,840  1,410  11,250 

Business combination

   21,293   —    21,293 

Others

   (7,403 7,396  (7
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending

  104,813  32,018  136,831 
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

   2014 
   Other financial
assets
  Other non-financial
assets
  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  580,651   16,402   597,053  

Written-off

   (293,614  (2,436  (296,050

Provision

   38,091    3,930    42,021  

Business combination

   1,085    —      1,085  

Others

   21,705    5,398    27,103  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ending

  347,918   23,294   371,212  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

19. Financial liabilitiesLiabilities at fair valueFair Value through profitProfit or lossLoss

The detailsDetails of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial liabilities held for trading

        

Securities sold

  196,570    784,892    1,070,272   1,870,579 

Other

   40,067     51,650     73,238    74,191 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   236,637     836,542     1,143,510    1,944,770 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

        

Derivative linked securities

   878,565     982,426  
  

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   878,565     982,426  

Derivative-linked securities

   10,979,326    10,078,288 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

  1,115,202    1,818,968    12,122,836   12,023,058 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

The details of credit risk of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 2014   2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

  878,565   982,426    10,979,326  10,078,288 

Changes in fair value resulting from changes in the credit risk

   (4,032  (4,848   12,131  12,236 

Accumulated changes in fair value resulting from changes in the credit risk

   (9,662  (14,510   (17,981 (5,745

20. Deposits

The detailsDetails of deposits as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013   2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Demand deposits

    

Demand deposits in Korean won

    

Checking deposits

  122,296    183,748  

Household checking deposits

   467,229     495,268  

Special deposits

   2,706,609     3,018,524  

Ordinary deposits

   24,533,701     28,049,893  

Public fund deposits

   75,127     81,899  

Treasury deposits

   5,148     5,012  

General savings deposits

   28,077,274     30,195,868  

Corporate savings deposits

   10,715,746     13,549,740  

Nonresident’s deposit in Korean won

   32,355     53,079  

Nonresident’s free deposit in Korean won

   15,001     16,761  

Others

   163,262     186,055  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   66,913,748     75,835,847  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Demand deposits in foreign currencies

    

Checking deposits

   251,072     114,531  

Ordinary deposits

   2,461,685     2,808,835  

Special deposits

   5,325     1,678  

Others

   14,142     94,019  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   2,732,224     3,019,063  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total demand deposits

   69,645,972     78,854,910  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Time deposits

    

Time deposits in Korean won

    

Time deposits

   108,216,861     110,822,758  

Installment savings deposits

   11,097,205     10,133,900  

Good-sum formation savings

   425,090     846,172  

Nonresident’s deposit in Korean won

   186,966     137,578  

Workers’ savings for housing

   1,543     1,488  

Nonresident’s free deposit in Korean won

   41,085     26,361  

Long-term housing savings deposits

   2,061,129     1,429,659  

Long-term savings for households

   190     163  

Preferential savings deposits for workers

   245     143  

Mutual installment deposits

   1,478,299     1,265,869  

Mutual installment for housing

   853,392     755,764  

Trust deposits

   3,093,949     3,207,318  

Fair value adjustments on valuation of fair value hedged items (current period portion)

   —       (958
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   127,455,954     128,626,215  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Time deposits in foreign currencies

    

Time deposits

   2,082,865     2,456,599  

Installment savings deposits

   4,035     3,053  

Others

   68,960     25,297  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   2,155,860     2,484,949  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total time deposits

   129,611,814     131,111,164  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Certificates of deposits

   1,624,278     1,583,047  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total deposits

  200,882,064    211,549,121  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Demand deposits

   

Demand deposits in Korean won

  104,758,222  113,676,999 

Demand deposits in foreign currencies

   5,305,313   6,911,782 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total demand deposits

   110,063,535   120,588,781 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Time deposits

   

Time deposits in Korean won

   122,532,476   127,562,153 

Time deposits in foreign currencies

   4,314,783   4,481,607 

Fair value adjustments on valuation of fair value hedged items

   (61,657  (51,033
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   4,253,126   4,430,574 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total time deposits

   126,785,602   131,992,727 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Certificates of deposits

   2,880,558   3,218,540 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total deposits

  239,729,695  255,800,048 
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

21. Debts

The detailsDetails of debts as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, consist of:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Borrowings

  10,767,737    11,908,698    14,485,789   16,846,072 

Bonds sold under repurchase agreements and others

   685,626     1,074,146  

Repurchase agreements and others

   8,825,564    10,676,219 

Call money

   2,647,968     2,881,656     2,940,133    1,298,637 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  14,101,331    15,864,500    26,251,486   28,820,928 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

The details

Details of borrowings as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

    

Lender

 Annual
interest rate
(%)
 2013  2014 
        (In millions of Korean won) 

Borrowings in Korean won

 

Borrowings from the Bank of Korea

 Bank of Korea 0.50~1.00 557,998   1,002,796  
 

Borrowings from the government

 KEMCO and others 0.00~5.00  626,593    611,378  
 

Borrowings from banking institutions

 

Industrial Bank of Korea and others

 1.97~4.04  61,877    37,874  
 

Borrowings fromnon-banking financial institutions

 

The Korea Development Bank and others

 0.71~2.70  142,511    212,452  
 

Other borrowings

 

The Korea Finance Corporation and others

 0.00~7.50  3,527,292    3,980,812  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 
 

Sub-total

    4,916,271    5,845,312  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Borrowings in foreign currencies

 Due to banks 

Royal Bank of Canada and others

 —    158,180    3,313  
 

Borrowings from banking institutions

 

Wells Fargo Securities. and others

 0.21~1.70  3,831,929    3,522,159  
 

Other borrowings

 

The Korea Finance Corporation

 0.61~1.36  3,166    34,460  
 Other borrowings 

JP Morgan Chase Bank N.A. and others

 —    1,858,191    2,503,454  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 
 

Sub-total

    5,851,466    6,063,386  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 
 

Total

   10,767,737   11,908,698  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

    

Lender

 Annual
interest
rate (%)
 2016  2017 
        (In millions of Korean won) 

Borrowings in Korean won

 

Borrowings from the Bank of Korea

 Bank of Korea 0.50~0.75 1,644,260  1,888,880 
 

Borrowings from the government

 SEMAS and others 0.00~3.00  1,331,688   1,726,543 
 

Borrowings from banks

 

Industrial & Commercial Bank of China and others

 2.56~3.11  —     36,806 
 

Borrowings fromnon-banking financial institutions

 

The Korea Development Bank and others

 0.20~2.70  889,433   1,631,376 
 

Other borrowings

 

The Korea Development Bank and others

 0.00~3.90  4,284,108   4,409,261 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   8,149,489   9,692,866 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Borrowings in foreign currencies

 Due to banks 

Commerzbank AG and Others

 —    70,624   19,820 
 

Borrowings from banks

 

Central Bank of Uzbekistan and Others

 0.15~2.30  3,949,376   5,470,569 
 

Borrowings from other financial institutions

 

The Export-Import Bank of Korea and others

 1.90~2.83  121,104   76,134 
 Other borrowings 

Standard Chartered Bank and others

 0.00~7.00  2,195,196   1,586,683 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   6,336,300   7,153,206 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Total

  14,485,789  16,846,072 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

The details of bonds sold under repurchase agreements and others as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   

Lenders

  Annual
interest rate
(%)
   2013   2014 
          (In millions of Korean won) 

Bonds sold under repurchase agreements

  

Individuals, Groups and Corporations

   1.25~3.63    608,156    1,019,071  

Bills sold

  

Counter sale

   1.09~2.62     77,470     55,075  
      

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

    685,626    1,074,146  
      

 

 

   

 

 

 
   

Lenders

  Annual
interest rate
(%)
   2016   2017 
          (In millions of Korean won) 

Repurchase agreements

  

Individuals, Groups and Corporations

   1.19~2.22   8,815,027   10,666,315 

Bills sold

  

Counter sale

   0.40~1.00    10,537    9,904 
      

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Total

    8,825,564   10,676,219 
      

 

 

   

 

 

 

The details of call money as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   

Lenders

  Annual
interest rate
(%)
   2013   2014 
          (In millions of Korean won) 

Call money in Korean won

  

Woori Bank and others

   1.83~2.15    1,649,400    1,882,000  

Call money in foreign currencies

  

Central bank Uzbekistan and others

   0.10~3.61     998,568     999,656  
      

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

    2,647,968    2,881,656  
      

 

 

   

 

 

 

Call money and borrowings from financial institutions as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

   2013 
   Bank of
Korea
   Other Banks   Others   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Call money

  1,001    1,970,567    676,400    2,647,968  

Borrowings

   557,998     5,901,018     630,733     7,089,749  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  558,999    7,871,585    1,307,133    9,737,717  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Bank of
Korea
   Other Banks   Others   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Call money

  —      1,983,656    898,000    2,881,656  

Borrowings

   1,277,596     6,131,496     867,674     8,276,766  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  1,277,596    8,115,152    1,765,674    11,158,422  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   

Lenders

  Annual
interest rate
(%)
   2016   2017 
          (In millions of Korean won) 

Call money in Korean won

  

Deutsche Bank AG, Seoul and others

   1.33~1.75   1,755,200   890,000 

Call money in foreign currencies

  

Central Bank of Uzbekistan and others

   1.20~2.20    1,184,933    408,637 
      

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Total

    2,940,133   1,298,637 
      

 

 

   

 

 

 

22. Debentures

The detailsDetails of debentures as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   Annual
Interest rate
(%)
   2013  2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Debentures in Korean won

     

Structured debentures

   0.40~8.62    1,499,238   1,239,238  

Subordinated fixed rate debentures in Korean won

   3.08~8.00     8,648,474    4,761,124  

Fixed rate debentures in Korean won

   2.11~5.04     12,057,142    18,839,553  

Floating rate debentures in Korean won

   2.17~2.93     1,505,858    1,133,000  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub total

     23,710,712    25,972,915  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Fair value adjustments on fair value hedged financial debentures in Korean won

     

Fair value adjustments on valuation of fair value hedged items (current period portion)

     (31,577  5,733  

Fair value adjustments on valuation of fair value hedged items (prior year portion)

     81,369    48,183  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub total

     49,792    53,916  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Discount or premium on debentures in Korean won

     

Discount on debentures

     (16,615  (43,291
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub total

     23,743,889    25,983,540  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Debentures in foreign currencies

     

Floating rate debentures

   0.38~1.48     1,143,360    1,648,175  

Fixed rate debentures

   0.60~3.63     2,335,059    1,578,980  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub total

     3,478,419    3,227,155  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Fair value adjustments on fair value hedged debentures in foreign currencies

     

Fair value adjustments on valuation of fair value hedged items (current period portion)

     (42,195  (10,309

Fair value adjustments on valuation of fair value hedged items (prior year portion)

     (130,011  10,384  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub total

     (172,206  75  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Discount or premium on debentures in foreign currencies

     

Discount on debentures

     (10,568  (10,064
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub total

     3,295,645    3,217,166  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

    27,039,534   29,200,706  
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

   Annual
interest rate
(%)
   2016  2017 
       (In millions of Korean won) 

Debentures in Korean won

     

Structured debentures

   0.29~6.00   1,146,300  869,294 

Subordinated fixed rate debentures in Korean won

   3.08~5.70    3,271,693   2,913,411 

Fixed rate debentures in Korean won

   1.29~3.79    25,627,695   36,823,365 

Floating rate debentures in Korean won

   1.74~2.37    1,108,000   728,000 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

     31,153,688   41,334,070 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Fair value adjustments on fair value hedged financial debentures in Korean won

     26,724   19,891 

Less: Discount on debentures in Korean won

     (19,064  (53,897
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

     31,161,348   41,300,064 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Debentures in foreign currencies

     

Floating rate debentures

   1.79~2.49    1,063,480   1,371,392 

Fixed rate debentures

   1.63~2.88    2,803,720   2,363,486 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

     3,867,200   3,734,878 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Fair value adjustments on fair value hedged debentures in foreign currencies

     (24,302  (25,941

Less: Discount on debentures in foreign currencies

     (12,189  (16,277
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

     3,830,709   3,692,660 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

    34,992,057  44,992,724 
    

 

 

  

 

 

 

The changesChanges in debentures based on face value for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 
  Beginning  Issues  Repayments  Others  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Debentures in Korean won

     

Hybrid capital instrument

 100,000   —     (100,000 —     —    

Structured debentures

  1,699,238    100,000    (300,000  —      1,499,238  

Subordinated fixed rate debentures in Korean won

  7,921,510    1,000,000    (248,286  (24,750  8,648,474  

Fixed rate debentures in Korean won

  10,145,218    7,716,400    (5,791,683  (12,793  12,057,142  

Floating rate debentures in Korean won

  1,169,158    760,600    (423,900  —      1,505,858  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  21,035,124    9,577,000    (6,863,869  (37,543  23,710,712  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Debentures in foreign currencies

     

Floating rate debentures

  759,783    537,850    (176,050  21,777    1,143,360  

Fixed rate debentures

  2,553,814    657,465    (772,364  (103,856  2,335,059  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  3,313,597    1,195,315    (948,414  (82,079  3,478,419  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 24,348,721   10,772,315   (7,812,283 (119,622 27,189,131  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 2014  2016 
 Beginning Issues Repayments Business
combination
 Others Ending  Beginning Issues Repayments Business
combination
 Others Ending 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won)   

Debentures in Korean won

            

Structured debentures

 1,499,238   80,000   (340,000 —     —     1,239,238   909,788  892,100  (1,540,488 884,900  —    1,146,300 

Subordinated fixed rate debentures in Korean won

  8,648,474    —      (4,082,350  195,000    —      4,761,124   4,586,829   —    (1,314,836  —    (300 3,271,693 

Fixed rate debentures in Korean won

  12,057,142    40,912,000    (36,674,589  2,545,000    —      18,839,553   22,500,223  96,455,800  (93,898,928 570,600   —    25,627,695 

Floating rate debentures in Korean won

  1,505,858    353,200    (726,058  —      —      1,133,000   448,000  760,000  (100,000  —     —    1,108,000 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

  23,710,712    41,345,200    (41,822,997  2,740,000    —      25,972,915   28,444,840  98,107,900  (96,854,252 1,455,500  (300 31,153,688 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Debentures in foreign currencies

            

Floating rate debentures

  1,143,360    1,084,303    (641,957  —      62,469    1,648,175   1,829,124  35,595  (806,459  —    5,220  1,063,480 

Fixed rate debentures

  2,335,059    803,503    (1,633,588  —      74,006    1,578,980   2,325,537  1,185,480  (817,096  —    109,799  2,803,720 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

  3,478,419    1,887,806    (2,275,545  —      136,475    3,227,155   4,154,661  1,221,075  (1,623,555  —    115,019  3,867,200 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 27,189,131   43,233,006   (44,098,542 2,740,000   136,475   29,200,070   32,599,501  99,328,975  (98,477,807 1,455,500  114,719  35,020,888 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  2017 
  Beginning  Issues  Repayments  Others  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Debentures in Korean won

     

Structured debentures

 1,146,300  3,876,080  (4,153,086)  —    869,294 

Subordinated fixed rate debentures in Korean won

  3,271,693   —     (358,282  —     2,913,411 

Fixed rate debentures in Korean won

  25,627,695   133,283,400   (122,087,730  —     36,823,365 

Floating rate debentures in Korean won

  1,108,000   410,000   (790,000  —     728,000 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  31,153,688   137,569,480   (127,389,098  —     41,334,070 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Debentures in foreign currencies

     

Floating rate debentures

  1,063,480   1,338,239   (911,936  (118,391  1,371,392 

Fixed rate debentures

  2,803,720   795,150   (945,394  (289,990  2,363,486 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  3,867,200   2,133,389   (1,857,330  (408,381  3,734,878 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 35,020,888  139,702,869  (129,246,428 (408,381 45,068,948 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

23. Provisions

The detailsDetails of provisions as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

          2013                   2014                   2016                   2017         
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Provisions for unused loan commitments

  226,110    209,964    189,349   178,202 

Provisions for acceptances and guarantees

   209,118     207,927  

Provisions for payment guarantees

   126,428    88,809 

Provisions for financial guarantee contracts

   2,699     2,718     4,333    2,682 

Provisions for asset retirement obligation

   76,608     73,442  

Other

   163,538     120,296  

Provisions for restoration cost

   84,854    95,194 

Others

   132,753    203,146 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  678,073    614,347    537,717   568,033 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Provisions for unused loan commitments as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

   2013 
   Commitments
outstanding
   Provision   Ratio
(%)
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Corporate loan commitments

  42,446,365    101,455     0.24  

Retail loan commitments

   13,976,426     38,385     0.27  

Credit line on credit cards

   37,112,333     86,270     0.23  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  93,535,124    226,110     0.24  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Commitments
outstanding
   Provision   Ratio
(%)
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Corporate loan commitments

  42,977,471    90,315     0.21  

Retail loan commitments

   13,886,999     34,927     0.25  

Credit line on credit cards

   37,584,381     84,722     0.23  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  94,448,851    209,964     0.22  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Provisions for acceptances and guarantees as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

   2013 
   Acceptances and
guarantees
   Provision   Ratio
(%)
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Confirmed acceptances and guarantees in Korean won

  1,231,569    42,604     3.46  

Confirmed acceptances and guarantees in foreign currencies

   4,532,036     96,077     2.12  

Unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees

   4,041,087     70,437     1.74  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  9,804,692    209,118     2.13  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Acceptances and
guarantees
   Provision   Ratio
(%)
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Confirmed acceptances and guarantees in Korean won

  1,098,048    37,507     3.42  

Confirmed acceptances and guarantees in foreign currencies

   4,061,444     79,966     1.97  

Unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees

   3,886,332     90,454     2.33  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  9,045,824    207,927     2.30  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

The changesChanges in provisions for unused loan commitments, acceptances andpayment guarantees for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Provisions for
unused loan
commitments
 Provisions for
acceptances and
guarantees
 Total   Provisions for
unused loan
commitments
 Provisions for
payment
guarantees
 Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  236,026   208,753   444,779    195,385  158,454  353,839 

Effects of changes in foreign exchange rate

   (164  (961  (1,125   204  737  941 

Provision(reversal)

   (9,752  1,326    (8,426   (6,240 (32,763 (39,003
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending

  226,110   209,118   435,228    189,349  126,428  315,777 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Provisions for
unused loan
commitments
 Provisions for
acceptances and
guarantees
 Total   Provisions for
unused loan
commitments
 Provisions for
payment
guarantees
 Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  226,110   209,118   435,228    189,349  126,428  315,777 

Effects of changes in foreign exchange rate

   548    3,358    3,906     (1,316 (3,369 (4,685

Provision(reversal)

   (16,694  (4,549  (21,243   (9,850 (34,250 (44,100

Business combination

   19   —    19 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending

  209,964   207,927   417,891    178,202  88,809  267,011 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 ��

 

 

The changesChanges in provisions for financial guarantee contracts for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

          2013                 2014           2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  7,383   2,699    3,809  4,333 

Provision(reversal)

   (4,684  19  

Provision (Reversal)

   (2,958 (1,651

Business combination

   3,482   —   
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Ending

  2,699   2,718    4,333  2,682 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

The changesChanges in provisions for asset retirement obligationrestoration cost for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

          2013                 2014           2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  65,226   76,608    75,351  84,854 

Provision

   3,334    5,231     3,886  5,150 

Reversal

   (226  (6,047   (967 (1,211

Used

   (2,475  (5,701   (5,940 (7,049

Unwinding of discount

   2,203    2,936     1,890  2,078 

Effects of changes in discount rate

   7,908    70     6,941  10,510 

Business combination

   638    345     3,693  862 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Ending

  76,608   73,442    84,854  95,194 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Provisions for asset retirement obligationsrestoration cost are the present value of estimated costs to be incurred for the restoration of the leased properties. Actual expenses are expected to be incurred at the end of each lease contract. Three-year historical data of expired leases were used to estimate the average lease period. Also, the average restoration expense based on actual three-year historical data and the three-year historical average inflation rate were used to estimate the present value of estimated costs.

The details of other provisions as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

   2013   2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Membership rewards program

  5,402    11,274  

Dormant accounts

   16,839     33,996  

Litigations

   23,455     24,506  

Others

   117,842     50,520  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  163,538    120,296  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

The changesChanges in other provisions for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Membership
rewards
program
 Dormant
accounts
 Litigations Others Total   Membership
rewards
program
 Dormant
accounts
 Litigations Greenhouse
gas emission
liabilities1
 Others Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  11,108   16,028   21,215   103,990   152,341    8,630  41,091  71,240  69  53,831  174,861 

Increase

   13,473    10,596    4,800    18,026    46,895     26,336  32,464  1,589  434  9,007  69,830 

Decrease

   (19,179  (9,785  (2,560  (4,174  (35,698   (26,176 (23,159 (52,206 (145 (10,252 (111,938
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending

  5,402   16,839   23,455   117,842   163,538    8,790  50,396  20,623  358  52,586  132,753 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 
  2014 
  Membership
rewards
program
 Dormant
accounts
 Litigations Others Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  5,402   16,839   23,455   117,842   163,538  

Increase

   21,442    49,040    2,965    3,352    76,799  

Decrease

   (15,570  (31,883  (1,914  (70,947  (120,314

Business combination

   —      —      —      273    273  
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending

  11,274   33,996   24,506   50,520   120,296  
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

   2017 
   Membership
rewards
program
  Dormant
accounts
  Litigations  Greenhouse
gas emission
liabilities1
  Others2  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  8,790  50,396  20,623  358  52,586  132,753 

Increase

   81,171   5,133   6,046   —     45,164   137,514 

Decrease

   (74,849  (50,479  (2,906  (181  (10,469  (138,884

Business Combination

   —     —     —     —     71,763   71,763 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ending

  15,112  5,050  23,763  177  159,044  203,146 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

1As of December 31, 2016 and 2017, the estimated greenhouse gas emission is 117,831 tons 112,121 tons, respectively.
2As of December 31, 2017, the group’s provision on incomplete sales on cardssurance are ₩26,926 million.

24. Net Defined benefit liabilitiesBenefit Liabilities (Assets)

Defined benefit plan

The Group operates defined benefit plans which have the following characteristics:

 

The Group has the obligation to pay the agreed benefits to all its current and former employees.

 

Actuarial risk (that benefits will cost more than expected) and investment risk fall, in substance, on the Group.

The defined benefit liability recognized in the statements of financial position is calculated annually by independent actuaries in accordance with actuarial valuation methods.

The net defined benefit obligation is calculated using the Projected Unit Credit method (the ‘PUC’). Data used in the PUC such as interest rates, future salary increase rate, mortality rate and consumer price index are based on observable market data and historical data which are updated annually.

Actuarial assumptions may differ from actual results, due to changes in the market, economic trends and mortality trends which may impact defined benefit liabilities and future payments. Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the period incurred through other comprehensive income (loss).income.

The changesChanges in the net defined benefit liabilities for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 2013   2016 
 Present value of
defined benefit
obligation
 Fair value of plan
assets
 Net defined benefit
liabilities
  Present value of
defined benefit
obligation
 Fair value of plan
assets
 Net defined benefit
liabilities
 
 (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

 942,333   (858,610 83,723    1,413,600  (1,340,403 73,197 

Current service cost

  172,857    —      172,857     192,010   —    192,010 

Interest cost(income)

  33,282    (30,321  2,961  

Interest cost (income)

   34,885  (33,211 1,674 

Past service cost

  1,005    —      1,005     4,408   —    4,408 

Gain or loss on settlement

  (4,244  —      (4,244   (396  —    (396

Remeasurements

   

Remeasurements:

    

Actuarial gains and losses by changes in demographic assumptions

  563    —      563     2,281   —    2,281 

Actuarial gains and losses by changes in financial assumptions

  (62,793  —      (62,793   (37,085  —    (37,085

Actuarial gains and losses by experience adjustments

  7,066    —      7,066     7,017   —    7,017 

Return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in interest income)

  —      1,096    1,096     —    11,071  11,071 

Contributions

  —      (132,870  (132,870

Payments from plans (settlement)

  (65,493  65,212    (281

Contributions:

    

The Group

   —    (162,547 (162,547

Employees

   —    (3,106 (3,106

Payments from plans (benefit payments)

  (34,814  34,772    (42   (52,508 52,508   —   

Payments from the Group

  (4,590  —      (4,590   (9,837  —    (9,837

Transfer in

  2,551    (2,315  236     4,408  (4,325 83 

Transfers out

  (2,551  2,314    (237

Transfer out

   (4,897 4,880  (17

Effect of exchange rate changes

  (94  —      (94   18   —    18 

Business combination

  117    —      117  

Effect of business combination and disposal of business

   22,099  (4,571 17,528 
 

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Ending

 985,195   (920,722 64,473    1,576,003  (1,479,704 96,299 
 

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

   2017 
  Present value of
defined benefit
obligation
  Fair value of plan
assets
  Net defined benefit
liabilities
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  1,576,003  (1,479,704 96,299 

Current service cost

   208,037   —     208,037 

Past service cost

   21,356   —     21,356 

Interest cost (income)

   40,351   (36,243  4,108 

Remeasurements:

    

Actuarial gains and losses by changes in demographic assumptions

   22,878   —     22,878 

Actuarial gains and losses by changes in financial assumptions

   (86,459  —     (86,459

Actuarial gains and losses by experience adjustments

   17,541   —     17,541 

Return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in interest income)

   —     16,220   16,220 

Contributions:

    

The Group

   —     (230,785  (230,785

Payments from plans (benefit payments)

   (216,817  216,698   (119

Payments from the Group

   (23,779  —     (23,779

Transfer in

   8,604   (8,383  221 

Transfer out

   (8,712  8,672   (40

Effect of exchange rate changes

   (25  —     (25

Effect of business combination and disposal of business

   282,988   (177,832  105,156 

Others

   25   3,174   3,199 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ending1

  1,841,991  (1,688,183 153,808 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  2014 
  Present value of
defined benefit
obligation
  Fair value of plan
assets
  Net defined benefit
liabilities
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

 985,195   (920,722 64,473  

Current service cost

  163,997    —      163,997  

Interest cost(income)

  39,208    (36,545  2,663  

Past service cost

  11    —      11  

Remeasurements

   

Actuarial gains and losses by changes in demographic assumptions

  (36  —      (36

Actuarial gains and losses by changes in financial assumptions

  112,550    —      112,550  

Actuarial gains and losses by experience adjustments

  6,303    —      6,303  

Return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in interest income)

  —      12,576    12,576  

Contributions

  —      (288,212  (288,212

Payments from plans (settlement)

  (43,108  43,054    (54

Payments from the Group

  (3,567  —      (3,567

Transfer in

  3,788    (3,788  —    

Transfers out

  (3,788  3,661    (127

Effect of exchange rate changes

  (27  —      (27

Business combination

  10,552    (5,418  5,134  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ending

 1,271,078   (1,195,394 75,684  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

1The net defined benefit liabilities of ₩153,808 million is calculated by subtracting ₩894 million net defined benefit assets from ₩154,702 million net defined benefit liabilities

The detailsDetails of the net defined benefit liabilities as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 2014   2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Present value of defined benefit obligation

  985,195   1,271,078    1,576,003  1,841,991 

Fair value of plan assets

   (920,722  (1,195,394   (1,479,704 (1,688,183
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Net Defined benefit liabilities

  64,473   75,684  

Net defined benefit liabilities

  96,299  153,808 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

The detailsDetails of post-employment benefits recognized in profit or loss as employee compensation and benefits for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Current service cost

  154,552   172,857   163,997    185,710  192,010  208,037 

Past service cost

   12,855    1,005    11     (47 4,408  21,356 

Net interest expenses of net defined benefit liabilities

   2,219  1,674  4,108 

Gain or loss on settlement

   (389  (4,244  —       —    (396  —   

Net interest expenses of net defined benefit liabilities

   5,373    2,961    2,663  
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Post-employment benefits(1)

  172,391   172,579   166,671  

Post-employment benefits1

  187,882  197,696  233,501 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

(1)1 

Post-employment benefits amounting to ₩883 million, ₩1,471₩1,143 million and ₩971₩1,577 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015 and 2014,2016, respectively, are recognized as other operating expense in the statements of

comprehensive income, and post-employment benefits amounting to ₩1,755 million and ₩42 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 are recognized as other operating expense and advance payments in the statements of comprehensive income.

Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liabilities recognized as other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Remeasurements

    

Remeasurements:

    

Return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in interest income)

  1,243   (1,096 (12,576  (12,051 (11,071 (16,220

Actuarial gains and losses

   (41,184  55,165    (118,817   (18,167 27,787  46,040 

Income tax effects

   9,669    (13,085  31,799     7,312  (4,045 (7,215
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Remeasurements after income tax

  (30,272 40,984   (99,594  (22,906 12,671  22,605 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

The details of fair value of plan assets as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2016 
  2013  Assets quoted
in an active
market
   Assets not
quoted in
an active
market
   Total 
  Assets quoted
in an active
market
   Assets not
quoted in

an active
market
   Total   (In millions of Korean won) 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Cash and due from financial institutions

  —      915,584    915,584    —     1,479,419   1,479,419 

Repurchase agreements

   —       5,138     5,138  

Investment fund

   —      285    285 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  —      920,722    920,722    —     1,479,704   1,479,704 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
  Assets quoted
in an active
market
   Assets not
quoted in
an active
market
   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Cash and due from financial institutions

  —      1,195,394    1,195,394  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  —      1,195,394    1,195,394  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2017 
  Assets quoted
in an active
market
   Assets not
quoted in
an active
market
   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Cash and due from financial institutions

  —     1,686,012   1,686,012 

Investment fund

   —      2,171    2,171 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  —     1,688,183   1,688,183 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Key actuarial assumptions used as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013  2014  2016  2017

Discount rate (%)

  2.90 ~ 4.00  2.20 ~ 3.10  1.80 ~ 3.46  2.10 ~ 2.90

Salary increase rate (%)

  0.00 ~ 8.90  0.00 ~ 8.50  0.00 ~ 7.50  0.00 ~ 7.50

Turnover (%)

  0.00 ~ 32.00  0.00 ~ 32.00  0.00 ~ 29.00  0.00 ~ 50.00

Mortality assumptions are based on the 7thexperience-based mortality table (retirement pension) of Korea Insurance Development Institute of 2012.2015.

