UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

--12-31

FORM 20-F

(Mark One) 

 ☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20212022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring shell company report

For the transition period from _____________ to ______________ 

Commission file number 333-179250

Navios South American Logistics Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)

Republic of Marshall Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Aguada Park Free Zone

Paraguay 2141, Of. 1603

Montevideo, Uruguay

(Address of principal executive offices)

Mark Hayek

Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP

One New York Plaza

New York, New York 10004

Tel: (212) 859-8000

Fax: (212) 859-4000

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

There is no public market for the registrant’s common stock. There were 20,000 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $1.00 per share, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021.2022.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or (15)(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.    Yes  ☐    No ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or emerging growth company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: 

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐  Item 17                 ☐  Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

In this report, references to “Navios Logistics,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Navios South American Logistics Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, as the context may require. We are incorporated as a Republic of the Marshall Islands corporation. References to “Navios Holdings” are to Navios Maritime Holdings Inc., a Republic of the Marshall Islands corporation. Navios Holdings is, along with its subsidiaries, our controlling stockholder. References to “Navios Shipmanagement” are to Navios Shipmanagement Inc., a Republic of the Marshall Islands corporation.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

Certain statements under the captions “Item 3.D Risk Factors”, “Item 4 Information on the Company” and “Item 5 Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and elsewhere in this report relating to our business and financial outlook (including our statements concerning plans and objectives of management for future operations or economic performance, or assumptions related thereto) constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, and our beliefs and assumptions. Such statements include, in particular, statements about the strength of world economies, fluctuations in currencies and interest rates, general market conditions, including fluctuations in vessel contract rates, changes in demand for the transportation or storage of grain and mineral commodities and petroleum products, the development of our planned Port Murtinho Terminal and Nueva Palmira Free Zone port terminal facilities, our relationships with Navios Holdings and Navios Shipmanagement, the financial condition of each of Navios Holdings, Navios Shipmanagement and their respective affiliates, our ability to enter into innovative financing, changes in our operating expenses, including, drydocking and insurance costs, as well as costs related to changes in governmental rules and regulations or actions taken by regulatory authorities, political, economic and other issues specifically affecting South America, weather conditions in the region, potential liability from pending or future litigation, general domestic and international political conditions, potential disruption of river or seaborne transportation due to water levels, accidents or political events, outbreaks and effects of highly contagious diseases or viruses, such as the novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) or others, the success of pilot contracts or new business opportunities with our customers and other statements described in this report. In some cases, you can identify the forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “forecast,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “propose,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology.

We caution readers of this annual report on Form 20-F not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect our view only as of the date of this report. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, are difficult to predict and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in the forward-looking statements. We are not obliged to update these statements or publicly release the result of any revisions to them to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of these factors. Further, we cannot assess the impact of each such factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to be materially different from those contained in these forward-looking statements.

These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, such matters as the following risks, uncertainties and other factors:

We are not obliged to update these statements or publicly release the result of any revisions to them to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of these factors. Further, we cannot assess the impact of each such factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to be materially different from those contained in these forward-looking statements.

You should read this report completely and with the understanding that actual future results may be materially different from expectations. All forward-looking statements made in this report are qualified by these cautionary statements. These forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this report, and we do not undertake any obligation, other than as may be required by law, to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect changes in assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events, changes in future operating results over time or otherwise.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not Applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not Applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. Selected Financial Data

For all periods up to and including the year ended December 31, 2019, we previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company has transitioned its financial reporting from U.S. GAAP to IFRS from the year ended December 31, 2020, onwards, as described in its 6-K furnished to the SEC on April 15, 2021. Accordingly, the Company has prepared consolidated financial statements that comply with IFRS applicable as at December 31, 2019, together with the comparative data for the year ended December 31, 2018 and for the year ended December 31, 2017.

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

The summary consolidated statement of (loss)/income and cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 and the summary consolidated financial position data as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are derived from our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. The summary consolidated statement of income and cash flows data for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the summary consolidated financial position data as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this report. This information is qualified by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.

The following table sets forth the selected consolidated historical financial data for our business.

(1)       EBITDA represents (loss)/profit before finance cost, net, depreciation and amortization and income taxes. Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA before impairment losses, loss on debt extinguishment and loss from mark to market and disposal of financial asset. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are presented because they are used by certain investors to measure a company’s operating performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are “non-IFRS financial measures” and should not be considered substitutes for profit, cash flow from operating activities and other operations or cash flow statement data prepared in accordance with IFRS or as a measure of profitability or liquidity. While EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are frequently used as a measure of operating performance, the definitions of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA used here may not be comparable to that used by other companies due to differences in methods of calculation.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation to (Loss)/Profit Attributable to Navios Logistics’ Stockholders

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider all of the information included in this report and the risks described below when evaluating our business and prospects. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows could be materially adversely affected. For a summary of these risks and uncertainties, see “Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factor Summary.” In evaluating our business, please refer to the other information set forth in this report, including “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included herein.

Risks Relating to Our Industry and Our Business

Risks Relating to Environmental Matters

Risks Relating to the Countries in which we Operate

Risks Relating to Argentina

Risks Relating to Uruguayan Free Zone Regulation

Other Risks Relating to the Countries in which We Operate

Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness

Risks Relating to Our Organizational Structure

General Risks

Risks Relating to Our Industry and Our Business

The international transportation industry is generally cyclical and volatile, and this may lead to volatility in, and reductions of, our vessel contract rates and volatility in our results of operations.

The international transportation industry is generally both cyclical and volatile, with frequent fluctuations in contract rates. The markets in which we operate are still developing and the nature of the industry’s cycle with respect to rates is difficult to determine, including the timing and amount of fluctuations in contract rates and spot market rates. We expect that our industry will exhibit significant cyclicality and volatility as it matures. The contract rates earned by the tankers in our Cabotage Business and barges and pushboats in our Barge Business will depend in part upon the state of the coastal and river markets at the time we seek to charter them. We cannot control the forces affecting the supply and demand for these vessels or for the goods that they carry or predict the state of the respective markets on any future date.

Some of the factors that influence the demand for vessels include, but are not limited to:

Some of the factors that influence the supply of vessels include, but are not limited to:

Further, public health or safety concerns and governmental restrictions, - including those caused by outbreaks of pandemic diseases such as the COVID-19 global pandemic, that cause us or our customers to suspend operations in affected areas, may impact both demand for, and supply of, our vessels in some of the countries in which we operate, or cause an economic downturn adversely affecting demand for our services.

Our grain port business has seasonal components linked to the grain harvests in the region. At times throughout the year, the capacity of our grain port terminal (the “GrainGrain Port Terminal”), Terminal, including the loading and unloading operations, and potential unavailability ofas well as the space in our silos could be exceeded, which could materially and adversely affect our operations and revenues.revenues

We conduct much

A significant portion of our grain port business in a region of navigable waters in South America on the Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay Rivers and part of the River Plate, which flow through Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina covering the entire length of the Parana River south of the Itaipu Dam, the entire length of the Paraguay River south of Corumba, the Uruguay River and the River Plate west of Buenos Aires (the “Hidrovia Region”). The revenue from our grain port business is derived from the handling and storage of soybeans and other agricultural products produced in the Hidrovia Region which occurs mainly during the season between April and September. The seasonality of our grain port business operationsThis seasonal effect could, in turn, increase the inflow and outflow of barges and vessels in our Grain Port Terminal, causing decreaseddry port and cause the space in our silos to be exceeded, which in turn would affect our timely operations or our ability to satisfy the increased demand. Inability to provide services in a timely manner may have a negative impact on our clients’ satisfaction and result in loss of existing contracts or inability to obtain new contracts.

We are subject to certain operating risks in our Port TerminalsTerminal Business that could affect the performance of our contractual commitments, and in our barge and cabotage business including vessel breakdowns or accidents, which could result in a loss of revenue from the affected vessels, which could result in a loss of revenue and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Our operations are subject to a number of risks affecting our Port TerminalsTerminal Business and the port facilities under development. These risks include, but are not limited to, mechanical and electrical failure, accidents, personal injury, loss or theft of cargo, or damage, fires, explosions, business interruption, political conditions and hostilities, labor strikes, adverse weather conditions such as floods, natural disasters, accidents on waterways or in coastal routes or accidents in our loading or unloading terminals, including environmental accidents and collisions, each of which could result in damages, penalties, fines, indemnities or costs payable to third parties and other claims against us. Further, public health or safety concerns and governmental restrictions, including those caused by outbreaks of pandemic disease such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, may cause us to suspend operations in affected areas. Our exposure to these operating risks in our existing port facilities may adversely affect our capacity to duly perform our contractual obligations under our take-or-pay contracts. In addition, these operating risks may result in additional repair costs for equipment, including cranes, conveyor belts, stacker-reclaimer, shiploaders, or piers, which are unpredictable and can be substantial. The loss of earnings while these damages are being repaired, as well as the actual cost of these repairs, could decrease our revenues and earnings substantially, particularly if this leads to a default under our contracts, which would materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our exposure to operating risks of vessel breakdown and accidents mainly arises in the context of our owned or bareboat chartered and operated vessels, including barges, tankers and pushboats. If any of the vessels in our fleet suffers damage, it may need to be repaired at a dry-docking facility. The costs of dry-docking are unpredictable and can be substantial. The loss of earnings while these vessels, barges and pushboats are being repaired and repositioned, as well as the actual cost of these repairs, could decrease our revenues and earnings substantially, particularly if a number of vessels, barges and pushboats are damaged or dry-docked at the same time. Most of the operating risks relating to vessels that we charter-in remain with their owners. If we charter-in a vessel or barge at a lower rate than the rate of hire we receive from a sub-charterer of such vessel, a breakdown or loss of the vessel due to an operating risk suffered by the owner will, in all likelihood, result in our loss of the positive spread between the two rates of hire. Breakdowns, accidents or dry-docking costs of our vessels and losses relating to chartered vessels that are not covered by insurance would result in a loss of revenue which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We derive a significant part of our revenues from a small number of customers, and the loss of one or more of these customers could materially and adversely affect our revenues.

In each of our businesses, we derive a significant part of our revenues from a small number of customers. We expect that a small number of customers will continue to generate a substantial portion of our revenues in the future. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our largest customers, Vale International S.A. (“Vale”) and YPF SA (“YPF”) accounted for 21.0% and 13.2%, respectively, of our revenues, and our five largest customers accounted for approximately 55.5% of our revenues, with no such customer (other than Vale and YPF) accounting for greater than 10% of our revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2021, our largest customers, Vale International S.A. (“Vale”) and Y.P.F. S.A. (YPF),YPF, accounted for 23.4% and 10.1% of our revenues, and our five largest customers accounted for approximately 53.6% of our revenues, with no such customer (other than Vale and YPF) accounting for greater than 10% of our revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2020, our largest customer, Vale, accounted for 31.8% of our revenues, and our five largest customers accounted for approximately 58.7% of our revenues, with no such customer (other than Vale) accounting for greater than 10% of our revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2019, our largest customer, Vale, accounted for 36.4% of our revenues, and our five largest customers accounted for approximately 64.0% of our revenues, with no such customer (other than Vale) accounting for greater than 10% of our revenues. In addition, some of our customers, including many of our most significant customers, operate their own vessels and/or barges as well as port terminals and these customers may decide to cease or reduce the use of our services for various reasons, including utilizing their own vessels and/or port terminals. The loss of any of our significant customers, including our large take-or-pay customers, the change of the contractual terms of any one of our most significant take-or-pay contracts, or any significant dispute with one of these customers could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and our results of operations.

If one or more of our customers does not perform under one or more contracts with us and we are not able to find a replacement contract, or if a customer exercises certain rights to terminate the contract, we could suffer a loss of revenues that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could lose a customer or the benefits of a contract if, among other things:

The loss of any of our customers or a decline in payments under our contracts, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition, as well as our cash flows, or our ability to continue to service our indebtedness.

We could also become involved in legal disputes with customers relating to our contracts, including but not limited to our long-term take-or pay customers, be it through litigation, arbitration or otherwise, which could lead to delays in, or suspension or termination of our contracts and result in time-consuming, disruptive and expensive litigation or arbitration. If such contracts are suspended for an extended period of time, or if a number of our material contracts are terminated or renegotiated, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Even if we prevail in legal disputes relating to our customer contracts, which could entitle us to compensation, we cannot provide any assurance that we would receive such compensation on a timely basis or in an amount that would fully compensate us for our losses.

Vale’s payments represent a significant portion of our revenue and if Vale were unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations under the in-force agreements with us, it could significantly reduce our revenues and cash flow.

Vale’s payments, including in connection with the Vale port contract, to us represented approximately 23.4%21.0%, 31.8%23.4% and 36.4%31.8% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, respectively. Reductions in the demand for or the oversupply of iron ore would place Vale under financial pressure and may increase the likelihood of Vale being unable or unwilling to pay us contracted rates or renew contracts upon termination.

If Vale were to terminate or not renew the Vale port contract, we may be unable to enter into new contracts under similarly favorable terms or at all.

In addition, the ability and willingness of Vale to perform its obligations under its port contract with us will depend upon a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general conditions of the Brazilian economy, general international economic conditions, the state of the capital markets, the condition of the commodities industry and charter hire rates. Should Vale fail to honor its obligations under the agreement with us, we could sustain significant losses, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition, as well as our cash flows. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our contract has dispute resolution clauses and protections that we may seek to enforce in such events. For example, on June 10, 2016, the Company initiated arbitration proceedings against Vale pursuant to the dispute resolution provisions of the Vale port contract. On December 20, 2016, the arbitration tribunal ruled that the Vale port contract remains in full force and effect, and if Vale were to further repudiate or renounce the contract, we may elect to terminate the contract and be entitled to damages calculated by reference to guaranteed volumes and agreed tariffs for the remaining period of the contract. As of the date hereof, no further claim has been made or received from Vale. Any litigation or arbitration proceeding would be costly and time consuming and may result in the deterioration of our commercial relationships with Vale.

