UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM20-F

OR

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20182019

OR

OR

Date of event requiring this shell company report

For the transition period from                to                

Commission file number1-12158

中国石化上海石油化工股份有限公司

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Company Limited

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

The People’s Republic of China

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

No. 48 Jinyi Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, PRC 200540

(Address of principal executive offices)

Mr. Guo XiaojunWu Haijun

No. 48 Jinyi Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 200540

The People’s Republic of China

Tel: +86 (21) 57943143

Fax: +86 (21) 57940050

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

3,495,000,000 H Shares, par value RMB1.00 per Share

7,328,813,500 A Shares, par value RMB1.00 per Share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities

Act.     Yes  ☒    No  ☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or (15) (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of RegulationS-T (§232,405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, anon-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer  ☒        AcceleratedFiler  ☐        Non-Accelerated Filer  ☐        Emerging growth company  ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S.GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐

The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☒

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.    Item 17  ☐    Item 18  ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. *    Yes  ☐    No  ☐

Table of Contents

i

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this annual report that address activities, events or developments which we expect or anticipate will or may occur in the future are hereby identified as forward-looking statements for the purpose of the safe harbor provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The words such as “believe,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “estimate,” “predict,” “plan” and similar expressions are also intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements address, among others, such issues as:

These statements are based on assumptions and analyses made by us in light of our experience and our perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors we believe are appropriate in particular circumstances. However, whether actual results and developments will meet our expectations and predictions depends on a number of risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations, including the risks set forth in “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors” and the following:

Consequently, all of the forward-looking statements made in this annual report are qualified by these cautionary statements and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements should be considered in light of the various important factors set forth above and elsewhere in this annual report, including the risks set forth in “Item 3. Key Information – Risk Factors.” In addition, we cannot assure you that the actual results or developments anticipated by us will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will have the expected effect on us or our business or operations.

ii

EXCHANGE RATES

Unless otherwise specified, references in this annual report to “U.S. Dollars” or “U.S.$” are to United States Dollars, references to “HK Dollars” or “HK$” are to Hong Kong Dollars and references to “Renminbi” or “RMB” are to Renminbi yuan, the legal currency of the PRC.

We publish our financial statements in Renminbi. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. Dollars have been made at a rate of RMB6.8755RMB6.9618 to U.S.$1.00, $1.00, the noon buying rate on December 31, 20182019 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. We do not represent that Renminbi or U.S. Dollar amounts could be converted into U.S. Dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate.

ii

CERTAIN TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

References to “we” or “us” or “Company” are references to Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Company Limited and our subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. Before our formation, these references relate to the petrochemical businesses carried on by the Complex.

References to “Sinopec Corp.” are references to China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, the controlling shareholder of the Company.

References to the “Sinopec Group” are references to China Petrochemical Corporation, the controlling company of Sinopec Corp.

References to the “Complex” are references to Shanghai Petrochemical Complex, our predecessor founded in 1972.

References to “China” or the “PRC” are references to The People’s Republic of China which, for the purpose of this annual report and for geographical reference only, excludes Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

References to “ADSs” are references to our American Depositary Shares, which are listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). Each ADS represents 100 H Shares.

References to our “A Shares” are references to 7,328,813,500 A Shares of the Company, par value RMB1.00 per share, which are ordinary shares held by Chinese investors.

References to our “H Shares” are references to our overseas-listed foreign ordinary shares, par value RMB1.00 per share, which are listed and traded on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (“HKSE”) under the number “338.”

“Rated Capacity” is the output capacity of a given production plant or, where appropriate, the throughput capacity, calculated by estimating the number of days in a year that the production plant is expected to operate, including downtime for regular maintenance, and multiplying that number by an amount equal to the plant optimal daily output or throughput, as the case may be.

All references to “tons” are references to metric tons.

Unless otherwise noted, references to sales volume are to sales to entities other than us or our divisions and subsidiaries.

iii

D. Risk Factors.

An investment in our ADSs involves significant risks. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. You should consider carefully all of the information in this annual report, including the risks and uncertainties described below and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making an investment in our ADSs. Any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In any such case, the market price of our ADSs could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Some of our major products are subject to government price controls, and we are not able to pass on all cost increases from rising crude oil prices through higher product prices.

We consume large amounts of crude oil to manufacture our products of which more than 95% is typically imported. We attempt to mitigate the effect of increased costs due to rising crude oil prices. However, our ability to pass on these increased costs to our customers is dependent on market conditions and government regulations. Given that the increase of the sales prices of our products may lag behind the increase of crude oil costs, we may fail to completely cover the increased costs by increasing our sales prices, particularly where government regulations restrict the prices of certain of our fuel products. In particular, gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, and liquefied petroleum gas are subject to government price controls at present. In 2016, 2017, 2018 and 20182019 approximately 31.19%36.95%, 36.95%41.62% and 41.62%44.81% of our net sales were from such products subject to price controls. Although the current price-setting mechanism for refined petroleum products in China allows the Chinese government to adjust price in the PRC market when the average international crude oil price fluctuates beyond certain levels within a certain time period (seeItem 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Product Pricing), the Chinese government still retains discretion as to whether or when to adjust the prices of the refined oil products. The Chinese government generally exercises certain price control over refined oil products once international crude oil prices experience a sustained rise or become significantly volatile. For instance, some of our fuel products are required to be sold to designated distributors (such as the subsidiaries of Sinopec Corp.). Because we cannot freely sell our fuel products to take advantage of opportunities for higher prices, we may not be able to fully cover increases in crude oil prices by increasing the sale prices of our products, which has had and will possibly continue to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our development and operation plans have significant capital expenditure and financing requirements, which are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties.

The petrochemical business is a capital intensive business. Our ability to maintain and increase our revenues, net profit and cash flows depends upon continued capital spending. Our current business strategy contemplates capital expenditure for 20192020 of approximately RMB1.5 billion (U.S.$ 218.2215.5 million), which will be provided through financing activities and use of our own capital. Our actual capital expenditures may vary significantly from these planned amounts, subject to our ability to generate sufficient cash flows from operations, investments and other factors that may be beyond our control. In addition, there can be no assurance as to whether, or at what cost, our capital projects will be completed or the success of these projects if completed.

As of March 31, 2019,2020, we had an aggregate outstanding indebtedness of approximately RMB497.2RMB 3,037 million (U.S.$72.3 436 million). Most of our borrowings are with state-controlled banks in China and structured as short term debt obligations with payment due in one year or less. These banks have generally been willing to provide new short term loans while we pay off existing loans. Sinopec Corp., our controlling shareholder, did not provide any guarantee or credit support for our debt for the year ended December 31, 20182019 and for the three months ended March 31, 2019.2020.

Our ability to obtain external financing in the future and our ability to make timely repayments of our debt obligations are subject to a variety of uncertainties, including: our future results of operations, financial condition and cash flows; the condition of the economy in China and the condition of markets for our products; the cost of financing and the condition of financial markets; the issuance of relevant government approvals and other project risks associated with the development of infrastructure in China; and the continuing willingness of banks to provide new loans as we pay down existing debt.

While we anticipate that we will rely less on borrowings to finance capital expenditures and operations, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected if we fail to obtain sufficient funding for our operations or development plans.

Our business operations may be adversely affected by present or future environmental regulations.

We are subject to extensive environmental protection laws and regulations in China. These laws and regulations permit:

Our production operations produce substantial amounts of waste materials (i.e., waste water, waste gas and waste residue). In addition, our production and operations require environmental related permits that are subject to renewal, modification and revocation. We were subject to various administrative penalties for violations of the relevant PRC environmental laws and regulations in the past years. SeeItem 4. Information of the Company – B. Business Overview – Environmental Protection. We have established a system to treat waste materials to prevent and reduce pollution. The Chinese government (including the local governments), however, has moved, and may move further, toward the adoption of more regulations and more stringent environmental standards. Chinese national or local authorities may also apply more rigorous enforcement of such regulations which would require us to incur additional expenditures on environmental matters.

If the Chinese government changes current regulations that allow us to make payments in foreign currencies, we may be unable to obtain the foreign currency necessary for our business.