The sensitivity of the defined benefit obligation to changes in the weighted principal assumptions as of December 31, 2014, is2017, are as follows:

 

   Changes in principal
assumption
   Effect on net defined benefit obligation
     Increase in principal
assumption
  Decrease in principal
assumption

Discount rate (%)

   0.5 p.   4.493.96 decrease  4.774.19 increase

Salary increase rate (%)

   0.5 p.   4.393.00 increase  4.274.58 decrease

Turnover (%)

   0.5 p.   0.530.46 decrease  0.420.43 increase

The above sensitivity analyses are based on a change in an assumption while holding all other assumptions constant. In practice, this is unlikely to occur, and changes in some of the assumptions may be correlated. The sensitivity of the defined benefit obligation to changes in principal actuarial assumptions is calculated using the projected unit credit method, the same method applied when calculating the defined benefit obligations recognized on the statement of financial position.

Expected maturity analysis of undiscounted pension benefits (including expected future benefit) as of December 31, 2014,2017, is as follows:

 

   Up to 1 year   1~2 years   2~5 years   5~10 years   Over 10 years   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Pension benefits1

  74,145   143,846   545,808   1,158,892   3,316,815   5,239,506 

1

UpExcluded payments settled according to 1 year

1~2 years2~5 years5~10 yearsOver
10 years
Total
(In millions of Korean won)

Pension benefits

₩26,981₩87,525₩326,571₩902,146₩1,188,644₩2,531,867pension equity plan.

The weighted average duration of the defined benefit obligation is 1.0 ~ 14.411.1 years.

Expected contribution to plan assets for periods after December 31, 2014,2017, is estimated to be 195,236₩202,738 million.

25. Other liabilitiesLiabilities

The detailsDetails of other liabilities as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Other financial liabilities

        

Other payables

  4,582,344    4,712,587    6,526,330   8,806,967 

Prepaid card and debit card

   18,527     19,578     19,076    21,767 

Accrued expenses

   4,053,809     3,123,144     2,613,445    2,654,345 

Financial guarantee liabilities

   11,797     13,237     26,449    34,114 

Deposits for letter of guarantees and others

   108,786     351,041     561,664    798,207 

Domestic exchange settlement credits

   998,928     128,739     1,338,103    48,133 

Foreign exchanges settlement credits

   83,237     69,440     116,226    124,728 

Borrowings from other business account

   7,911     40,383  

Borrowings from other business accounts

   5,204    5,408 

Other payables from trust accounts

   2,423,675     2,548,577     4,430,508    5,018,031 

Liability Incurred by agency relationship

   532,157     505,664  

Liability incurred from agency relationships

   386,670    518,955 

Account for agency businesses

   384,921     340,062     248,257    257,761 

Dividend payables

   485     477     475    474 

Other payables from factored receivables

   42,924     37,734  

Others

   13,413     28,157     14,171    41,114 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   13,262,914     11,918,820     16,286,578    18,330,004 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Other non-financial liabilities

        

Other payables

   44,982     72,370     842,902    196,142 

Unearned revenue

   123,033     154,066     226,096    271,787 

Accrued expenses

   191,513     208,226     395,933    634,236 

Deferred revenue on credit card points

   117,659     115,658     145,457    176,840 

Withholding taxes

   111,975     106,291     140,258    179,903 

Insurance liabilities

   5,599,043     6,265,198  

Separate account liabilities

   702,757     698,832     875,015    4,463,687 

Others

   82,353     57,741     126,658    217,709 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   6,973,315     7,678,382     2,752,319    6,140,304 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  20,236,229    19,597,202    19,038,897   24,470,308 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

26. Equity

26.1 Share Capital Stock

The detailsDetails of outstandingshare capital and number of issued shares of the Parent Company as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   Ordinary shares 
   2013   2014 

Number of shares authorized

   1,000,000,000     1,000,000,000  

Number of shares

   386,351,693     386,351,693  

Par value per share

  5,000    5,000  

Share capital stock(1)

  1,931,758    1,931,758  
   2016   2017 

Type of share

  Ordinary shares   Ordinary shares 

Number of authorized shares

   1,000,000,000    1,000,000,000 

Par value per share

  5,000   5,000 

Number of issued shares

   418,111,537    418,111,537 

Share capital1

  2,090,558   2,090,558 

 

(1)1 

In millions of Korean won.

Changes in outstanding shares for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

   2016  2017 
   (In number of shares) 

Beginning

   386,351,693   398,285,437 

Increase

   31,759,844   4,513,969 

Decrease

   (19,826,100  (3,761,823

Ending

   398,285,437   399,037,583 

26.2 Capital surplusSurplus

The detailsDetails of capital surplus as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 2014   2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Share premium

  12,226,596   12,226,596    13,190,274  13,190,274 

Loss on sale of treasury shares

   (568,544  (568,544

Loss on sales of treasury shares

   (568,544 (481,332

Other capital surplus

   4,196,553    4,196,458     4,373,172  4,413,286 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

  15,854,605   15,854,510    16,994,902  17,122,228 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

26.3 Accumulated other comprehensive incomeOther Comprehensive Income

The detailsDetails of accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 2014   2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

  (12,523 (110,814  (121,055 (96,385

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

   (29,433  (12,153   53,138  (56,589

Change in value of available-for-sale financial assets

   430,976    680,900     601,620  694,321 

Change in value of held-to-maturity financial assets

   4,904    3,823     6,447  (78

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates

   (57,097  (89,303

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures

   (96,174 1,069 

Cash flow hedges

   (515  (10,774   (6,075 14,980 

Hedges of net investments in foreign operations

   (32,572 (5,958

Other comprehensive income of separate account

   —    (13,692
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

  336,312   461,679    405,329  537,668 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

26.4 Retained earningsEarnings

The detailsDetails of retained earnings as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014, consist of:2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Legal reserves(1)

  188,638    208,221  

Legal reserves1

  275,860   334,873 

Voluntary reserves

   982,000     982,000     982,000    982,000 

Unappropriated retained earnings(2)

   6,688,961     7,876,924     10,971,368    13,727,331 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  7,859,599    9,067,145    12,229,228   15,044,204 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1)1

With respect to the allocation of net profit earned in a fiscal term, the Parent Company must set aside in its legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of its net income after tax as reported in the separate statement of comprehensive income each time it pays dividends on its net profits earned until its legal reserve reaches

at least the aggregate amount of its share capital in accordance with Article 53 of the Financial Holding Company Act. The reserve is not available for the payment of cash dividends, but may be transferred to share capital, or used to reduce accumulated deficit.

(2)2

Retained earnings restricted for dividend at subsidiaries level pursuant to law and regulations amounts to ₩2,456,352₩3,148,332 million as of December 31, 2014.

2017.

26.5 Treasury Shares

Changes in treasury shares outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 are as follows:

   2016 
   Beginning   Acquisition   Disposal  Ending 
   (In number of shares and millions of Korean won) 

Number of treasury shares1

   —      19,826,100    —     19,826,100 

Carrying amount1

  —     721,973   —    721,973 
   2017 
   Beginning   Acquisition   Disposal  Ending 
   (In number of shares and millions of Korean won) 

Number of treasury shares1

   19,826,100    3,761,823    (4,513,969  19,073,954 

Carrying amount1

  721,973   202,051   (168,051 755,973 

1For the year ended December 31, 2017, the treasury stock trust agreement of ₩800,000 million with Samsung Securities Co., Ltd., which was signed in previous year, was terminated. In order to increase shareholder value, the Group entered in to another treasury stock trust agreement of ₩300,000 million with Samsung Securities Co., Ltd. for the year ended December 31, 2017.

27. Net Interest Income

The detailsDetails of interest income and interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017 are as follows:

 

  2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Interest income

            

Due from financial institutions

  160,400    146,105    190,302    151,681   111,433   127,434 

Loans

   12,310,713     10,778,258     10,168,304     9,102,433    8,905,769    9,990,792 

Financial investments

            

Available-for-sale financial assets

   799,020     694,218     571,755     497,476    426,762    678,716 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

   626,763     574,586     548,361     491,429    463,200    480,595 

Other

   313,210     163,763     156,574     132,804    114,718    104,915 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   14,210,106     12,356,930     11,635,296     10,375,823    10,021,882    11,382,452 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Interest expenses

            

Deposits

   5,450,781     4,279,153     3,845,468     3,035,425    2,476,579    2,345,885 

Debts

   394,812     289,652     265,773     195,021    229,475    367,587 

Debentures

   1,261,542     1,190,446     1,032,111     866,801    853,430    880,709 

Other

   65,188     74,847     76,169     75,377    59,869    78,262 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   7,172,323     5,834,098     5,219,521     4,172,624    3,619,353    3,672,443 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Net interest income

  7,037,783    6,522,832    6,415,775    6,203,199   6,402,529   7,710,009 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Interest income recognized on impaired loans and financial investments amounts to ₩108,968is ₩54,235 million (2013: ₩127,120(2016: ₩60,212 million, 2012: ₩124,1832015: ₩73,290 million) and ₩242 million (2013: ₩569 million, 2012: ₩200 million), respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014.2017. Interest income recognized on impaired financial investments does not exist (2016: ₩226 million, 2015: ₩235 million) for the year ended December 31, 2017.

28. Net Fee and Commission incomeIncome

The detailsDetails of fee and commission income, and fee and commission expense for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Fee and commission income

            

Banking activity fees

  169,244    167,507    167,452    168,389   176,968   188,405 

Lending activity fees

   89,964     90,413     74,133     87,790    79,287    74,858 

Credit card related fees and commissions

   1,179,618     1,126,944     1,106,601     1,223,221    1,258,704    1,447,560 

Debit card related fees and commissions

   217,870     255,742     291,723     340,509    369,329    400,183 

Agent activity fees

   285,183     207,036     158,022     168,135    172,220    152,028 

Trust and other fiduciary fees

   148,672     160,521     230,839     270,664    219,215    353,903 

Fund management related fees

   81,477     93,494     89,264     104,924    119,745    132,889 

Guarantee fees

   33,594     34,173     29,811     30,121    40,710    49,546 

Foreign currency related fees

   108,611     102,047     96,018     97,146    99,022    106,038 

Commissions from transfer agent services

   174,829     177,793     148,583     164,916    166,371    195,556 

Other business account commission on consignment

   30,354     29,799     25,311     30,525    33,707    33,793 

Securities brokerage fees

   67,858     68,158     68,249  

Lease fee

   —       —       16,050  

Other

   166,602     143,738     164,129  

Commissions received on securities business

   88,111    154,966    450,199 

Lease fees

   38,403    75,737    144,221 

Others

   158,241    184,896    259,071 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   2,753,876     2,657,365     2,666,185     2,971,095    3,150,877    3,988,250 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Fee and commission expense

            

Trading activity related fees(1)

   14,963     9,358     7,938  

Trading activity related fees1

   11,050    15,555    29,547 

Lending activity fees

   20,466     18,791     9,958     20,507    15,010    23,253 

Credit card and debit card related fees and commissions

   997,368     934,114     979,913  

Credit card related fees and commissions

   1,093,538    1,209,553    1,482,221 

Outsourcing related fees

   62,546     74,516     76,604     87,875    91,700    127,542 

Foreign currency related fees

   11,638     12,561     12,812     12,419    17,205    27,394 

Management fees of written-off loans

   3,284     4,065     9,853     4,065    4,456    4,176 

Other

   76,905     124,721     186,378     206,658    212,506    244,093 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   1,187,170     1,178,126     1,283,456     1,436,112    1,565,985    1,938,226 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Net fee and commission income

  1,566,706    1,479,239    1,382,729    1,534,983   1,584,892   2,050,024 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1)1

The fees from financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.

29. Net gainsGains or lossesLosses on financial assets/liabilitiesFinancial Assets/Liabilities at fair value through profitFair Value Through Profit or lossLoss

29.1 Net gainsGains or lossesLosses on financial instruments heldFinancial Instruments Held for tradingTrading

Net gain or loss from financial instruments held for trading includes interest income, dividend income and gains or losses arising from changes in the fair values, sales and redemptions. The detailsDetails of net gain or loss from financial instruments held for trading for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Gains related to financial instruments held for trading

            

Financial assets held for trading

            

Debt securities

  462,456    340,601    471,048    376,738   457,570   717,006 

Equity securities

   117,103     109,698     68,024     62,326    120,289    546,169 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   579,559     450,299     539,072     439,064    577,859    1,263,175 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivatives held for trading

            

Interest rate

   948,426     1,090,262     1,327,839     1,007,933    1,162,058    1,753,449 

Currency

   2,718,568     2,524,173     1,919,287     2,326,371    3,751,706    5,777,818 

Stock or stock index

   685,454     218,509     153,863     179,570    899,185    2,094,667 

Credit

   25,402    52,988    76,700 

Commodity

   486     1,336     568     1,279    4,284    17,278 

Other

   20,668     20,825     6,894     1,752    4,808    23,397 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   4,373,602     3,855,105     3,408,451     3,542,307    5,875,029    9,743,309 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial liabilities held for trading

   69,866     95,382     35,645     69,844    100,246    29,726 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Other financial instruments

   48     70     47     2,167    238    109 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  5,023,075    4,400,856    3,983,215    4,053,382   6,553,372   11,036,319 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Losses related to financial instruments held for trading

            

Financial assets held for trading

            

Debt securities

  72,078    118,362    38,888    65,939   265,760   315,506 

Equity securities

   70,852     81,733     85,808     44,699    114,052    353,864 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   142,930     200,095     124,696     110,638    379,812    669,370 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Derivatives held for trading

            

Interest rate

   962,738     1,076,647     1,411,540     1,036,573    1,164,423    1,625,541 

Currency

   2,274,799     2,007,454     1,796,605     2,224,261    3,827,928    5,661,323 

Stock or stock index

   665,037     224,019     101,267     269,401    658,832    1,445,714 

Credit

   21,974    46,251    76,483 

Commodity

   506     182     547     1,127    3,545    8,481 

Other

   14,651     2,343     841     339    1,291    20,053 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   3,917,731     3,310,645     3,310,800     3,553,675    5,702,270    8,837,595 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial liabilities held for trading

   113,929     110,114     97,621     131,125    99,024    58,267 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Other financial instruments

   35     29     50     2,214    173    117 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  4,174,625    3,620,883    3,533,167    3,797,652   6,181,279   9,565,349 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Net gains or losses on financial instruments held for trading

  848,450    779,973    450,048    255,730   372,093   1,470,970 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

29.2 Net gainsGains or lossesLosses on financial instruments designatedFinancial Instruments Designated at fair value through profitFair Value Through Profit or lossLoss

Net gain or loss from financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss includes interest income, dividend income and gains or losses arising from changes in the fair values, sales and redemptions. The detailsDetails of net gain or loss from financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012 2013 2014   2015   2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Gains related to financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss

         

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

  117,213   23,760   28,496    46,051   118,721  139,515 

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

   5,230    20,846    34,468     188,392    91,357  474,736 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   122,443    44,606    62,964     234,443    210,078  614,251 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

Losses related to financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss

         

Financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss

   6,753    14,754    22,521     42,690    8,447  78,113 

Financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss

   152,176    53,003    51,293     87,756    582,492  1,266,779 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   158,929    67,757    73,814     130,446    590,939  1,344,892 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

Net gains or losses on financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss

  (36,486 (23,151 (10,850  103,997   (380,861 (730,641
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

30. Other operating incomeOperating Income and expensesExpenses

The detailsDetails of other operating income and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2012  2013  2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Other operating income

    

Revenue related to available-for-sale financial assets

    

Gains on redemption of available-for-sale financial assets

  480   867   —    

Gains on sale of available-for-sale financial assets

   149,925    189,011    91,925  

Reversal for Impairment on available-for-sale financial assets

   —      —      260  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   150,405    189,878    92,185  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Revenue related to available-for-sale held-to-maturity investments

    

Gains on sale of available-for- sale held-to-maturity investments

   —      —      1,668  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   —      —      1,668  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gains on foreign exchange transactions

   1,093,904    1,387,450    1,490,797  

Income related to insurance

   1,730,466    1,233,773    1,215,031  

Dividend income

   69,023    64,441    78,298  

Others

   242,169    261,886    221,745  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total other operating income

   3,285,967    3,137,428    3,099,724  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Other operating expenses

    

Expense related to available-for-sale financial assets

    

Loss on redemption of available-for-sale financial assets

   11    65    7  

Loss on sale of available-for-sale financial assets

   16,884    25,157    7,381  

Impairment on available-for-sale financial assets

   280,610    163,464    195,929  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   297,505    188,686    203,317  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Expense related to held-to-maturity financial assets

    

Impairment on held-to-maturity financial assets

   154    5    —    
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   154    5    —    
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Loss on foreign exchanges transactions

   1,410,525    1,667,335    1,456,918  

Expense related to insurance

   1,822,178    1,358,830    1,352,384  

Others

   1,287,547    1,227,337    1,128,014  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total other operating expenses

   4,817,909    4,442,193    4,140,633  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net other operating income (expenses)

  (1,531,942 (1,304,765 (1,040,909
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
   2015  2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Other operating income

    

Revenue related toavailable-for-sale financial assets

    

Gain on redemption ofavailable-for-sale financial assets

  312  226  884 

Gain on sale ofavailable-for-sale financial assets

   404,144   236,344   113,001 

Reversal for impairment onavailable-for-sale financial assets

   265   328   —   
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   404,721   236,898   113,885 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Revenue related toheld-to-maturity financial assets

    

Gain on redemption ofheld-to-maturity financial assets

   —     —     374 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   —     —     374 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gain on foreign exchange transactions

   2,464,723   3,567,560   2,520,168 

Dividend income

   96,829   134,989   276,829 

Others

   258,888   278,827   325,745 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total other operating income

   3,225,161   4,218,274   3,237,001 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Other operating expenses

    

Expense related toavailable-for-sale financial assets

    

Loss on redemption ofavailable-for-sale financial assets

   114   —     1,403 

Loss on sale ofavailable-for-sale financial assets

   10,108   44,360   174,543 

Impairment onavailable-for-sale financial assets

   227,588   35,216   47,917 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   237,810   79,576   223,863 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Loss on foreign exchanges transactions

   2,406,683   3,303,205   2,472,657 

Others

   1,191,014   1,251,401   1,442,371 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total other operating expenses

   3,835,507   4,634,182   4,138,891 
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net other operating income (expenses)

  (610,346 (415,908 (901,890
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

31. General and administrative expensesAdministrative Expenses

31.1 General and administrative expensesAdministrative Expenses

The detailsDetails of general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012 2013   2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Employee Benefits

           

Salaries and short-term employee benefits—salaries

  1,598,045   1,641,326    1,700,120    1,764,459   1,874,396   2,465,132 

Salaries and short-term employee benefits—others

   657,473    677,107     706,309     755,829    734,119    822,536 

Post-employment benefits—defined benefit plans

   171,508    171,108     165,700     186,739    196,119    231,704 

Post-employment benefits—defined contribution plans

   5,463    7,094     8,821     10,262    9,361    15,046 

Termination benefits

   (3,960  19,714     1,124     391,549    903,435    160,798 

Share-based payments

   13,871    17,289     11,422     17,429    38,190    73,370 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   2,442,400    2,533,638     2,593,496     3,126,267    3,755,620    3,768,586 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Depreciation and amortization

   328,152    286,756     261,056     257,306    288,620    370,378 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Other general and administrative expenses

           

Rental expense

   276,769    290,886     297,656     273,531    280,888    320,920 

Tax and dues

   72,111    141,274     150,443     142,272    134,892    195,965 

Communication

   53,549    55,549     38,661     37,136    37,114    44,516 

Electricity and utilities

   24,898    26,315     27,988     28,752    29,921    31,158 

Publication

   20,764    19,259     19,642     18,337    17,300    17,383 

Repairs and maintenance

   13,426    14,615     16,892     15,777    15,722    20,524 

Vehicle

   12,114    11,816     11,579     10,291    9,624    11,587 

Travel

   5,526    5,722     5,489     6,784    8,059    17,407 

Training

   22,443    19,498     17,362     23,544    23,426    26,664 

Service fees

   105,972    104,210     106,403     115,919    129,032    179,311 

Electronic data processing expenses

   163,160    160,863    172,007 

Advertising

   124,546    142,186    199,676 

Others

   467,486    474,026     463,027     179,962    195,444    252,582 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   1,075,058    1,163,170     1,155,142     1,140,011    1,184,471    1,489,700 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  3,845,610   3,983,564    4,009,694    4,523,584   5,228,711   5,628,664 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

31.2 Share-based paymentsPayments

31.2.1 Share options

The details of the share options as of December 31, 2014, are as follows:

   Grant date  Exercise period  Granted shares(1)  Vesting conditions
      (Years)  (In number of shares)   

Series 22

   2007.02.08    8    855,000   Service period: 1, 3 years

Series 23

   2007.03.23    8    30,000   Service period: 3 years
    

 

 

  

Total

  

  885,000   
    

 

 

  

(1)

Granted shares represent the total number of shares initially granted to directors and employees whose options have not been exercised at the end of the reporting period.

The changes in the number of granted share options and the weighted average exercise price for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

  2013 
  Number of granted shares  Number of
exercisable
shares
  Exercise
price per
share
  Remaining
contractual
life(Years)
 
  Beginning  Expired  Ending    
  (In Korean won, except shares)    

Series 15-1

  125,362    125,362    —      —      —      —    

Series 15-2

  440,928    440,928    —      —      —      —    

Series 17

  29,441    29,441    —      —      —      —    

Series 18

  7,212    7,212    —      —      —      —    

Series 19

  751,651    —      751,651    751,651    77,063    0.23  

Series 20

  25,613    —      25,613    25,613    81,900    0.32  

Series 21

  18,987    —      18,987    18,987    76,600    0.82  

Series 22

  657,498    —      657,498    657,498    77,100    1.11  

Series 23

  15,246    —      15,246    15,246    84,500    1.22  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Total

  2,071,938    602,943    1,468,995    1,468,995    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Weighted average exercise price

 68,909   48,625   77,235   77,235    

  2014 
  Number of granted shares  Number of
exercisable
shares
  Exercise
price per
share
  Remaining
contractual
life(Years)
 
  Beginning  Expired  Ending    
  (In Korean won, except shares)    

Series 19

  751,651    751,651    —      —      —      —    

Series 20

  25,613    25,613    —      —      —      —    

Series 21

  18,987    18,987    —      —      —      —    

Series 22

  657,498    —      657,498    657,498    77,100    0.11  

Series 23

  15,246    —      15,246    15,246    84,500    0.22  
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Total

  1,468,995    796,251    672,744    672,744    
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

   

Weighted average exercise price

 77,235   77,207   77,268   77,268    

The fair value of each option granted is estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the assumptions in the table below:

   Share
price
   Weighted
average
exercise
price
   Expected
volatility
(%)
   Option’s
expected
life

(Years)
   Expected
dividends
   Risk free
interest
rate (%)
   Fair
value
 
   (In Korean won) 

Series 22 (Directors)

  38,200    77,100     11.15     0.05    32     2.07     —    

Series 22 (Employees)

   38,200     77,100     11.15     0.05     32     2.07     —    

Series 23 (Non-executive directors)

   38,200     84,500     8.01     0.11     67     2.07     —    

The option’s expected life is separately estimated for employees and directors using actual historical behavior and projected future behavior to reflect the effects of expected early exercise. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the share price over the most recent period that is generally commensurate with the expected term of the option. To reflect the changes in exercise price which is indexed to the sum of the major competitors’ total market capitalization, cross volatility is used in calculating the expected volatility.

31.2.2 Share GrantsStock grants

The Group changed the scheme of share-based payment from sharestock options to sharestock grants in November 2007. The sharestock grant award program is an incentive plan that sets, on grant date, the maximum amount of shares that can be awarded. Actual sharesstock granted at the end of the vesting period is determined in accordance with achievement ofpre-specified targets over the vesting period.

The detailsDetails of the sharestock grants linked to long-term performance as of December 31, 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   Grant date  Number of  granted
shares(1)
  

Vesting conditions

     (In number of shares)   

(KB Financial Group Inc.)

   

Series 4

  2010.07.13    180,707   Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(3)

Series 8

  2012.01.01    13,471   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(4)

Series 9

  2013.07.17    82,699   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(4)

Series 10

  2014.01.01    37,732   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(4)

Series 11

  2013.07.13    69,892   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(3)

Deferred grant in 2010

  —      6,583   

Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2011

  —      1,435   

Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2012

  —      7,975   

Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2013

  —      2,617   Satisfied
  

 

 

  

Sub-total

   403,111   
  

 

 

  

(Kookmin Bank)

   

Series 41

  2012.08.02    23,521   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(5)

Series 43

  2012.11.26    13,918   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(5)

Series 44

  2013.01.01    17,242   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(5)

Series 45...

  2013.01.01    9,698   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(5)

Series 46

  2013.01.01    103,440   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(5)

Series 48

  2013.07.23    74,666   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(6)

Series 49

  2013.07.24    101,828   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(6)

Series 50

  2013.07.24    82,926   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(6)

Series 51

  2013.07.25    9,899   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(6)

Series 52

  2013.08.01    10,278   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(6)

Series 53

  2013.07.19    69,256   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(7)

Series 54

  2013.07.23    26,689   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(7)

Series 55

  2014.01.03    11,060   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(8)

Series 56

  2013.12.30    17,798   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(6)

Series 57

  2014.01.01    44,265   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(6)

Series 58

  2014.01.01    78,700   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(6)

Series 59

  2014.08.26    9,106   

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (2),(6)

Deferred grant in 2010

  —      171   

Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2011

  —      8,454   

Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2012

  —      31,348   

Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2013

  —      92,316   Satisfied
  

 

 

  

Sub-total

   836,579   
  

 

 

  

   

Grant date

  Number of granted
shares(1)1
   

Vesting conditions

   (In number of shares)    

(Other subsidiaries)KB Financial Group Inc.

    

Share granted in 2010Series 14

  July 17, 2015   3,48511,363   

Services fulfillment, AchievementsAchievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance (9)2,6

Share granted in 2011Series 15

  Jan. 01, 2016   7,64872,843   

Services fulfillment, AchievementsAchievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance (9)2,7

Share granted in 2012Series 17

  Jan. 01, 2017   63,97642,032   

Services fulfillment, AchievementsAchievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance (9)2,7

Share granted in 2013Series 18

  July. 17, 2017   104,3947,444   

Services fulfillment, AchievementsAchievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance (9)2,7

Share grantedDeferred grant in 2012

—  5,415Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2013

—  588Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2014

  —     82,7593,769   Satisfied

Services fulfillment, Achievements of targets on the basis of market and non-market performance (9)Deferred grant in 2015

—  21,780Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2016

—  15,338Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2017

—  36,054Satisfied
    

 

 

   

Sub-total

     262,262216,626

Kookmin Bank

Series 64

July 24, 201511,133Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance2,3

Series 65

Aug. 26, 201511,587Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance2,3

Series 67

Jan. 01, 2016135,934Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance2,4

Series 68

July 05, 20169,621Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance2,4

Series 69

Jan. 01, 2017323,777Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance2,5

Series 70

July 24, 20171,449Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance2,5

Series 71

Aug. 26, 20174,372Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance2,5

Series 72

Aug. 28, 20175,601Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance2,5

Deferred grant in 2014

—  35,312Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2015

—  61,328Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2016

—  155,407Satisfied

Deferred grant in 2017

—  31,547Satisfied

Sub-total

787,068

Grant date

Number of granted
shares1

Vesting conditions

(In number of shares)

Other subsidiaries

Stock granted in 2010

—  2,096Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance8,9

Stock granted in 2011

—  2,633Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance8,9

Stock granted in 2012

—  7,788Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance8,9

Stock granted in 2013

—  21,289Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance8,9

Stock granted in 2014

—  45,426Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance8,9

Stock granted in 2015

—  197,689Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance8,9

Stock granted in 2016

—  187,066Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance8,9

Stock granted in 2017

—  289,348Services fulfillment, Achievement of targets on the basis of market andnon-market performance8,9

Sub-total

753,335   
    

 

 

   

Total

     1,501,9521,757,029   
    

 

 

   

 

(1)1

Granted shares represent the total number of shares initially granted to directors and employees that have residual shares at the end of reporting period.

period (Deferred grants are residual shares as of December 31, 2017).
(2)2

Certain portionDuring the year, executives and employees were given the option of deferring payment of the granted shares (after the date of retirement), payment ratio, and payment period. Accordingly, a certain percentage of the granted amount is compensated over a maximum perioddeferred for up to five years after the date of three years.

retirement when the deferred grant has been confirmed.
(3)3

The 37.5%30%, 37.5%40% and 25%30% of the number of granted shares to be compensated are determined upon the accomplishment of relative TSR, Performance Results and financial results of Kookmin Bank, respectively. 50% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated areis determined based onupon the accomplishment of targeted relative TSR, targeted EPSwhile 50% is determined upon the accomplishment of Performance Results.

430%, 40% and qualitative indicators, respectively. The 30%, 30% and 40% of the number of other granted shares to be compensated are determined based onupon the accomplishment of the targeted Value-up Index, targeted financial resultsrelative TSR, Performance Results and Evaluation of the Company and its subsidiaries (Group) and targeted relative TSR,Bank president’s performance, respectively. The 40%, 40% and 20%50% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined upon the remainingaccomplishment of relative TSR, while 50% is determined upon the accomplishment of Performance Results.
530%, 40% and 30% of the number of granted shares to be compensated are determined based onupon the accomplishment of the targeted relative TSR, Performance Results and Evaluation of the targeted EPS and qualitative indicators,Bank president’s performance, respectively.

30% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined upon the accomplishment of relative TSR, while 70% is determined upon the accomplishment of Performance Results.
(4)6

The 40%, 30% and 30% of the number of granted shares to be compensated are determined upon the accomplishment of Performance Results, financial results of the Group and relative TSR, respectively. 50% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined upon the accomplishment of Performance Results, while 50% is determined upon the accomplishment of relative TSR.

740%, 30% and 30% of the number of granted shares to be compensated are determined upon the accomplishment of Performance Results, financial results of the Group and relative TSR, respectively. 50% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined upon the accomplishment of Performance Results, while 50% is determined upon the accomplishment of relative TSR.
830%, 30% and 40% of the number of granted shares to be compensated are determined upon the accomplishment of the targeted Value-up Index, targeted financial results of the CompanyPerformance Results, subsidiaries’ performance and its subsidiaries (Group) and the targeted relative TSR, respectively. However, 50% and 50%60% of the number of certain granted shares willto be compensated based onis determined upon the accomplishment of the targeted Value-up Index andsubsidiaries’ performance, while 40% is determined upon the accomplishment of targeted relative TSR.