When our contracts expire, we may not be able to replace them.

The process for concluding contracts for our services, including port logistics services, vessel contracts and longer-term time charters generally involves a lengthy and intensive screening and vetting process and the submission of competitive bids. In addition to the quality and suitability of our ports and fleet, medium- and longer-term contracts tend to be awarded based upon a variety of other factors relating to the operator, including but not limited to:

As a result of these factors, when our contracts, including our long-term port contracts and charters, expire, we cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to successfully replace them promptly or at all or at rates sufficient to allow us to operate our business profitably or to meet our obligations, including payment of debt service to our noteholders or lenders. Our ability to renew the contracts on our current or future vessels by the time of their expiration or termination, and the rates payable under any replacement contracts, will depend upon, among other things, economic conditions in the sectors in which our vessels operate at that time, changes in the supply and demand for vessel capacity and changes in the supply and demand for the transportation and storage of commodities as described above.

However, if we are successful in employing our vessels under longer-term contracts, our vessels will not be available for trading in the spot market during an upturn in the market cycle, when spot trading may be more profitable. If we cannot successfully employ our vessels with profitable contracts, our results of operations and operating cash flow could be materially and adversely affected.

Our industry is highly competitive, and we may not be able to compete successfully for services with new companies with greater resources.

We provide services through our ports and employ our fleet in highly competitive markets. The river and coastal sea coastal logistics market is international in scope and we compete with many different companies, including other port or vessel owners and major oil companies.

With respect to loading, storage and ancillary services, the market is divided between transits and exports, depending on the cargo origin. In the case of transits there are other companies operating in the river system that are able to offer services similar to ours. With respect to exports, our competitors are Montevideo Port in Montevideo, Ontur and TGUTerminales Graneleras Uruguayas S.A. (“TGU”) in Nueva Palmira.

The main competitor of our Liquid Port Terminal in Paraguay is Petropar S.A. (“Petropar”), a Paraguayan state-owned entity (“Petropar”).entity. Other competitors include Copetrol S.A. (“Copetrol”), TLP Chartering (“TLP”), Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. (“Petrobras”), Trafigura Pte. Ltd. (“Trafigura”) and Monte Alegre S.A. (“Monte Alegre”).

We face competition in our Barge and Cabotage Businesses from other shipowners and from vessel operators. The charter markets in which our vessels compete are highly competitive. Key competitors include Atria Logistica S.A., Hidrovias do Brasil, Interbarge P&O and Fluviomar.P&O. In addition, some of our customers, including ADM, Cargill, Louis Dreyfus and Vale,Transbarge Navegacion S.A., have some of their own dedicated barge capacity, which they can use to transport cargo in lieu of hiring a third party. We also compete indirectly with other forms of land-based transportation such as truck and rail. These companies and other smaller entities are regular competitors of ours in our primary trading areas. Competition is primarily based on prevailing market contract rates, vessel location and vessel manager know-how, reputation and credibility.

Our competitors may be able to offer their customers lower prices, higher quality service and greater name recognition than we do. Accordingly, we may be unable to retain our current customers or to attract new customers.

Our business can be affected by adverse weather conditions, effects of climate change, public health concerns and other factors beyond our control, which can affect production of the goods we transport and store as well as the navigability of the river system on which we operate.

A significant portion of the revenue from our grain port business is derived from the handling and storage of soybeans and other agricultural products produced in the Hidrovia Region. Any drought or other adverse weather conditions, such as floods, could result in a decline in production of these products, which would likely result in a reduction in demand for our services. A reduction in demand could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, our fleet operates in the Parana and Paraguay Rivers, and any changes adversely affecting navigability of either of these rivers, such as changes in the depth of the water or the width of the navigable channel, could, in the short-term, reduce or limit our ability to transport cargo effectively on the rivers. The possible effects of climate change, such as floods, low river waterriver-water levels, droughts or increased storm activity, could similarly affect the demand for our services or our operations. Further, the impact of COVID-19 on global markets is expected to be severe and could affect our operations, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

A prolonged drought, the possible effects of climate change, widespread or prolonged public health concerns including those relating to the pandemic outbreak COVID-19 or other turns of events that are perceived by the market to have an impact on the region, the navigability of the Parana or Paraguay Rivers may, in the short-term, result in a reduction in the market value of our ports, barges and pushboats. For example, in 2021 and 2020, throughput of our Grain Port Terminal decreased by 24.6% and 27.3%, respectively, compared to 2019 as a result of lower Uruguayan exports due to reduced Uruguayan soybean production and lower transshipment of grains from Paraguay and Bolivia due to difficult navigation conditions because of a prolonged period of unusually warm weather and a drought in southern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina which resulted in water levels in the Paraná River dropping to their lowest levels in decades.decades, for consecutive years. Such difficult conditions adversely affected our Barge Business through 2022 and 2021, as barges have limited capacity in reduced drafts and trips take longer to be completed, which increasesresulted in increased voyage expenses. These barges and pushboats are designed to operate in wide and relatively calm rivers, of which there are only a few in the world. If it becomes difficult or impossible to operate profitably our barges and pushboats in the Hidrovia Region and we are forced to sell them to a third party located outside of the region, there is a limited market in which we would be able to sell these vessels, and accordingly we may be forced to sell them at a substantial loss, if at all. See “Item 5A. Operating Results—Overview—Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations—Weather Conditions.”

Delays, cancellations or non-completion of deliveries of purchased vessels, including second-hand and newbuilding vessels could have an adverse effect on our operating results.

We do not derive any revenue from a vessel until after its delivery and are required to pay substantial sums as progress payments during construction of a newbuilding or for the purchase of a secondhand vessel. In the event the vessel is not delivered by the shipyard or the seller is otherwise not accepted by us, we will not derive the revenues from such ship as we had planned and we may not be fully compensated under the construction agreement (and the related guarantees) with respect to such progress payments, or deposits paid to sellers, in which case we would lose the amounts we have advanced the seller or to the shipyards for such progress payments. In addition, if we enter into charterparties or contracts with our clients related to purchased vessels, if a shipbuilder or a seller fails to deliver the vessel as agreed, we may breach our obligations under such agreements with our customers. If we are in breach of those contracts, our customers may terminate them and, in addition to the resulting loss of revenues, we may be responsible for additional, substantial liquidated damages.

The completion and delivery of newbuildings could be delayed, cancelled or otherwise not completed because of:

If delivery of a vessel is materially delayed, cancelled or otherwise not completed, our future earnings could be materially and adversely affected.

We face risks and costs associated with operation of ports and vessels, which risks and costs increase as the operational port equipment and vessels age.

The costs to operate and maintain a port or a vessel increase with the age of the port equipment or the vessel. Governmental regulations, safety or other equipment standards related to the age of the operational port equipment or vessels may require expenditures for alterations or the addition of new equipment to our port equipment or vessels and may restrict the type of activities in which these ports or vessels may engage. The failure to make capital expenditures to alter or add new equipment to our barges, pushboats, vessels and/or ports may restrict the type of activities in which these barges, pushboats, vessels and/or ports may engage and may decrease their operational efficiency and increase our costs.

As charterers prefer newer vessels that are more fuel efficient than older vessels, the age of some of our vessels, barges and pushboats may make them less attractive to charterers. Cargo insurance rates also increase with the age of a vessel, making older vessels less desirable to charterers as well. The ages and rates at which risks and costs associated with vessels increase are dependent on numerous, complex factors and may vary substantially from vessel to vessel. Such factors include the condition of the vessel, the nature of the use of the vessel (including whether the vessel is used in fresh water, in which vessels typically have a longer a useful life, or salt water), whether various additional life-extending investments have been made in the vessel, any prior owner maintenance and operating practices, the nature of cargoes that could be carried, and the possibility that such vessels could be used in ports and docks, which could increase the wear on the vessel.

We cannot provide any assurance that as our operational port equipment and vessels, barges and pushboats age, market conditions will justify those expenditures or enable us to operate them profitably during the remainder of their useful lives. If we sell such assets, we may have to sell them at a loss, or opt to scrap our assets, and if clients no longer use our ports or charter-out our vessels due to their age, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Spare parts or other key equipment needed for the operation of our ports and fleet may not be available off the shelf and we may face substantial delays in securing necessary parts or equipment. Failure to obtain necessary spare parts or key equipment in a timely manner could result in a loss of revenue.

Our ports and our fleet may need spare parts in order to replace old or damaged parts in the normal course of their operations. Given the increased activity in the maritime industry and the manufacturing industry that supplies it, the manufacturers of key equipment for our vessels and our ports (such as engine makers, propulsion systems makers, control system makers and others) may not have the spare parts we require immediately available. In such circumstances, we may require a manufacturer to custom-produce equipment for us. In this case, our vessels and our ports may be unable to operate while waiting for such spare parts to be produced, delivered, installed and tested, resulting in a substantial loss of revenues for us.

Our failure to receive required approvals for or timely complete construction and commence full operation or secure satisfactory commercial contracts of our new planned Port Murtinho Terminal and Nueva Palmira Free Zone port terminal facilities could negatively affect our business operations, and we may experience difficulty managing our growth as we expand our business.

We are currently developing a multipurpose upriver port terminal in Port Murtinho in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (the “Port Murtinho Terminal”), in the center-west region of Brazil, for exports of agricultural commodities and imports of fertilizers and fuel products. Since 2018, we have purchased a total of approximately 9.0 hectares of undeveloped land, including river-front located in Port Murtinho, on which we expect to construct the new terminal. We have developed a master plan for the new terminal and concluded the licensing process for construction. As of the date of this report, we expect to complete construction of the new terminal in 2023. The new terminal is still in the early stages of development, and there can be no assurance that it will be constructed.

We also have 144about 120 acres available to be developed inside or near the Nueva Palmira Free Zone in Uruguay. In part of this available land, we plan to develop a new terminal for liquid products. The new liquid terminal will service the market for the storage and transshipment of fuelliquid products for export from the Paraguay and Parana Rivers from Puerto Caceres (Brazil) to Nueva Palmira (Uruguay) (the “Hidrovia Waterway”) and the sale of fuel products within Nueva Palmira Free Zone for bunkering operations of vessels and push boats. Before commencement of operations of the new liquid terminal, we intend to start liquid operations in the area by selling liquid products within the Nueva Palmira Free Zone for bunkering operations of vessels and pushboats, which does not require any change in local regulation.vessels. There can be no assurance that we will obtain all necessary authorizations and permits, or that the new liquid terminal in Nueva Palmira will be constructed.

The available land in Brazil and Uruguay where we plan to develop the new terminals, requires authorizations and permits from several governmental authorities in order to do so. If these authorities deny our request for authorization, or if existing authorizations are revoked, we will not be able to proceed with construction. There is no assurance that such approvals will be obtained.

If we fail to secure commercial agreements with prospective clients to our satisfaction, we may decide to delay or not proceed with these investments. Further, there can be no assurance that we will complete the expected development of the new terminals or complete construction of the new terminals as scheduled or without cost overrun. Even if construction is completed on a timely basis, there can be no assurance that full operation of the new terminals will commence as expected. In addition, we may not be able to attract a sufficient number of skilled workers to meet the needs of the new terminals. If we experience delays in construction or commencement of the full operations, increased costs or lack of skilled labor or other unforeseen events, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Rising crew costs, fuel prices and other cost increases may adversely affect our profits.

At December 31, 2021,2022, we employed 409412 land-based employees and 626577 seafarers as crew on our vessels. Crew costs are a significant expense for us. Recently, the limited supply of and increased demand for well-qualified crew, due to the increase in the size of the global shipping fleet, has created upward pressure on crewing costs, which we generally bear under our time and spot contracts. Additionally, laborLabor union activity in the Hidrovia Region may create pressure for us to pay higher crew salaries and wages. In addition, fuel is one of the largest voyage expenses in our Barge and Cabotage Businesses, when the revenue is contracted mainly by ton per cargo shipped. The prices for and availability of fuel may be subject to rapid change or curtailment, respectively, due to, among other things, new laws or regulations, interruptions in production by suppliers, imposition of restrictions on energy supply by governments, worldwide price levels and market conditions. Currently, most of our long-term contracts provide for the adjustment of freight rates based on changes in the fuel prices and crew costs. We may be unable to include similar provisions in these contracts when they are renewed or in future contracts with new customers. To the extent our contracts do not pass-through changes in fuel prices to our clients, we will be forced to bear the cost of fuel price increases. We may hedge in the futures market all or part of our exposure to fuel price variations. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be successful in hedging our exposure. In the event of a default by our contractual counterparties or other circumstance affecting their performance under a contract, we may be subject to exposure under, and may incur losses in connection with, our hedging instruments, if any. In certain jurisdictions, the price of fuel is affected by high local taxes and may become more expensive than prevailing international prices. We may not be able to pass onto our customers the additional cost of such taxes and may suffer losses as a consequence of such inability. Such increases in crew and fuel costs may materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

If we fail to fulfill the oil majors’ vetting processes, such failure could materially and adversely affect the employment of our tanker vessels in the spot and period markets, and consequently our results of operations.

The oil majors consider numerous factors in evaluating commercial decisions, and, through their association, OCIMF, have developed and are implementing two tools: (a) the Ship Inspection Report Program (“SIRE”) and (b) the Tanker Management and Self Assessment (“TMSA”) program. The former is a ship inspection based upon a thorough Vessel Inspection Questionnaire and performed by OCIMF-accredited inspectors, resulting in a report being logged on SIRE. The report is an important element of the ship evaluation undertaken by any oil major when a commercial need exists.