The Renminbi currently is not a freely convertible currency. We receive most of our revenue in Renminbi. A portion of our Renminbi revenue must be converted into other currencies to meet our foreign currency needs, which include, among other things:

Under existing foreign exchange regulations in China, we may undertake current account foreign exchange transactions, including the payment of dividends, without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) by producing commercial documents evidencing the foreign exchange transactions, provided that they are processed through Chinese banks licensed to engage in foreign exchange transactions. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account (international revenues and expenditures that increase or decrease debt or equity, including principal payments in respect of foreign currency-denominated obligations) continue to be subject to limitations and require the prior approval of SAFE. These limitations could affect our ability to obtain foreign exchange through debt financing, or to make capital expenditures in foreign currency. The Chinese government has stated publicly that it intends to eventually make the Renminbi freely convertible in the future. However, we cannot predict whether the PRC government will continue its existing foreign exchange policy and when the PRC government will allow free conversion of Renminbi.

If the Chinese government restricts our ability to make payments in foreign currency, we may be unable to obtain the foreign currency necessary for our business. In that case, our business may be materially adversely affected, and we may default on our obligations.

Change of currency policy and fluctuation of Renminbi might adversely affect our business and operating results.

The exchange rate betweenof the Renminbi andagainst the U.S.US Dollar orand other foreign currencies mightmay fluctuate and be affected byis subject to alterations due to changes on the change in China’sChinese political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies. Onsituations. In July 21, 2005, the PRC government changedoverhauled itsdecade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMBRenminbi to the U.S. Dollar, andUS dollar by permitting the RMB appreciated more than 20%Renminbi to fluctuate within a certain band against a basket of foreign currencies. Since the adoption of this new policy, the value of the Renminbi against the U.S. Dollar overUS dollar fluctuates daily. In addition, the following three years. However, the People’s Bank of China, or the PBOC, regularly intervenes in the foreign exchange marketChinese government has been under international pressure to limit fluctuations in RMB exchange rates and achieve policy goals. During the period between July 2008 and June 2010, thefurther ease its exchange rate between the RMBpolicy, and the U.S. Dollar had been stable and traded withinmay as a narrow range. However, the RMB fluctuated significantly during that period against other freely traded currencies, in tandem with the U.S. Dollar. Since June 2010, the RMB has started to slowly appreciate against the U.S. Dollar, though there have been periods when the U.S. Dollar has appreciated against the RMB. On August 11, 2015, the PBOC allowed the RMB to depreciate by approximately 2% against the U.S. Dollar. During 2016, the RMB depreciated by over 6.83% against the U.S. Dollar. During 2017, the RMB appreciated by over 6.16% against the U.S. Dollar. During 2018, the RMB depreciated by over 5.15% against the U.S. Dollar. It is difficult to predict how long such depreciation of RMB against the U.S. Dollar may last and when and how the relationship between the RMB and the U.S. Dollar mayresult further change again. There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a flexibleits currency policy.

A portion of our cash and cash equivalents is denominated in foreign currencies (mainly the U.S. Dollar). As of December 31, 2018,2019, our bank deposits denominated in foreign currencies were equivalent to RMB351.93RMB336.08 million. The appreciationAny increase in the value of Renminbi against foreignother currencies, (includingincluding the U.S. Dollar)US dollar, may cause a decrease in the Renminbi value of our cash and cash equivalents that are denominated in foreign currencies. In addition, the appreciation of Renminbi may harm the exports of our downstream manufacturers, thus adversely affecting the market demand for our products.

Although most of our revenue is denominated in Renminbi, most of our purchase of crude oil and some equipment and repayments of certain borrowings are made in foreign currencies. Any depreciation of the Renminbi would increase our cost and adversely affect our capacity of making profits. In addition, any depreciation of the Renminbi could adversely affect the value of the dividends of our H Shares and ADSs, which we declare in Renminbi and pay in foreign currencies.

We are controlled by Sinopec Corp., whose interests may not be aligned with yours.

As of March 31, 2019,2020, Sinopec Corp. owned 50.44% of our shares. Accordingly, it has voting and management control over us, and its interests may be different from the interests of our other shareholders. Subject to our Articles of Association and applicable laws and regulations, Sinopec Corp. will be in a position to cause us to declare dividends, determine the outcome of corporate actions requiring shareholder approval or effect corporate transactions without the approval of the holders of the H Shares and ADSs.Any such increase in our dividend payout would reduce funds available for reinvestment in our business and any such actions or transactions could adversely affect us or our minority shareholders. Sinopec Corp. may also experience changes in its own business strategy and policies. Although we are not currently aware of any specific changes, they could, in turn, lead Sinopec Corp. to change its policies or practices toward us in ways that we cannot predict, with corresponding unpredictable consequences for our business. Additionally, Sinopec Corp. may leverage its controlling shareholder position to influence our decisions with regard to the manufacturing and operation, allocation of financial resources and appointment and removal of senior management members, which could adversely affect us or our minority shareholders.

We have also engaged from time to time and will continue to engage in a variety of transactions with Sinopec Corp., Sinopec Group, the controlling company of Sinopec Corp., and their various subsidiaries or affiliates which provide a number of services to us, including the supply of raw materials, product distribution and sales agency, project design and installment service, petrochemical industry related insurance and financial services. We also sell oil and petrochemical products to Sinopec Corp. and its affiliates. Our transactions with these companies are governed by a Mutual Product Supply and Sales Services Framework Agreement with Sinopec Corp. and a Comprehensive Services Framework Agreement with Sinopec Group, the terms of which were negotiated on an arm’s length basis. SeeItem 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – B. Related Party Transactions. Our business and results of operations could be adversely affected if Sinopec Corp. or Sinopec Group refuses to engage in such transactions or if it seeks to amend the contracts between the parties in a way adverse to us. In addition, Sinopec Corp. has interests in businesses which compete or are likely to compete, either directly or indirectly, with our businesses. Because Sinopec Corp. is our controlling shareholder and its interests may conflict with our own interests, Sinopec Corp. may take actions that favor itself over our interests.

Our operations are exposed to risks relating to operating hazards and production safety and we have limited insurance coverage for resulting losses.

Our operations involve the handling and storage of explosives and other hazardous articles. In addition, our operations involve the use of heavy machinery, which involves inherent risks that cannot be entirely eliminated through our preventive efforts. As a result, we may encounter fires, explosions and other unexpected incidents during our operations, which may cause personal injuries or death, property damage, environmental damage, interruption of operations and reputational damages to us. Each of such incidents could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

We maintain a package of insurance coverage plan through Sinopec Group on our property, facilities and inventory. In addition, we maintain insurance policies for such assets as the engineering construction projects and products in transit with third-party commercial insurance companies. We carry a third party liability insurance with a coverage capped at RMB50 million in 20192020 to cover claims, subject to deductibles, in respect of personal injury, property or environmental damage arising from accidents on our property or relating to our operations other than on our transportation vehicles. Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all the financial losses caused by operating hazards. Resulting losses required to be compensated or otherwise paid for by us due to such operating hazards that are not fully insured against may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business may be limited or adversely affected by government regulations.

The Chinese central and local governments continue to exercise a certain degree of control over the petrochemical industry in China by, among other things:

As a result, we may face significant constraints on our flexibility and ability to expand our business operations or to maximize our profitability. In the past, we have benefited from favorable regulatory policies that have, for example, reduced the competition we face from illegal imports of petroleum products. Existing policies that favor our industry may change in the future and our business could be adversely affected by any such changes.

Our development plans may require regulatory approval.

We are currently engaged in a number of construction and expansion projects. Most of our projects are subject to governmental review and approval. The timing and cost of completion of these projects will depend on numerous factors, including approvals from relevant government authorities and general economic conditions in China.

While in general we attempt to obtain governmental approval as far in advance as practicable, we are unable to predict the timing and outcome of these governmental reviews and approvals. If any of our important projects required for our future growth are not approved, or not approved on a timely basis, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We could face increasing competition in China.

Our principal market, Eastern China, which is comprised of Shanghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Fujian, has enjoyed stronger economic growth and a higher demand for petrochemical products than other regions of China. As a result, we believe that our competitors will try to expand their sales and build up their distribution networks in our principal market. We believe this will have an adverse impact on the production and sale of our major products. Moreover, Chinese private enterprises have gradually overcome technological and funding barriers to extend their business from the downstream processing sector to the upstream petrochemical field. These enterprises have advantages in many areas such as flexibility in operation costs, preferential policy treatments and regional presence, and may use these advantages to compete with us in our target market.