(5)

The 40%, 30% and 30% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated are determined based onupon accomplishment of Performance Results, subsidiaries’ performance and relative TSR, respectively. 50% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined upon the accomplishment of subsidiaries’ performance, while 50% is determined upon the targetedaccomplishment of relative TSR, the targeted Value-up Index and the targeted financial resultsTSR. 70% of the Bank, respectively.

number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined upon the accomplishment of subsidiaries’ performance, while 30% is determined upon the accomplishment of relative TSR.
(6)9

The 30%50%, 30% and 40%20% of the number of granted shares to be compensated are determined upon the accomplishment of the targeted financial results of the Bank, the targeted relative TSR and the targeted Value-up Index, respectively. However, as for certain number of shares, half of the number of granted shares to be compensated is determined based on the accomplishment of the targeted relative TSR, while the other half is determined by the targeted Value-up Index.

(7)

The 30%, 45% and 25% of the number of granted shares to be compensated are determined based on the accomplishment of the targeted relative TSR, the ROA and the growth rate of total assets, respectively.

(8)

The number of granted shares to be compensated is not linked to performance, but fixed.

(9)

The 30%, 30% and 40% of the number of granted shares to be compensated are determined based on the accomplishment of the targeted Value-up Index, the respectivePerformance Results, subsidiaries’ performance and the targeted relative TSR, respectively. The 60% and 40%80% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined based onupon the accomplishment of the respective subsidiaries’ performance, andwhile 20% is determined upon the accomplishment of the targeted relative TSR, respectively. The 40%, 30% and 30%TSR. 80% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined based onupon the accomplishment of Performance Results, while 20% is determined upon the targeted Value-up Index,accomplishment of relative TSR. 60%, 30% and 10% of the respectivenumber of granted shares to be compensated are determined upon the accomplishment of Performance Results, subsidiaries’ performance and the targeted relative TSR, respectively.

90% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined upon the accomplishment of subsidiaries’ performance, while 10% is determined upon the accomplishment of relative TSR. 90% of the number of certain granted shares to be compensated is determined upon the accomplishment of Performance Results, while 10% is determined upon the accomplishment of relative TSR.

The share grant award program is an incentive plan that sets, on grant date, the maximum amount

Details of shares that can be awarded. Actual shares granted at the end of the vesting period is determined in accordance with achievement of pre-specified targets over the vesting period.

The details of sharestock grants linked to short-term performance as of December 31, 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   Grant date   Number of  vested
shares(1)
   

Vesting Conditions

(KB Financial Group Inc.)

      

Share granted in 2010

   2010.01.01     322    Satisfied

Share granted in 2011

   2011.01.01     7,295    Satisfied

Share granted in 2012

   2012.01.01     15,782    Satisfied

Share granted in 2013

   2013.01.01     16,560    Satisfied

Share granted in 2014

   2014.01.01     25,174    Proportion to service period

(Kookmin Bank)

      

Share granted in 2010

   2010.01.01     363    Satisfied

Share granted in 2011

   2011.01.01     46,845    Satisfied

Share granted in 2012

   2012.01.01     103,177    Satisfied

Share granted in 2013

   2013.01.01     102,343    Satisfied

Share granted in 2014

   2014.01.01     173,132    Proportion to service period

(Other subsidiaries)

      

Share granted in 2013

   2013.01.01     9,823    Satisfied

Share granted in 2014

   2014.01.01     28,149    Proportion to service period
Grant dateEstimated number
of vested shares1

Vesting conditions

(In number of shares)

KB Financial Group Inc.

Stock granted in 2010

Jan. 01, 2010322Satisfied

Stock granted in 2011

Jan. 01, 20111,728Satisfied

Stock granted in 2012

Jan. 01, 20122,642Satisfied

Stock granted in 2013

Jan. 01, 2013448Satisfied

Stock granted in 2014

Jan. 01, 20147,079Satisfied

Stock granted in 2015

Jan. 01, 201516,730Satisfied

Stock granted in 2016

Jan. 01, 201620,523Satisfied

Stock granted in 2017

Jan. 01, 201717,470Proportional to service period

Kookmin Bank

Stock granted in 2014

Jan. 01, 201453,771Satisfied

Stock granted in 2015

Jan. 01, 2015100,548Satisfied

Stock granted in 2016

Jan. 01, 2016141,707Satisfied

Stock granted in 2017

Jan. 01, 201799,185Proportional to service period

Other subsidiaries

Stock granted in 2014

—  24,976Satisfied

Stock granted in 2015

—  117,127Satisfied

Stock granted in 2016

—  204,978Satisfied

Stock granted in 2017

—  194,927Proportional to service period

 

(1)1

The numberDuring the year, executives and employees were given the option of deferred payment of the granted shares which are exercisable,(after the date of retirement), payment ratio, and payment period. Accordingly, a certain percentage of the granted amount is determined bydeferred for up to five years after the resultsdate of performance. The share grants are settled over three years.

retirement after the deferred grant has been confirmed.

Share grants are measured at fair value using the Monte Carlo Simulation Model and assumptions used in determining the fair value as of December 31, 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   Expected
exercise
period
(Years)
   Risk free
rate (%)
   Fair value
(Market
performance
condition)
   Fair value
(Non-market
performance
condition)
 

Linked to long term performance

  

    

(KB Financial Group Inc.)

        

Series 4

   0.00~1.53     2.07     —       35,315~36,425  

Series 4-1

   0.00~1.53     2.07     —       35,315~36,425  

Series 4-2

   0.00~1.00     2.07     —       36,389~40,662  

Series 8

   0.00~2.00     2.07     —       36,389~40,662  

Series 9

   0.00~3.00     2.07     38,617     36,389~38,111  

Series 9-1

   0.00~3.00     2.07     39,437     36,389~38,111  

Series 9-2

   1.00~4.00     2.07     33,363     35,653~36,835  

Series 9-3

   0.00~3.00     2.07     39,223     36,389~38,111  

Series 9-4

   0.00~3.00     2.07     37,036     36,389~38,111  

Series 10

   0.00~3.00     2.07     38,617     36,389~38,111  

Series 10-1

   1.00~4.00     2.07     32,645     35,653~36,835  

Series 10-2

   1.00~4.00     2.07     33,110     35,653~36,835  

Series 11

   1.53~4.53     2.08     35,335     36,639~36,858  

Deferred grant in 2010

   0.00~1.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Deferred grant in 2011

   0.00~2.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Deferred grant in 2012

   0.00~2.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Deferred grant in 2013

   0.00~2.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  
   Expected
exercise
period
(Years)
   Risk free
rate (%)
   Fair value
(Market
performance
condition)
   Fair value
(Non-market
performance
condition)
 

Linked to long term performance

        

(KB Financial Group Inc.)

        

Series 14

   0.00~7.00    1.87~2.39    61,139    52,873~61,139 

Series 15

   0.00~3.00    1.87~2.14    61,139    58,516~61,791 

Series 17

   1.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    61,607    54,116~61,791 

Series 18

   1.54~7.00    1.94~2.39    60,517    52,873~62,419 

Deferred grant in 2012

   —      —      —      34,180~40,662 

Deferred grant in 2013

   —      —      —      34,180~42,824 

Deferred grant in 2014

   —      1.87    —      61,294 

Deferred grant in 2015

   0.00~5.00    1.87~2.34    —      55,745~61,791 

Deferred grant in 2016

   0.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    —      54,116~61,791 

Deferred grant in 2017

   0.00~3.00    1.87~2.14    —      58,516~61,791 

   Expected
exercise
period
(Years)
   Risk free
rate (%)
   Fair value
(Market
performance
condition)
   Fair value
(Non-market
performance
condition)
 

(Kookmin Bank)

        

Series 41-1

   0.00~3.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Series 41-2

   0.00~3.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Series 43

   0.00~3.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Series 44

   0.00~2.00     2.07     —       36,389~40,662  

Series 45

   0.00~3.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Series 46

   0.00~3.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Series 48

   0.56~4.00     2.07     35,029     36,389~36,835  

Series 48-1

   0.00~3.00     2.07     36,734     36,389~38,111  

Series 48-2

   0.00~3.00     2.07     38,617     36,389~38,111  

Series 49

   0.56~4.00     2.07     34,972     36,389~36,835  

Series 49-1

   0.65~4.00     2.07     34,906     36,389~36,835  

Series 49-2

   0.00~3.00     2.07     38,617     36,389~38,111  

Series 50

   0.56~4.00     2.07     34,972     36,389~36,835  

Series 50-1

   0.00~3.00     2.07     38,617     36,389~38,111  

Series 51

   0.00~3.00     2.07     38,617     36,389~38,111  

Series 52

   0.58~4.00     2.07     34,977     36,389~36,835  

Series 53

   0.00~2.68     2.07     38,284     36,317~40,991  

Series 54

   0.00~3.00     2.07     38,617     36,389~38,111  

Series 55

   2.01~5.01     2.08     —       36,551~37,053  

Series 56

   0.00~3.00     2.07     32,595     36,389~36,835  

Series 56-1

   0.00~3.00     2.07     36,854     36,389~38,111  

Series 57

   1.00~4.00     2.07     32,645     36,389~36,835  

Series 57-1

   0.00~3.00     2.07     38,617     36,389~38,111  

Series 58

   1.00~4.00     2.07     32,645     36,389~36,835  

Series 59

   0.00~3.00     2.07     38,617     36,389~38,111  

Grant deferred in 2012

   0.00~1.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Grant deferred in 2013

   0.00~2.00     2.07     —       36,205~38,111  

(Other subsidiaries)

        

Share granted in 2012

   0.00~0.54     2.07     0~21,928     35,968~38,617  

Share granted in 2013

   0.00~1.75     2.07~2.08     0~33,505     35,115~40,662  

Share granted in 2014

   1.00~2.67     2.07~2.10     30,801~33,312     34,676~36,835  

Linked to short-term performance

        

(KB Financial Group Inc.)

        

Share granted in 2012

   0.00~1.00     2.07     —       36,389~40,662  

Share granted in 2013

   0.00~2.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Share granted in 2014

   1.00~3.00     2.07     —       36,389~36,684  

(Kookmin Bank)

        

Share granted in 2012

   0.00~1.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Share granted in 2013

   0.00~2.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Share granted in 2014

   1.00~3.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

(Other subsidiaries)

        

Share granted in 2013

   0.00~2.00     2.07     —       36,389~38,111  

Share granted in 2014

   2.00~4.00     2.07     —       36,498~36,835  
   Expected
exercise
period
(Years)
   Risk free
rate (%)
   Fair value
(Market
performance
condition)
   Fair value
(Non-market
performance
condition)
 

(Kookmin Bank)

        

Series 64

   0.00~3.00    1.87~2.14    57,602    58,516~61,791 

Series 65

   0.00~3.00    1.87~2.14    57,625    58,516~61,791 

Series 67

   0.00~5.00    1.87~2.34    61,139    55,745~61,791 

Series 68

   0.51~4.00    1.87~2.24    61,570    57,009~61,791 

Series 69

   0.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    61,607    54,116~61,791 

Series 70

   0.00~3.00    1.87~2.14    59,783    58,516~61,791 

Series 71

   2.00~5.00    2.00~2.34    60,107    55,745~60,194 

Series 72

   2.00~5.00    2.00~2.34    60,112    55,745~60,194 

Grant deferred in 2014

   —      1.87    —      61,294 

Grant deferred in 2015

   0.00~4.00    1.87~2.24    —      57,009~61,791 

Grant deferred in 2016

   0.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    —      54,116~61,791 

Grant deferred in 2017

   0.00~2.89    1.87~2.14    —      57,581~62,053 

(Other subsidiaries)

        

Share granted in 2010

   —      1.87    —      61,294 

Share granted in 2011

   —      1.87    —      61,294 

Share granted in 2012

   —      1.87    40,544    40,831~61,294 

Share granted in 2013

   0.00~1.00    1.87    35,710    35,710~61,791 

Share granted in 2014

   0.00~5.00    1.87~2.34    43,672~57,388    43,672~61,791 

Share granted in 2015

   0.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    42,824~63,009    42,824~63,033 

Share granted in 2016

   0.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    42,824~61,811    42,824~62,738 

Share granted in 2017

   0.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    57,625~61,607    54,116~61,791 

Linked to short-term performance

        

(KB Financial Group Inc.)

        

Share granted in 2010

   —      1.87    —      40,662 

Share granted in 2011

   —      1.87    —      38,111~40,662 

Share granted in 2012

   —      1.87    —      34,180~40,662 

Share granted in 2013

   —      1.87    —      34,180~40,662 

Share granted in 2014

   —      1.87    —      61,294 

Share granted in 2015

   0.00~7.01    1.87~2.39    —      52,873~61,791 

Share granted in 2016

   0.00~7.01    1.87~2.39    —      52,873~61,791 

Share granted in 2017

   1.00~7.01    1.87~2.39    —      52,873~61,791 

(Kookmin Bank)

        

Share granted in 2014

   —      1.87    —      61,294 

Share granted in 2015

   0.00~5.00    1.87~2.34    —      55,745~61,791 

Share granted in 2016

   0.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    —      54,116~61,791 

Share granted in 2017

   1.00~6.00    1.87~2.37      54,116~61,791 

(Other subsidiaries)

        

Share granted in 2014

   —      1.87    —      61,294 

Share granted in 2015

   0.00~5.00    1.87~2.34    —      55,745~61,791 

Share granted in 2016

   0.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    —      54,116~61,791 

Share granted in 2017

   0.00~6.00    1.87~2.37    —      54,116~61,791 

Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the share price over the most recent period that is generally commensurate with the expected term of the grant. And the current stock price of December 31, 2014,2017 was used for the underlying asset price. Additionally the average three-yearthree year historical dividend rate was used as the expected dividend rate.

As of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, the accrued expenses related to share-based payments including share options and share grants amounted to ₩48,423₩79,742 million and ₩48,734₩133,496 million, respectively, and the compensation costs from share options and share grants amounting to ₩17,289₩38,190 million and ₩11,422₩73,370 million were incurred during the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, respectively. There is no intrinsic value

Details of the vested share optionsMileage stock as of December 31, 20132017, are as follows:

   Grant date  Number of
granted shares1
   Expected exercise
period (years)1
  Remaining
shares2
 
   (In number of shares)        

Stock granted in 2016

  Jan. 23, 2016   33,829   0.00~1.06   18,196 
  Apr. 29, 2016   60   0.00~1.33   39 
  July 07, 2016   280   0.00~1.52   125 
  July 18, 2016   767   0.00~1.55   —   
  Aug. 03, 2016   107   0.00~1.59   53 
  Aug. 17, 2016   51   0.00~1.63   44 
  Aug. 30, 2016   256   0.00~1.66   219 
  Sept. 06, 2016   206   0.00~1.68   120 
  Oct. 07, 2016   105   0.00~1.77   97 
  Nov. 01, 2016   118   0.00~1.84   95 
  Dec. 07, 2016   211   0.00~1.93   150 
  Dec. 08, 2016   43   0.00~1.94   43 
  Dec. 15, 2016   12   0.00~1.96   12 
  Dec. 20, 2016   309   0.00~1.97   307 
  Dec. 28, 2016   76   0.00~1.99   64 
  Dec. 30, 2016   210   0.00~2.00   159 

Stock granted in 2017

  Jan. 09, 2017   28,925   0.00~2.02   25,521 
  Feb. 03, 2017   43   0.00~2.09   43 
  Apr. 03, 2017   82   0.00~2.25   82 
  May 22, 2017   20   0.00~2.39   20 
  July 03, 2017   52   0.00~2.50   52 
  Aug. 16, 2017   204   0.00~2.62   204 
  Aug. 17, 2017   40   0.00~2.63   40 
  Aug. 22, 2017   33   0.00~2.64   33 
  Aug. 25, 2017   387   0.00~2.65   387 
  Sept. 14, 2017   82   0.00~2.70   82 
  Oct. 20, 2017   9   0.00~2.80   9 
  Nov. 01, 2017   120   0.00~2.84   120 
  Nov. 06, 2017   106   0.00~2.85   106 
  Dec. 06, 2017   77   0.00~2.93   77 
  Dec. 08, 2017   28   0.00~2.94   28 
  Dec. 26, 2017   254   0.00~2.99   254 
  Dec. 29, 2017   114   0.00~2.99   114 
    

 

 

     

 

 

 
  Total   67,216   Total   46,895 
    

 

 

     

 

 

 

1Mileage stock is exercisable for two years after one year from the grant date. When the mileage stock is exercised, the closing price of prior month is applied. However, in case of transfer or retirement during the vesting period, mileage stock is exercisable at the closing price of the last month prior to transfer or retirement.
2The remaining shares are assessed based on the stock price as of December 31, 2017. These shares are vested immediately at grant date.

As of December 31, 2016 and 2014.2017, the accrued expenses for share-based payments in regards to mileage stock amounted to ₩1,533 million and ₩2,973 million, respectively, and the compensation costs amounting to ₩1,563 million and ₩2,378 million were incurred during the 2016 and 2017, respectively.

32. Net Other non-operating incomeNon-operating Income and expensesExpenses

The detailsDetails of othernon-operating income and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012 2013 2014   2015   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Other non-operating income

          

Gains of disposal in property and equipment

  5,840   819   491  

Gain on disposal in property and equipment

  514   669   10,867 

Rent received

   4,349    8,615    10,035     24,366    15,847    32,254 

Gain on bargain purchase

   —      628,614    122,986 

Gain on sales of disposal group held for sale

   —      —      22,371 

Others

   50,666    101,848    62,041     266,278    100,409    72,248 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   60,855    111,282    72,567     291,158    745,539    260,726 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Other non-operating expenses

          

Losses of disposal in property and equipment

   426    928    1,297  

Loss on disposal in property and equipment

   1,128    1,835    2,500 

Donation

   80,446    59,760    52,330     47,602    37,705    54,419 

Restoration cost

   945    909    2,242     514    2,255    3,465 

Management cost for special bonds

   3,099    2,024    3,279 

Loss on sales of disposal group held for sale

   —      —      45,764 

Impairment loss on disposition of disposal group held for sale

   —      —      7,198 

Impairment loss for goodwill

   —      —      1,202 

Others

   97,310    61,994    87,824     98,351    30,851    104,023 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   179,127    123,591    143,693     150,694    74,670    221,850 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Net other non-operating income(expense)

  (118,272 (12,309 (71,126

Net othernon-operating income

  140,464   670,869   38,876 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

33. Income tax expensesTax Expense

Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014, consist of:2017, are as follows:

 

  2012 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Tax payable

        

Current tax expense

  695,135   569,449   512,536    342,066  607,175  700,597 

Adjustments recognized in the period for current tax of prior years

   (20,517  75,938    (11,721   (17,939 27,217  (39,445

Changes in deferred income tax assets (liabilities)

   (87,494  (89,477  31,255  
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   324,127  634,392  661,152 
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Changes in deferred income tax assets (liabilities)1

   93,221  (201,012 212,195 
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Income tax recognized directly in equity

        

Exchange difference in foreign operation

   —    (11,338 25,674 

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

   9,663    (13,085  31,386     7,363  (4,093 (7,240

Change in value of available-for-sale financial assets

   (77,956  7,942    (79,473   5,177  20,754  (84,781

Change in value of held-to-maturity financial assets

   (240  (1,787  198     349  (1,186 (3,789

Share of other comprehensive income of associates

   390    9    (6

Share of other comprehensive loss of associates

   (816 116  20,975 

Cash flow hedges

   1,025    (618  2,619     (486 (1,423 (4,368

Others

   (29  —      —    

Hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation

   8,134  2,265  (8,186

Other comprehensive income for assets held for sale

   —     —    (21,498

Other comprehensive income for separate accounts

   —     —    4,829 
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   19,721  5,095  (78,384
  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Others

   —      (7,778  (480   320   —     —   
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Tax expense

  519,977   540,593   486,314    437,389  438,475  794,963 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

1The corporate tax rate was changed due to the amendment of corporate tax law in 2017. Accordingly, the expected rate has been applied for the deferred tax assets and liabilities that are expected to be utilized in periods after 2018. Amended income tax rate for ₩200 million and below is 11%, for ₩200 million to ₩20 billion is 22%, for ₩20 billion to ₩300 billion is 24.2% and for over ₩300 billion is 27.5%.

An analysis of the net profit before income tax and income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, follows:

 

  2015 2016 2017 
  2012 2013 2014   Tax rate Amount Tax rate Amount Tax rate Amount 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (%) (In millions of
Korean won)
 (%) (In millions of
Korean won)
 (%) (In millions of
Korean won)
 

Net profit before income tax

  2,298,644   1,815,291   1,901,425     2,164,695   2,628,655   4,138,424 
  

 

  

 

  

 

    

 

   

 

   

 

 

Tax at the applicable tax rate(1)

   555,810    438,838    459,683  

Tax at the applicable tax rate1

   24.18  523,394  24.18  635,673  24.19  1,001,037 

Non-taxable income

   (6,291  (17,716  (11,171   (3.92 (84,835 (7.15 (188,062 (5.02 (207,777

Non-deductible expense

   13,263    33,489    14,916     0.75  16,186  0.64  16,711  0.26  10,706 

Tax credit and tax exemption

   (187  (1,417  (1,192   (0.02 (427 (0.04 (1,079 (0.04 (1,658

Temporary difference for which no deferred tax is recognized

   1,633    47,138    24,682     0.27  5,772  0.10  2,749  (0.16 (6,484

Deferred tax relating to changes in recognition and measurement

   (7,289  2,828    (1,593   (0.01 (251 (0.03 (828 (0.12 (4,894

Income tax refund for tax of prior years

   (58,404  30,329    (6,654   (0.92 (19,894 (0.48 (12,612 (0.12 (4,854

Income tax expense of overseas branch

   16,929    4,796    6,202     0.18  3,827  0.13  3,447  0.04  1,549 

Effects from change in tax rate

   941    (871  1,642     (0.03 (671 (0.03 (739 0.42  17,367 

Others

   3,572    3,179    (201   (0.26 (5,712 (0.64 (16,785 (0.24 (10,029
  

 

  

 

  

 

    

 

   

 

   

 

 

Tax expense

  519,977   540,593   486,314  

Average effective tax rate and tax expense

   20.22  437,389  16.68  438,475  19.21  794,963 
  

 

  

 

  

 

    

 

   

 

   

 

 

Average effective tax rate (Income tax expense / Profit before tax) (%)

   22.62    29.78    25.58  

 

(1)1

Applicable income tax rate for ₩200 million and below is 11%, for ₩200 million to ₩20 billion is 22% and for over ₩20 billion is 24.2% as of December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014.

2017.

The detailsDetails of current tax assets (income tax refund receivables) and current tax liabilities (income tax payables), as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Tax payables
(receivables)
before offsetting
   Offsetting   Tax payables
(receivables)
after offsetting
   Tax payables
(receivables) before
offsetting
   Offsetting   Tax payables
(receivables) after
offsetting
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Income tax refund receivables(1), (2)

  (99,524  82,057    (17,467

Income tax refund receivables1

  (226,560  226,560   —   

Income tax payables

   293,320     (82,057   211,263     668,372    (226,560   441,812 

 

  2014   2017 
  Tax payables
(receivables)
before offsetting
   Offsetting   Tax payables
(receivables)
after offsetting
   Tax payables
(receivables) before
offsetting
   Offsetting   Tax payables
(receivables) after
offsetting
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Income tax refund receivables(1)

  (693,018  693,018    —    

Income tax refund receivables1

  215,702   (215,702  —   

Income tax payables

   924,925     (693,018   231,907     218,168    215,702    433,870 

 

(1)1 

Excludes current tax assets of ₩306,313₩6,324 million (2013: ₩329,443(2016: ₩65,738 million) by uncertain tax position and others, which do not qualify for offsetting.

(2)

Prepaid income tax expenses amounting to ₩17,467 million for KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd, which separately paid tax in 2013, were reclassified from other assets into current income tax assets.

34. Dividends

The dividends paid to the shareholders of the Parent Company in 20132016 and 20142017 were ₩231,811₩378,625 million (₩600980 per share) and ₩193,176₩497,969 million (₩5001,250 per share), respectively. The dividends to the shareholders of the Parent Company in respect of the year ended December 31, 2014,2017, of ₩780₩1,920 per share, amounting to total

dividends of ₩301,354₩766,728 million, is to be proposed at the annual general shareholders’ meeting on March 27, 2015.23, 2018. The Group’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2014,2017, do not reflect this dividend payable.

35. Accumulated other comprehensive incomeOther Comprehensive Income

The detailsDetails of accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Beginning Changes
except for
reclassification
 Reclassification
to profit or loss
 Tax effect Ending   Beginning Changes except for
reclassification
 Reclassification to
profit or loss
 Tax effect Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

  (53,507 54,069   —     (13,085 (12,523  (133,876 16,914  —    (4,093 (121,055

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

   (27,061  (2,372  —      —      (29,433   32,990  31,486   —    (11,338 53,138 

Change in value of available-for-sale financial assets

   426,354    198,798    (202,118  7,942    430,976     653,130  30,877  (103,141 20,754  601,620 

Change in value of held-to-maturity financial assets

   (1,225  1,005    6,911    (1,787  4,904     2,731  (1,448 6,350  (1,186 6,447 

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates

   (47,286  (9,765  (55  9    (57,097   (89,081 (7,209  —    116  (96,174

Cash flow hedges

   (2,133  (2,991  5,227    (618  (515   (10,173 16,238  (10,717 (1,423 (6,075

Hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation

   (25,477 (9,360  —    2,265  (32,572
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  295,142   238,744   (190,035 (7,539 336,312    430,244  77,498  (107,508 5,095  405,329 
  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

   2014 
   Beginning  Changes
except for
reclassification
  Reclassification
to profit or loss
  Tax effect  Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

  (12,523 (129,677 —     31,386   (110,814

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

   (29,433  17,280    —      —      (12,153

Change in value of available-for-sale financial assets

   430,976    403,828    (74,431  (79,473  680,900  

Change in value of held-to-maturity financial assets

   4,904    (1,276  (3  198    3,823  

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates

   (57,097  (32,448  248    (6  (89,303

Cash flow hedges

   (515  (7,452  (5,426  2,619    (10,774
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  336,312   250,255   (79,612 (45,276 461,679  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  2017 
  Beginning  Changes
except for
reclassification
  Reclassification
to profit or loss
  Tax
effect
  Replaced by
retained
earnings
  Replaced by
assets held
for sale
  Replaced by
disposal
group
held for sale
  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities

 (121,055 29,925  —    (7,240 —    —    1,985  (96,385

Exchange differences on translating foreign operations

  53,138   (135,401  —     25,674   —     —     —     (56,589

Change in the fair value ofavailable-for-sale financial assets

  601,620   200,700   (22,357  (84,781  —     —     (861  694,321 

Change in value ofheld-to-maturity financial assets

  6,447   (2,868  132   (3,789  —     —     —     (78

Shares of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures

  (96,174  2,288   10,135   20,975   (3,492  67,337   —     1,069 

Cash flow hedges

  (6,075  (100,816  126,239   (4,368  —     —     —     14,980 

Hedges of net investments in foreign operations

  (32,572  34,800   —     (8,186  —     —     —     (5,958

Other comprehensive income of separate account

  —     (97,001  78,480   4,829   —     —     —     (13,692

Other comprehensive income of disposal group held for sale

  —     —     (861  —     1,985   —     (1,124  —   

Other comprehensive income of assets held for sale

  —     —     88,835   (21,498  —     (67,337  —     —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
 405,329  (68,373 280,603  (78,384 (1,507 —    —    537,668 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

36. Earnings per shareShare

36.1 Basic earnings per shareEarnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit and loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Parent Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, excluding the treasury shares, during the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014.2017.

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding:

 

  2012 
  Number of
shares (a)
   Days
outstanding (b)
   Total outstanding
shares [(a) x (b)]
   2015   2016 2017 
  (In number of shares)   (In number of shares) 

Beginning (A)

   386,351,693     366     141,404,719,638     386,351,693    386,351,693  418,111,537 

Issue of ordinary shares related to business combination (B)

   —      6,421,389   —   

Acquisition of treasury shares (C)

   —      (9,153,437 (21,618,520

Sales of treasury shares (D)

   —      —    2,231,945 
      

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

 

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
[(B) =(A)/366]

       386,351,693  

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (E=A+B+C+D)

   386,351,693    383,619,645  398,724,962 
  

 

   

 

  

 

 

   2013 
   Number of
shares (a)
   Days
outstanding (b)
   Total outstanding
shares [(a) x (b)]
 
   (In number of shares) 

Beginning (A)

   386,351,693     365     141,018,367,945  
      

 

 

 

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
[(B) =(A)/365]

       386,351,693  

   2014 
   Number of
shares (a)
   Days
outstanding (b)
   Total outstanding
shares [(a) x (b)]
 
   (In number of shares) 

Beginning (A)

   386,351,693     365     141,018,367,945  
      

 

 

 

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
[(B) =(A)/365]

       386,351,693  

Basic earnings per share:

 

2012
(in Korean won and in number of shares)
   2015   2016   2017 
   (in Korean won and in number of shares) 

Profit attributable to ordinary shares (F)

  1,698,317,850,139   2,143,744,271,801   3,311,437,880,186 

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (G)

   386,351,693    383,619,645    398,724,962 

Basic earnings per share (H = F / G)

  4,396   5,588   8,305 

Profit attributable to ordinary shares (C)

1,769,566,917,759

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (D)

386,351,693

Basic earnings per share [(E)=(C)/(D)]

4,580

2013
(in Korean won and in number of shares)

Profit attributable to ordinary shares (C)

1,271,502,597,550

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (D)

386,351,693

Basic earnings per share [(E)=(C)/(D)]

3,291

2014
(in Korean won and in number of shares)

Profit attributable to ordinary shares (C)

1,400,722,065,239

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (D)

386,351,693

Basic earnings per share [(E)=(C)/(D)]

3,626

36.2 Diluted earningsEarnings per shareShare

Diluted earnings per share is calculated using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding which is adjusted by the weighted average number of additional ordinary shares that would have been outstanding assuming the conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares. The Group’s dilutive potential ordinary shares include sharestock grants.