Based upon commercial needs, there are three levels of assessment used by the oil majors: (a) terminal use, which will clear a vessel to call at one of the oil major’s terminals, (b) voyage charter, which will clear the vessel for a single voyage and (c) term charter, which will clear the vessel for use for an extended period of time. While for terminal use and voyage charter relationships, a ship inspection and the operator’s TMSA will be sufficient for the evaluation to be undertaken, a term charter relationship also requires a thorough office audit. An operator’s request for such an audit is by no means a guarantee one will be performed; it will take a long record of proven excellent safety and environmental protection on the operator’s part as well as high commercial interest on the part of the oil major to have an office audit performed. If we fail to clear the vetting processes of the oil majors, it could have a material adverse effect on the employment of our vessels, and, consequently, on our results of operations.

A failure to pass inspection by classification societies could result in one or more vessels being unemployable unless and until they pass inspection, resulting in a loss of revenues from such vessels for that period and a corresponding decrease in operating cash flows.

The hull and machinery of every commercial vessel with certain characteristics must be classed by a classification society that is authorized and is customarily a member of the International Association of Classification Societies Ltd. (“IACS”). The classification society must certify that a vessel has been built and maintained in accordance with the rules of such organization and complies with the applicable rules and regulations of the country whose flag such vessel flies and the international conventions of which that country is a member. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and with international conventions such as the United Nations Safety of Life at Sea Convention (“SOLAS”). Most of our owned fleet is currently enrolled with Lloyd’s Register of Shipping and RINA (Italian Naval Register).

Vessels, pushboats and barges must undergo an annual survey, an intermediate survey and a special survey. For certain vessels, in lieu of a special survey, a vessel’s machinery may be on a continuous survey cycle, under which the machinery and/or its hull would be surveyed periodically over a five-year period. Certain of our vessels are on continuous survey cycles for machinery inspection. Certain vessels are also required to be drydocked every two to three years on intermediate survey and every five years on special survey, while pushboats are required to be drydocked every six years on special survey for inspection of the underwater parts of such vessel and every three years for a floating intermediate survey and barges are required to be drydocked up to every eight years on special survey for inspection of the underwater parts of such vessel and every two years for a floating intermediate survey.

If any vessel fails any annual survey, intermediate survey or special survey, the vessel may be unable to trade between ports and, therefore, would be unemployable, potentially causing a material adverse effect on our revenues due to the loss of revenues from such vessel until it was able to trade again.

Our vessels could be subject to seizure through maritime arrest or government requisition.

Crew members, suppliers of goods and services to a vessel, barge or pushboat, shippers of cargo, and other parties may be entitled to a maritime lien against a vessel for unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lien holder may enforce its lien by arresting the vessel or, under the “sister ship” theory of liability followed in some jurisdictions, arrest the vessel that is subject to the claimant’s maritime lien or any other vessel owned or controlled by the same owner. In addition, a government could seize ownership of one of our vessels or take control of a vessel and effectively become her charterer at charter rates dictated by the government. Generally, such requisitions occur during a period of war or emergency. The maritime arrest, government requisition or any other seizure of one or more of our vessels could interrupt our operations, reducing related revenue and earnings, and may require us to pay very large sums of money to have the arrest lifted.

The smuggling of drugs or other contraband onto our vessels may lead to governmental claims against us.

Our vessels operate in South America where smugglers may attempt to hide drugs and other contraband on vessels, with or without the knowledge of crew members. Under some jurisdictions, the conveyance of illegal drugs in vessels could subject these vessels to forfeiture to the government of such jurisdiction. To the extent our vessels are found with contraband, whether inside or attached to the hull of our vessel and whether with or without the knowledge of any of our crew, we may face governmental or other regulatory claims, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We may employ our fleet on the spot market and thus expose ourselves to risk of losses based on short-term decreases in shipping rates.

We periodically employ some of our fleet on a spot basis. The spot charter market can be competitive and freight rates within this market may be volatile with the timing and amount of fluctuations in spot rates being difficult to determine. Longer-term contracts provide income at pre-determined rates over more extended periods of time. The cyclesWe expect significant volatility in our target markets have not yet been clearly determined but we expect them to exhibit significant volatility as the South American markets mature. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be successful in keeping our fleet fully employed in these short-term markets, or that future spot rates will be sufficient to enable such fleet to be operated profitably, as spot rates may decline below the operating cost of vessels. A significant decrease in spot market rates or our inability to fully employ our fleet by taking advantage of the spot market would result in a reduction of the incremental revenue received from spot chartering and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, and operating cash flow.

Because the fair market values of vessels may fluctuate significantly, we may incur losses when we sell our vessels.

Vessel values have historically been highly volatile. The market value of our vessels may fluctuate significantly in the future, and we may incur losses when we sell vessels, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Some of the factors that affect the fair market value of vessels, all of which are beyond our control, are:

Our industry has inherent operational risks that our insurance may not adequately cover.

The operation of vessels in international and regional trade is inherently risky. Not all risks may be adequately insured against and any particular claim may not be paid and any indemnification paid due to the occurrence of a casualty covered by our policies may not be sufficient to entirely compensate us for the damages suffered. We do not currently maintain loss of hire, credit risk or defense insurance, which would cover the loss of revenue if any of our contracts were terminated prior to their expiration, and our legal costs to recover related damages. We also do not maintain off-hire insurance, which would cover the loss of revenue during extended vessel off-hire periods, such as those that occur during an unscheduled drydocking due to damage to the vessel from accidents. Furthermore, we do not maintain strike insurance, which would protect us from loss of revenue due to labor disruptions, except at our dry and wet port terminals. Accordingly, any extended vessel off-hire, due to an accident, labor disruption or other reason, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any claims covered by insurance would be subject to deductibles. As a result, if we file a large number of insurance claims, the aggregate amount of these deductibles could be material.

We may be unable to procure adequate insurance coverage for our fleet or port terminals at commercially reasonable rates in the future. For example, more stringent environmental regulations have led in the past to increased costs for, and in the future may result in the lack of availability of, insurance against risks of environmental damage or pollution. A catastrophic oil spill or marine disaster could exceed our insurance coverage, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. Changes in the insurance markets attributable to terrorist attacks may also make certain types of insurance more difficult for us to obtain. In addition, the insurance that may be available to us in the future may be significantly more expensive than our existing coverage.

We may not be able to timely obtain replacement vessels or other assets in the event of a loss. Furthermore, in the future, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates for our fleet and port terminals. Our insurance policies also contain deductibles, limitations and exclusions, which can result in significant increased overall costs to us.

Because we obtain some of our insurance through protection and indemnity associations, we may also be subject to calls, or premiums, in amounts based not only on our own claim records, but also on the claim records of all other members of the protection and indemnity associations.

We may be subject to calls, or premiums, in amounts based not only on our claim records but also on the claim records of all other members of the protection and indemnity associations through which we receive insurance coverage for tort liability, including pollution-related liability. Our payment of these calls could result in significant expenses to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and our indebtedness.

Risks Relating to Environmental Matters

We are subject to various laws, regulations, and international conventions, particularly environmental and safety laws, that could require significant expenditures both to maintain compliance with such laws and to pay for any uninsured environmental liabilities, including any resulting from a spill or other environmental incident, which could affect our cash flows and profit.

Vessel owners and operators are subject to government regulation in the form of international conventions, and national, state, and local laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which their vessels operate, and in international waters, as well as in the country or countries where their vessels are registered. Such laws and regulations include those governing the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the cleanup of oil spills and other contamination, air emissions, discharges of operational and other wastes into the water, and ballast water management. In particular, ballast water management requirements will likely result in compliance costs relating to the installation of equipment on our vessels to treat ballast water before it is discharged and other additional ballast water management and reporting requirements. Investments in ballast water treatment may have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

Port State regulation significantly affects the operation of vessels, as it commonly is more stringent than international rules and standards. This is the case particularly in the United States and, increasingly, in Europe. Non-compliance with such laws and regulations can give rise to civil or criminal liability, and/or vessel delays and detentions in the jurisdictions in which we operate.

Our vessels are subject to scheduled and unscheduled inspections by regulatory and enforcement authorities, as well as private maritime industry entities. This includes inspections by Port State control authorities, harbor masters or equivalent entities, classification societies, flag Administrations (country in which the vessel is registered), charterers, and terminal operators. Our port terminals are subject to inspections by the National Board of Hidrografia and the Free Zone Authority in Uruguay and the Environmental Secretary in Paraguay. Certain of these entities require us to obtain permits, licenses and certificates for the operation of our vessels and port facilities. Failure to maintain necessary permits or approvals could result in the imposition of substantial penalties or require us to incur substantial costs or temporarily suspend operation of one or more of our vessels or port terminals.

Heightened levels of environmental and quality concerns among insurance underwriters, regulators, and charterers continue to lead to greater inspection and safety requirements on all vessels and may accelerate the scrapping of older vessels throughout the industry. Increasing environmental concerns have created a demand for vessels that conform to stricter environmental standards. Vessel owners are required to maintain operating standards for all vessels that will emphasize operational safety, quality, maintenance, continuous training of officers and crews, and compliance with local and international regulations.

The legal requirements and maritime industry standards to which we and our vessels are subject are set forth below, along with the risks associated therewith. We may be required to make substantial capital and other expenditures to ensure that we remain in compliance with these requirements and standards, as well as with standards imposed by our customers, including costs for ship modifications and changes in operating procedures. We also maintain insurance coverage against pollution liability risks for all of our vessels in the amount of $1.0 billion in the aggregate for any one event. The insured risks include penalties and fines, as well as civil liabilities and expenses resulting from accidental pollution. However, this insurance coverage is subject to exclusions, deductibles, and other terms and conditions. In addition, claims relating to pollution incidents for intentional or knowing violations of local environmental laws or the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships may be considered by our protection and indemnity associations on a discretionary basis only. If any liabilities or expenses fall within an exclusion from coverage, or if damages from a catastrophic incident exceed the aggregate liability of $1.0 billion for any one event, our cash flow, profitability and financial position could be adversely impacted.

Because international conventions, laws, regulations, and other requirements are often revised, we cannot predict the ultimate cost of compliance or the impact on the fair market price or useful life of our vessels, nor can we assure that our vessels will be able to attain and maintain certifications of compliance with various regulatory requirements.

Similarly, governmental regulation of the shipping industry, particularly in the areas of safety and environmental requirements, are expected to become stricter in the future. We believe that the heightened environmental, safety, quality, and security concerns of insurance underwriters, regulators, and charterers will lead to additional requirements, including enhanced risk assessment and security requirements, greater inspection and safety requirements, and heightened due diligence obligations. We also may be required to take certain of our vessels out of service for extended periods of time to address changing legal requirements, which would result in lost revenue. In the future, market conditions may not justify these expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels, particularly older vessels, profitably during the remainder of their economic lives. This could lead to significant asset write-downs.

Specific examples of expected changes that could have a significant, and potentially material, impact on our business include:

For a more detailed discussion regarding the details of these international and domestic laws, see “Item 4.B. Information on the Company—Business Overview—REGULATION.”

The Company is subject to extensive environmental legislation, and if the Company or its subsidiaries do not comply with the applicable regulations, the Company’s business may be adversely affected.

If, during the course of our operations, any spillage of polluting products into the marine environment occurs, and the activities of one or more vessels are stopped, our business, results of operations, and reputation may be damaged.

In addition, new or more stringent environmental standards (including measures to address climate change) imposed on us could require additional investments that may vary widely from those currently planned, and, as a result, we may be adversely affected.

We may be liable for losses and damages to third parties, including environmental damages.

Environmental legislation in certain jurisdictions where we operate imposes strict civil liability on anyone who causes, directly or indirectly, environmental degradation. Therefore, the duty to repair or indemnify the damages caused to the environment and to affected third parties does not depend on intent or guilt, but rather on the existence of any damage as a result of the activity carried out. The payment of substantial environmental fines or charges may have a material adverse effect on the Company. Further, a single action can result in environmental liability in civil, criminal or administrative proceedings, or any combination thereof. The absence of responsibility in one of these spheres does not necessarily exempt the accused from responsibility in the others. Should we cause or otherwise be held responsible for any environmental damage, we may experience an adverse effect on our business and results of operation.

We may fail to comply with the conditions provided for under our environmental licenses.

Our operations depend on environmental licensing granted by governmental authorities. Such licensing is usually subject to technical conditions that may involve limitations on our operations. We may fail to comply with the aforementioned conditions and become subject to fines or the revocation or suspension of our licenses, which have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Risks Relating to the Countries in which we Operate

Risks Relating to Argentina

Argentine government actions concerning the economy, including decisions with respect to inflation, interest rates, price controls, foreign exchange controls, devaluation, wages and taxes, restrictions on production, imports and exports, and governmental measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on us. We cannot provide any assurance that future economic, social and political developments in Argentina, over which we have no control, will not impair our business, financial condition or results of operations, the guarantees or the market price of the 2025 Notes.operations.

The economic conditions of Argentina may affect the financial condition and results of operations of our Argentine subsidiary.

The financial condition and the results of operations of our Argentine subsidiary depend to a large extent on political, macroeconomic and regulatory circumstances in Argentina. The Argentine economy has experienced significant volatility in recent years, including several periods of low or negative growth and high and variable levels of inflation and devaluation. The Argentine economy is currently in recession, exacerbated by the global COVID-19 pandemic, which may result in increased inflation or further economic deterioration in Argentina. There can be no assurance that the condition of the Argentine economy will improve in the future. As a result, both the policies that could be adopted by the Argentine government, as well as future economic, macroeconomic, regulatory, social and political circumstances or developments in Argentina could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition or results of operations of our local subsidiaries as well as the value of certain of our assets.

As a result, both the policies that could be adopted by the Argentine government and future economic, macroeconomic, regulatory, social and political circumstances in Argentina could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition or results of operations of our local subsidiaries.

The impact of political developments in Argentina remains uncertain and could adversely affect the Argentine economy.

Since taking office in 2019, the Fernandez administration has announced and introduced significant economic and policy reforms. On December 21, 2019, the Argentine Congress approved the “Social Solidarity and Productive Reactivation Law,” which entered into force on December 23, 2019. This law declared a public emergency in economic, financial, fiscal, administrative, pension, tariff, energy, health and social matters, and introduced several tax changes in Argentina, such as income tax, personal assets tax, taxation on the purchase of foreign currency and export duties on certain services.