We face increasing foreign competition in our lines of business.

China joined the WTO on December 11, 2001 and committed to eliminate some tariff andnon-tariff barriers to foreign competition in the domestic petrochemical industry that benefited us in the past. In particular, China:

As a result of these measures, we face increasing competition from foreign companies and imports. In addition, competition for our products has increased, as many overseas companies have switched their focus to sales in China.Furthermore, tariff reductions could reduce our profit margins or otherwise negatively impact our revenue from certain products, including a small number of significant products. The Chinese government may also reduce the tariffs imposed on production equipment that we may import in the future.

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in China. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole.

The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. Our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. In addition, the Chinese government has implemented in the past certain measures, including interest rate increases, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, and since 2012, China’s economic growth has slowed down. Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese economy may reduce the demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations is uncertain.

The Chinese legal system is based on statutory law. Under this system, prior court decisions may be cited as persuasive authority, but do not have the binding effect of precedents. Since 1979, the Chinese government has been developing a comprehensive system of commercial laws and considerable progress has been made in the promulgation of laws and regulations dealing with economic matters, such as corporate organization and governance, foreign investment, commerce, taxation and trade. Because these laws, regulations and legal requirements are relatively new or otherwise undeveloped and not all accessible to the public and because prior court decisions have little precedential value, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, regulations and legal requirements involve greater uncertainty than in other jurisdictions.

Cyber attacks and security breaches may threaten the integrity of our intellectual property and other sensitive information and disrupt our business operations, which could adversely affect our reputation, business and financial position.

We face global cybersecurity threats, which may range from uncoordinated individual attempts to sophisticated and targeted measures directed at us. Cyber attacks and security breaches may include, but are not limited to, attempts to disrupt our operations, gain access to confidential information, insertion of computer viruses, denial of service and other electronic security breaches. In recent years, a number of major oil and petrochemical companies have been the subject of cyber attacks.

Although we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents in the past, we cannot assure you that we will not experience them in the future. Due to the evolving nature of cybersecurity threats, the scope and impact of any future incident cannot be predicted. While we continually work to safeguard our systems and mitigate potential risks, there is no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to prevent cyber attacks or security breaches that manipulate or improperly use our systems or networks, compromise confidential or otherwise protected information, destroy or corrupt data, or otherwise disrupt our operations. The occurrence of such events could disrupt our operations, cause physical harm to people or the environment, damage or destroy assets, compromise business systems, result in proprietary information being altered, lost, stolen or compromised or otherwise disrupt our business operations. We could incur significant costs to remedy the effects of such a cybersecurity disruption as well as in connection with any resulting regulatory actions and litigation. In addition, a material cybersecurity incident could negatively impact our reputation and our competitive position, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

You may not enjoy shareholders’ protections that you would be entitled to in other jurisdictions.

As most of our business is conducted in China, our operations are governed principally by the laws of China. Despite the continuing improvement of the PRC Company Law and Securities Law, Chinese legal provisions for the protection of shareholders’ rights and access to information are different from those applicable to companies formed in the United States, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and other developed countries or regions. You may not enjoy shareholders’ protections under Chinese law that you would be entitled to in other jurisdictions. Moreover, there are significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those of U.S. issuers listed on the NYSE, as further described underItem 16 G. Corporate Governance.

Our Articles of Association require you to submit your disputes with us and other persons defined by our Articles of Association regarding the Company’s affairs to arbitration. You will have no legal right to a court proceeding with respect to such disputes.

Our Articles of Association require holders of our H Shares or ADSs having a claim against, or a dispute with, us, our directors, supervisors, executive officers or a holder of our A Shares relating to any rights or obligations conferred or imposed by our Articles of Association, the PRC Company Law or other relevant Chinese laws or regulations relating to our affairs, to submit such claim or dispute to arbitration with the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission or to the Hong Kong International Arbitration Center. Our Articles of Association further provide that any arbitration decisions with respect to such disputes or claims shall be final and binding on all parties. As a result, you will have no legal right to a court proceeding with respect to such disputes.

Proceedings institutedThe audit report included in this annual report is prepared by the SEC against certainPRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In December 2012, the SEC instituted administrative proceedings against the Big FourPRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ audit work papers with respect to certainPRC-based companies that are publicly traded in the United States.

On January 22, 2014, the administrative law judge, or the ALJ, presiding over the matter rendered an initial decision that each of the firms had violated the SEC’s rules of practice by failing to produce audit papers and other documents to the SEC. The initial decision censured each of the firms and barred them from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months.

On February 6, 2015, the four China-based accounting firms each agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC and audit U.S.-listed companies. The settlement required the firms to follow detailed procedures and to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”). Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four China-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement. The four-year mark occurred on February 6, 2019. While we cannot predict if the SEC will further challenge the four China-based accounting firms’ compliance with U.S. law in connection with U.S. regulatory requests for audit work papers or if the results of such a challenge would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions, if the accounting firms are subject to additional remedial measures, our ability to file our financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from the NYSE or the termination of the registration of our H Shares under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

Our auditor like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China,who is not permitted to be subject to inspectioninspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, consequentlyas such, our investors may beare deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit reports included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditorAuditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firmare registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, (United States), or PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB, conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance applicable professional standards. Our auditor is located in, and organized underare required by the laws of the PRC, which isU.S. to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the U.S. and applicable professional standards. Because our auditors are located in the People’s Republic of China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB has beenis currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities. In May 2013, PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation withauthorities, our auditors are not currently inspected by the CSRC and the PRC Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by PCAOB, the CSRC or the PRC Ministry of Finance in the United States and the PRC, respectively. PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, and the PRC Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

PCAOB. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. In a statement issued on December 9, 2019, the SEC reiterated concerns over the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of the audit firm work papers with respect to U.S.-listed companies that have operations in China, and emphasized the importance of audit quality in emerging markets, such as China. On April 21, 2020, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a new joint statement, reminding investors that in many emerging markets, including China, there is substantially greater risk that disclosures will be incomplete or misleading and, in the event of investor harm, substantially less access to recourse, as compared to U.S. domestic companies. The SEC/PCAOB statement noted the PCAOB’s inability to inspect audit work papers in China and its potential harm to investors. However, it remains unclear what further actions if any, the SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem.

This lackInspections of PCAOB inspections in China preventsother firms that the PCAOB from fully evaluating auditshas conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, of our independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and investors in our ordinary shares are deprivedwhich may be addressed as part of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections.inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’sauditor’s audit procedures orand quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. In light of the lack of inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our stock tomay lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress, which if passed, would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate an auditor report issued by a foreign public accounting firm. The proposed Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (EQUITABLE) Act would prescribe increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges such as the NYSE of issuers included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years. Enactment of this legislation or similar measures could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of the ADSs could be adversely affected. It is unclear if this proposed legislation will be enacted.

If remedial measures are imposed on the “big four” PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, we might not be able to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011, the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between the United States and Chinese law. Specifically, for certain United States listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese accounting firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under Chinese law they could not respond directly to the United States regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm. In January 2014, an administrative law judge reached an initial decision to impose penalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC. The accounting firms filed a petition for review of the initial decision. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioners of the SEC had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC accepts that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms will receive matching requests, and are required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance require them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they fail to meet specified criteria, the SEC retains authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Remedies for any future noncompliance could include, as appropriate, an automatic six-month bar on a single firm’s performance of certain audit work, commencement of a new proceeding against a firm, or in extreme cases the resumption of the current proceeding against all four firms. Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four China-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement. The four-year mark occurred on February 6, 2019.

In the event that the SEC brings new administrative proceedings, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, United States listed companies and the market price of the ADSs may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our consolidated financial statements, our consolidated financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of the ADSs from the NYSE or deregistration with the SEC, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of the ADSs in the United States.

We may be or become a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors.