A calculation is done to determine the number of shares that could have been acquired at fair value (determined as the average market share price of the Group’s outstanding shares for the period) based on the monetary value of the subscription rights attached to the share options. The number of shares calculated above is compared with the number of shares that would have been issued assuming the exercise of sharestock grants.

Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per share:share for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

   2015   2016   2017 
   (In Korean won) 

Profit attributable to ordinary shares

  1,698,317,850,139   2,143,744,271,801   3,311,437,880,186 

Adjustment

   —      —      —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted profit for diluted earnings

  1,698,317,850,139   2,143,744,271,801   3,311,437,880,186 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding to calculate diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

   2015   2016   2017 
   (in number of shares) 

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding

   386,351,693    383,619,645    398,724,962 

Adjustment:

      

Stock grants

   1,741,558    2,013,044    2,319,533 

Adjusted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share

   388,093,251    385,632,689    401,044,495 

Diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

   2015   2016   2017 
   (in Korean won and in number of shares) 

Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per share

  1,698,317,850,139   2,143,744,271,801   3,311,437,880,186 

Adjusted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share

   388,093,251    385,632,689    401,044,495 

Diluted earnings per share

  4,376   5,559 �� 8,257 

37. Insurance Contracts

37.1 Insurance Assets

Details of deferred acquisition costs included in other assets as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

   2016   2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Non-life insurance

  —     267,602 

Life insurance

   122,151    130,393 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  122,151   397,995 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Changes in the deferred acquisition costs for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

   2016 
   Beginning   Increase   Decrease  Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Life insurance

  106,645   116,433   (100,927 122,151 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  106,645   116,433   (100,927 122,151 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

   2017 
   Beginning   Increase   Decrease  Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Non-life insurance

  —     521,090   (253,488 267,602 

Life insurance

   122,151    116,826    (108,584  130,393 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  122,151   637,916   (362,072 397,995 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Details of reinsurance assets included in other assets as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

      2016   2017 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Non-life insurance

  Reserve for outstanding claims    
  

General insurance

  —     480,760 
  

Automobile insurance

   —      13,320 
  

Long-term insurance

   —      89,317 
  Unearned premium reserve    
  

General insurance

   —      178,586 
  

Automobile insurance

   —      14,986 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   —      776,969 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Life insurance

  Reserve for outstanding claims   1,301    1,410 
  Unearned premium reserve   473    490 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   1,774    1,900 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Others

  Reserve for outstanding claims   3,041    3,670 
  Unearned premium reserve   1,180    1,075 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   4,221    4,745 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total reinsurance assets

   5,995    783,614 

Allowance for impairment

   —      629 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total reinsurance assets, net

  5,995   782,985 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

The changes in reinsurance assets included in other assets as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

      2016 
      Beginning   Net increase
(decrease)
  Ending 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Life insurance

  Reserve for outstanding claims  1,511   (210 1,301 
  Unearned premium reserve   492    (19  473 
    

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   2,003    (229  1,774 
    

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Others

  Reserve for outstanding claims   2,114    927   3,041 
  Unearned premium reserve   1,727    (547  1,180 
    

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   3,841    380   4,221 
    

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total reinsurance assets

   5,844    151   5,995 

Allowance for impairment

   —      —     —   
    

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total reinsurance assets, net

  5,844   151  5,995 
    

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

      2017 
      Beginning   Business
combination
   Net increase
(decrease)
  Ending 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Non-life insurance

  Reserve for outstanding claims       
  

General insurance

  —     391,305   89,455  480,760 
  

Automobile insurance

   —      15,943    (2,623  13,320 
  

Long-term insurance

   —      87,887    1,430   89,317 
  Unearned premium reserve       
  

General insurance

   —      218,479    (39,893  178,586 
  

Automobile insurance

   —      17,373    (2,387  14,986 
  

Long-term insurance

   —      2    (2  —   
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   —      730,989    45,980   776,969 
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Life insurance

  Reserve for outstanding claims   1,301    —      109   1,410 
  Unearned premium reserve   473    —      17   490 
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   1,774    —      126   1,900 
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Others

  Reserve for outstanding claims   3,041    —      629   3,670 
  Unearned premium reserve   1,180    —      (105  1,075 
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   4,221    —      524   4,745 
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total reinsurance assets

   5,995    730,989    46,630   783,614 

Allowance for impairment

   —      738    (109  629 
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total reinsurance assets, net

  5,995   730,251   46,739  782,985 
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

37.2 Insurance Liabilities

Details of insurance liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 are as follows:

   2016 
   Life insurance   Others   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Long-term insurance premium reserve

  7,161,698   —     7,161,698 

Reserve for outstanding claims

   69,659    3,041    72,700 

Unearned premium reserve

   869    1,180    2,049 

Reserve for participating policyholders’ dividends on long-term insurance

   25,923    —      25,923 

Unallocated Divisible Surplus to Future Policyholders

   9,273    —      9,273 

Reserve for compensation for losses on dividend-paying insurance contracts

   8,544    —      8,544 

Guarantee reserve

   10,657    —      10,657 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  7,286,623   4,221   7,290,844 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2017 
   Non-life
insurance
   Life insurance   Others   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Long-term insurance premium reserve

  20,697,290   7,278,112   —     27,975,402 

Reserve for outstanding claims

   2,148,923    78,423    3,670    2,231,016 

Unearned premium reserve

   1,392,211    1,511    1,075    1,394,797 

Reserve for participating policyholders’ dividends on long-term insurance

   94,005    29,150    —      123,155 

Unallocated Divisible Surplus to Future Policyholders

   24,304    6,264    —      30,568 

Reserve for compensation for losses on dividend-paying insurance contracts

   25,730    7,920    —      33,650 

Guarantee reserve

   —      12,687    —      12,687 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  24,382,463   7,414,067   4,745   31,801,275 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

The changes in insurance liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

      2016 
      Beginning   Net increase
(decrease)2
  Ending 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Life insurance

  Pure endowment insurance  4,840,555   310,391  5,150,946 
  Death insurance   156,179    86,829   243,008 
  Joint insurance   1,906,777    (34,071  1,872,706 
  Group insurance   1,895    252   2,147 
  Other   15,452    2,364   17,816 

Others1

   3,841    380   4,221 
    

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  6,924,699   366,145  7,290,844 
    

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

      2017 
      Beginning   Business
combination
   Net increase
(decrease)2
  Ending 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Non-life insurance

  General insurance  —     1,161,059   33,201  1,194,260 
  Automobile insurance   —      1,448,313    29,256   1,477,569 
  Long-term insurance   —      20,166,857    1,431,268   21,598,125 
  

Long-term investment contract

   —      113,210    (701  112,509 

Life insurance

  

Pure endowment insurance

   5,150,946    —      98,681   5,249,627 
  Death insurance   243,008    —      123,295   366,303 
  Joint insurance   1,872,706    —      (89,821  1,782,885 
  Group insurance   2,147    —      (1,078  1,069 
  Other   17,816    —      (3,633  14,183 

Others1

   4,221    —      524   4,745 
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  7,290,844   22,889,439   1,620,992  31,801,275 
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

1Consists of contractor’s profit dividend reserve and loss on dividend insurance reserve
2Including currency translation effect and decrease in liability related to investment contract

37.3 Liability adequacy test

37.3.1Non-life insurance

(a) Assumptions and basis for the insurance liability adequacy test as of December 31, 2017, is as follows

 

   Assumptions
(%)

Basis

Long-term insurance

Discount rate

2.57~8.59Applied regulator’s scenario requiring use of liquidity premium over risk-free rate

Expense ratio

6.51Reflected parent’s future expense cost based on last2012one-year data

Lapse ratio

1.30~34.80Based on recent 5 year data

Mortality

12.00~633.00Rate of risk to the anticipated risk premium of the insurer for the last 5 years

General insurance

Expense ratio

13.21Expense ratio divided by most last 1 year accrued insurance premium

Appraisal cost ratio

4.73Appraisal cost divided by most last 3 year accrued insurance premium

Claim settlement ratio

67.23Claim payment divided by most last 5 year accrued insurance premium

Automobile insurance

Expense ratio

11.00Expense ratio divided by most last 1 year accrued insurance premium

Appraisal cost ratio

9.33Appraisal cost divided by most last 3 year accrued insurance premium

Claim settlement ratio

77.02Claim payment divided by most last 5 year accrued insurance premium

The results of liability adequacy test as of December 31, 2017, are as follows:

   2017 
   Recognized
liabilities1
   Estimated adequate
liabilities
   Shortfall(surplus) 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Long-term insurance

  16,975,710   8,736,966   (8,238,744

General insurance

   424,800    376,305    (48,495

Automobile insurance

   1,050,576    1,004,551    (46,025
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  18,451,086   10,117,822   (8,333,264
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

1For long-term insurance, it is an amount after deduction of the deferred acquisition costs from insurance premium reserve. For general insurance and automobile insurance, it is an amount including the unearned premium based on original insurance.

On the other hand, as a result of adequacy test, the Group did not set additional reserve as the surplus exceeds the deficit amount. As such, there was no amount recorded as a result of liability adequacy test.

37.3.2 Life insurance

Assumptions and basis for the insurance liability adequacy test as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

   Assumptions(%)  

Basis

   2016  2017   

Rate of surrender value

  0.48~85.55  0.44~60.30  Rate of surrender value for the last 5 years

Rate of claim

  6~140  6~118  Rate of claim payment for the last 7 years

Discount rate

  -2.74~16.14  -1.76~14.37  Estimated investment assets profit ratio based on the interest rate scenario provided by the Financial Supervisory Service

Indirect costs included in commission and operating expenses were calculated based on unit cost of the expense allocation standards of the last year in accordance with the Regulation on Insurance Supervision. Direct costs included in commission and operating expenses were calculated based on estimates of future expense according to the Group’s regulations.

The results of liability adequacy test as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

   2016 
   Recognized liabilities  Estimated adequate
liabilities
  Shortfall(surplus) 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Fixed interest type

  Participating  31,248  51,016  19,768 
  Non-participating   60,860   14,121   (46,739
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Variable interest type

  Participating   1,136,049   1,115,129   (20,920
  Non-participating   5,514,847   5,032,493   (482,354
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Variable type

   (29,025  (84,881  (55,856
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  6,713,979  6,127,878  (586,101
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

      2017 
    Recognized liabilities  Estimated adequate
liabilities
  Shortfall(surplus) 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Fixed interest type

  Participating  30,702  49,259  18,557 
  Non-participating   97,093   11,372   (85,721
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Variable interest type

  Participating   1,136,444   1,116,410   (20,034
  Non-participating   5,581,698   4,896,433   (685,265
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Variable type

   (28,699  (106,835  (78,136
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  6,817,238  5,966,639  (850,599
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

On the other hand, as a result of adequacy test, the group did not set additional reserve as the surplus exceeds the deficit amount. As such, there was no amount recorded as a result of liability adequacy test.

37.4 Insurance Income and Expenses

   2015  2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Insurance income

  Premium income  1,363,005  1,190,422  8,234,731 
  Reinsurance income   10,368   10,930   564,894 
  Separate account income   —     —     118,080 
  

Income of change in reinsurance assets

   —     —     49,466 
  Other insurance income   —     —     3,821 
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   1,373,373   1,201,352   8,970,992 
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Insurance expenses

  Insurance claims paid   100,581   158,789   2,945,158 
  Dividend expenses   607   910   6,233 
  Refunds of surrender value   634,168   690,207   2,193,843 
  Reinsurance expenses   12,757   12,286   652,910 
  Provision of policy reserves   659,501   366,145   1,644,389 
  Separate account expenses   (377  (207  65,773 
  Insurance operating expenses   (3,348  (9,903  293,591 
  Deferred acquisition costs   75,098   100,928   361,909 
  

Expenses of change in reinsurance assets

   —     —     (126
  Claim survey expenses paid   —     —     20,564 
  Other insurance expenses   —     —     193,038 
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
  

Sub-total

   1,478,987   1,319,155   8,377,282 
 ��  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net insurance income(expenses)

  (105,614 (117,803 593,710 
    

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

37.5 Risk management ofnon-life insurance

37.5.1 Overview

Insurance risk is the risk that arises from a primary operation of insurance companies that is associated with acceptance of insurance contract and payment of claims, and is classified as the insurance price risk and the reserves risk. The insurance price risk is the risk of loss that might occur when the actual risk exceeds the expected risk rate or expected insurance operating expenses ratios in calculation of premiums. It is the risk of loss that arises from differences between actual payment of claims and premiums received from policyholders. The reserves risk is the risk that arises due to a deficit in reserves at the date of assessment, making the Group unable to cover the actual claims payment in the future.

37.5.2 Purposes, policies and procedures to manage risk arising from insurance contracts

The risks associated with insurance contract that the Group faces are the insurance actuarial risk and the acceptance risk. Each risk occurs due to insurance contract’s pricing and conditions of acceptance. In order to minimize acceptance risk, the Group establishes guidelines and procedure for acceptance and out lines specific conditions for acceptance by product. In addition, expected risk level at the date of pricing is compared with actual risk of contracts after acceptance and the interest rate is adjusted accordingly, conditions of sale is changed, sale of goods is interrupted and other measures are taken in order to reduce insurance actuarial risk. The Group has a committee to discuss status of product acceptance risk and interest rate policy. The committee decides important matters to set the processes that allow minimizing the insurance actuarial risk, the acceptance risk and other business related risk.

In addition, according to reinsurance operating standards, the Group establishes an operating strategy of reinsurance for large claims expense due to unexpected catastrophic events. The Group supports so that policyholders are safe and the Group’s stable profit can be achieved. For the long-term goal, the Group manages risk at a comprehensive level to keep its value at the maximum.

The Group’s entire risk is calculated by using RBC method. The Group sets the risk appetite limits in order that the calculated risk level is maintained at an appropriate level compared to available capital. Portfolio of assets and products are monitored to improve profit compared to risk.

37.5.3 Exposure to insurance price risk

According to RBC standard, exposure to insurance price risk is defined as net written premiums for prior 1 year that is calculated by adding and subtracting original insurance premium, assumed reinsurance premium and ceded reinsurance premium.

The Group’s exposure to insurance price risk as of December 31, 2017 as follows:

   2017 
   Direct
insurance
   Inward
reinsurance
   Outward
reinsurance
  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

General

  906,603   84,056   (518,099 472,560 

Automobile

   2,000,232    —      (34,579  1,965,653 

Long-term

   2,020,782    —      (276,325  1,744,457 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  4,927,617   84,056   (829,003 4,182,670 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

37.5.4 Concentration of Insurance risk

The Group is selling generalnon-life insurances (fire, maritime, injury, technology, liability, package, title, guarantee and special type insurances), automobile insurances (for private use, for hire, for business, bicycle and other), long-term insurances (long-termnon-life, property damage, injury, driver, savings, illness, nursing and pension) and various other insurances. The Group’s risk is distributed through reinsurance, joint acceptance and diversified selling. In addition, insurances that cover serious damage of risk, although with rare possibility of the occurrence of disaster, such as storm and flood insurance are limited, and the Group controls the risk through joint acquisition.

Loss development tables

The Group uses claim development of payments and the estimated ultimate claims for the accident years in order to maintain overall reserve adequacy in respect of general, automobile and long-term insurance. When the

estimated ultimate claims are greater than claim payments, the Group establishes additional reserves. Loss development tables as of December 31, 2017, are as follows:

General Insurance

   Payment year 
Accident year  After 1 year   After 2 years   After 3 years   After 4 years   After 5 years 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)

          

2013.1.1~2013.12.31

  170,587   203,250   208,100   207,329   206,450 

2014.1.1~2014.12.31

   127,903    144,915    146,430    146,533    —   

2015.1.1~2015.12.31

   125,170    145,637    148,165    —      —   

2016.1.1~2016.12.31

   145,618    168,127    —      —      —   

2017.1.1~2017.12.31

   168,409    —      —      —      —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   737,687    661,929    502,695    353,862    206,450 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gross cumulative claim payments (B)

          

2013.1.1~2013.12.31

   133,479    184,209    198,286    200,931    202,093 

2014.1.1~2014.12.31

   94,901    129,652    136,689    141,170    —   

2015.1.1~2015.12.31

   93,443    130,430    137,854    —      —   

2016.1.1~2016.12.31

   108,098    151,583    —      —      —   

2017.1.1~2017.12.31

   132,430    —      —      —      —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   562,351    595,874    472,829    342,101    202,093 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Difference(A-B)

  175,336   66,055   29,866   11,761   4,357 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Automobile Insurance

(In millions of Korean won) Payment year 
Accident year After
1 year
  After
2 years
  After
3 years
  After
4 years
  After
5 years
  After
6 years
  After
7 years
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)

       

2011.1.1~2011.12.31

 1,088,801  1,105,501  1,115,281  1,119,872  1,122,637  1,124,045  1,125,203 

2012.1.1~2012.12.31

  1,117,650   1,146,779   1,155,529   1,162,075   1,164,774   1,166,470   —   

2013.1.1~2013.12.31

  1,131,945   1,156,535   1,170,968   1,179,458   1,179,323   —     —   

2014.1.1~2014.12.31

  1,174,611   1,193,832   1,205,524   1,212,025   —     —     —   

2015.1.1~2015.12.31

  1,227,106   1,245,780   1,256,058   —     —     —     —   

2016.1.1~2016.12.31

  1,276,939   1,281,381   —     —     —     —     —   

2017.1.1~2017.12.31

  1,342,998   —     —     —     —     —     —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  8,360,050   7,129,808   5,903,360   4,673,430   3,466,734   2,290,515   1,125,203 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gross cumulative claim payments(B)

       

2011.1.1~2011.12.31

  929,491   1,066,885   1,093,589   1,109,202   1,117,381   1,119,765   1,120,687 

2012.1.1~2012.12.31

  939,239   1,105,672   1,135,064   1,149,585   1,156,150   1,159,614   —   

2013.1.1~2013.12.31

  939,569   1,114,063   1,145,110   1,161,624   1,168,617   —     —   

2014.1.1~2014.12.31

  969,211   1,150,462   1,180,953   1,196,387   —     —     —   

2015.1.1~2015.12.31

  1,020,975   1,198,241   1,228,357   —     —     —     —   

2016.1.1~2016.12.31

  1,052,830   1,235,656   —     —     —     —     —   

2017.1.1~2017.12.31

  1,104,158   —     —     —     —     —     —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  6,955,473   6,870,979   5,783,073   4,616,798   3,442,148   2,279,379   1,120,687 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Difference(A-B)

 1,404,577  258,829  120,287  56,632  24,586  11,136  4,516 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Long-term Insurance

  Payment year 
Accident year After 1 year  After 2 years  After 3 years  After 4 years  After 5 years 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Estimate of ultimate claims (A)

     

2013.1.1~2013.12.31

 709,602  965,587  997,607  1,003,646  1,006,025 

2014.1.1~2014.12.31

  789,087   1,083,048   1,114,821   1,119,206   —   

2015.1.1~2015.12.31

  885,476   1,219,393   1,256,051   —     —   

2016.1.1~2016.12.31

  1,064,744   1,437,573   —     —     —   

2017.1.1~2017.12.31

  1,184,224   —     —     —     —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  4,633,133   4,705,601   3,368,479   2,122,852   1,006,025 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gross cumulative claim payments (B)

     

2013.1.1~2013.12.31

  671,500   953,494   989,957   999,944   1,003,715 

2014.1.1~2014.12.31

  744,944   1,065,792   1,104,468   1,114,341   —   

2015.1.1~2015.12.31

  836,471   1,205,130   1,248,475   —     —   

2016.1.1~2016.12.31

  1,017,243   1,424,948   —     —     —   

2017.1.1~2017.12.31

  1,130,868   —     —     —     —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  4,401,026   4,649,364   3,342,900   2,114,285   1,003,715 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Difference(A-B)

 232,107  56,237  25,579  8,567  2,310 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

37.5.5 Sensitivity analysis of insurance risk

The Group manages insurance risk by performing sensitivity analysis based on discount rate, loss ratio and insurance operating expenses ratio which are considered to have significant influence on future cash flow, timing and uncertainty. According to result of sensitivity analysis there is no material influence on the equity and net profit before tax.

   Assumption
change
  2017 Effect on LAT 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Surrenders and termination rates

   10 373,772 
   -10  (334,351

Loss ratio

   10  3,146,419 
   -10  (3,146,419

Insurance operating expenses ratio

   10  276,741 
   -10  (276,741

Discount rate

   +0.5  (1,087,451
   -0.5  1,367,045 

37.5.6 Liquidity risk of insurance contracts

Liquidity risk arising from insurance contracts is the increase in refunds at maturity caused by concentrations of maturity, the increase in surrender values caused by unexpected amounts in cancellation and the increase in payments of claims caused by catastrophic events. The Group manages payment of refunds payable at maturity by analyzing maturity of insurance.

Premium reserve’s maturity structure as of December 31, 2017 as follows:

   20171 
   Within
1 year
   1~5
years
   5~10
years
   10~20
years
   More 20
years
   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Long-term insurancenon-participating

            

Non-linked

  26,239   297,196   117,610   40,229   94,477   575,751 

Linked

   458,340    2,723,485    2,135,336    926,591    10,269,931    16,513,683 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   484,579    3,020,681    2,252,946    966,820    10,364,408    17,089,434 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Annuity

            

Non-linked

   19    92    2,117    3,956    1,401    7,585 

Linked

   153    46,987    307,455    1,089,983    2,141,589    3,586,167 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   172    47,079    309,572    1,093,939    2,142,990    3,593,752 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Asset-linked

            

Linked

   —      27,499    —      —      —      27,499 

Total

            

Non-linked

   26,258    297,288    119,727    44,185    95,878    583,336 

Linked

   458,493    2,797,971    2,442,791    2,016,574    12,411,520    20,127,349 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  484,751   3,095,259   2,562,518   2,060,759   12,507,398   20,710,685 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

1Includes long-term investment contract amounting to ₩112,510 million.

37.5.7 Credit risk of insurance contract

Credit risk of insurance contract is the economic loss arising fromnon-performing contractual obligations due to decline in credit ratings or default. Through strict internal review, the Group cedes insurance contracts to the insurers rated aboveBBB- of S&P rating.

As of December 31, 2017, there are 219 reinsurance companies that deal with the Group, and the top three reinsurance companies’ concentration and credit ratings are as follows:

Reinsurance company

RatioCredit rating

KOREAN RE

65.45AA

SWISSRE

4.61AAA

HDIgerling

3.69AA+

Exposures to credit risk related to reinsurance as of December 31, 2017 as follows:

2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Profit attributable to ordinary sharesReinsurance assets1

  1,769,566,917,759776,340 

AdjustmentNet receivables from reinsurers2

   —  237,750 
  

 

 

 

Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per shareTotal

  1,769,566,917,7591,014,090 
  

 

 

 

 

1Net carrying amounts after impairment loss
2Net carrying amounts of each reinsurance company that offsets reinsurance accounts receivable and reinsurance accounts payable and after allowance for loan losses

37.5.8 Interest risk of insurance contract

The interest rate risk exposure from the Group’s insurance contracts is the risk of unexpected losses in net interest income or net assets arising from changes in interest rates and it is managed to minimize the loss experienced. For long-term,non-life insurance contracts, the Group calculates exposure of interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Liabilities exposure is premium reserves after subtracting costs of termination deductions. Asset exposure is interest-bearing assets. Assets that receive only fees without interest are excluded from interest bearing assets. Exposures to interest rate risk as of December 31, 2017 are as follows:

i) Exposure to interest rate risk

   20132017 
  (In millions of Korean won)won) 

Profit attributable to ordinary sharesLiabilities

Fixed interest rate

  1,271,502,597,550582,345 

AdjustmentVariable interest rate

   —  18,548,946 
  

 

 

 

Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per share

1,271,502,597,550

2014
(In Korean won)

Profit attributable to ordinary shares

1,400,722,065,239

AdjustmentTotal

   —  19,131,291 
  

 

 

 

AdjustedAssets

Due from banks

167,312

Financial assets at fair value through profit for diluted earnings per shareor loss

325,844

Available-for-sale financial assets

6,066,290

Held-to-maturity financial assets

6,501,529

Loans

6,338,470

Total

  1,400,722,065,23919,399,445 
  

 

 

 

Adjusted weighted average numberii) Measurement and recognition method

Duration is used to measure interest rate risk within risk based solvency test. ALM system for risk based solvency test is utilized to manage interest rate risk internally. In addition, Risk Management Committee sets ALM strategy every year to manage interest rate risk.

iii) Sensitivity to changes in interest rates

Generally, when interest rates rise, the value and duration of ordinary shares outstanding to calculate diluted earnings per share:assets and liabilities fall, when interest rates fall, value and duration of assets and liabilities increase. When duration of assets is shorter than duration of liabilities, the interest risk is increased if the interest rates fall since increased asset value is smaller than liabilities increase.

    2012   2013   2014 
   (in number of shares) 

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding

   386,351,693     386,351,693     386,351,693  

Adjustment

      

Share grants

   1,193,606     1,639,306     1,589,706  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share

   387,545,299     387,990,999     387,941,399  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Diluted earnings per share:iv) Negative spread risk control

2012
(in Korean won and in number of shares)

Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per share

1,769,566,917,759

Adjusted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share

387,545,299

Diluted earnings per share

4,567

2013
(in Korean won and in number of shares)

Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per share

1,271,502,597,550

Adjusted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share

387,990,999

Diluted earnings per share

3,277

2014
(in Korean won and in number of shares)

Adjusted profit for diluted earnings per share

1,400,722,065,239

Adjusted weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share

387,941,399

Diluted earnings per share

3,611

37. Insurance Contracts

37.1 Insurance liabilities

The details of insurance liabilities presented withinTo control interest expenses from other liabilities as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

    2013   2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Individual insurance

    

Pure Endowment insurance

  3,861,364    4,334,823  

Death insurance

   85,123     112,858  

Joint insurance

   1,634,590     1,800,468  
Group insurance   1,339     1,417  
Other   16,627     15,632  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  5,599,043    6,265,198  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

The changes in insurance liabilities forinvestment incomes from assets, the years ended December 31, 2013Group publicizes its interest rate considering market interest rate and 2014, are as follows:

   2013 
   Individual insurance   Group
insurance
   Others(1)  Total 
   Pure Endowment
insurance
   Death
insurance
   Joint
insurance
      
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  3,281,701    63,821    1,470,755    1,285    19,604   4,837,166  

Provision (Reversal)

   579,663     21,302     163,835     54     (2,977  761,877  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ending

  3,861,364    85,123    1,634,590    1,339    16,627   5,599,043  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

   2014 
   Individual insurance   Group
insurance
   Others(1)  Total 
   Pure Endowment
insurance
   Death
insurance
   Joint
insurance
      
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  3,861,364    85,123    1,634,590    1,339    16,627   5,599,043  

Provision (Reversal)

   473,459     27,735     165,878     78     (995  666,155  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ending

  4,334,823    112,858    1,800,468    1,417    15,632   6,265,198  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

(1)

Consists of policyholders’ profit dividend reserve, reserve for compensation for losses on dividend-paying insurance contracts and others.

37.2 Insurance assets

The details ofreturn on invested insurance assets presented within other assets as of December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:the Group.

           2013                   2014         
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Reinsurance assets

  5,245    4,482  

Deferred acquisition costs

   151,909     123,011  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  157,154    127,493  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
37.6 Risk management of life insurance

The changes in reinsurance assets for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

           2013                   2014         
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  3,751    5,245  

Increase (decrease)

   1,494     (763
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending

  5,245    4,482  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

The changes in deferred acquisition costs for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

           2013                  2014         
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Beginning

  151,925   151,909  

Increase

   102,702    52,386  

Amortization

   (102,718  (81,284
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Ending

  151,909   123,011  
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

37.3 Insurance premiums and reinsurance

The details of insurance premiums for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

   2012 
   Pure endowment
insurance
  Death
insurance
  Joint
insurance
  Group
insurance
  Others  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Insurance premiums earned

  1,307,974   19,547   352,482   3,967   39,081   1,723,051  

Reinsurance premiums paid

   (196  (2,637  (133  (892  (8,354  (12,212
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net premiums earned

  1,307,778   16,910   352,349   3,075   30,727   1,710,839  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

   2013 
   Pure endowment
insurance
  Death
insurance
  Joint
insurance
  Group
insurance
  Others  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Insurance premiums earned

  795,031   41,389   336,540   5,019   42,474   1,220,453  

Reinsurance premiums paid

   (480  (3,854  (278  (2,177  (7,302  (14,091
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net premiums earned

  794,551   37,535   336,262   2,842   35,172   1,206,362  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

   2014 
   Pure endowment
insurance
  Death
insurance
  Joint
insurance
  Group
insurance
  Others  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Insurance premiums earned

  756,697   55,035   350,076   5,271   37,481   1,204,560  

Reinsurance premiums paid

   (502  (2,674  (306  (2,366  (7,072  (12,920
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net premiums earned

  756,195   52,361   349,770   2,905   30,409   1,191,640  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

The details of reinsurance transactions for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

   2012 
   Reinsurance expense   Reinsurance revenue 
   Reinsurance premium paid   Reinsurance claims   Reinsurance commission   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Individual

  2,966    1,150    1,000    2,150  

Group

   892     1,138     —       1,138  

Others

   8,354     4,127     —       4,127  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  12,212    6,415    1,000    7,415  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2013 
   Reinsurance expense   Reinsurance revenue 
   Reinsurance premium paid   Reinsurance claims   Reinsurance commission   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Individual

  4,612    3,850    466    4,316  

Group

   2,177     2,124     220     2,344  

Others

   7,302     6,660     —       6,660  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  14,091    12,634    686    13,320  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Reinsurance expense   Reinsurance revenue 
   Reinsurance premium paid   Reinsurance claims   Reinsurance commission   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Individual

  3,482    2,461    555    3,016  

Group

   2,366     2,652     47     2,699  

Others

   7,072     4,756     —       4,756  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  12,920    9,869    602    10,471  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Insurance expenses for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

   2012 
   Pure endowment
insurance
  Death
insurance
  Joint
insurance
  Group
insurance
  Others  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Insurance expense

  2,659   1,637   6,232   2,775   2,423   15,726  

Dividend expense

   154    12    —      —      —      166  

Refund expense

   202,965    4,043    183,061    215    —      390,284  

Provision

   1,122,167    9,813    169,616    1,019    3,115    1,305,730  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   1,327,945    15,505    358,909    4,009    5,538    1,711,906  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Reinsurance claims

   (184  (898  (68  (1,138  (4,127  (6,415
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net insurance expense

  1,327,761   14,607   358,841   2,871   1,411   1,705,491  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

   2013 
   Pure endowment
insurance
  Death
insurance
  Joint
insurance
  Group
insurance
  Others  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Insurance expense

  6,557   2,287   1,085   4,922   5,645   20,496  

Dividend expense

   295    13    —      —      —      308  

Refund expense

   259,710    5,257    185,286    351    —      450,604  

Provision

   579,663    21,302    163,835    54    (2,977  761,877  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   846,225    28,859    350,206    5,327    2,668    1,233,285  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Reinsurance claims

   (204  (3,592  (54  (2,124  (6,660  (12,634
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net insurance expense

  846,021   25,267   350,152   3,203   (3,992 1,220,651  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

   2014 
   Pure endowment
insurance
  Death
insurance
  Joint
insurance
  Group
insurance
  Others  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Insurance expense

  6,078   3,006   10,837   5,006   4,757   29,684  

Dividend expense

   417    21    —      —      —      438  

Refund expense

   346,740    7,588    201,029    238    —      555,595  

Provision(Reversal)

   473,459    27,735    165,878    78    (995  666,155  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

   826,694    38,350    377,744    5,322    3,762    1,251,872  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Reinsurance claims

   (202  (2,205  (55  (2,651  (4,756  (9,869
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net insurance expense

  826,492   36,145   377,689   2,671   (994 1,242,003  
  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

37.4 Insurance risk

Summary of insurance risk37.6.1 Overview

Insurance risk is the risk of loss arising from the actual risk at the time of claims exceeding the estimated risk at the time of underwriting. Insurance risk is classified by insurance price risk and policy reserve risk.