The Fernandez administration established the right of affected workers to receive twice the legally mandated severance pay in case of dismissal without just cause. A progressive reduction of the doubled severance pay in case of dismissal without just cause was implemented on December 2021. In 2020, the Argentinean government issued Decree No. 329/2020 restricting the ability to terminate employment with or without cause which has been extended thus far until June 30, 2022.

The Argentinean government was under negotiations with the International Monetary Fund (the “IMF”) to restructure Argentina’s debts with the IMF. In 2022, the board of the IMF approved a new program with Argentina for about $44.0 billion. Any failure from Argentina to comply with this new agreement or to eventually restructure its debt can lead to a default scenario which could adversely affect our result of operations and our business.

We cannot provide any assurance that the policies of the Fernandez administration or future economic, regulatory, social and political developments in Argentina will not adversely affect the Argentine economy and impair our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Continuing inflation may have material adverse effects on the Argentine economy.

Argentina has faced and continues to face high inflationary pressures. Over the last few years, the Argentine government has implemented certain programs aimed at controlling inflation and monitoring the prices of many goods and services, including price agreements between the Argentine government and private sector companies. According to official information published by the Argentine Statistics and Census Institute (Instituto(Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos)Censos), the inter-annual inflation recorded for the years 2018, 2019, 20202021 and 20212022 reached 47.6%, 53.8%, 36.1%50.9% and 50.9%94.8%, respectively. The increase in salaries and public expenditure under the new Fernandez administration could have a direct influence on inflation.

A high inflation economy could undermine Argentina’s cost competitiveness abroad if not offset by a devaluation of the Argentine peso, which could also negatively affect economic activity and employment levels. Freight under thosethe contracts with clients from our Argentine subsidiary isare denominated in U.S. dollars and isare collected in Argentine pesos at the prevailing exchange rate. These contracts also include crew cost adjustment terms. Uncertainty about future inflation may contribute to slowdown or contraction in economic growth. Argentine inflation rate volatility makes it impossible to estimate with reasonable certainty the extent to which activity levels and results of operations of our Argentine subsidiary could be affected by inflation and exchange rate volatility in the future. There can be no assurance that inflation rates will not continue to escalate in the future or that the measures adopted or that may be adopted by the Fernandez administration to control inflation will be effective or successful.

Notwithstanding the economic environment in Argentina, including Argentina’s increase of its monetary base to finance public expenditures, and the resulting high inflation as of December 31, 2021,2022, we do not consider inflation to be a significant risk factor to our cost of doing business in the future as the functional currency of our Argentine subsidiary is the U.S. dollar. In addition, the day-to-day operations of our Argentine subsidiary are dependent on the relative value of the Argentine peso to the U.S. dollar.

The current and future foreign exchange policy of Argentina may affect the ability of our Argentine subsidiary to make money remittances outside of Argentina.

In Argentina, since the amendment of the convertibility lawConvertibility Act No. 23,928 by Act No. 25,561 in December 2001,January 2002, the Argentine government has imposed several restrictions on the purchase of foreign currency in the exchange market and the transfer of funds outside of Argentina, substantially limiting the ability of companies to retain foreign currency or make payments abroad, including the distribution of dividends Beginning in December 2015, the Argentine government gradually eased such restrictions, until their complete lifting in 2017. However, on September 1, 2019, the Argentine government reinstated exchange controls and restrictions on transfers abroad.dividends. These new controls and restrictions currently apply with respect to access to the Argentine foreign exchange market for purchase of foreign currencies, the payment of external financial debts, the payment of dividends and corporate profits, payments of imports of goods and services, among other things, and impose the obligation to repatriate and settle the proceeds from exports of goods and services in Argentine pesos. In addition, the Argentine Central Bank established certain regulations to avoid practices and transactions aimed to circumvent, through the use of securities and other instruments, the restrictions set forth by the current foreign exchange control regulations.

As of the date hereof, the restrictions outlined above remain in place. As a consequence of the deepening of exchange controls, the difference between the official exchange rate, which is currently utilized for both commercial and financial operations, and other informal exchange rates that arose implicitly as a result of certain operations commonly carried out in the capital markets (“dollar MEP” or “Blue Chip Swaps (contado con liquidación)”), increased during 2021, creating a gap of approximately 100% with the official exchange rate as of December 31, 2021.

The Argentine government could maintain a single official exchange rate or create multiple exchange rates for different types of transactions. Further, the imposition by the Argentine government of further regulations, exchange controls and restrictions or other measures in response to capital outflows or the devaluation of the Argentine peso could weaken public finances. Such measures may negatively affect Argentina’s international competitiveness, discouraging foreign investments and lending by foreign investors or increasing foreign capital outflow which could have an adverse effect on economic activity in Argentina, and which in turn could adversely affect our business in Argentina and results of operations of our Argentine subsidiary.

As a result of the foreign exchange control regulations in Argentina, our local subsidiaries may not be able to freely access the Argentine foreign exchange market to acquire U.S. dollars and from transferring funds outside of Argentina. Further, as part of the foreign exchange restrictions, an Argentine financial institution may at its absolute discretion refuse to carry out a transfer of funds out of Argentina or may request a formal approval from the Argentine Central Bank before proceeding with the transfer of funds out of Argentina.

Any operation that does not comply with the provisions of the foreign exchange regulations is subject to Law No. 19,359 of the Foreign Exchange Criminal Regime in Argentina.

The Argentine government could maintain these exchange controls, impose new controls, strengthen transfer restrictions or impose other requirements that may impair the ability of our local subsidiaries to access the foreign exchange market, acquire U.S. dollars, or transfer funds abroad of Argentina. Any or all of these actions could materially affect the ability of the local subsidiaries to transfer funds abroad, and therefore affecting our ability to service our debt and satisfy our obligations.

The Argentine government has made certain changes to its tax rules that affected our operations in Argentina in the past, and could further increase the fiscal burden on our operations in Argentina in the future.

The Argentine government has made certain changes to its tax rules that affected our operations in Argentina in the past, and could further increase the fiscal burden on our operations in Argentina in the future. If the Argentine government decides to alter the tax regime in Argentina, our results of operations and financial condition of our Argentine subsidiary could be materially and adversely affected.

Fluctuations in the value of the Argentine peso could adversely affect the Argentine economy, and consequently our results of operations in Argentina or the financial condition of our Argentine subsidiary.

The Argentine peso has suffered significant devaluations against the U.S. dollar in the past and has continued to devalue against the U.S. dollar in recent months.2023. According to Argentina’s Central Bank, the Argentine peso depreciated approximately 17.5% in 2017, 100% in 2018, 56% in 2019, 41% in 2020, and 22% in 2021.2021 and 73% in 2022.

The devaluation of the Argentine peso has had a negative impact on the ability of certain Argentine businesses to honor their foreign currency-denominated debt and has also led to very high inflation and significantly reduced real wages. If the Argentine peso is further significantly devalued, the Argentine economy and our business in Argentina could be adversely affected. As of September 2019, foreign currency controls have been reinstated in Argentina.

The success of any measures taken by the Argentine government to restore market confidence and stabilize the value of the Argentine peso is uncertain. Significant variations in the comparative value of the Argentine peso to the U.S. dollar could adversely affect our business in Argentina and the financial condition and results of operations of our Argentine subsidiary.

The Argentine economy could be adversely affected by economic developments in other global markets.

Argentina’s economy is vulnerable to external shocks that could be caused by adverse developments affecting its principal trading partners. A significant decline in the economic growth of any of Argentina’s major trading partners (including Brazil, the EU, China and the United States), including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic,Russian Ukraine war, could have a material adverse impact on Argentina’s balance of trade and could adversely affect Argentina’s economic growth. Argentina may also be affected by other countries that have influence over world economic cycles. If interest rates rise significantly in developed economies, including the United States, emerging market economies, including Argentina, could find it increasingly challenging and expensive to borrow capital and refinance existing debt, which could negatively affect their economic growth.

Future policies of the Argentine government may affect the economy as well as our operations in Argentina.

During the past years the Argentine government took several actions to re-nationalize concessions and public services companies that were privatized in the 1990’s, such as YPF, Aguas Argentinas S.A. and Aerolíneas Argentinas S.A. Future expropriations, nationalizations or requisitions, as well as changes in taxation, laws,acts, regulations or policies affecting foreign trade, investment, or others that may be adopted by the Fernandez administration could adversely affect our business in Argentina and the financial condition and results of operations of our Argentine subsidiary. For example, the Fernandez administration announced its intention to expropriate a seed trade company, and while certain initial steps were taken by the government, no further action was taken from the Argentine government to effect such expropriation.

Similar measures, such as mandatory renegotiation or modification of existing contracts, among others, that may be adopted by the Argentine government in the future could also adversely affect our business in Argentina, financial condition and results of operations of our Argentine subsidiary.

Risks Relating to Uruguayan Free Zone Regulation

We may be materially and adversely affected by any termination, non-renewal or non-extension of the tax incentives that benefit certain of our subsidiaries in Uruguay.

Certain of our subsidiaries in Uruguay are operating as direct-free-trade-zone users under free zone user agreements (the “Free Zone User Agreements”) with the Uruguayan Free Zones Department, formerly known as the Free Zones Division of the Uruguayan Department of Trade. The Free Zone User Agreements allow these subsidiaries to operate in isolated public areas in Nueva Palmira, Uruguay, and to enjoy tax exemptions and other benefits, such as a generic exemption on present and future Uruguayan national taxes including the Corporate Income Tax, Value-Added Tax and Wealth Tax. Other benefits that such subsidiaries enjoy are simplified corporate law provisions, the ability to negotiate preferential public utility rates with government agencies and government guarantees of maintenance of such benefits and tax exemptions. Free trade zone users do not need to pay import and export tariffs to introduce goods from abroad to the free trade zone, to transfer or send such goods to other free trade zones in Uruguay or send them abroad. These Free Zone Agreements have been extended to 2046 and may be extended further until 2066 at our option. In order to ensure the continuity of these incentives through the course of their terms, our subsidiaries must meet the Free Zone User Agreements or regulations governing free trade zones. However, our subsidiaries may lose all the tax benefits granted to them or be subject to fines if the Uruguayan Free Zones Department concludes that our subsidiaries breached or failed to comply with the Free Zone User Agreements or regulations governing free trade zones. As a result, we could be materially and adversely affected.

The following are some of the causes under which the Uruguayan Free Zones Department may terminate the Free Zone User Agreements prior to expiration: the non fulfilment of the obligations to improve the land, as per the terms of each Free Zone User Agreements; breaches of the terms of the Free Zone User Agreements or the Free Zone Act No. 15,921; violation of labor laws; failure to pay agreed fees to the Uruguayan authorities; failure to make required social security contributions; or the commission of illegal acts or acts expressly forbidden by the Free Zone User Agreements. Should such Uruguayan subsidiaries lose their free zone user status, they will not be able to operate as free zone users and therefore not able to operate their terminal facilities.

The right of the Uruguayan Free Zones Department to terminate the Free Zone User Agreements prior to the stated expiration date in the agreement is subject to an explanation on the specific factual and the legal basis for the early-termination decision. Not every breach by a free-zone user will entitle the Uruguayan Free Zones Department to terminate a Free Zone User Agreement prior to its stated expiration date. Such a decision must therefore be proportional to the degree of alleged noncompliance.

We can provide no assurance that the tax benefits and exemptions granted to our subsidiaries under the Free Zone User Agreements will be renewed after the expiration of the Free Zone User Agreements, that the Free Zone User Agreements will not be terminated prior to the agreed-upon expiration dates, or that, if renewed or otherwise replaced, the terms of any new Free Zone User Agreements will provide for equivalent or more favorable terms and conditions than those currently in effect. We will be materially and adversely affected if tax incentives that benefit our subsidiaries or the Free Zone User Agreements providing for such incentives are terminated and we are not able to renew or replace them. Even if the Free Zone User Agreements are renewed, if they provide for tax incentives that are not as favorable to us as those currently in effect, our financial condition and results of operations could suffer a material adverse effect.

Other Risks Relating to the Countries in which We Operate

Certain of the countries in which we operate or may in the future operate in have experienced, and may continue to experience or experience in the future, political, legal and economic instability. Our activities may be adversely affected by political or economic instability or changes in law relating to our industry, including changes occurring in response to COVID-19.industry. We operate in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and other markets. We can provide no assurance that changes in the governments or laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate or in the regulatory environment for our industry or for foreign-domiciled companies in such jurisdictions will not occur, or that such changes will not result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

As an international company, we are exposed to the risks of doing business in many different countries, including risks associated with operations in emerging market countries, whose economies, markets and legal systems may be less developed.

We are an international company and conduct all of our operations outside of the United States, and we expect to continue doing so for the foreseeable future. These operations are performed in countries that are historically less developed and stable than the United States, such as Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay.

Some of the other risks we are generally exposed to through our operations in emerging market countries include among others:

These risks may result in unforeseen harm to our business and financial condition. Also, some of our customers are headquartered in South America, and a general decline in the economies of South America, or the instability of certain South American countries and economies, could materially and adversely affect us.

Our business in emerging markets requires us to respond to rapid changes in market conditions in these countries. Our overall success in international markets depends, in part, upon our ability to succeed in different legal, regulatory, economic, social and political conditions. We may not continue to succeed in developing and implementing policies and strategies that will be effective in each location where we do business. Furthermore, the occurrence of any of the foregoing factors may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Changes in rules and regulations with respect to cabotage or the interpretation of such rules and regulations in the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

In the markets in which we currently operate, in cabotage or regional trades, we are subject to restrictive rules and regulations on a region by region basis. Our operations currently benefit from these rules and regulations or their interpretation. For instance, preferential treatment is extended in Argentine cabotage for Argentine flagged vessels or foreign flagged vessels operated by local established operators with sufficient Argentine tonnage, in accordance with applicable local law, under one to three years’ licenses, including our Argentine cabotage vessels. Changes in cabotage rules and regulations or in their interpretation may have an adverse effect on our current or future cabotage operations, either by becoming more restrictive (which could result in limitations to the utilization of some of our vessels in those trades) or less restrictive (which could result in increased competition in these markets).