Generally, if, for any taxable year, at least 75% of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of the value of our assets is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We do not expect toanticipate that we will be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, since PFIC status depends on the composition of our income and the composition and value of our assets from time to time, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for the current year until its close, or for any future taxable year. If we are characterized as a PFIC, U.S. investors may suffer adverse tax consequences, including increased U.S. tax liabilities and reporting requirements. For further discussion of the adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences of our possible classification as a PFIC, seeItem 10. Additional Information – E. Taxation – U.S. Taxation.

We have in the past sourced a small portion of crude oil from Iran that may be targeted by economic sanctions under relevant U.S. laws, and if such activities are determined by the U.S. governmental authorities as sanctionable activities, we could be sanctioned or otherwise penalized.

The United States has adopted a number of measures since 1996 that provide for the possible imposition of sanctions againstnon-U.S. companies engaged in certain activities in and with Iran in the energy and other sectors, including, the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (“ITRSHRA”) enacted August 10, 2012 and the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act (“IFCA”) enacted January 2, 2013, Section 1245 of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2012 (“NDAA”) enacted December 31, 2011, and Executive Order 13846 of August 6, 2018 that was issued in connection with the termination of the participation by the United States in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA, that became effective January 16, 2016, and resulted in the waiver of certain U.S. sanctions that againstnon-U.S. persons engaging in certain transactions with Iran. The withdrawal was effected in two stages that resulted on November 5, 2018, in the completere-imposition of the U.S. sanctions that were waived under the JCPOA. On November 5, 2018, the United States also granted a180-day waiver (that is potentially renewable) under NDAA Section 1245 of the NDAA to China (and seven other countries) allowing for the purchase of petroleum from Iran under specified conditions. The NDAA waiver does not authorize transactiontransactions that remain prohibited under other U.S. sanctions laws. On April 22, 2019, the U.S. Secretary of State announced that the United States would not grant any further waivers under the NDAA.

The sanctionable activities include certain investments, the provision of goods, services, technology, or support that could contribute to the development of petroleum and petrochemical resources or the production of refined petroleum products in Iran, the exportation of refined petroleum products to Iran, the transportation of crude oil from Iran, or the engagement in a significant transaction for the purchase or acquisition of petroleum or petroleum products from Iran, and the engagement in transactions with certain Iranian specially designated nationals and blocked persons (“SDNs”) as identified and published by U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, the agency primarily responsible for administering U.S. sanctions and embargoesembargoes.

We have sourced a small portion of our crude oil from Iran in the past through Sinopec Corp., our current controlling shareholder, and independent third parties, and weIran may continue to purchasebe the ultimate source of a small portion of our crude oil from Iran.oil. In addition, Sinopec Corp. and Sinopec Group, the controlling shareholder of Sinopec Corp., have engaged in operations in or purchasing crude oil sourced from Iran and may continue to do so in the future. We have no control over the activities of Sinopec Group or Sinopec Corp. in connection with any activities that they may conduct in Iran.

If our purchases of crude oil from Iran and transactions related thereto are determined to be sanctionable activities by the U.S. President and/or the relevant U.S. governmental authorities, we may be subject to five or more of the twelve sanctions options available under the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (as amended) (“ISA”) and the ITRSHRA, which include restrictions on bank financing, outright blocking of the Company’s property within any U.S. jurisdiction, under the control of U.S. persons anywhere in the world, and prohibition of U.S. persons from investing or purchasing a significant amount of equity or debt instruments of the Company. Similar sanctions may also be imposed under Executive Order 13846, the IFCA, and other U.S. laws. In addition, many states in the United States have adopted legislation requiring state pension funds to divest themselves of securities in any company with active business operations in Iran. We cannot assure that we or any of our affiliates will not be sanctioned by the U.S. President and/or the relevant U.S. governmental authorities in light of the activities by us or our affiliates in Iran. The imposition of any such sanctions on us or our affiliates will have a negative impact on our business, reputation or stock price. In addition, purchase of crude oil by Sinopec Corp. subsidiaries that supply us with raw materials may from time to time be sourced from National Iranian Oil Company. This entity has been identified by the U.S. government as an SDN and sanctioned under various laws, including for assisting the government of Iran to avoid sanction and for engaging in activities related to nuclear proliferation. Under Executive Order 13846, the U.S. President can sanctionnon-U.S. companies that engage in transactions with SDNs such as the National Iranian Oil Company. To the extent we indirectly (or directly) purchase raw materials from this entity, we risk potential U.S. government sanctions. Even absent any U.S. government sanctions, we risk adverse publicity in the world markets, which may impair our reputation and business.

The trading prices of our ADSs and H Shares have been volatile and may continue to be volatile regardless of our operating performance.

The trading prices of our ADSs and H Shares have been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations. The market price for our ADSs may continue to be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The securities of some China-based companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings in recent years, including, in some cases, substantial declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of these companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies listed in the United States in general, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities. In particular, the global financial crisis and the ensuing economic recessions in many countries have contributed and may continue to contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our ADSs.

A. History and Development of the Company

General Information

We were established in the People’s Republic of China as a joint stock limited company under the PRC Company Law on June 29, 1993 as Shanghai Petrochemical Company Limited. On October 12, 2000, we changed our name to Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Company Limited. Our registered office is at No. 48 Jinyi Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, China 200540. Our telephone number there is(86-21) 5794-1941. Our company website iswww.spc.com.cn. The SEC maintains an Internet site atwww.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and our other information that file electronically with the SEC.

Our Predecessor

Our predecessor, Complex, was founded in 1972 as one of the first large scale Chinese petrochemical enterprises using advanced imported technology and equipment. Prior to June 29, 1993, the Complex was wholly-owned by Sinopec Group, at the time a ministerial level enterprise (before its restructuring in 1998, “Sinopec”). The Complex’s location was chosen because of accessibility by water and land transportation to Shanghai, a major industrial city of China, and the availability of reclaimable land. The Complex was initially under the administration of the Ministry of Textile Industry and in 1983 was placed under the administration of Sinopec.

Construction Projects

The Complex and we, as its successor, have completed six major stages of construction. The first stage of construction (1972-1976) included reclamation of land and the installation of 18 production units. The second stage of construction (1980-1986) increased the Complex’s capacity for processing crude oil and doubled its capacity for synthetic fiber production. The third stage of construction (1987-1992) primarily consisted of the installation of a 300,000 ton Rated Capacity ethylene unit, an additional crude oil refining unit and other units for the production of petrochemical products. The third stage of construction completed our transition from a synthetic fiber producer to a highly integrated producer of a wide variety of petrochemical products. The fourth stage of construction (2000-2002) mainly included the 700,000 ton Ethylene Expansion Project and Coal-Fired Power Plant Expansion Project. The fifth stage of construction (2003-2009) was mainly designed to optimize our structure and realize sustainable development, and mainly included 3,300,000t/a diesel hydrogenation unit, 1,200,000t/a delayed coking unit and other projects implemented for removing “bottlenecks” in refinery, the building of new 600,000t/a paraxylene hydrocarbon complex unit, 150,000t/a C5 segregation unit, 380,000t/a ethane unit,etc..

The Company commenced the sixth stage of construction in 2010 (the “Phase 6 Project”) and completed the project in December 2012. The key component of the Phase 6 Project was the refinery revamping and expansion project. The Phase 6 Project also included the technology development and fine chemicals projects. The purpose of the Phase 6 Project was to improve the Company’s overall industrial structure, core competitiveness and the capability of maintaining sustainable developments. The Phase 6 Project was focused on the objective to achieve intensive utilization of natural resources and thebuild-up of a complete set of facilities, in accordance with the fundamental industrial model of integrating oil refining and petrochemical production. Through this project, the Company further enhanced its oil refining process and strengthened and expanded the Company’s core businesses while continuing to explore the development of fine chemicals and products with high value added.

Over the past four decades, the Company has built up an infrastructure system to support its production needs. The Company has its own facilities to supply water, electricity, steam and other utilities and to treat waste water, as well as ocean and inland waterway wharfs and railroad and road transportation facilities.