Insurance price risk is the risk of loss arising from differences between premiums from policyholders and actual

claims paid.

Policy reserve risk is the risk of loss arising from differences between policy reserves the Group holds and actual claims to be paid. The Group measures only insurance price risk under RBC requirement because life insurance claim payout is mainly in a fixed amount with less volatility in policy reserve and shorter waiting period before payment

37.6.2 Concentration of insurance risk and reinsurance policy

The Group uses reinsurance with the intent to expand the abilitymitigate concentration of underwriting insurance contracts through mitigating the exposure to insurance risk and generates synergy by joint development of products, management discipline and collecting information on foreign markets.

seeking an enhanced capital management. The Group cedescategorized reinsurance for mortality, illnessinto group and other risks arising from insuranceindividual contracts, where the Group has little experience for a necessary period of time required to accumulate experience.

The Group’s Reinsuranceand reinsurance is ceded through the following process:

i. In the decision-making process of launching a new product, the Group makes a decision on ceding reinsurance. Subsequently, a reinsurer is selected through bidding, agreements with the relevant departments and final approval by the executive management.

i.In the decision-making process of launching a new product, the Group makes a decision on ceding reinsurance. Subsequently, a reinsurer is selected through bidding, agreements with the relevant departments and final approval by the executive management.

ii.The reinsurance department analyzes the object of reinsurance, the maximum limit of reinsurance and the loss ratio with the relevant departments.

ii. The reinsurance department analyzes the object of reinsurance, the maximum limit of reinsurance and the loss ratio with the relevant departments.

37.6.3 The characteristic and exposure of insurance price risk

The Group measures the exposure of insurance price risk as the shortfall of the risk premiums received compared to the claims paid on all insurance contracts for the last one year preceding the reporting date. The insurance risk of a life insurance company is measured by insurance price risk. As the life insurance coverage is in the form of a fixed payment, the fluctuation of policy reserve is small and the period from insured event to claims payment is not long. The policy reserve risk is managed by assessments of adequacy of the policy reserve.

The Group measures the exposure of insurance price risk as the shortfall of theis managed through insurance risk premiums received compared to the claims paid on all insurance contracts for the last one year preceding the reporting date.management regulation established by Risk Management Committee.

The maximum exposure of premiumexposures to insurance price risk as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Before
reinsurance
mitigation
   After
reinsurance
mitigation
   Before reinsurance
mitigation
   After reinsurance
mitigation
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Mortality

  10,969    5,430  

Death

  13,662   9,272 

Disability

   660     370     1,341    947 

Hospitalization

   861     600     1,022    777 

Operation and diagnosis

   1,731     1,164     2,341    1,856 

Actual losses for medical expense

   243     132     468    299 

Others

   89     21     581    544 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  14,553    7,717    19,415   13,695 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Before
reinsurance
mitigation
   After
reinsurance
mitigation
   Before reinsurance
mitigation
   After reinsurance
mitigation
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Mortality

  10,736    6,321  

Death

  14,356   10,279 

Disability

   950     545     1,331    899 

Hospitalization

   767     490     1,233    747 

Operation and diagnosis

   1,516     998     3,326    1,977 

Actual losses for medical expense

   279     89     817    403 

Others

   232     189     753    376 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  14,480    8,632    21,816   14,681 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Average ratios of claims paid per risk premium received on the basis of exposure before mitigation for the past three years as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, were 69%68.9% and 70%65.9%, respectively.

The exposure of market risk arising from embedded derivatives included in host insurance contracts as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  Policy
holders

reserve
   Guarantee
reserve
   Policy
holders

reserve
   Guarantee
reserve
   Policyholders
reserve1
   Guarantee
reserve
   Policyholders
reserve1
   Guarantee
reserve
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Variable annuity

  540,797    4,058    535,749    5,153    491,137   3,702   461,309   3,485 

Variable universal

   132,413     135     110,766     458     105,218    4,855    97,893    3,572 

Others

   1,443     —       26,573     118  

Variable saving

   256,262    179    429,985    316 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  674,653    4,193    673,088    5,729    852,617   8,736   989,187   7,373 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

1Excluding the amount of the lapsed reserve

37.6.4 Assumptions used in measuring insurance liabilities

The Group applies assumed rates defined in the premium and liability reserve calculation manual under regulation on supervision of insurance business when measuring insurance liabilities at every reporting period. For interest sensitive insurance, credit rate stated in the premium and liabilities reserve calculation manual, which is calculated based on adjusted external base rate and return rate of asset management according to Article6-12 of the Regulation on Supervision of Insurance Business.

Reserve amount should exceed the standard reserve which is calculated using the standard interest rate and standard risk rate under regulation on supervision of insurance business.

37.6.5 Premium reserves and unearned premium reserves residual maturity

Premium reserves and unearned premium reserves classified based on each residual maturity as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

 2013  2016 
 Less than
3 years
 3-5 years 5-10 years 10-15 years 15-20 years 20 years or
more
 Total  Less than
3 years
 3-5 years 5-10 years 10-15 years 15-20 years 20 years or
more
 Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Premium reserves

 259,324   324,305   1,570,009   294,058   426,287   2,653,510   5,527,493   730,903  597,166  1,207,513  558,322  348,269  3,719,525  7,161,698 

Unearned premium reserves

  642    1    3    —      2    3    651   803   —    1  1   —    64  869 

 

 2014  2017 
 Less than
3 years
 3-5 years 5-10 years 10-15 years 15-20 years 20 years or
more
 Total  Less than
3 years
 3-5 years 5-10 years 10-15 years 15-20 years 20 years or
more
 Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Premium reserves

 381,413   548,410   1,385,847   352,039   440,581   3,076,824   6,185,114   971,517  660,139  829,157  591,689  333,031  3,892,579  7,278,112 

Unearned premium reserves

  690    1    2    1    1    3    698   161   —    2  1   —    1,347  1,511 

38. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 2014   2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Cash

  1,963,977   2,019,965    2,158,268  2,167,911 

Checks with other banks

   734,574    525,452     400,422  430,253 

Due from Bank of Korea

   7,128,025    6,508,623     7,676,491  8,981,665 

Due from other financial institutions

   4,966,078    6,369,807     7,649,682  8,237,996 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   14,792,654    15,423,847     17,884,863  19,817,825 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Restricted due from financial institutions

   (7,665,903  (7,132,094

Due from financial institutions with original maturities over three-months

   (957,565  (1,272,957

Restricted cash from financial institutions

   (9,301,946 (10,613,089

Due from financial institutions with original maturities over three months

   (1,168,081 (799,838
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

   (8,623,468  (8,405,051   (10,470,027 (11,412,927
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

  6,169,186   7,018,796    7,414,836  8,404,898 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Significantnon-cash transactions for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2012  2013  2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Decrease in loans due to the write-offs

  2,197,135   2,132,066   2,091,040  

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income due to valuation of financial investments

   245,757    (3,591  248,880  

Increase in investment in associates due to debt-for-equity swap with Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd

   —      28,779    —    

Increase in financial investments due to debt-for-equity swap with Hyundai Cement Wire Co., Ltd

   —      —      25,178  

Increase in financial investments due to debt-for-equity swap with Taihan Electric Wire Co., Ltd

   —      115,716    —    

Decrease in Accumulated other comprehensive income from measurement of investment securities in associates

   (44,263  (9,811  (32,206

   2015  2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Decrease in loans due to the write-offs

  1,418,960  1,399,315  1,033,056 

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income due to valuation of financial investments

   (28,969  (47,871  89,117 

Decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income from measurement of investment securities in associates

   222   (7,093  100,735 

Change in shares of investment in associate due to KB Insurance Co., Ltd.’s inclusion of the consolidation scope

   —     —     (1,417,397

Change in shares of investment in associate due to Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd.’s inclusion of the consolidation scope

   —     (1,459,604  —   

Increase in financial investments due todebt-for-equity swap with Taihan Electric Wire Co., Ltd.

   14,729   —     —   

Cash inflowinflows and outflowoutflows from income tax, interests and dividends for the years endedyear December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  Activity   2012   2013   2014   Activity   2015   2016   2017 
      (In millions of Korean won)       (In millions of Korean won) 

Income tax paid(refund)

   Operating    838,073    504,900    205,130  

Income tax paid

   Operating   218,215   231,786   646,802 

Interest received

   Operating     14,494,389     12,749,214     12,250,845     Operating    10,976,847    10,208,678    11,243,363 

Interest paid

   Operating     7,247,429     6,407,081     5,342,297     Operating    4,569,076    3,707,653    3,444,715 

Dividends received

   Operating     96,587     98,579     124,021     Operating    160,562    132,654    229,289 

Dividends paid

   Financing     278,173     231,811     193,176     Financing    301,354    378,625    497,969 

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities

Changes in liabilities and assets that hedge liabilities arising from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 are as follows:

  2017 
        Non-cash changes    
  Beginning  Net cash flows  Acquisition
(Disposal)
  Changes in
foreign
exchange
rates
  Changes in
fair value
  Business
Combination
  Other
changes
  Ending 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Derivatives held for hedging1

 6,715  63,827  —    —    (159,530 (132,843 19,814  (202,017

Debts

  26,251,486   4,272,011   —     (996,029  (34,800  (584,245  (87,495  28,820,928 

Debentures

  34,992,057   10,465,410   —     (429,880  (11,931  (34,600  11,668   44,992,724 

Other payables from trust accounts

  4,430,508   587,523   —     —     —     —     —     5,018,031 

Others

  147,946   150,012   678   12   —     24,061   2,728   325,437 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 
 65,828,712  15,538,783  678  (1,425,897 (206,261 (727,627 (53,285 78,955,103 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

1Derivatives held for hedging purposes are the net amount after offsetting liabilities from assets

The net cash outflow associated with the change of the subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017 was ₩405,817 million. The net cash outflow related to the KB Insurance Co., Ltd business combination was ₩647,953 million.

39. Contingent liabilitiesLiabilities and commitmentsCommitments

Acceptances andDetails of payment guarantees as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013   2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Confirmed acceptances and guarantees

    

Confirmed acceptances and guarantees in Korean won

    

Acceptances and guarantees for corporate purchasing card

  17    —    

Acceptances and guarantees for KB purchasing loan

   448,906     428,815  

Other acceptances and guarantees

   782,646     669,233  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   1,231,569     1,098,048  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Confirmed acceptances and guarantees in foreign currency

    

Acceptances of letter of credit

   281,049     327,963  

Letter of guarantees

   57,596     61,081  

Bid bond

   24,212     43,362  

Performance bond

   999,872     1,175,330  

Refund guarantees

   2,263,202     1,494,023  

Other acceptances and guarantees

   906,105     959,685  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   4,532,036     4,061,444  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial guarantees

    

Guarantees for Debenture-Issuing

   20,200     51,200  

Acceptances and guarantees for mortgage

   43,272     75,651  

Overseas debt guarantees

   319,080     392,021  

International financing guarantees in foreign currencies

   41,896     35,949  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Other financial guarantees

   —       21,846  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   424,448     576,667  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total Confirmed acceptances and guarantees

   6,188,053     5,736,159  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees

    

Guarantees of letter of credit

   3,265,906     2,825,919  

Refund guarantees

   775,181     1,060,413  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total Unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees

   4,041,087     3,886,332  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  10,229,140    9,622,491  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2016   2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Confirmed payment guarantees

    

Confirmed payment guarantees in Korean won

    

Payment guarantees for KB purchasing loan

  329,051   252,817 

Other payment guarantees

   858,951    530,272 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   1,188,002    783,089 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Confirmed payment guarantees in foreign currency

    

Acceptances of letter of credit

   234,125    147,987 

Letter of guarantees

   64,189    60,853 

Bid bond

   64,242    46,984 

Performance bond

   703,076    563,506 

Refund guarantees

   1,689,343    778,779 

Other payment guarantees in foreign currency

   1,593,770    1,960,769 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   4,348,745    3,558,878 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial guarantees

    

Guarantees for Debenture-Issuing

   31,000    —   

Payment guarantees for mortgage

   25,994    57,446 

Overseas debt guarantees

   272,255    285,576 

International financing guarantees in foreign currencies

   52,961    46,953 

Other financing payment guarantees

   334    270,029 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Sub-total

   382,544    660,004 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total Confirmed acceptances and guarantees

   5,919,291    5,001,971 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees

    

Guarantees of letter of credit

   2,068,105    2,250,542 

Refund guarantees

   217,272    384,959 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total Confirmed acceptances and guarantees

   2,285,377    2,635,501 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  8,204,668   7,637,472 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Acceptances and guarantees by counterparty as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Confirmed
guarantees
   Unconfirmed
guarantees
   Total   Proportion
(%)
   Confirmed
guarantees
   Unconfirmed
guarantees
   Total   Proportion (%) 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Corporations

  4,998,062    2,723,162    7,721,224     75.48    5,129,393   1,644,556   6,773,949    82.56 

Small companies

   1,029,039     623,803     1,652,842     16.16     623,424    479,514    1,102,938    13.44 

Public and others

   160,952     694,122     855,074     8.36     166,474    161,307    327,781    4.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  6,188,053    4,041,087    10,229,140     100.00    5,919,291   2,285,377   8,204,668    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

  2014   2017 
  Confirmed
guarantees
   Unconfirmed
guarantees
   Total   Proportion
(%)
   Confirmed
guarantees
   Unconfirmed
guarantees
   Total   Proportion (%) 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Corporations

  4,699,777    2,936,635    7,636,412     79.36    4,185,975   1,913,114   6,099,089    79.86 

Small companies

   857,004     562,655     1,419,659     14.75     621,834    492,369    1,114,203    14.59 

Public and others

   179,378     387,042     566,420     5.89     194,162    230,018    424,180    5.55 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  5,736,159    3,886,332    9,622,491     100.00    5,001,971   2,635,501   7,637,472    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Acceptances and guarantees by industry as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2016 
  Confirmed
guarantees
   Unconfirmed
guarantees
   Total   Proportion
(%)
   Confirmed
guarantees
   Unconfirmed
guarantees
   Total   Proportion (%) 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial institutions

  145,197    3,924    149,121     1.46    74,282   3,710   77,992    0.95 

Manufacturing

   3,867,870     2,270,254     6,138,124     60.01     3,315,257    1,141,571    4,456,828    54.32 

Service

   523,698     115,710     639,408     6.25     765,051    63,847    828,898    10.10 

Whole sale & Retail

   1,083,264     745,658     1,828,922     17.88     1,171,151    779,163    1,950,314    23.77 

Construction

   484,764     244,727     729,491     7.13     509,329    129,111    638,440    7.78 

Public sector

   72,583     635,326     707,909     6.92     82,646    92,445    175,091    2.13 

Others

   10,677     25,488     36,165     0.35     1,575    75,530    77,105    0.95 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  6,188,053    4,041,087    10,229,140     100.00    5,919,291   2,285,377   8,204,668    100.00 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

   2014 
   Confirmed
guarantees
   Unconfirmed
guarantees
   Total   Proportion
(%)
 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial institutions

  229,086    3,573    232,659     2.42  

Manufacturing

   3,179,368     2,410,472     5,589,840     58.09  

Service

   583,302     114,645     697,947     7.25  

Whole sale & Retail

   932,283     788,804     1,721,087     17.89  

Construction

   709,582     215,382     924,964     9.61  

Public sector

   72,964     336,484     409,448     4.26  

Others

   29,574     16,972     46,546     0.48  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  5,736,159    3,886,332    9,622,491     100.00  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

   2017 
   Confirmed
guarantees
   Unconfirmed
guarantees
   Total   Proportion (%) 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Financial institutions

  23,317   7,353   30,670    0.40 

Manufacturing

   2,799,593    1,270,721    4,070,314    53.29 

Service

   655,057    100,004    755,061    9.89 

Whole sale & Retail

   935,647    837,230    1,772,877    23.21 

Construction

   335,156    198,996    534,152    6.99 

Public sector

   165,249    129,944    295,193    3.87 

Others

   87,952    91,253    179,205    2.35 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  5,001,971   2,635,501   7,637,472    100.00 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Commitments as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Commitments

        

Corporate loan commitments

  42,446,365    42,977,471    35,723,627   32,857,616 

Retail loan commitments

   13,976,426     13,886,999     15,789,809    16,074,323 

Credit line on credit cards

   37,112,333     37,584,381     43,937,899    49,299,924 

Private placement commitments

   80,000     121,300  

Purchase of other security investment

   1,806,908     1,746,430  

Purchase of other security investment and others

   1,554,221    3,951,304 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   95,422,032     96,316,581     97,005,556    102,183,167 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Financial Guarantees

        

Credit line

   2,572,424     3,809,478     3,334,648    2,669,071 

Purchase of security investment

   100,500     73,500     1,029,100    354,800 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Sub-total

   2,672,924     3,882,978     4,363,748    3,023,871 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  98,094,956    100,199,559    101,369,304   105,207,038 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Other Matters (including litigation)

a) The Group has filed 122121 lawsuits (excluding minor lawsuits in relation to the collection or management of loans), involving aggregate claims of ₩834,440₩510,954 million, and faces 374288 lawsuits (asas the defendant)defendant (excluding minor lawsuits in relation to the collection or management of loans) involving aggregate damages of ₩523,099₩220,957 million, which arose in the normal course of the business and are still pending as of December 31, 2014.2017.

Meanwhile, certain customers ofb) During 2017, Kookmin Bank have filed lawsuits against Kookmin Bank in connection with fees paid for the registration of fixed collateral. The firsthas entered into construction contracts amounting to ₩150,051 million and second trials are in progress as of December 31, 2014. The Court ruled in favor and partially in favor of Kookmin Bank in the first trial and ruled in favor of Kookmin Bank in the second and third trials. There is a low probability of potential losses₩105,175 million related to the aforementioned lawsuits.

b) According toconstruction of integrated headquarter building and integrated IT center, respectively, and no expenditures were made during the shareholders’ agreement on September 25, 2009, between Kookmin Bank, the International Finance Corporation (“IFC”) and the remaining shareholders, Kookmin Bank granted a put option to IFC with the right to sell shares of JSC Bank Center Credit to itself or its designee. The exercise price is determined at its fair value by mutual agreement between Kookmin Bank and IFC. If the price is not agreed by the designated date, it is determined by the value measured by the selected independent external valuation institution. The put option may be exercised by IFC at any time from February 24, 2013, to February 24,year ended December 31, 2017.

c) The face value of the securities which Kookmin Bank sold to general customers through the bank tellers amounts to ₩57,159₩5,731 million and ₩26,487₩372 million as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, respectively.

d) Kookmin Bank underwent a tax investigation by the Seoul Regional Tax Office and in early 2007 was assessed additional corporate tax including local income tax of ₩482,755 million. Kookmin Bank paid this amount to the tax authorities. Subsequently, Kookmin Bank filed a claim for adjudication in August 2007 for repayment of the amount of ₩482,643 million. The case was closed with a favorable final judgment by the Supreme Court in January 2015.

e) For the year ended December 31, 2013, Kookmin Bank underwent a tax investigation for the fiscal years 2008 to 2012 by the Seoul Regional Tax Office. As a result, Kookmin Bank was fined a total of ₩124,357 million for income taxes (including local income taxes) and paid ₩123,330 million, excluding local income tax amounting to ₩1,027 million, and recognized as non-trade payable as of December 31, 2014. Meanwhile, the appeal to the tax tribunal over the ₩114,283 million is currently pending as of December 31, 2014.

f) While setting up a fraud detection system, a computer contractor employed by the personal credit ratings firm Korea Credit Bureau caused a widespread data breach in June 2013, resulting in the theft of cardholders’ personal information. As a result of the leakage of customer personal information, the KB Kookmin Card received a notification from the Financial Services Commission that the KB Kookmin Card iswas subject to a temporary three-month operating suspension.suspension as of February 16, 2014. In respect of the incident, the Group faces 101120 legal claims filed as the defendant, with an aggregate claim of ₩52,421₩10,291 million as of December 31, 2014.2017. A provision liability of ₩11,078 million has been recognized for these pending lawsuits. In addition, the Groupadditional lawsuits may be subject to additional fines, penalties or judgments, reimbursement to affected clients.filed against the Group. Meanwhile, the final outcome of the cases cannot be reasonably ascertained.

g) In relation to a tax credit for research and human resource development expenses, Kookmin Bank filed an administrative litigation (the aggregate amount in 2007 and 2008) and received a refund in the amount of ₩16,371 million from National Tax Service based on a recent Supreme Court precedent. However, the appeal to the tax tribunal (the aggregate amount in 2009 is ₩13,827 million) is currently pending as of December 31, 2014.

h) The Group entered into a purchase agreement to acquire 11,682,580 common shares of LIG Insurance Co., Ltd. (19.47% of outstanding shares with an expected price of ₩685,000 million) in June 2014. The Financial Services Commission approved LIG Insurance Co., Ltd. to be included as a subsidiary of the Group in December 2014.

40. Subsidiaries

The detailsDetails of subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013,2017, are as follows:

 

Investor

  

Investee

 Ownership
interests(%interests
(%)
LocationDate of
financial
information
  

Location

Date of
financial
statements

Industry

KB Financial
Group
Inc.

  

Kookmin Bank

  100.00  

Korea

 

Dec. 31

 

Banking and domestic, foreign exchange transaction

KB Securities Co., Ltd.

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Financial investment

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.5

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Non-life insurance

  

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.

  100.00  

Korea

 

Dec. 31

 

Credit card and installment finance

  

KB Investment & SecuritiesLife Insurance Co., Ltd.

  100.00  

Korea

Dec. 31

 

Financial investment

KB Life Insurance
Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

 

Life insurance

  

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.

  100.00  

Korea

 

Dec. 31

 

Security investment trust management and advisory

  

KB Real Estate Trust
Capital Co., Ltd.5

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Financial Leasing

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

  100.00  

Korea

Dec. 31

Savings banking

KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.

  100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

 

Real estate trust management

  

KB Investment Co., Ltd.

  100.00  

Korea

 

Dec. 31

 

Capital Investmentinvestment

  

KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.

  100.00  

Korea

 

Dec. 31

 

Collection of receivables or credit investigation

  

KB Data System
Co., Ltd.

  100.00  

Korea

 

Dec. 31

 

Software advisory, development, and supply

KB Savings Bank
Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Savings banking

Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Savings banking

Investor

Investee

Ownership
interests(%)
LocationDate of
financial
information

Industry

Kookmin Bank

  

Kookmin Bank Int’l Ltd.(London)

  100.00  

United
Kingdom

 

Dec. 31

 

Banking and foreign exchange transaction

  

Kookmin Bank Hong Kong Ltd.

  100.00  Hong
Kong

China

 

Dec. 31

 

Banking and foreign exchange transaction

  

Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC.

  100.00  

Cambodia

 

Dec. 31

 

Banking and foreign exchange transaction

  

Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd.

  100.00  

China

 

Dec. 31

 

Banking and foreign exchange transaction

  

Personal pension trustsKB Microfinance Myanmer Co., Ltd.

100.00

Myanmer

Dec. 31

Other credit granting n.e.c.

Investor

Investee

Ownership
interests (%)

Location

Date of
financial
statements

Industry

KB Securities Co.,Ltd.

KBFG Securities America Inc.

100.00

United

States of

America

Dec. 31

Investment advisory and 10 other trustssecurities dealing activities

KBFG Securities Hong Kong Ltd.

100.00

China

Dec. 31

Investment advisory and securities dealing activities

KB SECURITIES VIETNAM JOINT STOCK COMPANY

99.40

Vietnam

Dec. 31

Investment advisory and securities dealing activities

KB Insurance Co.,Ltd.

KB Claims Survey & Adjusting

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Claim service

KB Sonbo CNS

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Management service

Leading Insurance Services, Inc.

100.00

United

States of

America

Dec. 31

Management service

LIG Insurance (China) Co., Ltd.

100.00

China

Dec. 31

Non-life insurance

PT. KB Insurance Indonesia

70.00

Indonesia

Dec. 31

Non-life insurance

KB Golden Life Care Co., Ltd.

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Service

KB Capital Co., Ltd., KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.

KB KOLAO LEASING Co., Ltd.

80.00

Laos

Dec. 31

Financial Leasing

Kookmin Bank

KL 1st Inc. and 27 others(1)2

  —    

Korea

Dec. 31

Asset-backed securitization and others

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.

KB Kookmin Card Third Securitization Co., Ltd., and 9 others2

  Dec. 310.50  

TrustKorea

 

Dec. 31

Asset-backed securitization

KB Mortgage Loan First Securitization SpecialtySecurities Co., Ltd

MS Sejong 4th Co., Ltd. and 1043 others(2)2

  —    

Korea

 

Dec. 31

 

Asset-backed securitization and others

KB Evergreen Private Securities 82 and 28 others

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Private equity fund

Kookmin Bank,
KB Investment Co., Ltd.

  

KB06-1 Venture Investment

75.00KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KB08-1KB12-1 Venture Investment

  100.00  

Korea

Dec. 31

 

Capital investment

KB12-1 Venture Investment

100.00KoreaDec. 31

 

Capital investment

  

KBStart-up Creation Fund

  100.0062.50  

Korea

 

Dec. 31

 

Capital investment

KB Asset ManagementInvestment Co., Ltd.

KB Wellyan Private Equity Real Estate Fund No. 6

95.67KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KB Wellyan Private Equity Real Estate Fund No. 7(3)

47.97KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KB Wellyan Private Equity Real Estate Fund No. 6, 7

  

Boyoung construction09-5(4)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Construction

KB Investment Co., Ltd.

NPS 07-5 KB Venture Fund(5)4

20.00KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

09-5 KB Venture Fund(5)

  33.33  

Korea

Dec. 31

 

Capital investment

KoFC-KB Pioneer Champ No.2010-8 Investment Partnership

50.00KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

2011 KIF-KB IT Venture Fund(5)

43.33KoreaDec. 31 

Capital investment

  

KoFC-KB Pioneer ChampNo.2010-8 Investment Partnership4

50.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Capital investment

2011KIF-KB IT Venture Fund4

43.33

Korea

Dec. 31

Capital investment

KoFC-KB Young Pioneer 1st Fund(5)4

  33.33  

Korea

Dec. 31

Capital investment

Kookmin Bank, KB Investment Co., Ltd.

KB Intellectual Property Fund4

  34.00

Korea

Dec. 31

 

Capital investment

Kookmin Bank, KB Insurance Co., Ltd., KB life Insurance, KB Investment Co., Ltd.

KB High-tech Company Investment Fund

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

 

Capital investment

Investor

  

Investee

 Ownership
interests(%)
LocationDate of
financial
information
  

Industry

KB Kookmin Card Co., LtdLocation

 

Date of
financial
statements

Industry

KB Kookmin Card First Securitization
Securities Co., Ltd., KB Investment Co., Ltd.

KB KONEX Market Vitalization Fund(2)4

  0.90KoreaDec. 3146.88  

Asset-backed securitizationKorea

Dec. 31

Capital investment

  

Wise Mobile First Securitization SpecialtyKB Neo Paradigm Agriculture Venture Fund(2)4

  —  KoreaDec. 3150.00  

Asset-backed securitizationKorea

Dec. 31

Capital investment

KB Investment Co., Ltd.

KB NEW CONTENTS Venture Fund4

20.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Capital investment

  

KB Young Pioneer 3.0 Venture Fund4

40.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Capital investment

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB Haeoreum Private Securities Investment Trust 1st and 3 others

��100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Kookmin Bank

KB Multi-Asset Private Securities Fund (BondWise Mobile Second Securitization Specialty(2)Mixed-ETF)

  —  KoreaDec. 3199.27  

Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile third Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile fourth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile fifth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile sixth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile seventh Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

 

Dream Smart TurnDec. 31

Investment trust

KB Multi-Asset Private Securities 3rd(Mixed) and 5 othersFund (BondMixed-ETF)

Global Diversified Multi-AssetSub-Trust Class I A

  100.00  KoreaUnited Kingdom Dec. 31 

Private equity fundInvestment trust

Kookmin Bank

KB Multi-Asset Private Securities FundS-1(Bond Mixed)

96.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Multi-Asset Private Securities FundP-1(Bond Mixed)

99.96

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Multi-Asset Private Securities FundP-1(Bond Mixed)

KB Multi-Asset Private Securities MasterFund P-1(Bond Mixed)

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Kookmin Bank, KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd., KB life Insurance Co., Ltd., KB Real Estate Trust Co., LtdLtd.

  

KB Wise Star Private Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st.