Because we generate the majority of our revenues in U.S. dollars but incur a significant portion of our expenses in other currencies, exchange rate fluctuations could cause us to suffer exchange rate losses, thereby increasing expenses and reducing income.

We engage in regional commerce with a variety of entities. Our revenues are predominantly U.S. dollar-denominated at the present. Additionally, our South American subsidiaries transact certain operations in Uruguayan pesos, Paraguayan guaraníes, Argentine pesos and Brazilian reais; however, all of the subsidiaries’ primary cash flows are U.S. dollar-denominated. Currencies in Argentina and Brazil have fluctuated significantly against the U.S. dollar in the past. As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 approximately 60.1%, 50.8% and 2019 approximately 50.8%, 47.8% and 53.4%, respectively, of our expenses were incurred in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the date of each transaction. Expenses incurred in foreign currencies against which the U.S. dollar falls in value can increase, thereby decreasing our income. A greater percentage of our transactions and expenses in the future may be denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. As part of our overall risk management policy, we may attempt to hedge these risks in exchange rate fluctuations from time to time but cannot guarantee we will be successful in these hedging activities. Future fluctuations in the value of local currencies relative to the U.S. dollar in the countries in which we operate may occur, and if such fluctuations were to occur in one or a combination of the countries in which we operate, our results of operations or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness

We have substantial debt and may incur substantial additional debt, which could adversely affect our financial health and our ability to obtain financing in the future, react to changes in our business and make payments on the 2025 Notes and our other obligations.

At December 31, 2021,2022, we had approximately $558.4$559.4 million in aggregate principal amount of debt outstanding.

Our substantial debt could have important consequences to our business, including the following:

Our ability to service our debt will depend upon, among other things, our future financial and operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, regulatory and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. If our operating results are not sufficient to service our current or future indebtedness, we will be forced to take actions such as reducing or delaying our business activities, acquisitions, investments or capital expenditures, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt, or seeking additional equity capital or bankruptcy protection. We may not be able to effect any of these remedies on satisfactory terms, or at all.

Further, we and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The agreements governing the terms of our indebtedness permit us to incur substantial additional indebtedness in accordance with the terms of such agreements. We also may incur new indebtedness if we expand our business or purchase new vessels or for other purposes. Any secured indebtedness permitted under the 2025 Notes would be effectively senior to the 2025 Notes to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, as would all indebtedness of non-guarantor subsidiaries. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face would increase and we may not be able to meet all our debt obligations, including the repayment of the 2025 Notes. In addition, the indenture governing the 2025 Notes does not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness as defined therein.

Despite our current indebtedness levels, we and our subsidiaries may be able to incur more debt in the future, including secured debt. Additional indebtedness could further exacerbate the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness.

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future. The agreements governing the terms of our indebtedness permit us to incur additional indebtedness in accordance with the terms of such agreements. At December 31, 2021, we had $558.4 million in aggregate principal amount of debt, including the 2025 Notes outstanding. Any secured indebtedness permitted under the 2025 Notes would be effectively senior to the 2025 Notes to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, as would all indebtedness of non-guarantor subsidiaries. We also may incur new indebtedness if we expand our business or purchase new vessels or for other purposes. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face would increase and we may not be able to meet all our debt obligations, including the repayment of the 2025 Notes. In addition, the indenture governing the 2025 Notes do not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness as defined therein.

The agreements and instruments governing our debt contain restrictions and limitations that could have a significant negative impact on our ability to operate our business.

The indenture governing the 2025 Notes imposes significant operating and financial restrictions on us, including those that limit our ability to engage in actions that may be in our long-term interests. These restrictions, among others, may limit our ability to:

Therefore, we may be restricted from engaging in some corporate and commercial actions that we believe would be in the best interest of our business, which may make it difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy or effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted. Any future credit agreement or other indebtedness may include similar or more restrictive provisions.

We are required to comply with the covenants contained in the indenture governing the 2025 Notes. In addition, our future credit agreements may require that we maintain other specific financial covenants. We may be required to take action to reduce our debt or to act in a manner contrary to our business objectives to meet these ratios and satisfy these covenants and ratios. Events beyond our control, including changes in the economic and business conditions in the markets in which we operate, may affect our ability to comply with these covenants. We cannot provide any assurance that we will meet these ratios or satisfy these covenants or that our lender will waive any failure to do so. A breach of any of the covenants in, or our inability to maintain the required financial ratios under, our credit agreements would prevent us from borrowing additional money under the facilities and could result in a default under them.

The 2025 Notes are secured by: (i) first priority ship mortgages on four tanker vessels servicing our Cabotage Business (the Elena H, Makenita H, Sara H and He Man H) that are owned by certain subsidiary guarantors (such guarantors, the “Mortgaged Vessel Guarantors”), and related assignments of earnings and insurance, together with a first priority lien on the capital stock of each Mortgaged Vessel Guarantor; and (ii) an assignment by way of security of the Vale port contract (collectively, the “Collateral”). Our future debt is likely to be secured by mortgages on our vessels, barges or ports, vessels under construction pursuant to ship-building contracts, guarantees by our subsidiaries and/or other related assets, such as assignments of insurances and earnings or some combination of the foregoing. If a default occurs under the 2025 Notes or future credit facilities, the lenders could elect to declare such debt, together with accrued interest and other fees and expenses, to be immediately due and payable and foreclose on the collateral, including our vessels, barges, ports or other assets securing that debt. In a case where a credit facility was used to finance the scheduled payments as they come due under shipbuilding contracts, such a default could result in default by us under the associated ship-building contract and possible foreclosure of our rights in the related vessel under construction. In addition, a payment default under a ship-building contract would give the shipyard the right to terminate the contract without any further obligation to finish construction and may give it rights against us for having failed to make the required payments.

Any loss of vessels or assets could significantly decrease our ability to generate positive cash flow from operations and, therefore, to service our debt. Moreover, if the holders of the 2025 Notes or lenders under a credit facility or other agreement in default were to accelerate the debt outstanding under that facility, it could result in a cross default under other debt. If all or part of our debt were to be accelerated, we may not have or be able to obtain sufficient funds to repay it upon acceleration. This could have serious consequences to our financial condition and results of operations and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent. Our ability to comply with these covenants in future

periods will also depend substantially on the value of our assets, our success at keeping our costs low, our ability to implement our overall business strategy, and our charter rates. Any future credit agreement or amendment may contain similar covenants, or covenants that are more restrictive.

Our ability to generate the significant amount of cash needed to service our debt obligations and our ability to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness or obtain additional financing depends on many factors, many of which may be beyond our control.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance our obligations under, our debt, will depend on our financial and operating performance, which, in turn, will be subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to the financial and business factors, many of which may be beyond our control. We cannot provide any assurance that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, that currently anticipated business opportunities will be realized on schedule or at all, or that future borrowings will be available to us in amounts sufficient to enable us to service our indebtedness and any amounts borrowed under future credit facilities, or to fund our other liquidity needs.

We will use cash to pay the principal and interest on our debt. These payments limit funds otherwise available for working capital, capital expenditures, vessel acquisitions and other purposes. As a result of these obligations, our current liabilities may exceed our current assets. We may need to take on additional debt as we expand our fleet or port terminals, which could increase our ratio of debt to equity. The need to service our debt may limit funds available for other purposes and our inability to service debt in the future could lead to acceleration of our debt and foreclosure on our owned vessels.

We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness or obtain additional financing, particularly because of our anticipated high levels of indebtedness and the indebtedness incurrence restrictions imposed by the agreements governing our indebtedness, as well as prevailing market conditions. We could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our indebtedness service and other obligations.

The indenture governing the 2025 Notes restricts, and any agreements governing future indebtedness may restrict, our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from any such dispositions. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to consummate any asset sales, or if we do, what the timing of the sales will be or whether the proceeds that we realize will be adequate to meet indebtedness service obligations when due.

As the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) is replaced as the reference rateWe are subject to volatility in interest rates, including SOFR, under our debt obligations, itwhich could affect our profitability, earnings and cash flow.

The publication of LIBOR is expected to be discontinued in mid-2023.imminently. The U.S. banking agencies issued guidance instructing banks to cease entering into new contracts referencing LIBOR no later than December 31, 2021, with certain exceptions. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York now publishes the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) based on overnight U.S. Treasury repurchase agreement transactions, which has been recommended as the alternative to U.S. dollar LIBOR by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee convened by the Federal Reserve and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Accordingly, the method and rate used to calculate our interest rates and/or payments on our floating-rate debt in the future may result in interest rates and/or payments that are higher than, or that do not otherwise correlate over time with, the interest rates and/or payments that would have been applicable to our obligations if LIBOR was available in its current form, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and liquidity.

our loans have a floating rate based on SOFR, which has increased recently after a long period of relative stability at historically low levels, and has been volatile in past years, which can affect the amount of interest payable on our debt, and which, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our profitability, earnings and cash flow.

The market values of our vessels may fluctuate significantly which could cause us to be in breach of certain debt covenants that we currently have or debt covenants that we may incur in the future.

Factors that influence vessel values include:

If the market values of our owned vessels decrease, we may breach covenants contained in any existing or future credit facility. If we breach such covenants and are unable to remedy any relevant breach, our lenders could accelerate our debt and foreclose on that debt. Any loss of vessels would significantly decrease our ability to generate positive cash flow from operations and, therefore, service our debt. In addition, if the book value of a vessel is impaired due to unfavorable market conditions, or a vessel is sold at a price below its book value, we would incur a loss.

The 2025 Notes will be subordinated to the obligations of any future non-guarantor subsidiaries.

We may be able to create future non-guarantor subsidiaries or unrestricted subsidiaries under the indenture governing the 2025 Notes. The 2025 Notes will not be guaranteed by any future unrestricted subsidiaries. Unrestricted subsidiaries may, among other things, incur without limitation additional indebtedness and liens, make investments and acquisitions, and sell assets or stock. In addition, we will be able to sell unrestricted subsidiaries, or distribute unrestricted subsidiaries or the proceeds from a sale of any of their assets or stock to stockholders, or enter into merger, joint venture or other transactions involving them, or any combination of the foregoing, without restrictions. Payments on the 2025 Notes are only required to be made by us and the subsidiary guarantors. Accordingly, claims of holders of the 2025 Notes are structurally subordinated to the claims of creditors of any subsidiary that is designated in the future as an “unrestricted subsidiary” or is a securitization subsidiary, in each case in accordance with the indenture, and any future subsidiaries that are not wholly- owned by us, including trade creditors. All obligations of our non-guarantor subsidiaries, including trade payables, will have to be satisfied before any of the assets of such subsidiary would be available for distribution, upon liquidation or otherwise, to us or a subsidiary guarantor.

We may be unable to raise funds necessary to finance the change of control repurchase offer required by the indenture governing the 2025 Notes.

If we experience specified changes of control, we would be required to make an offer to repurchase all of the 2025 Notes (unless otherwise redeemed) at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the repurchase date. The occurrence of specified events that would constitute a change of control could constitute a default under our existing or future indebtedness. Such indebtedness would be immediately due and payable in an event of default, including due to a change of control. As a result, following a change of control event, we would not be able to repurchase 2025 Notes unless we first repay any of our other indebtedness that contains such provisions, or obtain a waiver from the holders of such indebtedness to permit us to repurchase the 2025 Notes. We may be unable to repay all of that indebtedness or obtain a waiver of that type.

Any requirement to offer to repurchase outstanding 2025 Notes may therefore require us to refinance our other outstanding debt, which we may not be able to do on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, our failure to purchase the 2025 Notes after a change of control in accordance with the terms of the indenture would constitute an event of default under the indenture, which in turn may result in a default under our other indebtedness.

Our inability to repay certain indebtedness will also constitute an event of default under the indenture governing the 2025 Notes, which could have materially adverse consequences to us and our investors. In the event of a change of control, we cannot provide any assurance that we would have sufficient assets to satisfy all of our obligations under any such indebtedness and the 2025 Notes. If we are unable to fulfill such debt obligations it could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The international nature of our operations may make the outcome of any insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings or other exercise of remedies outside of bankruptcy difficult to predict.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and our subsidiaries are incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Panama, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and the British Virgin Islands, and we conduct operations in South America. Consequently, in the event of any bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceedings involving us or one of our subsidiaries, bankruptcy laws other than those of the United States could apply. We have limited operations or assets in the United States. If we become a debtor under the U.S. bankruptcy laws, bankruptcy courts in the United States may seek to assert jurisdiction over all of our assets, wherever located, including property situated in other countries. There can be no assurance, however, that we would become a debtor in the United States or that a U.S. bankruptcy court would be entitled to, or accept, jurisdiction over such bankruptcy case or that courts in other countries that have jurisdiction over us and our operations and assets would recognize a United States bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction if any other bankruptcy court would determine it had jurisdiction.

Further, in the event of a liquidation, bankruptcy or judicial reorganization in certain jurisdictions including Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, certain statutory preferences, including post-petition claims, claims for salaries, wages, social security, taxes, court fees and expenses and claims secured by collateral, among others, will have preference over any other claims, including claims by any investor or creditor. In such event, enforcement of our obligations may be unsuccessful and the value of our common shares may deteriorate substantially or entirely.

The 2025 Notes are guaranteed by guarantors organized under the laws of different countries. The rights of the 2025 Noteholders under the guarantees are thus subject to the laws of these jurisdictions, and we can provide no assurance that the 2025 Noteholders will be able to enforce their rights in multiple bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceedings or outside of bankruptcy. Moreover, such multi-jurisdictional proceedings are typically complex and costly for creditors and often result in substantial uncertainty and delay in the enforcement of rights of holders.