Our Initial Public Offering and Listing

We were established as a subsidiary of Sinopec on June 29, 1993. In preparation for our initial public offering of ordinary shares, all assets and liabilities of the Complex were transferred either to us or to Sinopec Shanghai Jinshan Industrial Company (“JI”), a separate subsidiary of Sinopec. The Complex’snon-core businesses and assets, such as housing, stores, schools, transportation and medical services, were transferred to JI. The Complex’s core business and assets were transferred to us. The Complex then ceased to exist as a legal entity. In 1998, Sinopec was restructured into a limited liability company under the name of China Petrochemical Corporation (“Sinopec Group”). On February 25, 2000, Sinopec Group transferred its interest in us to its subsidiary, Sinopec Corp. In 1997, JI was restructured and its subsidiaries were either transferred to Sinopec or Shanghai Jinshan District. Sinopec Group now provides community services to us that were formerly provided by JI.

Our H Shares commenced listing on the HKSE on July 26, 1993. Our ADSs, each representing 100 H Shares, are listed on the NYSE. Our A Shares are listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. We were the first Chinese joint stock limited company to have securities concurrently traded in Hong Kong, the United States and China. On November 8, 1993, our A Shares were included in the Shanghai Stock Exchange Stock Index.

A Share Reform

Pursuant to regulations issued by the CSRC, we were required to obtain shareholder approval for and implement certain share reform. As a result of such share reform, allnon-publicly tradable A Shares of the Company would be converted into publicly tradable A Shares and may be sold publicly on the Shanghai Stock Exchange subject to any applicablelock-up period.

In connection with the share reform, the Distribution Proposal regarding 2013 Interim Distribution of Cash Dividend and the Conversion of Capital Fund and Surplus Reserve into Shares of the Company (“Proposal”) was approved at the Company’s 2013 First Extraordinary General Meeting, 2013 First A Shareholders Class Meeting and 2013 First H Shareholders Class Meeting held on October 22, 2013. According to the Proposal, based on the Company’s total share capital of 7,200,000,000 shares as of June 30, 2013, RMB2,421 million of the capital surplus of the Company from its share premium account was used to fund the issue of 3.36 new bonus shares with respect to every 10 issued and outstanding shares, the surplus reserve was used to fund the issue of 1.64 new bonus shares with respect to every 10 issued and outstanding shares, and an interim cash dividend of RMB0.50 (tax included) for every 10 issued and outstanding shares was distributed to all shareholders.

In addition, Sinopec Corp. undertakes under the Proposal that it shall not, within 12 months from the date on which Sinopec Corp. becomes entitled to trade, deal in or transfer itsnon-publicly tradable shares of the Company in the market (meaning the first trading day after the implementation of the Proposal), trade such shares in the market. Also, after the expiration of the aforesaid12-month term, the amount of existingnon-publicly tradable shares to be disposed of by Sinopec Corp. through trading on the stock exchange shall not represent more than 5% of the total number of our shares held by Sinopec Corp. within the next 12 months, and not more than 10% within the next 24 months.

Immediately upon completion of the conversion of capital surplus and surplus reserve into new shares of the Company, the total number of A Shares of the Company reached, as of December 4, 2013, 7,305,000,000, and the total amount of H Shares of the Company reached 3,495,000,000. Therefore, the Company’s total share capital consists of 10,800,000,000 shares. Sinopec Corp., being the controlling shareholder of the Company, holds 5,460,000,000 A Shares, representing 50.56% of the total share capital of the Company.

The share certificates of new H Shares issued in connection with the share reform were dispatched and the cash dividend was paid to the holders of H Shares on December 4, 2013. The dealings in the new H Shares commenced on December 5, 2013.

Description of Principal Capital Expenditures and Divestitures

For a description of capital expansion projects related to our facilities, seeItem 4. Information on the Company – D. Property, Plant and Equipment – Capital Expansion Program.

B. Business Overview

We are one of the largest petrochemical companies in China based on 20182019 net sales and ethylene production. Our highly integrated petrochemical complex processes crude oil into a broad range of products in four major product areas:

Based on 20182019 sales volumes, we are a leading Chinese producer of synthetic fibers and resins and plastic products. We believe that we are also a leading competitor in sales of petroleum products and intermediate petrochemicals in our regional markets.

Our net sales by business lines as a percentage of total net sales in each of 2016, 2017, 2018 and 20182019 are summarized as follows:

Net Sales of RMB65,936.5 million in 2016

Net Sales of RMB79,218.3 million in 2017

Net Sales of RMB95,613.5 million in 2018

Net Sales of RMB88,055.7 million in 2019

We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from customers in Eastern China (principally Shanghai and its six neighboring provinces), an area that has experienced economic growth above the national average in recent years. Shown by geographic region and exports, our net sales by business lines as a percentage of total net sales for each of 2016, 2017, 2018 and 20182019 are as follows:

20162017 Net Sales by Region (%)

2018 Net Sales by Region (%)

2019 Net Sales by Region (%)

We will refinefully launched the establishment work of “14^th Five-Year Plan”, initiated the construction of 48K large tow carbon fiber and improve our development planother projects, and focus on promoting product structureactively promoted the implementation of refiningclean-up transformation, environmentally friendly ethylene project and industrial structure adjustments. We will actively implementthird circuit 220KV power line project, ensuring oil cleaning project, the second phase of the carbon fiber project and work towardsother projects can be put into production on time. Meanwhile, we will continue to promote the launchinvestment and construction of some key projects includingsuch as pipeline company and China Aviation Oil transport base and advance the 1# ethylene relocation redevelopmentimplementation of projects such as Baling Petrochemical Corp’s elastic new materials and Shanghai Huayi MMA. In order to accelerate the formation of industrial cluster superiority, we will promote the R&D of carbon fiber composite and industrial cultivation. Besides, we will continue to make breakthrough in large tow carbon fiber project and thelarge-tow carbon fiber project. We will actively pursue regional coordinated developmentdomestication of oxidation furnaces and seek joint venture opportunities with Dushangang Petrochemical Industrial Parkcarbonization furnaces and Jinshan Second Industrial Zone.

Efforts will be made to advance carbon fiber and other technological breakthrough to completefocus on the transformation of high-performance carbon fiber equipment and continue to develop carbon rod structure optimization, broadening the mode of application, development and application of core technologies for carbon fiber and its composite materials. WeFurthermore, we will commence marketing activities for polyesters for optical films, polyesters for engineering plastics and flame retardant polyesters. Advancepay close attention to the development trend of hexene copolymerizationhydrogen energy to promote its development, explore and large-diameter polyethylene pipeestablish new materials foamed polypropylene serialized productsinnovation research centers, accelerate the promotion and medical polypropylene syringe products. Withapplication of 5G technology and the integrationtransformation of information infrastructure, and optimizationexplore the application of production process, integrated managementartificial intelligence and control of refinery production and industrial cloud platform as our current focus, we will continue to build an intelligent plant.big data.

We aim to further strengthen our corporate governance by researchingIn accordance with the development needs of the industry, the Company will explore the development models of its four major sectors, namely, oil refining, petrochemical, new materials and streamlining our organizational structure,capital operations, adjust and improve the management responsibilitiesoptimize capabilities and settings of functional departments, sort out problems and secondary units. Wedifficulties of the existing management process, and study methods for system improvement to promote management optimization. In addition, the Company will improve the performance evaluation system based on the balanced scorecard, highlighting value unleash, benefit orientation, innovation and vitality, and effectively transforming strategic goals into action goals. The Company will promote the pilot workstrategy of our Carbon Fiber Business Unit“boosting enterprises through talents”, actively advance the establishment of competence system for management leaders and the implementation of fault tolerance and error correction systems, intensify the training and recruitment of medium- and high-level technical and skilled personnel, improve the integrationcultivation and incentive mechanism of new products production, salesscientific and research. We will drive the optimal delicacy management of our industrial system while exploring the incubation mechanism for the transformation of our scientific research results. We will continuously improve ourtechnological talents, and carry out and strengthen staff performance appraisal system with reference to our core business processes and optimize the appraisal indicator system. We will explore the selection, appointment, supervision and evaluation of managers, revitalizing our internal human resource pool, increase the introduction of mature industry talents, manage total labor costs, and in turntraining to improve our overall productivity.the comprehensive quality, operational skills and emergency response capabilities of skilled personnel in anall-round way.