  100.00  

Korea

 

Dec. 31

 

Investment trust

Kookmin Bank

Hanbando BTL Private Special Asset Fund 1st(3)

39.74KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

Kookmin Bank, KB life Insurance

KB Hope Sharing BTL Private Special Asset(3)

40.00KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

Kookmin Bank

KB Mezzanine Private Securities Fund 1st(Mixed)(3)

46.51KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

K Star KTB ETF(Bond)(3)

48.20KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

Global Logistics Infra Private
Fund 1 and 2
(3)

40.00KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KB Wise Star Private Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st.

  

KB Star Retail Private Master Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st.(6)3

  48.98  

Korea

 

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust 2nd3

44.44

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Kookmin Bank, KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

Hanbando BTL Private Special Asset Fund 1st3

46.36

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Kookmin Bank, KB Insurance Co., Ltd., KB life Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB Hope Sharing BTL Private Special Asset3

46.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Kookmin Bank, KB life Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB Mezzanine Private Securities Fund 2nd. (Mixed)3

40.74

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Investor

Investee

Ownership
interests(%)

Location

Date of
financial
statements

Industry

Kookmin Bank, KB Insurance Co., Ltd., KB life Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB Senior Loan Private Fund3

37.39

Korea

Dec. 31

Capital investment

KB Securities Co., Ltd.

KB Vintage 16 Private Securities Investment Trust 1st3

50.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.

Heungkuk Life Insurance Money Market Trust

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Trust asset management

Kookmin Bank

KB Haeoreum private securities investment trust 70 (Bond)3

33.35

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB AMP Infra Private Special Asset Fund 1 (FoFs)3

41.67

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB life Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB Investment Co., Ltd.

KB-Solidus Global Healthcare Fund4

43.33

Korea

Dec. 31

Capital investment

Kookmin Bank, KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB KBSTAR Short Term KTB Active ETF

77.72

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB KBSTARMid-Long Term KTB Active ETF

94.79

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Kookmin Bank

Samsung KODEX 10YF-LKTB Inverse ETF (Bond-Derivatives)

97.15

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Haeoreum private securities investment trust 83 (Bond)

96.14Korea Dec. 31 

Investment trust

KB KBSTAR KTB 3Y Futures Inverse ETF

95.65KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB Muni bond Private Securities Fund 1 (USD)(bond)3

33.33KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

KB Securities Co., Ltd.

Jueun Power Middle 7 and 7 others

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai You First Private Real Estate Investment Trust No. 1

60.00KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Smart Index Alpha Securities Feeder Investment Trust No.1

98.37KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Strong Korea Equity Trust No.1

99.73KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Kidzania Equity Feeder Trust No.1

78.44KoreaDec. 31Investment trust

Hyundai Value Plus Equity Feeder Trust No.1

99.84KoreaDec. 31Investment trust

Hyundai Strong-small Corporate Trust No.1

89.59KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

Investor

Investee

Ownership
interests(%)

Location

Date of
financial
statements

Industry

Hyundai You First Private Real Estate Investment Trust No. 153

35.00KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

JB New Jersey Private Real Estate Investment Trust No. 1

98.15KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Dynamic Mix Securities Feeder Investment Trust No.1

99.94KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

Hyudai China Index Plus Securities Investment Trust No.1

79.95KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

KB Securities Co., Ltd.

HyundaiKon-tiki Specialized Privately Placed FundNo.1

98.12KoreaDec. 31Investment trust

DGB Private real estate Investment Trust No.8

98.77KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

LIME GLOBALEYE ALP PRIVATE EQUITY FUND 2

68.03KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

LIME ORANGE PRIVATE EQUITY FUND 6

98.04KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

DAEDUCK PARC1 PRIVATE EQUITY FUND 1

96.00KoreaDec. 31Investment trust

LIME PLUTO FI PRIVATE EQUITY FUNDD-1

99.84KoreaDec. 31Investment trust

KB Securities Co., Ltd., KB Insurance Co., Ltd., KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.

KB Star Fund_KB Value Focus Korea Equity

97.51LuxembourgDec. 31Capital investment

KB Securities Co., Ltd.

Aquila Global Real Assets Fund No.1 LP

99.96Cayman islandsDec. 31Capital investment

Able Quant Asia Pacific Feeder Fund (T.E.) Limited

100.00Cayman islandsDec. 31Capital investment

Able Quant Asia Pacific Feeder Fund (T.E.) Limited

Able Quant Asia Pacific Master Fund Limited

100.00Cayman islands

Dec. 31

 

Capital investment

KBFG Securities America Inc.

Global Investment Opportunity Limited

100.00

Malaysia

Dec. 31

Finance and Real Estate Activities

Hyundai Smart Index Alpha Securities Feeder Inv Trust 1

Hyundai Smart Index Alpha Securities Master Investment Trust

99.53

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Trust Securities Feeder Investment TrustNo.1- Bond

Hyundai Trust Securities Master Investment Trust—Bond

94.29

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Investor

Investee

Ownership
interests(%)

Location

Date of
financial
statements

Industry

Hyundai Value Plus Securities Feeder Investment Trust 1 and others

Hyundai Value Plus Securities Master Investment Trust

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Dynamic Mix Securities Feeder Investment Trust

Hyundai Dynamic Mix Securities Master Investment Trust

98.75

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Quant Long Short Securities Feeder Investment Trust

Hyundai Quant Long Short Securities Master Investment Trust

100.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Aquila Global Real Assets Fund No.1 LP

AGRAF Real Estate No.1, Senningerberg

100.00LuxembourgDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization

AGRAF Real Estate No.1, Senningerberg

AGRAF Real Estate Holding No.1, Senningerberg

100.00LuxembourgDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization

AGRAF Real Estate Holding No.1, Senningerberg

Vierte CasaLog GmbH & Co. KG and 2 others

94.90GermanyDec. 31

Real Estate Activities

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.

KB Asset Management Singapore Pte, Ltd.

100.00SingaporeDec. 31

Collective investment and others

JB New Jersey Private Real Estate Investment Trust No. 1

ABLE NJ DSM INVESTMENT REIT

99.18United States of AmericaDec. 31

Real Estate Activities

ABLE NJ DSM INVESTMENT REIT

ABLE NJ DSM, LLC

100.00United States of AmericaDec. 31

Real Estate Activities

Heungkuk Global Highclass Private Real Estate Trust 23

HYUNDAI ABLE INVESTMENT REIT

99.90United States of AmericaDec. 31

Real Estate Activities

HYUNDAI ABLE INVESTMENT REIT

HYUNDAI ABLE PATRIOTS PARK, LLC

100.00United States of AmericaDec. 31

Real Estate Activities

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

Dongbu Private Fund 16th

89.52KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

Hana Landchip Real estate Private Fund 58th

99.99

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Aviation Private Fund 3rd

99.96

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Power Private Fund 3rd

99.90

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Hyundai Power Professional Investment Type Private Investment Fund No.4

99.78

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB U.S. LongShort Private Securities Fund 1

99.44

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

Hyundai Infra Professional Investment Type Private Investment Trust No.5

99.79KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

KB SAUDI Private Special Asset Fund

80.00

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Meritz Private Real Estate Fund 8

99.36

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Investor

Investee

Ownership
interests (%)

Location

Date of
financial
statements

Industry

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.

KB Global Equity Solution Securities Feeder Fund (Equity-FoFs)

74.47KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

KB Global Multiasset Income Securities Feeder Fund (Bond Mixed-FoFs)

95.26

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Kookmin Bank, KB Securities Co., Ltd., KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.

KB Everyone TDF 2020 Securities Investment Trust - Bond Balanced-Fund of Funds

52.28KoreaDec. 31

Investment trust

KB Everyone TDF 2025 Securities Investment Trust - Bond Balanced-Fund of Funds3

45.08

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Everyone TDF 2030 Securities Investment Trust - Equity Balanced-Fund of Funds3

48.62

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Everyone TDF 2035 Securities Investment Trust - Equity Balanced-Fund of Funds

60.74

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Everyone TDF 2040 Securities Investment Trust - Equity Balanced-Fund of Funds

67.04

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Everyone TDF 2045 Securities Investment Trust - Equity Balanced-Fund of Funds

76.84

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

KB Everyone TDF 2050 Securities Investment Trust - Equity Balanced-Fund of Funds

52.95

Korea

Dec. 31

Investment trust

Kookmin Bank

Personal pension trusts and 10 other trusts1

—  KoreaDec. 31

Trust

 

(1)1

The Group controls the trust because it has power that determines the management performance over the trust and is exposed to variable returns to absorb losses through the guarantees of payment of principal, or payment of principal and fixed rate of return.

(2)2

TheAlthough the Group holds less than a majority of the investee’s voting rights, the Group controls these investees becauseas it has power over relevant activities in case of default; is significantly exposed to variable returns from its involvement with the investeesby providing lines of credit or ABCP purchase commitments or due to acquisition of subordinated debt; and has ability to affect those returns through its power, even though it holds less than a majority of the voting rights of the investees.

power.
(3)3

Although the Group holds less than a majority of the investee’s voting rights, the Group controls the investee as it has power over relevant activities by managing the fund; has significant percentage of ownership that is over 40%;ownership; is significantly exposed to variable returns which is affected by the performance of the investees,investees; and has ability to affect thosethe performance through its power.

(4)4

Boyoung Construction is included in the consolidation scope, since KB Wellyan Private Equity Real Estate Fund No. 7 is included in the consolidation scope.

(5)

Although the Group holds less than a majority of the investee’s voting rights, the Group controls the investee as it has power over relevant activities by taking the role of an operating manager and it is significantly exposed to variable returns which is affected by the performance of the investees, and has ability to affect thosethe performance through its power.

(6)5

KB Star Retail Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st is includedBecame wholly owned subsidiaries by acquiring additionalnon-controlling interest in the consolidation scope, since KB Wise Star Private Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st is included in the consolidation scope.

(7)

Although the Group holds less than a majority of the investee’s voting rights, the Group controls KB Private Real Estate Securities Fund1 (NPL) and Woori KA First Asset Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd. as it has power over relevant activities by taking the role of an operating manager; has significant percentage of ownership that is over 40%; is significantly exposed to variable returns which is affected by the performance of the investees; and has ability to affect those performance through its power. In accordance with the IFRS 10, KB Private Real Estate Securities Fund1 (NPL) and Woori KA First Asset Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd. were included in the consolidation scope. However, KB Private Real Estate Securities Fund1 (NPL) and Woori KA First Asset Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd. have been excluded from the consolidation scope due to the loss of control from changes in terms of the contract as of December 31, 2013.

The details of subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014, are as follows:

Investor

Investee

Ownership
interests(%)
LocationDate of
financial
information

Industry

KB Financial
Group Inc.

Kookmin Bank

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Banking and domestic, foreign exchange transaction

KB Kookmin Card
Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Credit card

KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Financial investment

KB Life Insurance
Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Life insurance

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Security investment trust management and advisory

KB Capital Co., Ltd.

52.02KoreaDec. 31

Financial Leasing

KB Savings Bank
Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Savings banking

KB Real Estate Trust
Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Real estate trust management

KB Investment Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Capital Investment

KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Collection of receivables or credit investigation

KB Data System
Co., Ltd.

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Software advisory, development, and supply

Kookmin Bank

Kookmin Bank Int’l Ltd.(London)

100.00United
Kingdom
Dec. 31

Banking and foreign exchange transaction

Kookmin Bank Hong Kong Ltd.

100.00Hong
Kong
Dec. 31

Banking and foreign exchange transaction

Kookmin Bank Cambodia PLC.

100.00CambodiaDec. 31

Banking and foreign exchange transaction

Kookmin Bank (China) Ltd.

100.00ChinaDec. 31

Banking and foreign exchange transaction

Personal pension trust and 10 others(1)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Trust

KAMCO Value Recreation 3rd Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd. and 6 othersquarter.(2)

—  Korea and
others
Dec. 31

Asset-backed securitization and others

Heungkuk Multi Private Securities H-19 and 37 others

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Private equity fund

Kookmin Bank & KB Investment
Co., Ltd.

KB12-1 Venture Investment

100.00KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KB Start-up Creation Fund

62.50KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KB Investment & Securities

Ashley Investment First Co., Ltd.(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization and others

Growth Investment First Co., Ltd.(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization and others

KB Asset Management
Co., Ltd.

KB Wellyan Private Equity Real Estate Fund No. 6

95.67KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KB Wellyan Private Equity Real Estate Fund No. 7(3)

47.97KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

Boyoung construction(4)

—  KoreaDec. 31

Construction

Investor

Investee

Ownership
interests(%)
LocationDate of
financial
information

Industry

KB Investment
Co., Ltd.

09-5 KB Venture Fund(5)

33.33KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KoFC-KB Pioneer Champ No.2010-8 Investment Partnership

50.00KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

2011 KIF-KB IT Venture Fund(5)

43.33KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KoFC-KB Young Pioneer
1st Fund
(5)

33.33KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd

KB Kookmin Card First Securitization
Co., Ltd.
(2)

0.90KoreaDec. 31

Asset-backed securitization

KB Kookmin Card Second Securitization Co., Ltd.(2)

0.50KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile First Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile Second Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile third Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile fourth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile fifth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile sixth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile seventh Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile eighth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile ninth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile tenth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile eleventh Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

Wise Mobile twelfth Securitization Specialty(2)

—  KoreaDec. 31Asset-backed securitization

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

KB Haeoreum Private Securities Investment Trust 1st and 7 others

100.00KoreaDec. 31Private equity fund

Investor

Investee

Ownership
interests(%)
LocationDate of
financial
information

Industry

Kookmin Bank, KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd., KB Investment & Securities, KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd

KB Wise Star Private Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st.

100.00KoreaDec. 31Investment trust

Kookmin Bank

Hanbando BTL Private Special Asset Fund(3)

39.47KoreaDec. 31Capital investment

Kookmin Bank, KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd., KB

KB Hope Sharing BTL Private Special Asset(3)

40.00KoreaDec. 31Capital investment

Kookmin Bank

KB Mezzanine Private Securities Fund
1st(Mixed)
(3)

46.51KoreaDec. 31Capital investment

Kookmin Bank, KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd., KB

KB Mezzanine Private Securities Fund
2nd(Mixed)
(3)

40.74KoreaDec. 31Capital investment

Kookmin Bank

K-star KTB ETF(Bond)(3)

47.63KoreaDec. 31Capital investment

KB Wise Star Private Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st.

KB Star Retail Private Master Real Estate 1(6)

48.98KoreaDec. 31Capital investment

KB Wise Star Private Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st.

KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust 2nd(6)

44.44KoreaDec. 31

Capital investment

(1)

The Group controls the trust because it has power that determines the management performance over the trust and is exposed to variable returns to absorb losses through the guarantees of payment of principal or payment of principal and fixed rate of return.

(2)

The Group controls these investees because it is exposed to variable returns from its involvement with the investees and has ability to affect those returns through its power, even though it holds less than a majority of the voting rights of the investees.

(3)

Although the Group holds less than a majority of the investee’s voting rights, the Group controls the investee as it has power over relevant activities by managing the fund; has significant percentage of ownership that is over 40%; is significantly exposed to variable returns which is affected by the performance of the investees, and has ability to affect those performance through its power.

(4)

Boyoung Construction is included in the consolidation scope, since KB Wellyan Private Equity Real Estate Fund No. 7 is included in the consolidation scope.

(5)

Although the Group holds less than a majority of the investee’s voting rights, the Group controls the investee as it has power over relevant activities by taking the role of an operating manager and it is significantly exposed to variable returns which is affected by the performance of the investees, and has ability to affect those performance through its power.

(6)

KB Star Retail Private Master Real Estate 1 and KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust 2nd are included in the consolidation scope, since KB Wise Star Private Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st is included in the consolidation scope.

The condensed financial information of major subsidiaries as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014, and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014,2017, is as follows:

 

  2013 
  Assets  Liabilities  Equity  Operating
income
(revenue)
  Profit
attributable to
Shareholders
of the parent
company
  Total
comprehensive
income for the
year attributable
to Shareholders
of the parent
company
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Kookmin Bank(1)

 265,588,385   244,641,628   20,946,757   17,461,406   830,628   894,093  

KB Kookmin Card
Co., Ltd.
(1)

  15,854,992    12,385,131    3,469,861    2,990,037    384,411    390,228  

KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd.(2)

  2,525,070    1,973,888    551,182    577,649    11,856    5,436  

KB Life Insurance
Co., Ltd.
(1)

  6,945,605    6,396,477    549,128    1,457,365    9,098    (23,209

KB Asset Management
Co., Ltd.
(1)

  237,907    36,335    201,572    103,401    74,685    74,560  

KB Real Estate Trust
Co., Ltd.

  182,657    13,612    169,045    46,524    2,110    2,835  

KB Investment
Co., Ltd.
(1)

  241,227    110,640    130,587    34,497    6,078    7,145  

KB Credit Information
Co., Ltd.

  30,142    7,687    22,455    43,627    (336  (336

KB Data System
Co., Ltd.

  21,753    6,880    14,873    50,440    19    115  

KB Savings Bank
Co., Ltd.

  584,025    449,087    134,938    47,865    (301  (1,482

Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

  189,243    164,084    25,159    4,791    (5,331  (5,259
  2016 
  Assets  Liabilities  Equity  Operating
income
(revenue)
  Profit(loss)
for the
period
  Total
comprehensive
income

for the period4
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Kookmin Bank1

 307,066,370  283,741,368  23,325,002  17,866,478  964,256  958,312 

KB Securities Co., Ltd.1,2,3

  32,382,795   28,198,439   4,184,356   2,444,185   (93,428  (65,689

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.1

  15,772,036   11,807,038   3,964,998   3,017,568   317,103   331,023 

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.1

  8,887,413   8,337,849   549,564   1,480,979   12,714   (33,269

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.1

  170,781   16,605   154,176   127,435   58,756   57,503 

KB Capital Co., Ltd.2

  7,428,372   6,640,305   788,067   473,253   96,785   96,740 

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

  1,078,130   895,921   182,209   65,938   10,319   9,897 

KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.

  216,687   33,713   182,974   65,230   29,270   29,636 

KB Investment Co., Ltd.1

  315,878   168,491   147,387   49,425   6,170   2,388 

KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.

  27,973   7,647   20,326   37,271   43   126 

KB Data System Co., Ltd.

  27,037   12,655   14,382   76,394   613   722 

  2014 
  Assets  Liabilities  Equity  Operating
income
(revenue)
  Profit
attributable to
Shareholders
of the parent
company
  Total
comprehensive
income for the
year attributable
to Shareholders
of the parent
company
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Kookmin Bank(1)

 275,453,664   253,513,191   21,940,473   16,283,978   1,029,041   1,152,233  

KB Kookmin Card
Co., Ltd.
(1)

  15,886,769    12,406,314    3,480,455    2,864,957    332,701    310,606  

KB Investment & Securities
Co., Ltd.
(1),(2)

  4,131,568    3,554,828    576,740    578,345    25,624    25,558  

KB Life Insurance
Co., Ltd.
(1)

  7,680,184    7,096,459    583,725    1,453,057    6,537    34,597  

KB Asset Management
Co., Ltd.
(1)

  254,481    52,541    201,940    105,234    49,560    50,368  

KB Capital Co., Ltd(2)

  4,023,965    3,612,150    411,815    250,042    29,990    26,859  

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

  772,676    619,882    152,794    56,712    (15,079  (14,645

KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.

  204,888    20,930    183,958    50,283    14,818    14,913  

KB Investment Co., Ltd.(1)

  225,353    90,569    134,784    33,371    1,382    4,197  

KB Credit Information
Co., Ltd.

  28,805    7,955    20,850    38,796    (1,605  (1,605

KB Data System Co., Ltd.

  31,397    16,874    14,523    59,129    367    (350
  2017 
  Assets  Liabilities  Equity  Operating
income
(revenue)
  Profit(loss)
for the
period
  Total
comprehensive
income

for the period4
 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Kookmin Bank1

 329,765,927  304,442,493  25,323,434  19,291,294  2,174,705  2,357,936 

KB Securities Co., Ltd.1,2

  37,351,680   32,936,024   4,415,656   5,974,054   271,701   236,587 

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.1,2

  32,351,778   29,128,747   3,223,031   8,740,682   330,286   320,756 

KB Kookmin Card Co., Ltd.1

  17,658,310   13,616,481   4,041,829   3,326,048   296,831   326,887 

KB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.1

  9,125,741   8,586,328   539,413   1,331,105   21,086   (10,151

KB Asset Management Co., Ltd.1

  201,481   44,860   156,621   117,746   52,022   52,176 

KB Capital Co., Ltd.1,2

  8,743,672   7,803,920   939,752   588,253   120,797   120,628 

KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

  1,158,829   960,812   198,017   79,428   21,150   21,329 

KB Real Estate Trust Co., Ltd.

  246,685   47,355   199,330   76,700   36,408   36,356 

KB Investment Co., Ltd.1

  355,763   218,671   137,092   41,150   (4,954  (7,295

KB Credit Information Co., Ltd.

  26,121   10,979   15,142   31,737   (5,316  (5,185

KB Data System Co., Ltd.

  41,945   27,240   14,705   117,946   945   323 

 

(1)1

Financial information is based on its consolidated financial statements.

(2)2

The amount includes the fair value adjustments due to the merger.

3Profit(loss) is based on the amount of Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd. after it is included in the consolidation scope (October 2016) and the amount of KB Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. for the period
4Attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company.

Nature of the risks associated with interests in consolidated structured entities

The terms of contractual arrangements require to provide financial support to a consolidated structured entity

 

The Group has provided acceptances andpayment guarantees obligation of ₩68,000₩1,904,344 million to Ashley Investment First Co., Ltd.KL 1st Inc. and Growth Investment First Co., Ltd., the Group’s subsidiary, that had issued debentures.

other subsidiaries.

The Group provides capital commitment to KB Wise Star Private Real Estate Feeder Fund 1st. and nine8 other subsidiaries. The unexecuted amount of the investment agreement is ₩478,741₩316,966 million. Based on the capital commitment, the Group is subject to increase its investment byupon the request fromof the asset management company or the additional agreement among investors.

 

The Group provides the guarantees of payment of principal, or principal and fixed rate of return in case the operating results of the trusts are less than the guaranteed principal, or principal and fixed rate of return.

Changes in subsidiaries

KB Capital Co., Ltd., Ashley Investment First Co., Ltd., Growth Investment First Co., Ltd., KB Mezzanine Private Securities Fund 2nd, KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust No.2, KB Evergreen Private Securities 99(Bond) and 106 other private equity funds, KB Kookmin Card Second Securitization Co., Ltd. and Wise Mobile 8th ~12th Securitization wereThe subsidiaries newly consolidatedincluded in consolidation during the year ended December 31, 2014. KB Evergreen Private Securities 82(Bond) and 95 other private equity funds, Global Logistics Infra Private Fund 1st, 2nd, KB Covered Bond 1st Trust, KH First Co., Ltd., KB Mortgage Loan First Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd., KB Covered Bond First Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd and KB07-5, KB06-1,KB08-1 Venture Partnership Fund have been2017, are as follows:

Company

Description

KB Insurance Co., Ltd. and 45 others

Holds a majority of the ownership interests

Able Jungdong Co., Ltd. and 42 others

Holds the power in the case of default and exposed to variable returns by providing lines of credit, ABCP purchase commitments or acquiring subordinated debt

KB Haeoreum private securities investment trust 70(Bond) and 3 others

Holds the power to determine the operation of the trust and exposed to variable returns by holding significant amount of ownership interests

KB KONEX Market Vitalization Fund and 3 other

Holds the power by taking the role of an operating manager and exposed to variable returns by holding significant amounts of ownership interests.

The subsidiaries excluded from consolidation due to their liquidation. Also, Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd. has been excluded from consolidation due to its merger with KB Savings Bank Co., Ltd.

Yehansoul Savings Bank Co., Ltd., KB Startup Investment, KB Evergreen Private Securities 63 and 46 other private equity funds, and Wise Mobile Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh Securitization and KB Star Retail Private Real Estate Feeder Fund First were newly consolidated during the year ended December 31, 2013. Yurie Select Private Securities Investment Trust 32 and 44 other private equity funds, KB K-Alpha private equity trust and New Star First Ltd. have been excluded from consolidation due to their liquidation. Also, KB Private Real Estate Securities Fund1 (NPL) and Woori KA First Asset Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd. have been excluded from consolidation due to the loss of control.

In accordance with the enactment of IFRS 10, the activities of KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund, NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1 and KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3 represent management and performance services and the terms of the contracts are the same as those in the ordinary service contracts between independent parties. These entities have been excluded from the consolidation scope since interests held are not material and therefore were considered as agents. In addition, Chungkang Co., Ltd. and Powernet Technologies Co., Ltd. have been excluded from the consolidation scope, since KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund, the Parent Company, have been excluded from the consolidation scope.

For the year ended December 31, 2014, the following table summarizes the information relating to the Group’s subsidiaries that have material non-controlling interests, before any intra-group eliminations,2017, are as follows:

 

2014
(In millions of Korean won)

Non-controlling interests percentage (%)Company

  47.98

Description

Non-controlling interests2014ABLEOPO 2ND Co., Ltd. and 44 others

 

Lost right for variable returns due to the release of debt

Assets of subsidiaries

4,023,965

Liabilities of subsidiaries

3,612,150

Equity of subsidiaries

411,815

Non-controlling interests

197,580

Profit attributable to non-controlling interestsWise Mobile Eighth Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd and 5 others

 

Liquidation

Operating profit of subsidiaries

39,666

Profit of subsidiaries

29,990

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests

14,389

Cash flows of subsidiariesHyundai Asset Management Co., Ltd. and 17 others

 

Disposal

Cash flows from operating activitiesKB Evergreen bond fund No.98 (Bond) and 1 other

 71,813

Cash flows from investing activities

(6,742

Cash flows from financing activities

(33,312
  

Decrease of the interest to less than a majority

Hyundai Trust Securities Feeder Investment TrustNo.1- Bond

 

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

31,759
  

Lost the power from sale of Hyundai Asset Management Co., Ltd.

Set out below is summarized financial information for each subsidiary that hasnon-controlling interests that are material to the Group. The amounts disclosed for each subsidiary are before inter-company eliminations.

   2016  2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Non-controlling interests percentage

   47.98  —   

Non-controlling interests

   

Assets of subsidiaries

  7,428,372  —   

Liabilities of subsidiaries

   6,640,305   —   

Equity of subsidiaries

   788,067   —   

Non-controlling interests

   263,359   —   

Profit attributable tonon-controlling interests

   

Operating profit of subsidiaries

   127,550   —   

Profit of subsidiaries

   96,785   —   

Profit attributable tonon-controlling interests

   46,436   —   

Cash flows of subsidiaries

   

Cash flows from operating activities

   (1,783,799  —   

Cash flows from investing activities

   (7,023  —   

Cash flows from financing activities

   1,671,199   —   
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Net increase(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

  (119,623 —   
  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

1As the Group acquired the entirenon-controlling interests of KB Capital during 2017, there are no subsidiaries with materialnon-controlling interests as of December 31, 2017.

41. Unconsolidated Structured Entity

As of December 31, 2014, theThe nature, purpose and activities of the unconsolidated structured entities and how the structured entities are financed, are as follows:

 

Nature

 

Purpose

 

ActivitiesActivity

 

MethodsMethod of Financing

Asset-backed securitization

 

Early cash generation through transfer of securitization assets

 

Fees earned as services to SPC, such as providing lines of credit and ABCP purchase commitments

 

Fulfillment of Asset-backed securitization plan

 

Purchase and transfer of securitization assets

 

Issuance and repayment of ABS and ABCP

 Issuance of ABS and ABCP based on securitization assets

Project financingFinancing

 

Granting PF loans to SOC and real estate

 

Granting loans to ships/aircrafts SPC

 

Construction of SOC and real estate

 

Building ships/ construction and purchase of aircrafts

 Loan commitments through Credit Line, providing lines of credit and investment agreements

Trust

 

Management of financial trusts;

 

—Development trust

—Mortgage trust

—Management trust

—Disposal trust

—Distribution and management trust

—Other trusts

 

Development, management, and disposal of trusted real estate assets

 

Payment of trust fees and allocation of trust profits.