In addition, the bankruptcy, insolvency, administrative, creditors right and other laws of the various jurisdictions of organization may be materially different from, in conflict with or less favorable than, each other and those of the United States in certain areas, including creditors’ rights, priority of creditors, the ability to obtain post-petition interest, fees and expenses or adequate protection and the duration of the insolvency proceeding. The application of these various laws in multiple jurisdictions could trigger disputes over which jurisdiction’s law should apply and could adversely affect the ability of the holders of our outstanding indebtedness to enforce their rights and to collect payment on such indebtedness and materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Panama

Panama

Under Panamanian bankruptcy laws, Panamanian courts would not agree to hear any bankruptcy arising from activities in another country other than Panama. If there is a bankruptcy proceeding against a Panamanian corporation operating in another country, it will be the bankruptcy courts of that country which will be competent to hear the bankruptcy proceeding.

Any judgment issued by a court of competent jurisdiction with respect to a Panamanian corporation operating outside Panama may be enforceable in Panama by registering such judgment with the Supreme Court in Panama.

Uruguay

Uruguay

Uruguayan courts are competent to consider bankruptcy cases where the debtor is domiciled in Uruguay, when the center of activity of the debtor is in Uruguay or when the debtor has or had an office, permanent establishment or exploitation in Uruguay.

If the guarantors, or any of the creditors of the guarantors, file a petition for bankruptcy in Uruguay, Uruguayan bankruptcy law will apply except for the impact of the bankruptcy declaration on the contracts that are validly governed by a foreign law.

Uruguayan and foreign creditors have the same treatment in case of bankruptcy, except in case of labor credits with general privilege which will receive preferential treatment over the assets of the debtor located in Uruguay.

Upon a court declaration of bankruptcy, all the debtor’s assets, either located within Uruguayan territory or abroad, will be placed under the control of a receiver to be appointed for the benefit of all creditors. In some cases, after a bankruptcy court declaration, the bankrupt party may continue to manage its assets with the supervision of a receiver. Otherwise, the receiver will run the business and manage the bankrupt party.

In addition to the above, certain transactions occurring prior to the declaration of bankruptcy may be found by the court to be null and void, such as:

In addition, upon the petition of the receiver (or in subsidy, by creditors representing 5% of the debtor’s total liabilities), the court may nullify transactions entered into up to two years prior to the entry into the bankruptcy if it is concluded that they were entered into with a malicious intent (fraud) to prevent creditors from satisfying their bona fide claims and the contracting party knew or should have known that the party facing the bankruptcy was insolvent or had suspended payments on its obligations. In case of transaction with parties related to the debtor, the knowledge of the insolvency of the debtor by the contracting party is assumed. Companies of the same group are considered by bankruptcy law as related parties.

Clawback actions become time barred two years after the declaration of bankruptcy but there are other fraudulent conveyance actions available to creditors that are not subject to such statute of limitations.

Argentina

Argentina

Under Argentine law, in the event that a guarantor becomes subject to a reorganization proceeding or to bankruptcy, the relevant guarantee, if granted within a maximum of two years before the date of declaration of bankruptcy or the date of initiation of the reorganization proceeding (if it is an indirect bankruptcy), may be deemed to have been a fraudulent transfer null and void if certain circumstances are met, such as the case in which the guarantor did not receive a fair consideration in exchange for the granting of such guarantee. The validity and enforceability of the guarantee granted by a guarantor that is an Argentine entity requires the guarantee to be granted in the best interest of the Argentine guarantor and that the Argentine guarantor is authorized by its by-laws to provide guarantees and receives fair and adequate consideration for the granting of the guarantee.

Argentine law establishes rankings of privileges and priorities among creditors in order to receive payment in a reorganization proceeding or bankruptcy subject to the nature and cause of their credits (claims for salaries, wages, social security contributions, taxes, among others, will take priority over any claims, both secured and unsecured).

In addition, under Argentine law, a guarantee is considered accessory to the principal obligation. Therefore, in case our underlying obligations under the 2025 Notes are declared null, the guarantees would, under Argentine law, be deemed to be null as well.

If proceedings were brought in the courts of Argentina seeking to enforce our obligations we would not be required to discharge its obligations in the original currency of the obligations. Any judgment obtained against us in Argentine courts in respect of any payment of our obligations could be discharged solely in Argentine pesos equivalent to the U.S. dollar amount of such payment at the official certain exchange rate. There can be no assurance that such rates of exchange will afford our investors or creditors full compensation of the amount invested in or loaned to us nor that the currency exchange regulations will permit investors or creditors to convert any amount of Argentine pesos received into U.S. dollars. See “—Risks Relating to Argentina—The current and future foreign exchange policy of Argentina may affect the ability of our Argentine subsidiary to make money remittances outside of Argentina.”

Paraguay

Paraguay

Bankruptcy proceedings in Paraguay may be less favorable to holders of our 2025 Notes than in other jurisdictions. For example, Paraguayan creditors receive preferential treatment, which means that creditors resident in Paraguay would receive payments prior to any payment being made on the guarantees. Furthermore, the obligations under the guarantees would be subordinated to certain statutory preferences such as maritime privileges, amongst which are claims for salaries, wages, taxes, port facilities and others.

Brazil

Brazil

Brazilian legal framework for economically distressed companies or individuals generally consists of the provisions set forth by the Brazilian Bankruptcy and Reorganization Federal Law (“BBRL”—Law No. 11101, dated February 9, 2005, as amended by the newly enacted Federal Law 14,112/2020, sets out the rules for bankruptcy and insolvency in Brazil). The BBRL contains certain provisions that resemble bankruptcythe insolvency procedures regulated by US Bankruptcy Code under U.S. Chapters 11 and 7. It regulates two different situations: (i) reorganization, that may take place (a) in court (judicial reorganization) or (b) out of court (extrajudicial reorganization), both aiming at surpassing debtor’s temporary financial distress; and (ii) bankruptcy liquidation, which is intended to liquidate the company and its assets and must be always administered by a court appointed trustee.

A bankruptcy liquidation request can be filed by the company itself, its shareholders or partners, or any of its creditors. BBRL lists the events upon which bankruptcy liquidation may be requested by a company’s creditors, including the following: (i) company’s failure to provide payment of any liquid obligation when owed inunder a credit instrument in an amount higher than 40 Brazilian minimum monthly wages; (ii) company arbitrarily anticipateanticipating the liquidation of assets or making paymentpayments in a damaging or fraudulent way; (iii) company attempting or actually performing fraudulent dealdeals or salesales of all or substantially all assets to a third party, creditor or otherwise, attempted or actually performed;otherwise; and (iv) transfer of company’s establishment to third parties, creditors or otherwise, without the consent of all other creditors and without keeping sufficient assets to fulfill its obligations. A bankruptcy liquidation order entails two important matters concerning credits: (i) acceleration of all companycompany’s indebtedness, and (ii) conversion of foreign currency-denominated debts into national currency ones.ones, based on the bankruptcy liquidation decree exchange rate.

Any judgment obtained against us in Brazilian courts in respect of any payment obligations normally would be expressed in the Brazilian currency equivalent of the U.S. dollar amount of such sum at the exchange rate in effect (i) on the date of actual payment, (ii) on the date on which such judgment is rendered, or (iii) on the date on which collection or enforcement proceedings are started against us. Consequently, in the event of bankruptcy, all of our debt obligations that are denominated in foreign currency will be converted into Brazilian currency at the prevailing exchange rate on the date of declaration of our bankruptcy by the court. In bankruptcy liquidation proceedings, creditors would be paid in accordance with the priority rule set forth by the BBRL. Finally, payments under bankruptcy liquidation proceedings in Brazil usually occur within two to 12 years after the filing of the proceeding, and the assets are generally not sufficient to pay off all of the creditors.

Certain requirements must be met for the recognition and enforceability of a foreign judgment by courts outside the United States.

Most of our directors and officers, selling shareholders and experts reside outside the United States, and most of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce outside the United States judgments obtained against us or these persons in U.S. courts, including judgments in actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, or to otherwise bring original actions in foreign courts to enforce such liabilities. Likewise, it may also be difficult to enforce judgments obtained in non-U.S. courts against us or against these persons, in U.S. court, including judgments obtained in actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. It may also be difficult for an investor to bring an action in a Brazilian court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us or these persons. Although a person may bring an original or derivative action against us or our affiliates in the courts of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the courts of the Republic of the Marshall Islands may impose civil liability, including monetary damages, against us or our affiliates for a cause of action arising under Republic of the Marshall Islands law, it may impracticable for an individual investor to do so.

Panama

Foreign judgments would be recognized and enforced in Panama by the Supreme Court, provided that the requirements of Article 1419 of the Judicial Code of the Republic of Panama are met. Article 1419 establishes that judgments issued by foreign courts as well as foreign arbitral awards will be effective in accordance with the respective agreements or treaties. If there are no special treaties with the country in which the judgment has been issued, the judgment can be executed in Panama, unless there is proof that the country does not recognize judgments issued by Panamanian courts. If the judgment comes from a country in which awards or judgments issued by Panamanian courts are not recognized, then the judgment will not be recognized in Panama. Without prejudice to what is established in special treaties, no foreign judgment will be executed in Panama unless it complies with the following requisites: (1) that the judgment be issued as a consequence of a personal action, provided what it is specially stipulated by the law in testamentary successions in foreign countries; (2) that the judgment has not been issued in contumacy, contempt of court or default, it being understood, that the lawsuit has not been personally served or notified to the defendant, being said personal service of process ordered by the competent court, unless the defendant in contumacy requests its execution; (3) that the obligation contained in the judgment be licit in Panama; and (4) that the copy of the judgment be authentic. Judgment means the decision granting the claim.

Uruguay

Uruguay

The enforcement of foreign judgments, including judgments of a court in the United States, will be recognized and enforced in Uruguay without review of its merits provided the following requirements are met:

For the purposes of enforcement and collection in Uruguay, the request for recognition (“exequatur”) shall be first filed before the Supreme Court of Justice in Uruguay, who shall verify compliance with the aforementioned requirements. Service of notice shall be given on the defendant who will have 20 days to file its objection to the application for recognition. The Supreme Court’s decision shall be final and cannot be challenged later.

If enforcement is granted, the file will be sent to the competent lower court to carry out proceedings for enforcement and collection. Upon completion of the Exequatur proceeding as described above, it will be possible to enforce the judgment, without the need to appoint any agent for service of process.

Argentina

A final and conclusive foreign judgment would be recognized and enforced by the courts in Argentina without any retrial or re-examination of the merits of the original action provided that the requirements of ArticlesSections 517 through 519 of the Argentine National Code of Civil and Commercial Procedures (if enforcement is sought before federal courts) are met. These requirements include: (1) the judgment, which must be final in the jurisdiction where rendered, must have been issued by a court competent pursuant to Argentine principles regarding international jurisdiction and must have resulted from a personal action, or an in rem action with respect to personal property if such property was transferred to Argentine territory during or after the prosecution of the foreign action, (2) the defendant against whom enforcement of the judgment is sought must have been personally served with the summons and, in accordance with due process of law, must have been given an opportunity to defend itself against such foreign action, (3) the judgment must be valid in the jurisdiction where rendered and its authenticity must be established in accordance with the requirements of Argentine law, (4) the judgment must not violate the principles of public policy of Argentine law, and (5) the judgment must not be contrary to a prior or simultaneous judgment of an Argentine court. There might be other requirements set forth by laws that replace or complement the National Code of Civil and Commercial Procedures in the future. If the enforcement is sought before provincial courts, other requirements may apply through application of the corresponding provincial codes of procedures.

In addition, ArticleSection 2609 of the Argentine Civil and Commercial Code, sets forth the exclusive jurisdiction of Argentine courts on disputes related to (i) rights in rem over real estate located in Argentina, (ii) validity or nullity of registrations performed before an Argentine public registry, and (iii) registration and validity of intellectual property rights.

We have been advised that there is doubt as to the enforceability in Argentina, in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts, of civil liabilities predicated solely upon the federal securities laws of the United States.

Moreover, court costs, including (without limitation) filings fees and deposits to secure judgments, and the payment of stamp taxes may be required by the competent authorities in Argentina in case a foreign judgment has effects in Argentina, upon, for instance, re-litigation, enforcement or registration of such judgment in Argentina.

Paraguay

Paraguay

Foreign judgments have force in Paraguay provided that: (1) the judgment was obtained in an action in personam; (2) the defendant must have been personally served with the summons and given an opportunity to defend against foreign action (3) the obligation on which the action was based is valid in accordance with Paraguay’s law; (4) the decision is final; (5) proper certification and legalization is complied with in accordance with Paraguay law; (6) the judgment has not been pronounced by default of condemned party; (7) the judgment does not violate Paraguayan law principles of public policy, and (8) the judgment is not contrary to a prior or simultaneous judgment by a Paraguayan court.

Brazil

Brazil

Judgments of Brazilian courts enforcing obligations under the guarantees would be payable only in Brazilian currency. If a plaintiff were to bring proceedings against us in the courts of Brazil seeking to enforce the obligations under the guarantees, we would not be required to discharge our obligations in a currency other than Brazilian currency. Any judgment obtained against us in Brazilian courts in respect of any payment obligations under the guarantees would be payable in Brazilian currency. We cannot provide any assurance that this amount in Brazilian currency will afford a plaintiff full compensation of the amount sought in any such litigation.