Principal Products

We produce four principal types of products with different specifications, including synthetic fibers, resins and plastics, intermediate petrochemicals and petroleum products. We use many of the important petroleum products and intermediate petrochemicals we produce in producing our own downstream products.

The following table shows a comparison of the production volume and sales volume in 20172018 and 20182019 by our major products.

Notes: 1. Excludes sales volume on asub-contract basis.

           2. The difference between production and sales are internal sales.

The above-mentioned sales volume and sales revenue do not include the trading of our petrochemical products.

The following table shows our 20182019 net sales by major products as a percentage of total net sales together with the typical uses of these products.

The following table provides a detailed description of our major products by industry segment, primary upstream raw materials, transport and storage method, primary downstream application fields and key price-influencing factors:

Production Processes

The key component of the vertically integrated production facility of the Company is the ethylene facility producing ethylene and propylene and aromatics facility mainly producing paraxylene and benzene. Ethylene is the main raw material for the production of polyethylene and ethylene glycol, while ethylene glycol and PTA polymerization produces polyester. Propylene is the main raw material for the production of acrylics and polypropylene. The above-mentioned products all use crude oil as raw material and are processed through a series of petrochemical facilities. The chart below illustrates in brief the production processes of the Company.

Crude Oil

Crude oil is our primary raw material and the most significant raw material we purchase from outside sources. In 2018,2019, crude oil accounted for approximately 51.39%56.20% of our total cost of sales. Accordingly, the supply and price of crude oil are key factors in determining our profitability.

Supply and Transportation– AllThe crude oil required by us whether from domestic or foreign sources, is purchased through the channels of Sinopec Corp., as an agent.agent, from foreign sources and Shanghai Nanguang Petrochemical Co., Ltd., as an agent, from domestic sources. During 2018,2019, we did not experience any significant problems in obtaining sufficient crude oil to meet our production needs.

Sinopec Group is responsible for preparing an annual plan on demand and supply for crude oil and petroleum products that forms the basis of the Chinese government’s annual “balancing plan” which effectively dictates our planned volume of crude oil processing in each year. Likewise, under the “balancing plan,” some of our petroleum products are designated for sale to the subsidiaries of Sinopec Group or other designated customers at market prices and we must consult Sinopec Group to sell elsewhere.

We have received confirmation from Sinopec Corp. that it will purchase on our behalf 15.0515.30 million tons of imported crude oil in 2019.2020. Sinopec Corp. has further confirmed that, subject to China’s national crude oil policy and our actual production needs, it will continue to purchase on our behalf sufficient quantities and appropriate types of crude oil, including domestic offshore and imported crude oil, to satisfy our anticipated annual needs. We anticipate that we will fully utilize our supply of crude oil in 2019.2020. We believe that the mix of crude oil feedstock currently available is satisfactory for our 20192020 production capacity and targets. Additionally, as part of China’s commitment at its accession into WTO, certainnon-state-owned enterprises have been granted an increasing amount of quota to import crude oil. Although we do not expect to obtain crude oil through this channel in the foreseeable future due to the current crude oil supply system, this may provide us with an alternative source of crude oil supply.

Crude Oil Mix– Our refining equipment is designed to process certain grades of crude oil. Therefore, the origin and quality of the crude oil available can be important to our business. We believe that as we have been significantly increasing usage of imported crude oil, we will continue to be able to obtain from the market such imported crude oil that is compatible with our refining equipment. The overall mix of foreign versus domestic crude oil we process in 20192020 will depend on a variety of factors, including the amount of future supply of domestic offshore crude oil and the availability, price, quality, processing profitability and compatibility with our refining capabilities of imported crude oil. Provided there are no significant modifications to the existing channels of crude oil supply, we believe that sufficient supplies of crude oil will be available on the domestic or international markets for our 20192020 production capacity and goals.

In 2018,2019, our crude oil was sourced as follows:

We expect that we will continue to rely principally on foreign sources for our crude oil supply. However, we believe that we will be able to maintain our processing efficiency through technological adjustments of our equipment and quality control and that increased use of imported oil will not materially adversely impact our business and results of operations.

Foreign and domestic offshore crude oil is supplied by tanker and pipeline to our oil terminal wharf and oil storage tank. SeeItem 4.D. Property, Plants and Equipment -Wharfs.

In the past, we have not experienced disruption in our crude oil supply. We haveon-site crude oil storage tanks at Chenshan wharf capable of storing approximately 300,000 cubic meters of crude oil, primarily to provide crude oil to our No. 2 atmosphere vacuum distillation facility. This crude oil storage can provide us with approximately a2-week supply of crude oil. The crude oil for our No. 3 atmosphere vacuum distillation facility is mainly supplied from the Ningbo-Shanghai-Nanjing oil pipeline. Due to our ability to obtain crude oil from multiple sources, we are able to meet our normal requirements for crude oil.

Pricing– The price of domestic crude oil shall apply the market –adjusted rate and the imported crude oil is generally sold to us at prevailing international market prices. The average cost of imported crude oil and domestic offshore crude oil in 20182019 was RMB3,806.39RMB 3,321.09 (U.S.$468) 477.04) per ton and RMB3,350.98RMB 3,661.41 (U.S.$505) 525.93) per ton, respectively. In 2018,2019, we processed 14,302,90014,013,663 tons of imported crude oil and 76,0001,185,699 tons of domestic offshore crude oil (including 729,2001,064,566 tons of crude oil processed on asub-contract basis).

Until March 2001 the Chinese government implemented a unified pricing system for crude oil. Each month, the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”) established an indicative price for each grade of domestic onshore crude oil based on comparable international market prices, inclusive of any duties that would have been imposed had the oil been imported. The actual price for domestic onshore oil would be such indicative price plus a surcharge. This surcharge was determined by China National Petroleum Corporation and Sinopec Group to reflect any transportation and other miscellaneous costs that would have been incurred in having the oil delivered to various refineries. Beginning March 2001, NDRC ceased publishing an indicative price. Instead, the indicative price for domestic onshore oil has been calculated and determined directly by China National Petroleum Corporation and Sinopec Group based on the principles and methods formerly applied by NDRC.

On January 13, 2016, NDRC issued theCircular on Several Issues on Further Improving the Pricing Mechanism of Refined Oil (Fa Gai Jia Ge [2016] No. 64) to adjust the existing refined oil pricing mechanism, which include, among other things, (i) setting a price floor of U.S.$40 for the downward adjustment of the crude refined oil. When the international crude oil price drops to U.S.$40 per barrel or below, i.e., the adjustment price floor, the refined oil price in China shall no longer be adjusted downwards; and (ii) creating a reserve for risks associated with the adjustment and control of oil prices. When the international crude oil price drops to U.S.$40 per barrel or below, all unadjusted amount shall be allocated to the reserve above mentioned for use for the purpose of energy saving or reduction of emission, improving the oil quality and securing a safe supply of oil.

We purchase crude oil through Sinopec Corp. and its affiliates from the sources selected and in the quantities confirmed by the Company at market prices. On this basis, we believe that changes in crude oil prices should not have a material effect on our competitiveness with other domestic producers. Nevertheless, any increase in the price of crude oil could have an adverse impact on our profitability to the extent that we are unable to pass cost increases on to our customers.