 

Distribution of trusted real estate assets and financing of trust company

 

Public auction of trusted real estate assets and financing of trust company

Investment fundsFund

 

Investment in beneficiary certificates

 

Investment in PEF and partnerships

 

Management of fund assets

 

Payment of fund fees and allocation of fund profits

 

Sales of beneficiary certificate instruments

 

Investment of managing partners and limited partners

AsDetails of December 31, 2013 and 2014, the sizescale of the unconsolidated structured entities and nature of the risks associated with itsthe Group’s interests in unconsolidated structured entities as of December 31, 2016 and 2017, are as follows:

 

 Dec. 31, 2013  2016 
 Asset-backed
securitization
 Project
Financing
 Trusts Investment
funds
 Others Total  Asset-backed
securitization
 Project
financing
 Trusts Investment
funds
 Others Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Total assets of unconsolidated Structured Entity

 12,631,056   24,605,331   2,261,415   12,618,790   3,502,834   55,619,426   95,829,740  22,529,407  588,267  33,606,036  4,723,822  157,277,272 

Carrying amount on financial statements

            

Assets

            

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

 677,658  75,477   —    25,253   —    778,388 

Derivative financial assets

 110   —     —     —     —    110 

Loans

  382,478    3,155,621    —      —      291,599    3,829,698   610,623  2,860,776  54,500  26,897  173,989  3,726,785 

Financial investments

  1,121,676    97,754    —      525,680    —      1,745,110   6,406,641  8,595  305  3,621,376  19,612  10,056,529 

Investment in associates

  —      —      —      403,153    —      403,153    —    728   —    227,203   —    227,931 

Other assets

  —      —      165,709    1,909    —      167,618   6,945  3,002  9,350  859  57  20,213 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

 1,504,154   3,253,375   165,709   930,742   291,599   6,145,579  

Total

 7,701,977  2,948,578  64,155  3,901,588  193,658  14,809,956 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Liabilities

            

Deposits

 306,931   487,818   —     8,142   5,473   808,364   528,041  703,049  —    40,382  6,895  1,278,367 

Other liabilities

  —      14    —      144    —      158   658   —     —     —     —    658 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

 306,931   487,832   —     8,286   5,473   808,522  

Total

 528,699  703,049  —    40,382  6,895  1,279,025 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Maximum exposure to loss(1)

 4,672,378   5,714,293   294,043   2,476,902   386,000   13,543,616  

Maximum exposure to loss1

      

Holding assets

 7,701,977  2,948,578  64,155  3,901,588  193,658  14,809,956 

Purchase and investment commitments

 726,375   —     —    1,607,542   —    2,333,917 

Unused credit

 2,701,254   —     —     —    33,500  2,734,754 

Payment guarantee and loan commitments

 290,100  1,475,760   —     —     —    1,765,860 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 11,419,706  4,424,338  64,155  5,509,130  227,158  21,644,487 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Methods of determining the maximum exposure to
loss

  
 
 
 
Providing lines
of credit and
purchase
commitments
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments /
loans, loan
commitments
/investment
agreements /
purchase
commitments
and
acceptances
and guarantees
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends
by results
trust: Total
amount of
trust
explosure
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
Investments
/loans and
capital
commitments
  
  
  
  
  
 
Loan
commitments
  
  
   


Providing lines
of credit and
purchase
commitments
 
 
 
 
  







Loan
commitments /
investment
agreements /
purchase
commitments
and
acceptances
and guarantees
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  




Dividends
by results
trust: Total
amount of
trust
exposure
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Investments /
loans and
capital
commitments

 
 
 
  
Loan
commitments
 
 
 

 Dec. 31, 2014  2017 
 Asset-backed
securitization
 Project
Financing
 Trusts Investment
funds
 Others Total  Asset-backed
securitization
 Project
financing
 Trusts Investment
funds
 Others Total 
 (In millions of Korean won)  (In millions of Korean won) 

Total assets of unconsolidated Structured Entity

 13,013,795   21,102,639   1,986,277   17,919,480   6,484,363   60,506,554   128,573,461  33,153,741  482,900  101,598,227  9,613,570  273,421,899 

Carrying amount on financial statements

            

Assets

            

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

 2,277,080  73,157   —    547,258   —    2,897,495 

Derivative financial assets

 1,136   —     —    118   —    1,254 

Loans

  223,771    2,965,239    —      1,609    252,195    3,442,814   833,380  3,366,675  54,500  266,653  393,664  4,914,872 

Financial investments

  716,462    93,505    —      627,554    66,943    1,504,464   6,826,097  13,104  300  5,788,925  20,619  12,649,045 

Investment in associates

  —      —      —      390,337    —      390,337  

Investment in associates and joint ventures

  —     —     —    202,816   —    202,816 

Other assets

  47    27    92,678    8,324    —      101,076   11,699  5,874  37,972  962  307  56,814 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

 940,280   3,058,771   92,678   1,027,824   319,138   5,438,691  

Total

 9,949,392  3,458,810  92,772  6,806,732  414,590  20,722,296 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Liabilities

            

Deposits

 300,015   500,538   —     6,067   32,986   839,606   484,889  755,242  —    38,657  3,985  1,282,773 

Derivative financial liabilities

 1,487   —     —    2,792   —    4,279 

Other liabilities

  12    —      —      —      —      12   11,292  44   —    48   —    11,384 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Sub-total

 300,027   500,538   —     6,067   32,986   839,618  

Total

 497,668  755,286  —    41,497  3,985  1,298,436 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Maximum exposure to loss(1)

 5,338,975   5,403,409   206,911   3,203,351   590,257   14,742,903  

Maximum exposure to loss1

      

Holding assets

 9,949,392  3,458,810  92,772  6,806,732  414,590  20,722,296 

Purchase and investment commitments

 964,106   —     —    1,301,784   —    2,265,890 

Unused credit

 2,299,236  10,000   —    1,203,917  16,000  3,529,153 

Payment guarantee and loan commitments

 382,300  1,385,722   —     —     —    1,768,022 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

 13,595,034  4,854,532  92,772  9,312,433  430,590  28,285,361 
 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

Methods of determining the maximum exposure to loss

  
 
 
 
Providing lines
of credit and
purchase
commitments
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan
commitments
/investment
agreements /
purchase
commitments
and
acceptances
and guarantees
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends
by results
trust: Total
amount of
trust
explosure
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
Investments
/loans and
capital
commitments
  
  
  
  
  
 
Loan
commitments
  
  
   


Providing lines
of credit and
purchase
commitments
 
 
 
 
  







Loan
commitments /
investment
agreements /
purchase
commitments
and
acceptances
and guarantees
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  




Dividends
by results
trust: Total
amount of
trust
exposure
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Investments /
loans and
capital
commitments

 
 
 
  
Loan
commitments
 
 
 

 

(1)1

Maximum exposure to loss includes the asset amounts, after deducting loss(provision for assets, impairment losses and others), recognized in the financial statements of the Group.

42. Finance/Finance and Operating Lease

42.1 Finance lease

42.1.1 The Group as finance lessee

The future minimum lease payments arising as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

          2013                   2014           2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Net carrying amount of finance lease assets

  16,955    72,392    40,750   29,817 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Minimum lease payment

        

Within 1 year

   1,927     18,765     2,424    2,555 

1-5 years

   —       5,472     3,099    2,150 

Over 5 years

   —       1,148  
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

   1,927     25,385     5,523    4,705 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Present value of minimum lease payment

        

Within 1 year

   1,873     18,367     2,392    2,510 

1-5 years

   —       5,169     2,907    2,059 

Over 5 years

   —       996  
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

   1,873     24,532     5,299    4,569 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

42.2.242.1.2 The Group as finance lessor

Total lease investment and the present value of minimum lease payments as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013   2014   2016   2017 
  Total lease
investment
   Present value of
minimum lease
payment
   Total lease
investment
   Present value of
minimum lease
payment
   Total lease
investment
   Present value of
minimum lease
payment
   Total lease
investment
   Present value of
minimum lease
payment
 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Within 1 year

  —      —      348,579    294,643    562,552   478,312   654,412   557,188 

1-5 years

   —       —       577,998     525,590     1,096,614    1,004,512    1,330,610    1,215,476 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  —      —      926,577    820,233    1,659,166   1,482,824   1,985,022   1,772,664 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Unearned interest income of finance lease as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, is as follows:

 

          2013                   2014           2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Total lease investment

  —      926,577    1,659,166   1,985,022 

Net lease investment

        

Present value of minimum lease payment

   —       820,233     1,482,824    1,772,664 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Unearned interest income

  —      106,344    176,342   212,358 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

42.2 Operating lease

42.2.1 The Group as operating lessee

The future minimum lease payments arising from thenon-cancellable lease contracts as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2013 2014   2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Minimum lease payment

     

Within 1 year

  121,446   124,183    148,449  168,707 

1-5 years

   108,962    103,595     174,232  196,050 

Over 5 years

   67    34,439     34,488  34,128 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Total

  230,475   262,217    357,169  398,885 
  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

 

Minimum sublease payment

  (367 (382  (1,109 (3,101

The lease payment reflected in profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

  2012 2013 2014   2015 2016 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Lease payment reflected in profit or loss

      

Minimum lease payment

  201,450   204,164   218,635    194,173  197,444  208,413 

Sublease payment

   (165  (118  (156   (167 (1,026 (2,441
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Total

  201,285   204,046   218,479    194,006  196,418  205,972 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

42.2.2 The Group as operating lessor

The future minimum lease receipts arising from thenon-cancellable lease contracts as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

          2013                   2014                   2016                   2017         
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Minimum lease receipts

      

Within 1 year

  8,327    27,613    129,870   163,203 

1-5 years

   22,280     52,621     277,377    375,344 

Over 5 years

   313,282    282,470 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  30,607    80,234    720,529   821,017 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

43. Related Party Transactions

IncomeProfit and expensesloss arising from transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

    2012  2013  2014 
    (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

    

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 Fee and commission income —     7,908   7,851  

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

 Fee and commission income  3    3    3  
 Interest expense  143    139    66  

UAMCO., Ltd.

 Interest income  297    31    —    
 Fee and commission income  —      —      14  
 Reversal for credit loss  68    —      —    
 Interest expense  —      —      12  
 Other operating expense  93,266    7,626    —    

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

 Interest income  —      14,592    13,226  
 Reversal for credit loss  —      2    —    
 Interest expense  —      909    543  
 Provision for credit loss  —      —      2  

KB No.2 Special Purpose Acquisition Company(1)

 Interest income  —      —      27  
 Fee and commission income  —      —      518  
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  —      —      1,440  
 Other non-operating income  —      —      20  
 Interest expense  —      —      1  

KB No.3 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 Interest income  —      —      30  
 Fee and commission income  —      —      350  
 Other non-operating income  —      —      10  
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  —      —      1,462  
 Provision for credit loss  —      —      14  
 Interest expense  —      —      6  

KB No.4 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 Interest income  —      —      24  
 Other non-operating income  —      —      11  
 Fee and commission income  —      —      350  
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  —      —      1,751  
 Provision for credit loss  —      —      14  
 Interest expense  —      —      9  

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 Interest income  —      —      13  
 Fee and commission income  —      —      175  
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  —      —      1,780  
 Other non-operating income  —      —      5  
 Provision for credit loss  —      —      14  
 Interest expense  —      —      4  

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 Interest income  —      —      9  
 Fee and commission income  —      —      525  
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  —      —      1,556  
 Other non-operating income  —      —      39  
 Interest expense  —      —      4  
     2015  2016   2017 
     (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates and Joint Ventures

      

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.1

 Interest income  50  63   12 
 Interest expense   164   1,057    202 
 Fee and commission income   5,329   20,321    8,994 
 Fee and commission expense   —     508    1,021 
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   2,761   4,822    796 
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   164   3,701    18,717 
 Other operating income   759   12,972    16,743 
 Other operating expense   1,233   6,406    633 
 General and administrative expenses   3,691   14,244    5,601 
 Reversal for credit loss   —     119    —   
 Provision for credit loss   14   —      12 
 Othernon-operating income   10   110    51 
 Othernon-operating expense   (3,496  74    —   

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 Fee and commission income   7,975   8,440    7,162 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

 Interest expense   73   92    132 
 Fee and commission income   1,822   1,648    1,374 
 Fee and commission expense   1,900   1,948    1,206 
 General and administrative expenses   2,199   1,968    2,202 
 Provision for credit loss   —     —      1 

UAMCO., Ltd.1

 Interest expense   8   1    —   
 Fee and commission income   14   5    —   

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

 Fee and commission income   548   457    216 

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund1

 Interest expense   49   1    —   

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

 Fee and commission income   894   896    851 

IMM Investment 5th PRIVATE EQUITY FUND1

 Othernon-operating expense   —     1    —   

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

 Interest income   12,843   14,534    25,511 
 Interest expense   436   369    292 
 Insurance income   —     —      162 
 Reversal for credit loss   2   —      43 
 Provision for credit loss   4   31    —   

Jaeyang Industry Co., Ltd.

 Interest income   —     —      98 
 Reversal for credit loss   —     37    6 

HIMS Co., Ltd.1

 Interest income   —     51    —   

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No. 2

 Fee and commission income   675   212    481 
 

Interest expense

   —     10    —   

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

 Interest expense   —     4    14 

    2012  2013  2014 
    (In millions of Korean won) 

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

 Interest income  500    91    —    
 Other operating income  1,900    —      —    
 Interest expense  28    —      —    
 Reversal for credit loss  7    83    —    

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

 Fee and commission income  300    300    300  
 Interest expense  —      91    38  

NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1

 Fee and commission income  474    474    236  
 Provision for credit loss  —      —      133  

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ
2010-5(PEF)

 Fee and commission income  1,000    1,014    778  
 Other operating expense  —      —      534  

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund

 Fee and commission income  303    569    634  
 Other operating income  —      —      3  
 Other operating expense  —      —      395  

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

 Fee and commission income  12,978    917    926  
 Other operating income  —      1,934    2,006  

KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust No.1

 Interest income  —      —      562  
 Fee and commission income  —      435    435  
 Interest expense  9    75    50  

Semiland Co., Ltd.(1)

 Interest income  17    14    8  
 Reversal for credit loss  4    —      4  
 Other non-operating expense  —      —      613  

Kores Co., Ltd.(1)

 Interest income  317    386    —    
 Fee and commission income  9    —      —    
 Reversal for credit loss  —      36    —    
 Provision for credit loss  325    —      —    

PyungJeon Industries Co., Ltd.(1)

 Reversal for credit loss  —      1,055    —    
 Provision for credit loss  343    —      —    

Testian Co., Ltd.(1)

 Interest income  104    10    —    
 Other operating income  15    —      —    

Sehwa Electronics Co., Ltd.(1)

 Fee and commission income  33    —      —    
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  2    35    —    
 Fee and commission expense  —      7    —    
 Interest expense  10    —      —    
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  143    —      —    

Serit Platform Co., Ltd.(1)

 Interest income  78    58    —    
 Fee and commission income  27    17    —    
 Provision for credit loss  4    74    —    

DS Plant Co., Ltd.(1)

 Interest income  315    211    —    
 Fee and commission income  —      4    —    
 Reversal for credit loss  3    10    —    
 Other operation income  —      8    —    
 Interest expense  1    2    —    
 Fee and commission expense  2    —      —    
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  —      26    —    

DaiYang Metal Co., Ltd.(1)

 Interest income  —      3    —    

Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.(1)

 Interest income  —      2,007    —    
 Reversal for credit loss  —      7,550    —    
     2015   2016   2017 
     (In millions of Korean won) 

KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust No.1

 Interest income   370    371    370 
 Interest expense   92    87    63 
 Fee and commission income   435    436    435 
 Provision for credit loss   —      —      3 

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

 Interest expense   —      14    16 

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.

 Fee and commission income   —      —      3 
 Interest expense   —      —      1 
 Othernon-operating expense   —      20    —   

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 31

 Interest expense   23    12    —   
 Fee and commission income   300    260    38 

E-clear International Co., Ltd.

 Interest income   18    —      —   

Sawnics Co., Ltd.1

 Interest income   1    —      —   

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

 Interest income   —      718    828 
 Interest expense   24    19    22 
 Fee and commission income   —      —      47 
 Fee and commission expense   —      —      2,956 
 Insurance income   —      —      29 
 Other operating income   1,588    1,606    731 
 Other operating expense   —      153    128 
 Reversal for credit losses   —      —      32 
 Provision for credit losses   1    61    —   
 Othernon-operating income   —      250    51 

Kyobo 7 Special Purpose Acquisition Co., Ltd.1

 Interest expense   —      —      1 

Food Factory Co., Ltd.

 Interest income   —      —      24 
 Insurance income   —      —      3 
 Provision for credit losses   —      —      44 

KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund 1st

 Fee and commission income   —      —      83 

Builton Co., Ltd

 Insurance income   —      —      1 

KB Private Equity Fund III

 Fee and commission income   —      —      457 

Wise Asset Management Co., Ltd.

 Interest expense   —      —      5 

Acts Co., Ltd.

 Interest income   —      —      249 
 Insurance income   —      —      2 
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   —      —      220 
 Provision for credit losses   —      —      66 
 General and administrative expenses   —      —      150 

Korbi Co., Ltd.1

 Interest income   —      —      183 
 Provision for credit losses   —      —      89 

Dongjo Co., Ltd.

 Reversal for credit losses   —      —      2 

POSCO-KB Shipbuilding Fund

 Fee and commission income   —      —      257 
 Interest expense   —      —      3 

Dae-A Leisure Co., Ltd.

 Interest expense   —      —      1 

Paycoms Co., Ltd.

 Interest income   —      —      61 
 Provision for credit losses   —      —      32 

Bungaejanter. Inc.

 Interest income   —      —      31 
 Provision for credit losses   —      —      44 

Faromancorporation Co., Ltd.1

 Reverse for credit losses   —      —      345 

Daesang Techlon Co., Ltd.

 Insurance income   —      —      1 

    2012  2013  2014 
    (In millions of Korean won) 

Sunoo Co., Ltd.(1)

 Interest expense  —      1    —    

KB Global Star Game & Apps SPAC(1)

 

Interest income

  77    81    —    
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  158    1,210    1,215  
 

Other operating income

  3    7    —    
 

Interest expense

  430    10    —    
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  —      —      691  
 

Provision for credit loss

  —      4    —    

CH engineering Co., Ltd.

 Reversal for credit loss  106    —      —    

Evalley Co., Ltd.

 Reversal for credit loss  77    —      —    

Joam Housing Development Co., Ltd.

 Interest expense  1    —      —    

Other

    

Retirement pension

 Fee and commission income  415    386    448  
 Interest expense  1,699    1,971    788  
     2015   2016   2017 
     (In millions of Korean won) 

Big Dipper Co., Ltd.

 Provision for credit losses   —      —      2 

KB-KDBC New Technology Business Investment Fund

 Interest expense   —      —      4 

KB No.3 Special Purpose Acquisition Company1

 Interest income   62    —      —   
 Interest expense   5    —      —   
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   4,077    —      —   
 Reversal for credit loss   14    —      —   

KB No.4 Special Purpose Acquisition Company1

 Interest income   78    —      —   
 Interest expense   25    —      —   
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   172    —      —   
 Reversal for credit loss   14    —      —   

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquisition Company1

 Interest income   68    68    —   
 

Interest expense

   44    19    —   
 

Fee and commission income

       —   
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   —      216    —   
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   119    —      —   
 

Reversal for credit loss

   —      29    —   
 

Provision for credit loss

   16    —      —   
 

Othernon-operating income

   —      2    —   

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquisition Company1

 Interest income   53    55    —   
 

Interest expense

   66    14    —   
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   471    65    —   
 

Othernon-operating expense

   —      4    —   

KB No.7 Special Purpose Acquisition Company1

 Interest income   34    37    —   
 

Interest expense

   38    18    —   
 

Fee and commission income

   150    —      —   
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   998    861    —   
 Othernon-operating income   —      40    —   

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 Interest income   41    74    75 
 Interest expense   21    35    36 
 Fee and commission income   350    —      —   
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   1,951    —      —   
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   —      41    170 
 Reversal for credit loss   —      50    —   
 Provision for credit loss   50    —      —   

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 Interest income   12    73    76 
 Interest expense   7    40    33 
 Fee and commission income   —      473    —   
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   —      1,665    —   
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   6    392    200 

     2015   2016   2017 
     (In millions of Korean won) 
 Reversal for credit loss   —      49    —   
 Provision for credit loss   50    —      —   

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 Interest income   —      17    48 
 Interest expense   —      8    24 
 Fee and commission income   —      175    —   
 Losses on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   —      —      103 
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   —      1,497    —   
 Othernon-operating income   —      5    —   

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 Interest income   —      3    22 
 Fee and commission income   —      —      150 
 Gains on financial assets/liabilities at fair value through profit or loss   —      16    711 

Hyundai-Tongyang Agrifood Private Equity Fund

 Fee and commission income   —      —      187 

KB IGen Private Equity Fund No. 1

 Fee and commission income   —      —      1,266 

Keystone-Hyundai Securities No. 1 Private Equity Fund

 Fee and commission income   —      22    94 

MJT&I Co., Ltd.

 Interest income   —      2    —   

Doosung Metal Co., Ltd.

 Interest income   —      1    —   
 Insurance income   —      —      1 

Other

       

Retirement pension

 Interest expense   955    749    3 
 Fee and commission income   611    717    795 

 

(1)1

Not considered to beExcluded from the Group’s related party as atof December 31, 2014.

2017.

The details

Details of receivables and payables, and related allowances for loans losses arising from the related party transactions as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017 are as follows:

 

     2013   2014 
     (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

     

JSC Bank CenterCredit

 Cash and due from financial institutions  353    178  

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 Other assets   —       2,002  

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

 Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   —       19  
 Deposits   20,200     24,715  
 Other liabilities   64     17  

UAMCO., Ltd.

 Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   —       2  
 Deposits   5     1,654  
 Provisions   192     —    

Semiland Co., Ltd.(1)

 Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   19     —    
 Deposits   1     —    
 Provisions   3     —    

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

 Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   249,362     247,885  
 Allowances for loan losses   300     302  
 Other assets   1,343     1,144  
 Deposits   30,991     35,421  
 Other liabilities   240     249  

Terra Co., Ltd.

 Deposits   1     1  

KB No.3 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 Derivative financial assets   —       1,793  
 

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   —       1,465  
 

Deposits

   —       832  
 

Other liabilities

   —       6  

KB No.4 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 

Derivative financial assets

   —       2,167  
 

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   —       1,876  
 

Deposits

   —       2,500  
 

Other liabilities

   —       1  

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 

Derivative financial assets

   —       2,143  
 

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   —       1,816  
 

Deposits

   —       2,389  
 

Other liabilities

   —       1  
      2016   2017 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates and Joint Ventures

      

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.1

  

Derivative financial assets

  3,941   —   
  

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   6,791    —   
  

Allowances for loan losses

   9    —   
  

Other assets

   23,341    —   
  

Derivative financial liabilities

   13,545    —   
  

Deposits

   9,883    —   
  

Debts

   20,000    —   
  

Provisions

   8    —   
  

Other liabilities

   6,384    —   

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

  

Other assets

   2,123    1,669 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

  

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   14    22 
  

Deposits

   26,827    25,513 
  

Provisions

   —      1 
  

Other liabilities

   255    469 

JSC Bank CenterCredit

  

Cash and due from financial institutions

   8    —   

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

  

Other assets

   673    641 

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

  

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   209,105    200,414 
  

Allowances for loan losses

   331    288 
  

Other assets

   821    710 
  

Deposits

   38,556    48,795 
  

Provisions

   3    3 
  

Insurance contract liabilities

   —      189 
  

Other liabilities

   166    29 

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No. 2

  

Other assets

   98    176 

Terra Co., Ltd.

  

Deposits

   —      10 

Jaeyang Industry Co., Ltd.

  

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   303    —   
  

Allowances for loan losses

   6    —   
  

Other assets

   7    —   

Jungdo Co., Ltd.

  

Deposits

   —      4 

Dongjo Co., Ltd.

  

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   —      116 
  

Allowances for loan losses

   —      1 

Dae-A Leisure Co., Ltd.

  

Deposits

   —      466 
  

Other liabilities

   —      14 

Aju Good Technology Venture Fund

  

Deposits

   1,201    2,771 
  

Other liabilities

   1    1 

Ejade Co., Ltd.1

  

Deposits

   2    —   

Jungdong Steel Co., Ltd.

  

Deposits

   3    3 

Doosung Metal Co., Ltd.

  

Insurance contract liabilities

   —      1 

KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust No.1

  

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   10,000    10,000 
  

Allowances for loan losses

   —      3 
  

Other assets

   136    136 
  

Deposits

   6,682    6,962 
  

Other liabilities

   50    45 

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

  

Deposits

   2,356    1,032 
  

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   1    1 
  

Other liabilities

   12    4 

     2013   2014 
     (In millions of Korean won) 

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

 

Derivative financial assets

   —       1,837  
 

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   —       1,438  
 

Deposits

   —       4,406  
 

Other liabilities

   —       3  

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

 

Provisions

   82     —    

KB-Glenwood Private Equity Fund

 

Deposits

   1     —    

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 3

 

Other assets

   76     151  
 

Deposits

   1,400     1,400  
 

Other liabilities

   25     24  

NPS KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 1

 

Other assets

   65     9  
 

Other liabilities

   42     —    

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF)

 

Other assets

   266     139  
 

Provisions

   —       534  

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund

 

Other assets

   569     634  
 

Provisions

   —       128  

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust

 

Other assets

   —       673  

KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust No.1

 

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   —       10,000  
 

Other assets

   —       155  
 

Deposits

   8,142     6,067  
 

Other liabilities

   31     —    

Kores Co., Ltd.(1)

 

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   7,854     —    
 

Allowances for loan losses

   3,836     —    
 

Other liabilities

   2     —    

Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.(1)

 

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   47,104     —    
 

Allowances for loan losses

   38,784     —    
 

Deposits

   61     —    
 

Other liabilities

   14     —    

Key management

     
 

Loans and receivables (Gross amount)

   4,765     2,527  
 

Allowances for loan losses

   1     —    
 

Other assets

   6     3  
 

Deposits

   6,932     18,462  
 

Insurance contract liability

   770     1,292  
 

Other liabilities

   111     173  
 

Provisions

   2     —    

Other

     

Retirement pension

 

Other assets

   166     191  
 

Deposits

   48,840     41,412  
 

Other liabilities

   908     246  
      2016   2017 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.

  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   —      2 
  Deposits   1,902    41 

isMedia Co., Ltd.

  Provisions   4    —   

KBIC Private Equity Fund No. 31

  Other assets   64    —   
  Deposits   700    —   
  Other liabilities   1    —   

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   30,049    40,057 
  Allowances for loan losses   32    —   
  Other assets   108    51 
  Deposits   3,997    6 
  Provisions   29    29 
  Insurance contract liabilities   —      8 
  Other liabilities   70    349 

Food Factory Co., Ltd.

  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   —      679 
  Allowances for loan losses   —      44 
  Other assets   —      1 
  Deposits   —      1 
  Insurance contract liabilities   —      3 

KB Pre IPO Secondary Venture Fund 1st

  Other assets   —      28 

Builton Co., Ltd.

  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   —      1 
  Deposits   —      26 
  Insurance contract liabilities   —      1 

Wise Asset Management Co., Ltd.

  Deposits   —      340 
  Other liabilities   —      1 

Acts Co., Ltd.

  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   —      1,927 
  Allowances for loan losses   —      161 
  Intangible assets   —      1,275 
  Deposits   —      4 
  Insurance contract liabilities   —      1 

POSCO-KB Shipbuilding Fund

  Other assets   —      123 

Bungaejanter. Inc.

  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   —      425 
  Allowances for loan losses   —      36 

Paycoms Co., Ltd.

  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   —      1,066 
  Allowances for loan losses   —      89 

Daesang Techlon Co., Ltd.

  Deposits   —      2 

Big Dipper Co., Ltd.

  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   —      6 
  Provisions   —      2 

KB-KDBC New Technology Business Investment Fund

  Deposits   —      7,500 
  Other liabilities   —      4 

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  Derivative financial assets   2,235    2,122 
  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   2,490    2,296 
  Deposits   2,342    2,339 
  Other liabilities   3    19 

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  Derivative financial assets   2,441    2,241 
  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   2,584    2,356 
  Deposits   2,399    2,309 
  Other liabilities   6    38 

      2016   2017 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  Derivative financial assets   1,698    1,930 
  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   1,495    1,603 
  Deposits   1,754    1,698 
  Other liabilities   8    10 

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

  Derivative financial assets   135    846 
  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   790    697 

Key management

  Loans and receivables (Gross amount)   1,982    1,665 
  Other assets   2    2 
  Deposits   8,217    8,707 
  Insurance contract liabilities   413    809 
  Other liabilities   139    124 

Other

      

Retirement pension

  Other assets   304    348 
  Deposits   1,464    —   
  Other liabilities   16,497    4,286 

 

(1)1

Not considered to beThe amounts are not disclosed as these are excluded from the Group’s related party as atof December 31, 2014.

2017.

In accordance withAccording to IAS 24, the Group includes parent, parent’s subsidiaries, associates, associates of parent’s subsidiaries, key management (including family members), and post-employment benefit plans of the Group and entities regarded as its related partiesparty companies in the scope of its related parties. Additionally, the Group discloses balances (receivables and payables) and other amounts arising from the related party transactions in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Refer toSee Note 13 for details on investments in associates.

Key management includes the directors of the parent companyParent Company, and the executive directors (vice-presidents and above) of Kookmin Bank and companies where the directors and /orand/or their close family members have control or joint control.

Significant loan transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013(1) 
   Beginning   Loans   Repayments  Others   Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

         

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

  2,805    1,913    (4,718 —      —    

UAMCO., Ltd

   —       47,181     (47,181  —       —    

Kores Co., Ltd.(2)

   7,854     900     (900  —       7,854  

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd

   263,080     8,777     (22,495  —       249,362  

Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.(2)

   46,275     36,843     (36,014  —       47,104  

Semiland Co., Ltd.(2)

   —       86     (67  —       19  
   20161 
   Beginning   Loans   Repayments  Others  Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

        

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.2

  5,013   1,778   —    —    6,791 

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

   19    —      (5  —     14 

UAMCO., Ltd.2

   5    —      (5  —     —   

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

   231,674    4,000    (26,569  —     209,105 

Jaeyang Industry Co., Ltd.

   —      —      —     303   303 

HIMS Co., Ltd.2

   —      3,500    (3,500  —     —   

KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust No.1

   10,000    —      —     —     10,000 

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

   —      1    —     —     1 

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

   34    30,067    (52  —     30,049 

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2

   2,180    —      —     (2,180  —   

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2

   1,710    —      —     (1,710  —   

KB No.7 Special Purpose Acquisition Company2

   1,250    —      —     (1,250  —   

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   2,490    —      —     —     2,490 

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   2,584    —      —     —     2,584 

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   —      1,495    —     —     1,495 

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   —      790    —     —     790 

   2014(1) 
   Beginning   Loans   Repayments  Others  Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

        

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd

  249,362    12,375    (13,852 —     247,885  

KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust No.1

   —       10,000     —      —      10,000  

KB No.2 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   —       1,085     (1,085  —      —    

KB No.3 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   —       1,780     —      (315  1,465  

KB No.4 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   —       2,280     —      (404  1,876  

KB No.5 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   —       2,180     —      (364  1,816  

KB No.6 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   —       1,710     —      (272  1,438  

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd

   —       19     —      —      19  

UAMCO., Ltd

   —       2     —      —      2  
   20171 
   Beginning   Loans   Repayments  Others  Ending 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

        

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.2

  6,791   —     —    (6,791 —   

Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd.

   14    8    —     —     22 

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

   209,105    202,503    (211,194  —     200,414 

Jaeyang Industry Co., Ltd.

   303    —      —     (303  —   

KB Star Office Private Real Estate Investment Trust No.1

   10,000    —      —     —     10,000 

RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd.

   1    —      —     —     1 

Inno Lending Co., Ltd.

   —      2    —     —     2 

SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd.

   30,049    44,039    (34,031  —     40,057 

Food Factory Co., Ltd.

   —      700    —     (21  679 

Builton Co., Ltd.

   —      1    —     —     1 

Bungaejanter. Inc.

   —      400    —     25   425 

Big Dipper Co., Ltd.

   —      6    —     —     6 

KB No.8 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   2,490    —      —     (194  2,296 

KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   2,584    —      —     (228  2,356 

KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   1,495    295    —     (187  1,603 

KB No.11 Special Purpose Acquisition Company

   790    —      —     (93  697 

 

(1)1 

Transactions and balances arising from operating activities between related parties,parties; such as, payments, are excluded.