Certain requirements must be met for the recognition and enforceability of foreign judgments in Brazil. Subject to the following, a final and conclusive judgment for civil liabilities rendered by any court in the United States or elsewhere would be recognized in the courts of Brazil (to the extent that Brazilian courts have jurisdiction) and such courts would enforce such judgment without any retrial or reexamination of the merits of the original action only if such judgment has been previously ratified by the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice (Superior(Superior Tribunal de Justica)Justica), such ratification being subject to:

Notwithstanding the foregoing, no assurance can be given that such ratification would be obtained, that the process described above would be conducted in a timely manner or that a Brazilian court would enforce a monetary judgment for violation of the U.S. securities laws. In addition:

In addition, a plaintiff, whether Brazilian or non-Brazilian, who resides outside Brazil or is outside Brazil during the course of litigation in Brazil and who does not own real property in Brazil must grant a pledge to guarantee the payment of the defendant’s legal fees and court expenses related to court procedures. This pledge must be in an amount sufficient to satisfy the payment of court fees and defendant’s attorneys’ fees, as determined by the Brazilian judge. This requirement will not apply (1) when an exemption is provided by an international agreement or treaty that Brazil is a signatory to; (2) in the case of claims for collection relating to an instrument which may be enforced in Brazilian courts without a review on the merits (titulo executivo extrajudicial); (3) in the case of enforcement of foreign judgments that have been duly recognized by the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice (Superior Tribunal de Justica); or (4) counterclaims as established according to Article 83 of the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure.

Obligations under the guarantees are subordinated to certain statutory preferences.

The obligations under the guarantees are subordinated to certain statutory preferences. In the event of a liquidation, bankruptcy or judicial reorganization in certain jurisdictions including Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, such statutory preferences, including post-petition claims, claims for salaries, wages, social security, taxes, court fees and expenses and claims secured by collateral, among others, will have preference over any other claims, including claims by any investor in respect of the guarantees. In such event, enforcement of the guarantees may be unsuccessful, and noteholders may be unable to collect amounts that they are due under the 2025 Notes.

The 2025 Notes are subject to certain fraudulent transfer and conveyance statutes, which may have adverse implications for the holders of the 2025 Notes.

Fraudulent transfer and insolvency laws may void, subordinate or limit the rights of the holders of the 2025 Notes.

United States

Federal and state fraudulent transfer and conveyance statutes may apply to the issuance of the 2025 Notes and the incurrence of the guarantees, particularly any future guarantees of any U.S. subsidiaries we might create. Under U.S. federal bankruptcy law and comparable provisions of U.S. state fraudulent transfer or conveyance laws, if any such law would be deemed to apply, which may vary from state to state, the 2025 Notes or the guarantees could be voided as a fraudulent transfer or conveyance if a court determines that (1) we or any of the guarantors, as applicable, issued the 2025 Notes or incurred the guarantees with the intent of hindering, delaying or defrauding creditors or (2) we or any of the guarantors, as applicable, received less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration in return for either issuing the 2025 Notes or incurring the guarantees and, in the case of (2) only, one of the following is also true at the time thereof:

If a court were to find that the issuance of the 2025 Notes or the incurrence of the guarantee was a fraudulent transfer or conveyance, the court could void the payment obligations under the 2025 Notes or such guarantee, or require the holders of the 2025 Notes to repay any amounts received with respect to such guarantee. In the event of a finding that a fraudulent transfer or conveyance occurred, the holders of the 2025 Notes may not receive any repayment as provided in the terms of the 2025 Notes. Further, the voidance of the 2025 Notes could result in an event of default with respect to our and our subsidiaries’ other debt that could result in acceleration of such other debt.

As a general matter, value is given for a transfer or an obligation if, in exchange for the transfer or obligation, property is transferred or an antecedent debt is secured or satisfied. A debtor will generally not be considered to have received value in connection with a debt offering if the debtor did not substantially benefit directly or indirectly from the transaction. In that regard, a debtor will generally not be considered to have received value if the proceeds of a debt offering were used to make a dividend payment or otherwise retire or redeem equity securities issued by the debtor. In particular, if the guarantees were legally challenged, such guarantee could be subject to the claim that, since the guarantee was incurred for the Co-Issuers’ benefit, and only indirectly for the benefit of the guarantor, the obligations of the applicable guarantor were incurred for less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration.

The measures of insolvency for purposes of fraudulent transfer or conveyance laws vary depending upon the applicable jurisdiction’s governing law, such that we cannot be certain as to the standards a court would use to determine whether or not we or the guarantors were solvent at the relevant time or, regardless of the standard that a court uses, that the issuance of the guarantees would not be further subordinated to our or any of our guarantors’ other debt or whether the 2025 Notes, the guarantees or the granting of liens to secure the 2025 Notes or the guarantees would be avoided as a preference, fraudulent transfer, fraudulent conveyance, or otherwise. Generally, however, an entity would be considered insolvent if, at the time it incurred indebtedness:

In addition, any payment by us pursuant to the 2025 Notes or by a guarantor made at a time when we or such guarantor is subsequently found to be insolvent could be avoided and required to be returned to us or such guarantor or to a fund for the benefit of our or the guarantors’ creditors if such payment is made to an insider within a one-year period prior to a bankruptcy filing or within 90 days to any non-insider party and such payment would give the holders of the 2025 Notes more than such holders of the 2025 Notes would have received in a hypothetical liquidation under Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

Finally, as a court of equity, a U.S. bankruptcy court may otherwise subordinate the claims in respect of our indebtedness to other claims against us under the principle of equitable subordination, if the court determines that: (i) the creditor or holder of 2025 Notes engaged in some type of inequitable conduct; (ii) such inequitable conduct resulted in injury to our other creditors or conferred an unfair advantage upon the claimant; and (iii) equitable subordination is not inconsistent with the provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

Republic of the Marshall Islands

We and some of the guarantors as of the issue date are organized under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. While the Republic of the Marshall Islands does not have a bankruptcy statute or general statutory mechanism for insolvency proceedings, other than the Uncitral Model Law On Cross-Border Insolvency Implementation Act, 2018, a Republic of the Marshall Islands court could apply general U.S. principles of fraudulent conveyance, discussed above, in light of the provisions of the BCA, restricting the grant of guarantees without a corporate purpose. In such case, a Republic of the Marshall Islands court could void or subordinate the 2025 Notes or the guarantees, including for the reasons a U.S. court could void or subordinate a guarantee as described above.

Uruguay

Uruguay

A court in Uruguay could, under fraudulent conveyance law, and upon the request of a creditor of a subsidiary guarantor within one year from its knowledge of the transaction, rescind or revoke the guarantee of any subsidiary guarantor if it found that such guarantee was incurred with malicious intent (fraud) to prevent creditors from satisfying their bona fide claims and the contracting party knew or should have known that the subsidiary guarantor was insolvent. If a court were to revoke or rescind the guarantee of a subsidiary guarantor as a fraudulent conveyance, or hold it unenforceable for any other reason, holders of the notes would cease to have a claim against that subsidiary guarantor and would be creditors solely of Navios Logistics and any subsidiary guarantor whose guarantee was not voided or held unenforceable.

In addition, under Uruguayan law, a guarantee is considered accessory to the principal obligation. Therefore, in case our underlying obligations under the notes or the indenture are declared null, the guarantees would, under Uruguayan law, be deemed to be null as well.

Argentina

The validity and enforceability of the guarantee granted by the guarantor that is an Argentine entity always requires the guarantee to be in the best interest of the Argentine guarantor and that the Argentine guarantor is authorized by its by-laws to provide guarantees and receives fair and adequate consideration for the granting of the guarantees, in order to avoid any third party’s potential challenges.

A court could, under fraudulent conveyance law, declare null and void the following transactions if celebrated within a maximum of two years before the date of declaration of bankruptcy or the date of initiation of the reorganization proceeding (if it is an indirect bankruptcy):

Therefore, it may be possible that the guarantees may not be enforceable under Argentine law. In the event that a guarantor becomes subject to a reorganization proceeding or to bankruptcy, the relevant guarantee, if granted within a maximum of two years before the date of declaration of bankruptcy or the date of initiation of the reorganization proceeding (if it is an indirect bankruptcy), may be deemed to have been a fraudulent transfer and declared void, based upon the guarantor not having received a fair consideration in exchange for the granting of such guarantee. The validity and enforceability of the guarantee granted by the guarantor that is an Argentine entity requires the guarantee to be in the best interest of the Argentine guarantor and that the Argentine guarantor is authorized by its by-laws to provide guarantees and receives fair and adequate consideration for the granting of the guarantees.

In addition, under Argentine law, a guarantee is considered accessory to the principal obligation. Therefore, in case our underlying obligations under the 2025 Notes are declared null, the guarantees would, under Argentine law, be deemed to be null as well.

Paraguay

Paraguay

Under Paraguay law which does not forbid providing such guarantees to related or non-related parties, the guarantee of the 2025 Notes may not be enforceable as the guarantee is considered accessory to the principal obligation, which if declared null or void, would imply that the guarantee would be deemed likewise null or void. The guarantees are valid, binding and enforceable against the guarantors. However, if a guarantor becomes subject to a creditors meeting or bankruptcy proceedings, within one year of granting the guarantee, the guarantee may be deemed to have been a fraudulent transfer and declared null.

Under Paraguayan law, fraudulent conveyance of assets is covered by Art. 305 to 316 of the Civil Code by which an affected creditor may ask the Civil and Commercial Courts to annul the fraudulent conveyance, reverting the transferred assets to the debtor, which then become attachable by local or foreign creditors. In the event of bankruptcy of a Paraguayan subsidiary, Article 8 of Law 154/69 states that the declaration of bankruptcy in a foreign country cannot be opposed to creditors domiciled in Paraguay or over assets held by a debtor in the country, nor covered by agreements that have been executed with such debtor. If bankruptcy is declared by Paraguayan courts, creditors that are part of the bankruptcy process in a foreign country shall not be taken into consideration by the local courts; if local creditors have been fully paid, foreign creditors may be paid with the remaining assets. The bankruptcy declared in a United States court will not imply the bankruptcy of the subsidiary operating in Paraguayan jurisdiction under Paraguayan law. Under fraudulent conveyance law, a court may void the guarantee if it deems that it was incurred with the intention to hinder or defraud its creditors.

Brazil

A court could, under fraudulent conveyance law, or bankruptcy law,BBRL, void or consider ineffective the guarantee of any subsidiary guarantor if it found that such guarantee was incurred with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, and that the guarantor was any of the following:

If a court were to void the guarantee of a subsidiary guarantor as a fraudulent conveyance, or hold it unenforceable for any other reason, holders of the 2025 Notes would cease to have a claim against that subsidiary guarantor and would be creditors solely of Navios Logistics and any subsidiary guarantor whose guarantee was not voided or held unenforceable.

Other Jurisdictions

The laws of the other jurisdictions in which guarantors may be organized may also limit the ability of such guarantors to guarantee debt of a parent company. These limitations arise under various provisions or principles of corporate law which include provisions requiring a subsidiary guarantor to receive adequate corporate benefit from the financing, rules governing preservation of share capital, thin capitalization and fraudulent transfer principles. In certain of these jurisdictions, the guarantees will contain language limiting the amount of debt guaranteed so that the applicable local law restrictions will not be violated. Accordingly, if an individual were to enforce the guarantees in such jurisdictions, such claims could be limited. Furthermore, although we believe that the guarantees of such guarantors are enforceable (subject to local law restrictions), a third-party creditor may challenge these guarantees and prevail in court. We can provide no assurance that the guarantees will be enforceable.

Risks Relating to Our Organizational Structure

We are a majority-owned subsidiary of Navios Holdings, through which significant controlling stockholders, along with members of our management team, may exert considerable influence over our actions.

Navios Holdings, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Navios Corporation; and Sinimalec, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Peers Business Inc. (“Peers”) are our significant stockholders. Navios Holdings currently owns 63.8% of our outstanding common stock, and Angeliki Frangou, our Chairwoman, currently beneficially owns approximately 34.8%64.1% of the outstanding common stock of Navios Holdings. Peers, which is beneficially owned by the families ofLopez family, including, Claudio Pablo Lopez, our Chief Executive Officer, Horacio Enrique Lopez, our Chief Operating Officer — Shipping Division, and Carlos Augusto Lopez, our Chief Commercial Officer — Shipping Division,Navios Logistics’ Vice Chairman, currently owns 36.2% of our outstanding common stock. Navios Holdings and Peers, as the beneficial owners of our common stock have the power to control our actions and the outcome of matters on which our stockholders are entitled to vote. Navios Holdings, Ms. Frangou and the Lopez family may pursue interests different from the interest of our debt holders in determining these matters.

In addition, we and our shareholders are party to a shareholders’ agreement. Pursuant to this shareholders’ agreement, when we became subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the shares of our common stock held by Navios Holdings were to convert into shares of Class B Common Stock, with each share of Class B Common Stock entitling its holder to ten votes per share. Navios Holdings has currently waived such conversion provision. If and when the conversion occurs, it will permit Navios Holdings to control our business even if it does not hold a majority economic interest in our company. On November 19, 2019, Navios Holdings entered into aan additional shareholder agreement with Peers granting certain protections to minority shareholders in certain events. The shareholder agreements will terminate upon the completion of an initial public offering. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.”

We may be subject to a change of control, which could result in a disruption in our operations that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

All of our common shares held by Navios Corporation have been pledged in support of certain indebtedness incurred by Navios Holdings. If Navios Holdings fails to fulfill its obligations under the agreements governing its indebtedness, then Navios Holdings bondholders may foreclose on our common shares that Navios Corporation has pledged, which could result in a change of control of Navios Logistics. In such event, any new controlling party may have a different philosophy, be less experienced in the logistics business or the markets in which we operate, replace or cause the resignation of our directors and executive officers or be unsuccessful in identifying growth opportunities. Further, any such new controlling party may have interests that are different from those of the current controlling parties and may hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us or supply us with goods and services. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.”