In 2018,The international crude oil market fluctuated in 2019. From the initial concerns about tightening supply gradually to the global economic slowdown, dragging down oil demand, international crude oil prices presented an invertedV-shaped trend. Inhave shown a trend of rising and then declining, moving in a wide range. The crude oil price went up unilaterally in the first three quarters,quarter, shock fell in the second quarter, moved in a wide range in the third quarter, and went up unilaterally again in the fourth quarter. Brent crude oil futures basically ran betweenUSD53-73/barrel throughout the year, within which the futures fluctuated in the range ofUSD58-65/barrel most of the time. By the end of 2019, the Brent crude oil price fluctuated and climbed to a recent high of US$86/barrel, drivenincreased by the effect of production reduction in major oil producing countries and a series of geopolitical risks. In the fourth quarter, the market began to worry that because of the global economic slowdown, the supply of crude oil would be excessive, the production of crude oil in the United States and Russia reached an23.00%all-timeyear-on-year, high, andwhile the political pressure exerted by the United States on Saudi Arabia would curb the price of crude oil, etc, the oil prices declined sharply, hitting the lowest level in the year. By the end of 2018, Brent crude oil prices fell about 20% from the end of 2017, and American West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices dropped(WTI) increased by around 25% over the end of 2017.34.50%year-on-year. However, the average price of crude oil in 20182019 was still higherlower than previous year’s level. In 2018, thethat in 2018. The average West Texas Intermediateprice of WTI crude oil price on the U.S. mercantile exchangesin 2019 was U.S.$ 64.22/USD57.01/barrel, representing an increase of 26.12%down by 11.23% from U.S.$ 50.92/USD64.22/barrel in 2017. In 2018,2018; the average price of Brent crude oil on the London Intercontinental Exchangein 2019 was U.S.$ 71.59/USD64.16/barrel, representing an increase of 30.66%down by 10.38% from U.S.$ 54.79/USD71.59/barrel in 2017; and in 2018,2018; the average price of Dubai crude oil in Dubai2019 was U.S.$ 69.87/USD63.95/barrel, representing an increase of 30.72%down by 8.47% from U.S.$ 53.45/USD69.87/barrel in 2017.2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2018,2019, we processed a total of 14.415.2 million tons of crude oil (including 0.71.1 million tons of crude oil processed on asub-contract basis), representing a slight increase of 26,200820,400 tons, or 0.18%5.71%, over the previous year. The average unit cost of crude oil processed (by us) in 20182019 was RMB3,382.38/RMB 3,330.63/ton (RMB2,581.35/(RMB3,382.38/ton in 2017)2018), representing an increasea decrease of 31.03%1.53% over the previous year. Our total cost of crude oil processed reached RMB47.08 billion in 2019, representing an increase of 1.97% as compared to RMB46.17 billion in 2018, representing an increase of 40.31% as compared to RMB32.90 billion in 2017, which represented 51.39%56.20% of the total cost of sales.

Coal

Most of the coal used for electricity generation is purchased through a unified system of procurement by Sinopec Corp., and the rest is purchased directly by us from mines. Coal is transported by rail from the mines to Qinhuangdao port and shipped by barge to Jinshanwei where it is delivered to the plant via a wharf and conveyer system. Our cost is primarily dependent on coal price and transportation charges. Although coal may be purchased from alternative sources, railroad transportation must be obtained by allocation from the Chinese government on a monthly basis.

We expect that our total requirement for coal to generate electricity in 20192020 will be approximately 2.001.85 million tons. In 2018,2019, we consumed approximately 2.001.89 million tons of coal, an increasea decrease of 0.020.11 million tons from 20172018 of 1.982.00 million tons.

Other Raw Materials

We produce most of the raw materials used as feedstock for our operations. If any of these raw materials, other than ethylene, becomes unavailable from internal production, we believe that there are sufficient alternative sources at reasonable prices and the unavailability of raw materials from internal sources will not have a significant effect on our operations and profitability.

We purchase some ancillary raw materials from outside sources. These raw materials include natural gas, methanol, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, sulfur, acetone, acrylonitrile, PTA, propylene and a variety of catalytic agents. In 2018,2019, the total cost of these materials accounted for approximately 11.97%11.96% of our total cost of sales. We do not expect any difficulties in obtaining a supply of any of these ancillary raw materials in amounts sufficient to meet our needs in the foreseeable future.

Sales and Marketing

Distribution

The distribution of our fuel products is subject to government regulations. We are required to sell certain refined products to the subsidiaries of Sinopec Group or customers designated by Sinopec Group. Since the second half of 2005, Sinopec Group has executed reforms to its system of selling petrochemical products and implemented what it refers to as a “Five Consolidations” strategy featuring “consolidated marketing strategy, consolidated promotion, consolidated logistics optimization, consolidated sales and consolidated branding.” As a result, the sales of our major petrochemical products are now conducted in a consolidated manner by sales agents designated by Sinopec Group. However, we have the autonomy to decide on the distribution method of our other products in accordance with market conditions. The products we sold in 20182019 that were subject to planned distribution by Sinopec Group, sales by agents and sales based on our own discretion accounted for 60.71%62.55%, 35.22%34.21% and 4.07%3.24%, respectively, of the total products we sold.

We generally sell our products to larger trading companies and industrial users with whom we have long-standing relationships, including Sinopec Group or customers designated by Sinopec Group. We believe that the transition to sales of major petrochemical products by agents designated by Sinopec Group will increase our distribution efficiency, reduce horizontal competition and enhance our overall bargaining power, by allowing us to benefit from Sinopec Group’s extensive and highly specialized sales network. It will also allow us to focus more of our resources on reducing production costs and enhancing our technical support.

We use long term contracts to sell most of our products. We did not experience significant write-offs or defaults on our accounts receivable or other trading accounts in 2018.2019. In general we managed to maintain a stable correlation between production and sales in 2018.2019.

Product breakdown

Synthetic Fibers– In 2018, 24.5%2019, 32.0% of our synthetic fiber products were purchased by provincial and municipal government trading companies that act as intermediaries between us andend-users. No single customer accounted for more than 15%22% of our sales of synthetic fibers in 2018.2019. List of customers each accounting for more than 10% of the sales in this segment: Shanghai Xinshan Chemical Co., Ltd.: 14.2%; Shaoxing Xiangyu Green Packing Co., Ltd.: 21.9%.

Resins and Plastics – In 2018,2019, approximately 51.5%46.3% of our resins and plastics sales were to provincial and municipal government trading companies and approximately 48.5%53.7% were sold to industrial users. No single customer accounted for more than 5% of our sales of resins and plastics in 2018.2019.

Intermediate Petrochemicals– We sell a variety of intermediate petrochemical products, among which the sale volume of petroleum benzene and paraxylene was relatively high in 2018.2019. SECCO is the principal outside consumer of our petroleum benzene.In 2018,benzene. In 2019, we sold 0.140.1802 million tons of petroleum benzene to SECCO, representing 45.51%54.81% of our total 20182019 production of such product. List of customers each accounting for more than 10% of sales in this segment: SECCO: 54.81%; Sinopec Shanghai Gaoqiao Petrochemical Co., Ltd.: 10.27%.

Jiaxing Petrochemical Company Limited and Oriental Petrochemical (Shanghai) Corporation are the outside consumers of our paraxylene. In 2018,2019, we sold 0.440.3954 million tons and 0.060.0591 million tons of paraxylene, representing 88.02%86.76% and 11.98%12.97% of our total 20182019 production of such product, to Jiaxing Petrochemical Company Limited and Oriental Petrochemical (Shanghai) Corporation respectively, at prices mutually agreed upon by the relevant parties.

Petroleum Products– In 2018,2019, our primary gasoline and diesel customer was Sinopec Huadong Sales Company Limited.

Trading of Petrochemical Products– In 2018,2019, our largest trading customer for petrochemical products was Sinopec Chemical Commercial Holding Company Limited.

Major Suppliers and Customers

Our top five suppliers in 20182019 were China International United Petroleum & Chemical Co., Ltd., Materials and Equipment Department of China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, Shengyuan Ji (Jiangsu) Industrial Co., Ltd., Shanghai Gas Co., Ltd. and Shanghai International Holding Co., headquarter of Sinopec Petroleum Reserve Company Limited and Marubeni Corporation. Total procurement costs involving these five suppliers, which amounted to RMB52,709.9RMB 49,147.6 million, accounted for 60.89%51.59% of our total procurement costs for the year. The procurement from the largest supplier amounted to RMB40,849.8RMB 43,887.0 million, representing 47.19%46.07% of the total costs of purchases by our Group for the year.

Our top five customers in 20182019 were East China Branch of Sinopec Sales Company Limited, China International United Petroleum & ChemicalJiaxing Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Hengli Petrochemical (Dalian) Co., Ltd., SECCOMacau New Solar Co., Ltd., and Jiaxing Petrochemical Co., Ltd..Zhongtuo (Fujian) Industry Limited. Total sales to these five customers amounted to RMB60,526.6RMB 48,734.6 million, representing 56.17%48.57% of our total turnover for the year. Sales to our largest customer amounted to RMB42,492.8RMB 42,658.0 million, representing 39.43%42.51% of our total revenue for the year.