(2)2

Not considered to beExcluded from the Group’s related party as atof December 31, 2014.

2017.

Unused commitments to related parties as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, are as follows:

 

   2013   2014 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Balhae Infrastructure Fund

 Purchase of security investment  21,744    21,744  

UAMCO., Ltd.

 Loan commitments in Korean won   127,800     —    
 Purchase of security investment   89,950     89,950  

United PF 1st Recovery Private Equity Fund

 Loan commitments in Korean won   54,600     —    
 Purchase of security investment   49,383     49,383  

KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ
2010-(PEF)

 Purchase of security investment   2,200     2,150  

KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund

 Purchase of security investment   35,975     23,750  

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

 Loan commitments in Korean won   42,088     33,163  

KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust and others

 Loan commitments   757     372  
 Purchase of security investment   1,119     1,119  
   2016   2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates and Joint Ventures

    
KB Insurance Co., Ltd.1 Commitments of derivative financial instruments  251,833   —   
 

Unused commitments of credit card

   20,859    —   
Balhae Infrastructure Company 

Purchase of security investment

   13,371    12,564 
Korea Credit Bureau Co., Ltd. 

Unused commitments of credit card

   116    108 
KoFC KBIC Frontier Champ2010-5(PEF) 

Purchase of security investment

   2,150    2,150 
KB GwS Private Securities Investment Trust 

Purchase of security investment

   876    876 
Aju Good Technology Venture Fund 

Purchase of security investment

   18,000    11,768 
Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd. 

Loan commitments in Korean won

   50,000    20,000 
 

Unused commitments of credit card

   89    86 
KoFC POSCO HANHWA KB Shared Growth Private Equity Fund No. 2 

Purchase of security investment

   12,550    12,550 
SY Auto Capital Co., Ltd. 

Loan commitments in Korean won

   20,000    10,000 
 

Unused commitments of credit card

   101    92 
isMedia Co., Ltd.1 

Loan commitments in Korean won

   1,260    —   
KB No.9 Special Purpose Acquisition Company 

Unused commitments of credit card

   1    1 
KB No.10 Special Purpose Acquisition Company 

Unused commitments of credit card

   4    5 
RAND Bio Science Co., Ltd. 

Unused commitments of credit card

   24    24 
Builton Co., Ltd. 

Unused commitments of credit card

   —      4 
Food Factory Co., Ltd. 

Unused commitments of credit card

   —      11 
Inno Lending Co., Ltd. 

Unused commitments of credit card

   —      13 
Big Dipper Co., Ltd. 

Unused commitments of credit card

   —      94 
KB-KDBC New Technology Business Investment Fund 

Purchase of security investment

   —      15,000 

Key management

 

Loan commitments in Korean won

   898    984 

Unused commitments received from related party entities as at December 31, 2013 and 2014, are as follows:

  2013  2014 
    (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

   

Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. (1)

 Acceptances and Guarantees Outstanding in Won 293,500   —    

 

(1)1

DeemedThe amounts are not to bedisclosed as these are excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2014; therefore, 2014 balances are not presented.

2017.

Compensation to key management for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 2014,2017, consists of:

 

  2012   2015 
  Short-term
employee
benefits
   Post-
employment
benefits
   Termination
benefits
   Share-based
payments
   Total   Short-term
employee benefits
   Post-employment
benefits
   Termination
benefits
   Share-based
payments
   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Registered directors (executive)

  4,075    230    —      3,480    7,785    1,612   60   —     925   2,597 

Registered directors (non-executive)

   1,107     —       —       18     1,125     848    —      —      —      848 

Non-registered directors

   6,067     436     —       3,751     10,254     6,173    94    163    4,320    10,750 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  11,249    666    —      7,249    19,164    8,633   154   163   5,245   14,195 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 
  2016 
  Short-term
employee benefits
   Post-employment
benefits
   Termination
benefits
   Share-based
payments
   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Registered directors (executive)

  1,165   63   —     863   2,091 

Registered directors(non-executive)

   796    —      —      —      796 

Non-registered directors

   6,637    208    —      8,776    15,621 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  8,598   271   —     9,639   18,508 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 
  2017 
  Short-term
employee benefits
   Post-employment
benefits
   Termination
benefits
   Share-based
payments
   Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Registered directors (executive)

  2,026   87   —     2,991   5,104 

Registered directors(non-executive)

   896    —      —      —      896 

Non-registered directors

   8,420    338    —      14,610    23,368 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

  11,342   425   —     17,601   29,368 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Details of assets pledged as collateral to related parties as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 are as follows:

 

   2013 
   Short-term
employee
benefits
   Post-
employment
benefits
   Termination
benefits
   Share-based
payments
  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Registered directors (executive)

  3,270    144    —      (578 2,836  

Registered directors (non-executive)

   1,199     —       —       13    1,212  

Non-registered directors

   7,305     380     1,024     5,686    14,395  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  11,774    524    1,024    5,121   18,443  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 
      2016   2017 
      Carrying
amount
   Collateralized
amount
   Carrying
amount
   Collateralized
amount
 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

    

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.1

  

Land and buildings

  217,369   26,000   —     —   
  Investment securities   50,000    50,000    —      —   

 

   2014 
   Short-term
employee
benefits
   Post-
employment
benefits
   Share-based
payments
  Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Registered directors (executive)

  1,580    136    (15 1,701  

Registered directors (non-executive)

   1,203     —       (15  1,188  

Non-registered directors

   7,517     406     5,678    13,601  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  10,300    542    5,648   16,490  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 
1The amounts are not disclosed as these are excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2017.

Collateral received from related party entitiesparties as of December 31, 20132016 and 2014,2017, is as follows:

 

      2013   2014 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

      

Kores Co., Ltd.(1)

  Row house  24    —    
  Apartment   24     —    
  Factory/Forest land   15,000     —    

Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd.

  Fund management account for Standby loan commitment   65,000     65,000  

KB Star office Private real estate Investment Trust No.1

  Real estate   —       13,000  

Key management

  Time deposits and others   207     296  
  Real estate   7,381     3,583  
      2016   2017 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Associates

      

KB Insurance Co., Ltd.1

  

Investment securities

  50,000   —   

KB Star Office Private Real
Estate Investment Trust No.1

  

Real estate

   13,000    13,000 

Key management

  

Time deposits and others

   251    388 
  Real estate   2,759    2,287 

 

(1)1

DeemedThe amounts are not to bedisclosed as these are excluded from the Group’s related party as of December 31, 2014; therefore, 2014 balances are not presented.

2017.

As of December 31, 2014,2017, Incheon Bridge Co., Ltd,Ltd., a related party, provides fund management account, civil engineering completed risk insurance, shares and management rights as unsubordinated collaterals in respectsenior collateral amounting to collateralized amount₩611,000 million to a financial syndicate that consists of ₩816,400the Group and five other institutions, and as subordinated collateral amounting to ₩384,800 million to subordinated debt holders that consist of the Group and two other institutions. Also, it provides certificate of credit guarantee amounting to ₩400,000 million as collateral to a financial syndicate consisting of the Group and fourfive other institutions, and as subordinated collateral in respect to collateralized amountinstitutions.

44. Business Combination

44.1 The Acquisition of ₩201,100 million to subordinated debt holders consistingshares of KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

On May 19, 2017, the Group acquired 36,237,649 shares out of all outstanding shares of KB Insurance Co., Ltd., and two other institutions.

44. Business combination

The Group obtained controlthis share acquisition increased the Group’s ownership of Woori FinancialKB Insurance Co., Ltd. from the Woori Financial Group Inc. for ₩279,870 million (11,180,630 shares, 52.02%) on March 20, 2014. Woori Financial39.81% to 94.30%. Therefore, KB Insurance Co., Ltd. operates rentalbecame a subsidiary to the Group. The main purpose of facilities, installment financial business, factoring business and others. Woori Financial Co., Ltd. has changed its name to KB Capital Co., Ltd.

The Group expects synergies from diversification of business portfolio through reinforcement of non-banking services, diversification of profit structure through expansion of customer range, vitalization of connected business between financial subsidiaries, reinforcement of retail banking business marketing, financing cheap money through the financial group and others.

The goodwill of business combination consistsis to improve competitiveness of expected synergiesnon-banking business by maximizing the operational synergy with subsidiaries innon-banking businesses.

2017
(In millions of Korean won)

Consideration

Fair value of existing holdings at the time of stock exchange

1,425,743

Equity securities(=36,237,649 shares X ₩33,000)

1,195,842

Total consideration transferred

2,621,585

Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed

Cash and cash equivalents

547,889

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

1,095,668

Available-for-sale financial assets

9,186,062

Held-to-maturity financial assets

4,616,377

Loans

6,604,530

Other receivables

767,458

Property plant and equipment(included Investment property)

895,141

Intangible assets

2,434,049

Other assets

4,187,919

Total Assets

30,335,093

Insurance contract liabilities

22,889,439

Financial liabilities

625,850

Other liabilities

3,905,189

Total liabilities

27,420,478

Total identifiable net assets

2,914,615

Non-controlling interests1

170,044

Gains on bargain purchase

122,986

1Measured at the proportionate share of KB Insurance Co., Ltd.’s net assets applies only to instruments that represent present ownership interests.

As a result of the business combination, there was a gain on the value of unrecognized assets and others.

The consideration transferredbargain purchase and the assets and liabilities arising fromGroup recognized it as othernon-operating income in the M&A dealconsolidated statement of comprehensive income.

Details of loans acquired are as follows:

 

   Amounts2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Total considerationFair value of loans

  279,870

6,604,530
 

Recognized amountsContractual total amount of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed

Cash and due from financial institutionsloan receivables

   17,5726,651,314 

Available-for-sale financial assetsContractual cash flows that are not expected to be recovered

   6,872(59,906

Loans

3,888,468

Equipment / intangible assets

16,828

Other assets

59,055

Total assets

3,988,795

Debts

580,000

Debentures

2,751,344

Other liabilities

272,495

Total liabilities

3,603,839

Total identifiable net assets

384,956

Ratio of shareholding acquired (%)

52.02

Relevant amount of shares

200,261

Goodwill

79,609

Acquisition-related costs(1)

2,094 

(1)

Recorded as fee and commission expense in the statement of comprehensive income.

The receivables including loans from the M&A deal at the acquisition dateDetails of intangible assets recognized as a result of business combinations are as follows:

 

   Amounts2017 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Fair value

Due from financial institutionsValue of business acquired (VOBA)1

  4,6012,395,291 

LoansOthers2

   3,893,069

Others

25,32138,758 
  

 

 

 

Total fair value

  3,922,9912,434,049 
  

 

 

 

Contractual1

In accordance with IFRS 4, an indirect method using embedded value was applied in measurement of VOBA. In business combination or contract transfer, insurance liabilities and intangible assets are separately presented to recognize embedded value in financial statements. VOBA is a concept similar to present value of in force (PVIF) and Present value of future profits (PVFP or PVP). The intangible assets from embedded value is calculated through the actuarial model and cash flow that were originally used to calculate the embedded value.

2Memberships and other intangible assets were previously held by KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

In 2017, the Group measured 39.81% of KB Insurance Co., Ltd.’s equity interest held before the business combination at fair value and recognized ₩1,806 million as a loss on investment in the consolidated statements of income. After the acquisition date, operating income and net income of KB Insurance Co., Ltd. were ₩500,691 million and ₩330,286 million, respectively.

If KB Insurance Co., Ltd. had been consolidated from the beginning of the current period, the operating profit and profit for the period of the Group would be ₩622,123 million and ₩430,190 million, respectively, in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

44.2 The Results of VOBA Sensitivity Analysis

The results of sensitivity analysis from changes in assumption applied to calculate the value (VOBA) of acquired business recognized by business combination are as follows:

   2017 
   Assumption
change
  VOBA outputs   Gain or losses from
evaluation
 
      (In millions of Korean won) 

Standard amount

   2,395,291   —   

Loss ratio

   10%   1,020,243    (1,375,048
   -10%   3,770,338    1,375,047 

Surrenders and termination rates

   10%   2,425,348    30,057 
   -10%   2,360,035    (35,256

Insurance operating expenses ratio

   10%   2,256,197    (139,094
   -10%   2,534,384    139,093 

Return on investment

   +0.5%p   3,153,368    758,077 
   -0.5%p   1,576,618    (818,673

Discount rate

   +0.5%p   2,250,386    (144,905
   -0.5%p   2,551,657    156,366 

44.3 Insurance Risk at the Time of Business Combination

44.3.1 Overview

Insurance risk arises from acceptance of insurance contract, and payment of claim, comprising insurance price risk and reserve risk. Insurance price risk represents loss exceeding expected mortality or expense ratio assumed in premium calculation; the difference of premium received from customers and actual claim payment. Reserve risk represents insufficient insurance reserve causing insurer unable to cover future payment of insurance claim.

44.3.2 Purposes, policies and procedures to manage risk arising from insurance contracts

KB Insurance Co. Ltd. is exposed to actuarial risk and acceptance risk, each arising from pricing of insurance contract and acceptance terms, respectively. Acceptance guidelines and procedures are established by insurance product to avoidnon-profitable insurance contract by examining subjects beforehand. The insurer performs analysis of insurance risk expected in price determination before acceptance and of the risk after acceptance in its effort to minimize actuarial risk by subsequent actions including premium adjustment, change in sales condition, end of sales of product and new product development.

In addition, KB Insurance Co. Ltd. establishes reinsurance strategies based on its reinsurance operating standards by holding adequate level of reinsurance to address future accident causing insurer immediately liable with large amount. The insurer manages risks comprehensively supporting customer protection and achieving stable profit to maximize enterprise value in the long term.

KB Insurance Co. Ltd.’s enterprise risk is calculated using standard RBC model. Assets and product portfolio are managed and risk limit is set to keep risk level reasonable given its capital adequacy.

44.3.3 Exposure to insurance price risk

According to RBC standard, KB Insurance Co. Ltd. defines insurance price risk exposure as risk premium for the last one year adding or subtracting premium of original insurance and reinsurance, assumed and ceded.

   2017 
   Direct
insurance
   Inward
reinsurance
   Outward
reinsurance
   Total 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

General

  908,992   81,311   579,954   410,349 

Automobile

   1,984,178    —      40,486    1,943,692 

Long-term

   1,845,647    —      250,459    1,595,188 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  4,738,817   81,311   870,899   3,949,229 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

44.3.4 Concentration of Insurance risk

KB Insurance Co., Ltd. is selling generalnon-life insurances (fire, maritime, injury, technology, liability, package, title, guarantee and special type insurances), automobile insurances (for private use, for hire, for business, bicycle and other), long-term insurances (long-termnon-life, property damage, injury, driver, savings, illness, nursing and pension) and various other insurances. KB Insurance Co., Ltd.’s risk is distributed through reinsurance, joint acceptance and diversified selling. In addition, insurances that cover serious damage of risk, although with rare possibility of the occurrence of disaster, such as storm and flood insurance are limited, and KB Insurance Co., Ltd. controls the risk through joint acquisition.

44.3.5 Loss development tables

General Insurance

   Payment year 

Accident year

  After 1 year   After 2 years   After 3 years   After 4 years   After 5 years 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)

          

2012.4.1 ~ 2013.3.31

  155,846   188,494   194,197   198,574   197,475 

2013.4.1 ~ 2014.3.31

   168,274    196,711    198,849    198,251    —   

2014.4.1 ~ 2015.3.31

   121,300    141,807    143,129    —      —   

2015.4.1 ~ 2016.3.31

   126,747    150,115    —      —      —   

2016.4.1 ~ 2017.3.31

   148,162    —      —      —      —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   720,329    677,127    536,175    396,825    197,475 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gross cumulative claim payments (B)

          

2012.4.1 ~ 2013.3.31

   118,748    172,826    185,043    190,131    191,849 

2013.4.1 ~ 2014.3.31

   129,198    175,994    189,194    191,700    —   

2014.4.1 ~ 2015.3.31

   88,311    126,826    135,437    —      —   

2015.4.1 ~ 2016.3.31

   93,964    136,169    —      —      —   

2016.4.1 ~ 2017.3.31

   107,770    —      —      —      —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   537,991    611,815    509,674    381,831    191,849 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Difference(A-B)

  182,338   65,312   26,501   14,994   5,626 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Automobile Insurance

  Payment year 

Accident year

 After 1 year  After 2 years  After 3 years  After 4 years  After 5 years  After 6 years  After 7 years 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)

       

2010.4.1 ~ 2011.3.31

 1,025,148  1,041,743  1,049,759  1,053,279  1,053,674  1,054,482  1,055,616 

2011.4.1 ~ 2012.3.31

  1,103,363   1,118,764   1,125,789   1,130,637   1,132,811   1,134,588   —   

2012.4.1 ~ 2013.3.31

  1,129,311   1,151,262   1,160,820   1,166,840   1,169,692   —     —   

2013.4.1 ~ 2014.3.31

  1,124,402   1,154,322   1,164,003   1,174,204   —     —     —   

2014.4.1 ~ 2015.3.31

  1,205,298   1,224,037   1,236,693   —     —     —     —   

2015.4.1 ~ 2016.3.31

  1,242,591   1,257,538   —     —     —     —     —   

2016.4.1 ~ 2017.3.31

  1,292,711   —     —     —     —     —     —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  8,122,824   6,947,666   5,737,064   4,524,960   3,356,177   2,189,070   1,055,616 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Gross cumulative claim payments(B)

       

2010.4.1 ~ 2011.3.31

  898,401   1,010,255   1,033,873   1,043,730   1,048,664   1,050,860   1,051,681 

2011.4.1 ~ 2012.3.31

  954,486   1,079,455   1,106,620   1,120,852   1,128,085   1,130,188   —   

2012.4.1 ~ 2013.3.31

  963,250   1,112,141   1,140,658   1,154,668   1,160,801   —     —   

2013.4.1 ~ 2014.3.31

  948,421   1,105,324   1,137,731   1,155,656   —     —     —   

2014.4.1 ~ 2015.3.31

  1,007,236   1,180,056   1,210,707   —     —     —     —   

2015.4.1 ~ 2016.3.31

  1,042,046   1,208,525   —     —     —     —     —   

2016.4.1 ~ 2017.3.31

  1,079,668   —     —     —     —     —     —   
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

  6,893,508   6,695,756   5,629,589   4,474,906   3,337,550   2,181,048   1,051,681 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Difference(A-B)

 1,229,316  251,910  107,475  50,054  18,627  8,022  3,935 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Long-term Insurance

   Payment year 

Accident year

  After 1 year   After 2 years   After 3 years   After 4 years   After 5 years 
   (In millions of Korean won) 

Estimate of gross ultimate claims (A)

          

2012.4.1 ~ 2013.3.31

  648,694   871,989   897,650   902,898   904,400 

2013.4.1 ~ 2014.3.31

   737,540    999,838    1,029,937    1,035,705    —   

2014.4.1 ~ 2015.3.31

   822,235    1,106,997    1,138,537    —      —   

2015.4.1 ~ 2016.3.31

   945,954    1,286,361    —      —      —   

2016.4.1 ~ 2017.3.31

   1,102,183    —      —      —      —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   4,256,606    4,265,185    3,066,124    1,938,603    904,400 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gross cumulative claim payments (B)

          

2012.4.1 ~ 2013.3.31

   606,551    859,742    889,948    898,142    901,629 

2013.4.1 ~ 2014.3.31

   696,685    984,891    1,021,364    1,032,301    —   

2014.4.1 ~ 2015.3.31

   770,283    1,090,501    1,130,781    —      —   

2015.4.1 ~ 2016.3.31

   892,901    1,271,183    —      —      —   

2016.4.1 ~ 2017.3.31

   1,051,471    —      —   ��  —      —   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   4,017,891    4,206,317    3,042,093    1,930,443    901,629 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Difference(A-B)

  238,715   58,868   24,031   8,160   2,771 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

44.3.6 Liquidity risk of insurance contracts

Liquidity risk arising from insurance contracts is the increase in refunds at maturity caused by concentrations of maturity, the increase in surrender values caused by unexpected amounts in cancellation and the increase in payments of claims caused by catastrophic events. KB Insurance Co., Ltd. manages payment of refunds payable at maturity by analyzing maturity of insurance.

Premium reserve’s maturity structure as of the business combination date is as follows:

  2017 
  Within 1 year  1~5 years  5~10 years  10~20 years  More 20 years  Total 
  (In millions of Korean won) 

Long-term insurance non participating

      

Non-linked

 54,301  202,759  185,691  76,049  97,970  616,770 

Linked

  457,494   2,311,040   2,256,942   1,240,524   8,991,508   15,257,508 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  511,795   2,513,799   2,442,633   1,316,573   9,089,478   15,874,278 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Annuity

      

Non-linked

  10   143   1,775   4,109   1,490   7,527 

Linked

  183   44,147   276,785   1,025,511   2,066,527   3,413,153 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Sub-total

  193   44,290   278,560   1,029,620   2,068,017   3,420,680 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Asset-linked

      

Linked

  —     27,059   —     —     —     27,059 

Total

      

Non-linked

  54,311   202,902   187,466   80,158   99,460   624,297 

Linked

  457,677   2,382,246   2,533,727   2,266,035   11,058,035   18,697,720 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Total

 511,988  2,585,148  2,721,193  2,346,193  11,157,495  19,322,017 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

44.3.7 Credit risk of insurance contract

Credit risk of insurance contract is the economic loss arising fromnon-performing contractual obligations due to decline in credit ratings or default. Through strict internal review, KB Insurance Co., Ltd. cedes insurance contracts to the insurers rated aboveBBB- of S&P rating.

As of business combination date, there are 219 reinsurance companies that deal with KB Insurance Co., Ltd., and the top three insurance companies’ concentration and credit ratings are as follows:

Due from financial institutionsReinsurance company

RatioCredit rating

KOREANRE

66.60AA

STARR INTERNATIONAL

3.41AA+

SWISSREINSURANCE

3.22AAA

Exposures to credit risk related to reinsurance as of business combination date were as follows:

2017
(In millions of Korean won)

Reinsurance assets1

  4,601730,251 

LoansNet receivables from reinsurers2

   3,900,760

Others

26,47844,443 
  

 

 

 

Total contractual cash flow

  3,931,839774,694 
  

 

 

 

1Net carrying amounts that deduct impairment loss
2Net carrying amounts of each reinsurance company that offsets reinsurance accounts receivable and reinsurance accounts payable and deduct allowance for loan losses

44.3.8 Interest risk of insurance contract

The interest rate risk exposure from KB Insurance Co., Ltd.’s insurance contracts is the risk of unexpected losses in net interest income or net assets arising from changes in interest rates and it is managed to minimize the loss experienced. For long-term,non-life insurance contracts, KB Insurance Co., Ltd. calculates exposure of interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Liabilities exposure is premium reserves after subtracting costs of termination deductions. Asset exposure is interest-bearing assets. Assets that receive only fees without interest are excluded from interest bearing assets.

Exposure to interest rate risk

2017
(In millions of Korean won)

Estimate of the contractual cash flows not expected to be collectedLiabilities

  

LoansFixed interest rate

  82,640622,570 

OthersVariable interest rate

   1,08518,268,800 
  

 

 

 

Total estimate of the contractual cash flows not expected to be collected

18,891,370

Assets

Due from banks

319,960

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

386,040

Available-for-sale financial assets

6,660,182

Held-to-maturity financial assets

4,143,851

Loans

6,465,291

Total

  83,72517,975,324 
  

 

 

 

The Group measured non-controlling interestsMeasurement and recognition method

Duration is used to measure interest rate risk within risk based solvency test. ALM system for risk based solvency test is utilized to manage interest rate risk internally. In addition, Risk Management Committee sets ALM strategy every year to manage interest rate risk.

Sensitivity to changes in interest rates

Generally, when interest rates rise, the value and duration of assets and liabilities fall, when interest rates fall, value and duration of assets and liabilities increase. When duration of assets is shorter than duration of liabilities, the interest risk is increased if the interest rates fall since increased asset value is smaller than liabilities increase.

Negative spread risk control

To control interest expenses from other liabilities and investment incomes from assets, KB CapitalInsurance Co., Ltd.’s publicizes its interest rate considering market interest rate and return on invested insurance assets of KB Insurance Co., Ltd.

44.4 Acquisition of MARITIME SECURITIES INCORPORATION

In October 9, 2017 the Group acquired 99.40% shares of MARITIME SECURITIES INCORPORATION, which operates in Vietnam securities industry. The transfer price paid by the group was ₩38,479 million, and recognized goodwill of ₩13,092 million by recognizing the net asset fair value asandnon-controlling interest of the date of acquisition. As a result, non-controlling interest amounting to ₩184,695₩25,539 million is recognized as of the date of acquisition.

Due to the business combination, the netand ₩152 million, respectively. There are no operating income andor profit for the period from March 20, 2014 to December 31, 2014, includedincurred and recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income were ₩39,666 million and ₩29,990 million (profit attributableprofit or loss after the acquisition date.

The name has changed to shareholders of the parent company is ₩15,601 million), respectively.KB SECURITIES VIETNAM JOINT STOCK COMPANY in January 2018.

Assuming the date of acquisition is the beginning of the reporting period, the income from operations and net profit for the period would have increased by ₩6,137 million and ₩4,649 million, respectively. In calculating the pro forma information, the operating results of the acquired companies for the period before acquisition have been adjusted to reflect the Group’s accounting policies and the fair value adjustments made upon acquisition.

45. Approval of Issuance of the Financial Statements

The issuance of the Group’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014,2017, was approved by the Board of Directors on February 5, 2015.

8, 2018.

46. Parent Company Information

The following tables present the Parent Company Only financial information:

Condensed Statements of Financial Position

 

  Dec. 31 2012   Dec. 31 2013   Dec. 31 2014   Dec. 31 2016   Dec. 31 2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Assets

          

Cash held at bank subsidiaries

  96,234    77,298    30,739    115,065   245,400 

Receivables from nonbanking subsidiaries

   25,000     10,000     10,000  

Financial assets at fair value through profit of loss

   246,656    284,485 

Loans

   29,415    10,000 

Investments in subsidiaries(1)

          

Banking subsidiaries

   14,821,721     14,821,721     14,821,721     14,821,721    14,821,721 

Nonbanking subsidiaries

   3,123,127     3,470,722     3,735,845  

Nonbanking subsidiaries.

   6,571,024    9,240,395 

Investments in associate(1)

   1,053,690    —   

Other assets

   323,946     284,801     612,216     532,581    500,833 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total assets

  18,390,028    18,664,542    19,210,521    23,370,152   25,102,834 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Liabilities and shareholders’ equity

          

Debts

  —      —      —      350,000   300,000 

Debentures

   —       349,157     628,837     3,474,200    5,162,600 

Other liabilities

   305,686     266,963     295,010     524,135    513,689 

Shareholders’ equity

   18,084,342     18,048,422     18,286,674     19,021,817    19,126,545 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity

  18,390,028    18,664,542    19,210,521    23,370,152   25,102,834 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

(1)

Investments in subsidiaries and associate were accounted at cost method in accordance with IAS 27.

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income

 

  2012 2013   2014   2015 2016   2017 
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Income

          

Dividends from subsidiaries:

     

Dividends from banking subsidiaries

  687,925   245,044    493,782  

Dividends from subsidiaries

  315,527  686,919   693,660 

Dividends from an associate

   —    7,989    15,884 

Interest from subsidiaries

   6,018    3,859     2,391     2,185  2,192    3,207 

Other income

   —      —       —       2,540  10,700    14,336 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Total income

   693,943    248,903     496,173     320,252  707,800    727,087 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Expense

          

Interest expense

   3,025    5,227     19,149     27,929  60,521    101,107 

Non-interest expense

   44,901    48,273     43,473     49,088  57,311    78,077 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Total expense

   47,926    53,500     62,622     77,017  117,832    179,184 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Profit(loss) before tax expense

   646,017    195,403     433,551     243,235  589,968    547,903 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Tax income(expense)

   1,080    423     (600   190  164    5,522 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Profit(loss) for the year

   647,097    195,826     432,951     243,425  590,132    553,425 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Other comprehensive income(loss) for the year, net of tax

   (862  65     (1,523   (741 237    (491
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Total comprehensive income for the year

  646,235   195,891    431,428    242,684  590,369   552,934 
  

 

  

 

   

 

   

 

  

 

   

 

 

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

 

          2012                 2013                 2014               2015         2016         2017     
  (In millions of Korean won)   (In millions of Korean won) 

Operating activities

        

Net income (loss)

  647,097   195,826   432,951  

Net income

  243,425  590,132  553,425 

Reconciliation of net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:

        

Other operating activities, net

   15,807    40,272    (286,554   304,444  5,588  16,718 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

   662,904    236,098    146,397  

Net cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities

   547,869  595,720  570,143 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Investing activities

        

Net payments from (to) subsidiaries

   (136,526  (369,590  (279,870   (90,000 (1,684,021 (1,413,932

Other investing activities, net

   7,998    (2,710  750     (880,059 (201,890 21,376 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net cash used in investing activities

   (128,528  (372,300  (279,120

Net cash outflow from investing activities

   (970,059 (1,885,911 (1,392,556
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Financing activities

        

Increase in debts

   170,000    315,000    —    

Decreases in debts

   (300,000  (315,000  —    

Net increase(decrease) in debts

   —    350,000  (50,263

Increases in debentures

   —      349,077    279,340     1,017,752  1,975,742  1,836,114 

Decreases in debentures

   (50,000  —      —    

Repayments of debentures

   —    (150,000 (149,669

Cash dividends paid

   (278,173  (231,811  (193,176   (301,354 (378,625 (497,969

Acquisition of treasury shares

   —    (716,808 (185,465
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

   (458,173  117,266    86,164  

Net cash inflow from financing activities

   716,398  1,080,309  952,748 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Net increase in cash held at bank subsidiaries

   76,203    (18,936  (46,559   294,208  (209,882 130,335 

Cash held at bank subsidiaries at January 1

   20,028    96,231    77,295  

Cash and cash equivalents subsidiaries at January 1

   30,736  324,944  115,062 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

Cash held at bank subsidiaries at December 31

  96,231   77,295   30,736  

Cash and cash equivalents subsidiaries at December 31

  324,944  115,062  245,397 
  

 

  

 

  

 

   

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

F-185F-207