To the knowledge of the Board, among the suppliers and customers listed above, none of the Directorsdirectors or shareholders of the Company (and their respective close associates) had any interests in Shengyuan Ji (Jiangsu) Industrial Co., Ltd., Shanghai Gas Co., Ltd., Shanghai International Holding Co., Marubeni Corporation andLtd., Jiaxing Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Hengli Petrochemical (Dalian) Co., Ltd., Macau New Solar Co., Ltd., and Jiaxing PetrochemicalZhongtuo (Fujian) Industry Co., Ltd..Ltd. China International United Petroleum & Chemical Co. Ltd., Materials and Equipment Department of China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, and East China Branch of Sinopec Sales Company Limited are subsidiaries of Sinopec Corp., the controlling shareholder of the Company. SECCO is a subsidiary of Sinopec Corp., and an associated company of us.

Product Pricing

Most of our products are permitted to be sold at market prices. However, four types of petroleum products (gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, and liquefied petroleum gas) that we sell are subject to varying degrees of government pricing control and are, accordingly, sold at prices set by the Chinese government, which may sometimes be below our costs. In 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2018,2019, approximately 31.19%36.95%, 36.95%41.62% and 41.62%44.81% of our net sales, respectively, were from products subject to price controls. Price controls may apply to these products in various ways. Such price controls are sometimes applied exclusively to our products, exclusively to our competitors’ products or sometimes applied to neither our products nor our competitors’ products. The Chinese government has adopted changes to the pricing mechanism for domestic refined oil to be indirectly aligned with international crude oil prices in a controlled manner through use of certain formula(s).

For products that are not subject to price controls, we set our prices with reference to prices in the major Chinese chemical commodities markets in Shanghai and other parts of China. We also monitor pricing developments in major international commodities markets, particularly in Southeast Asia. In most cases, we revise product prices each month, or more frequently during periods of price volatility. Due to our economies of scale, brand recognition and high quality of products, we believe that we can continue to price our products competitively.

Competition

We compete principally in the Chinese domestic market where 82.2%81.7% of our products in volume were sold in 2018.2019. In addition, we believe the limitation in transportation infrastructure in China and the difficulties involved in transporting petrochemical products force petrochemical companies in China, including us, to compete primarily on a regional basis. In 2018, 78.6%2019, 78.4% of our net sales were made to customers in Eastern China.

Our Competitive Advantages

We believe our primary competitive advantages are quality of product, pricing, brand recognition, geographic location and vertical integration. We have received many prizes and awards from both central and local government authorities for high product quality. Furthermore, our location on the outskirts of the densely populated and highly industrialized Shanghai area places us in close proximity to many of our customers. This location also gives us convenient access to ocean transport and inland waterways, which results in a competitive advantage in terms of transportation cost and reliability and punctuality of product delivery.

We believe that our vertical integration in business model represents a significant competitive advantage overnon-integrated competitors in China, both in terms of reliability in delivery and price. For most downstream products, our vertical integration results in significant savings on transportation and storage costs which would be incurred by less vertically integrated facilities.

The Domestic Competitive Environment

Prior to 1993, because distribution and pricing of our products were determined in accordance with the state plan, we did not operate in a competitive environment. With the liberalization of control over pricing and product allocation by the Chinese government, competition in the domestic market has been gradually increasing. At the same time, Chinese private enterprises have gradually overcome technological and funding barriers to extend their business from the downstream processing sector to the upstream petrochemical field. These enterprises have advantages in many areas such as flexibility in operation costs, preferential policy treatment and regional presence, and may use these advantages to compete with us in markets for our products.

Foreign Competition and the World Trade Organization

China joined the WTO on December 11, 2001. As part of its membership commitments, China agreed to eliminate certain tariff andnon-tariff barriers to foreign competition in the domestic petrochemical industry that benefited us in the past. In accordance with its WTO commitments, China:

As a result of these measures, we are facing increasing competition from foreign companies and imports. On the other hand, we think that China’s WTO entry and increasing foreign investments in China have contributed and will continue to contribute to the growth of investment and business in China, resulting in an increase in sales opportunities for us.

Our Competitive Position

In the following discussion, internal consumption of resins and intermediate petrochemicals produced by integrated manufacturers in the production of downstream products are treated as sales.

Synthetic Fibers

In 2018,2019, we had an approximate 0.44%0.5% share of total domestic polyester and acrylic consumption while imports had an approximate 1.31%1.19% share.

Petroleum Products

In 2018,2019, we had an approximate 2.45%2.87% share of total domestic petroleum products market while imports had an approximate 6.40%7.3% share. Although we have one of the largest refining capabilities in China, we use most of our refining capacity to produce feedstock for our own downstream processing of petrochemical products.

The domestic markets for each of our major petroleum products are geographically concentrated because these markets tend to be highly localized with individual producers controlling a large share of the markets in their locality. In 2018,2019, we sold approximately 86.60%85.40% of our petroleum products in Eastern China.

Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

We have a number of technology development units, including the Petrochemical Research Institute, the Plastics Research Institute, the Polyester Fiber Research Institute, the Acrylic Fiber Research Institute and the Environmental Protection Research Institute. These units are charged with various research and development tasks with respect to new technology, new products, new production processes and equipment and environmental protection. Our research and development expenditures in 2017, 2018 and 2019 were RMB36.7 million, RMB37.3 million and RMB93.0 million, respectively. The increase was mainly due to the increase in research and development investment in projects related to the control of potential safety hazards.

We are not, in any material aspect, dependent on any patents, licenses, industrial, commercial or financial contracts, or new production processes.

Investments

We established SECCO, a Sino-foreign equity joint venture, in late 2001 with BP Chemicals East China Investments Limited (“BP”) and Sinopec Corp., primarily to build and operate a 900,000 ton Rated Capacity ethylene petrochemical manufacturing facility. SECCO completed construction and commenced its manufacturing operations in 2005. In 2009, SECCO had expanded the capacity of certain facilities to 1,090,000 tons of ethylene per annum.We own 20% of the equity interest of SECCO, while BP and Sinopec Corp. own 50% and 30% interests in SECCO, respectively. In October 2017, BP transferred its 50% equity interests in SECCO to a subsidiary of Sinopec Corp., Sinopec Shanghai Gaoqiao Petrochemical Co., Ltd..Ltd. As a result of equity transfer, we, Sinopec Corp. and Sinopec Shanghai Gaoqiao Petrochemical Co., Ltd. own 20%, 30% and 50% interests in SECCO, respectively, and SECCO was converted into a PRC domestic company. The registered capital of SECCO is RMB7,800,811,272.00, all of which had been fully contributed by the shareholders in accordance with their equity percentages in SECCO as of October 18, 2017.

In 2018,2019, SECCO achieved a sales revenue of RMB28.34 billion (U.S.$ 4.07 billion), representing an increase of 7.67% from its sales revenue of RMB26.32 billion (U.S.$3.83 billion), representing a decrease of 9.80% from its sales revenue of RMB29.18 billion (U.S.$4.24 billion) in 2017.2018. SECCO produced 951,000288,473 tons of ethylene in 2018,2019, representing a decreasean increase of 294,00079,398 tons over the previous year. SECCO had a net profit of RMB3.23RMB3.38 billion (U.S.$469.8 485.51 million) in 2018,2019, representing a decreasean increase of RMB1.97RMB0.15 billion (U.S.$286.5 21.55 million) over the previous year.

Environmental Protection

We are subject to national and local environmental protection regulations, which currently impose a graduated schedule of fees for the discharge of waste substances, require the payment of fines for pollution and provide for the forced closure of any facility that fails to comply with orders requiring it to cease or cure certain environmentally damaging practices. We have established environmental protection systems which consist of pollution control facilities to treat certain of our waste materials and to safeguard against accidents. Because of the nature of our business, however, we store a significant amount of waste substances in the plants and discharge them into the environment after making such waste substances meet the discharge standards.

We were subject to various administrative penalties for its violations of the relevant PRC environmental laws and regulations in the past three years. In 2018,2019, we were subject to three3 administrative penalties for violations of the relevant PRC environmental laws and regulations, with fines in a total of RMB0.6RMB2.15 million.