We have meaningful relationships with Navios Holdings and Navios Shipmanagement, and we depend on them for certain services and benefit from their global networks to obtain competitive financing. If their financial condition deteriorates or conflicts of interest arise or if our relationship with Navios Shipmanagement ends or is significantly altered, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We have a strategic relationship with Navios Holdings, which has broad experience and a global network of relationships in the maritime industry, and with Navios Shipmanagement, a former subsidiary of Navios Holdings currently controlled by our Chairwoman, which provides us with administrative and other services in the operation of our business as discussed more fully below. We believe our relationships with Navios Holdings and Navios Shipmanagement, including our ability to leverage their network of relationships, including relationships with commercial and other banks, will enable us to engage in innovative financing and to access debt and capital markets financing on favorable terms. We believe that we can use our relationship with Navios Holdings and Navios Shipmanagement, and their established business reputations, in order to obtain favorable long-term time contracts and attract new customers. If our relationships with either of Navios Holdings or Navios Shipmanagement end or are significantly altered, or if their financial condition deteriorates, our business, results of operations and financial position could be materially and adversely affected.

On August 29, 2019, we entered into an assignment agreement with Navios Corporation and Navios Shipmanagement, whereby the administrative services agreement originally entered into between us and Navios Holdings on April 12, 2011, first assigned to Navios Corporation on May 28, 2014 and subsequently amended on April 6, 2016 and January 01, 2022 to extend the duration of the agreement until January 01, 2027 (as assigned and amended, the “Administrative Services Agreement”), was assigned from Navios Corporation to Navios Shipmanagement. On August 30, 2019, Navios Holdings announced that it sold its ship management business, including Navios Shipmanagement, to N Shipmanagement Acquisition Corp., an entity affiliated with Angeliki Frangou. We cannot be certain that Navios Shipmanagement will not have conflicts of interest.

Even considering our efforts to enter into transactions with affiliated persons and other related parties at rates and on terms as favorable to us as would be charged by unrelated parties, and that certain of our debt agreements will prohibit us from entering into transactions with our affiliates on terms that are materially less favorable to us than those that would have been obtained in comparable transactions with unrelated parties, there will always be an inherent conflict of interest between our interests and those of our affiliates and related parties, including Ms. Frangou and Navios Shipmanagement.

Pursuant to the Administrative Services Agreement, Navios Shipmanagement will continue to provide certain services to us, including bookkeeping, audit and accounting services, legal and insurance services, administrative and clerical services, banking and financial services, advisory services, client and investor relations and integration of any acquired businesses and will be reimbursed for reasonable costs and expenses incurred in connection with the provision of these services.

We rely on Navios Shipmanagement to perform obligations under the Administrative Services Agreement. If we undergo a change of control, Navios Shipmanagement may terminate the Administrative Services Agreement upon 120 days’ notice. If the Administrative Services Agreement is terminated or our relationship with Navios Shipmanagement ends or is significantly altered, we may not have access to these services or be able to capitalize on Navios Shipmanagement’s global network of relationships to source acquisitions, obtain competitive debt financing and engage in innovative financing and could incur operational difficulties or losses. In addition, we may not benefit from the same financial flexibility our association with which Navios Shipmanagement provides us and, as a result, may not be able to access debt financing on favorable terms, or at all. See the section entitled “Item 7.B. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Administrative Services Agreement.”

Certain of our directors, officers, and principal shareholders are affiliated with entities engaged in business activities similar to those conducted by us or that compete directly with us, causing such persons to have conflicts of interest.

Some of our directors, officers and principal stockholders have affiliations with entities that have similar business activities to those conducted by us. Our controlling shareholder, Navios Holdings isowns (i) a global seabornecontrolling equity stake in us; and (ii) an interest in Navios Maritime Partners L.P. (“Navios Partners”) (NYSE:NMM), a United States publicly listed shipping and logistics company that owns and operates numerous businesses focused on the transportdry cargo and transshipment of dry bulk commodities including iron ore, coal and grain.tanker vessels. Certain of our directors are also directors of competitor shipping companies, or may engage in similar businesses in the future. These other affiliations and business activities may give rise to certain conflicts of interest in the course of such individuals’ affiliations with us.

Our success depends upon our management team and other employees, and if we are unable to attract and retain key management personnel and other employees or our management team fails to provide the capabilities that we require, our results of operations may be negatively impacted.

Our success depends to a significant extent upon the abilities and efforts of our management team and our ability to retain them. In particular, many members of our senior management team, including our Chairwoman, our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Operating Officers and our Chief CommercialOperating Officer, have extensive experience in the logistics and shipping industries. Some of these individuals also serve in various capacities for other entities affiliated with our controlling shareholder, Navios Holdings. If we were to lose their services for any reason, it is not clear whether any available replacements would be able to manage our operations as effectively. Further, the obligations of individuals employed by us who also serve in capacities for other entities affiliated with Navios Holdings may give rise to certain conflicts with our interests in the future, including the diversion of their attention or focus away from our business. The loss of any of the members of our management team or the capabilities we expect them to provide on an ongoing basis could impair our ability to identify and secure vessel contracts, to maintain good customer relations and to otherwise manage our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and our ability to compete. We do not maintain key man insurance on any of our officers. Further, the efficient and safe operation of our fleet and ports requires skilled and experienced crew members and employees. Difficulty in hiring and retaining such crew members and employees including as a result of public health or safety concerns and governmental restrictions caused by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, could adversely affect our results of operations.

We are incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, a country that does not have a well-developed body of corporate law, which may negatively affect the ability of holders of our securities to protect their interests.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and bylaws and by the Republic of the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act (“BCA”). The provisions of the BCA resemble the provisions of the corporation laws of a number of states in the United States. However, there have been few judicial cases in the Republic of the Marshall Islands interpreting the BCA. The rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under the law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands are not as clearly established as the rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in certain U.S. jurisdictions. Shareholder rights may differ as well. The BCA does specifically incorporate the non-statutory law, or judicial case law, of the State of Delaware and other states with substantially similar legislative provisions, and the BCA is interpreted and construed by Delaware laws and the laws of other states with substantially similar legislative provisions. However, investors may have more difficulty protecting their interests in the face of actions by management, directors or controlling shareholders than they would in the case of a corporation incorporated in the State of Delaware or another U.S. jurisdiction.

We and certain of our officers and directors may be difficult to serve with process as we and our subsidiaries are incorporated in various jurisdictions outside the United States and certain of our officers and directors may reside outside of the United States.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and our subsidiaries are organized under the laws of various countries and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Our business is operated primarily from our offices in Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. In addition, our directors and officers are all non-residents of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for investors to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States if such investors believe that their rights have been infringed under securities laws or otherwise. Although investors may bring an original action against us or our affiliates in the courts of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the courts of the Republic of the Marshall Islands may impose civil liability, including monetary damages, against us or our affiliates for a cause of action arising under Republic of the Marshall Islands law, it may impracticable for investors to do so.

We are a holding company, and depend entirely on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us in order to satisfy our financial and other obligations.

We are a holding company, and as such we have no significant assets other than the equity interests of our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries conduct all of our operations and own all of our operating assets. As a result, our ability to service our indebtedness and satisfy our obligations depends on the performance of our subsidiaries and their ability to distribute funds to us. The ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us may be restricted by, among other things, restrictions under our credit facilities and applicable laws of the jurisdictions of their incorporation or organization. For example, our subsidiaries’ future credit agreements may contain significant restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other transfers of funds to us. Further, some countries in which our subsidiaries are incorporated require our subsidiaries to receive central bank approval before transferring funds out of that country. If we are unable to obtain funds from our subsidiaries, we will not be able to service our debt and satisfy our obligations unless we obtain funds from other sources, which may not be possible.

We are a “foreign private issuer” which exempts us from certain SEC requirements.

We are currently a foreign private issuer within the meaning of rules promulgated under the Exchange Act. As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States public companies including:

Accordingly, investors in the 2025 Senior Notes will not be able to obtain information of the type described above.

General Risks

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted and could continue to disrupt charter rates, vessel values and could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, or future epidemics or pandemics, and the responses of governments to such occurrences in the markets in which we operate, could affect our business. Such governmental measures could result in delayed deliveries of vessels we purchase, construction delays in our port facilities, disruptions in our operations, and significant negative effects on global markets. Furthermore, pandemic-related events could reduce demand for our services, interrupt the operation of our port terminal facilities, reduce global demand for commodities, affect the price of regional freights, hires and port tariffs, and otherwise disrupt the operations of our customers and suppliers.

If the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic remain ongoing, we may be unable to charter our vessels at the rates or for the length of time we currently expect, or to commence or complete the construction of our planned port terminal facility in Port Murtinho. The ongoing and future impact on our business of the COVID-19 pandemic remain uncertain. Should our customers or charterers be under financial pressure from the impact of the pandemic on their businesses, such financial pressure could negatively affect their willingness or ability to perform their obligations to us or could cause a decrease in the services they seek from us. The loss or termination of any of our contracts, or a decline in payments thereunder, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Any prolonged outbreak, new variants or new outbreaks may disrupt our operations. All these measures have affected and may further affect the process of construction and repair of vessels, as well as the presence of workers in shipyards, of administrative personnel in their offices, and embarkation and disembarkation of seafarers. Any prolonged restrictive measures in order to control the COVID-19 pandemic or other adverse global public health developments may have a material and adverse effect on our business operations and demand for our services generally. We may also face liability or additional costs to the extent there is an outbreak on one of our ships and claims arise alleging exposure to COVID-19 in connection with one of our vessels or in the course of our operations.

To the extent the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to have a negative impact on our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein, such as those relating to our indebtedness, our need to generate sufficient cash flows to service our indebtedness and our ability to comply with the covenants contained in the agreements that govern our indebtedness.

We can provide no assurance as to whether, in the future, the risks described in this annual report will change or as to the extent of any losses we may experience, nor can it be assured that there will be no material uncertainties in our ability to continue as a going concern. There can be no assurance that other regional or global outbreaks of disease will not occur, and any such outbreaks may have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to certain credit risks with respect to our counterparties on contracts, and the failure of such counterparties to meet their obligations could cause us to suffer losses on such contracts and thereby decrease revenues and income.

We charter-out our fleet, provide handling services for commodities and rent the space of our tanks, stockpiles and silos to other parties, who pay us hire on a daily rate or rate per ton or per cubic meter stored or moved. We also enter into spot market voyage contracts, for which we receive a rate-per-ton to carry a specified cargo on a specified route. If the counterparties fail to meet their obligations, we could suffer losses on such contracts, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, after a counterparty defaults on a contract, we would have to enter into new contracts at possibly lower rates. It is also possible that we would be unable to secure a contract at all. If we enter into new contracts at lower rates or are unable to replace the contracts, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We may be unable to obtain financing for our growth or to fund our future capital expenditures, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our capital expenditures during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and 2019 were $9.5 million, $23.8 million $8.4 million and $7.9$8.4 million, respectively, mainly used to acquire and/or pay installments for among others: eighteen second-hand liquid barges, three pushboats, six newbuilding liquid barges, and the development of a new upriver terminal.terminal and the expansion of our Iron Ore Port facilities. In order to follow our current strategy for growth, we will need to fund future asset or business acquisitions, increase working capital levels and increase capital expenditures. Further, the construction of our planned Port Murtinho Terminal and Nueva Palmira Free Zone new liquid port terminal may result in a material increase in our capital expenditures.

In the future, we will also need to make capital expenditures required to maintain or upgrade our current ports, fleet and infrastructure. Cash generated from our earnings may not be sufficient to fund all of these measures. Accordingly, we may need to raise capital through borrowings or the sale of debt or equity securities. Our ability to obtain bank financing or to access the capital markets for future offerings may be limited by our financial condition at the time of any such financing or offering, as well as by adverse market conditions resulting from, among other things, general economic conditions and contingencies and uncertainties that are beyond our control, including disruptions in the international financial markets as a result of the current Russian/Ukraine armed conflict or the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.otherwise. If we fail to obtain the funds necessary for capital expenditures required to maintain our ports, fleet and infrastructure, we may be forced to take vessels out of service or curtail operations, which could materially harm our revenues and profitability. If we fail to obtain the funds that might be necessary to acquire new vessels, expand our existing infrastructure, or increase our working capital or capital expenditures, we might not be able to grow our business and our earnings could suffer. Furthermore, despite covenants under the indenture governing the 2025 Notes and the agreements governing our other indebtedness, we will be permitted to incur additional indebtedness, which could limit cash available for working capital and to service our indebtedness. See “Item 5.B. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Interest-Bearing Loans and Borrowings.”

As we expand our business, we may have difficulty managing our growth, including the need to improve our operations and financial systems, staff and crew or to receive required approvals to implement our expansion projects. If we cannot improve these systems, recruit suitable employees or obtain required approvals, we may not be able to effectively control our operations.

We intend to grow our Port Terminal, Barge and Cabotage Businesses, either through land acquisition and expansion of our port facilities, through purchases of additional vessels, through chartered-in vessels or acquisitions of other logistics and related or complementary businesses. The expansion and acquisition of new land or addition of vessels to our fleet will require funding, impose significant additional responsibilities on our management and staff and may require us to increase the number of our personnel. We will also have to increase our customer base to provide continued activity for the new businesses.

In addition, approval of governmental, regulatory and other authorities may be needed to implement any acquisitions or expansions. For example, we have available land in Brazil and Uruguay where we plan to develop or expand our port facilities. In order to complete these projects, however, we need to receive required authorization from several authorities. If these authorities deny our request for authorization, or if existing authorizations are revoked, we will not be able to proceed with these projects.

Growing any business by acquisition presents numerous risks. Acquisitions expose us to the risk of successor liability relating to actions involving an acquired company, its management or contingent liabilities incurred before the acquisition. The due diligence we conduct in connection with an acquisition, and any contractual guarantees or indemnities that we receive from the sellers of acquired companies or assets, may not be sufficient to protect us from, or compensate us for, actual liabilities. Any material liability associated with an acquisition could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations and reduce the benefits of the acquisition. Other risks presented include difficulty in obtaining additional qualified personnel, managing relationships with customers and suppliers and integrating newly acquired assets or operations into existing infrastructures.

Management is unable to predict whether or when any prospective acquisition will occur, or the likelihood of a certain transaction being completed on favorable terms and conditions. Our ability to expand our business through acquisitions depends on many factors, including our ability to identify acquisitions or access capital markets at an acceptable cost and negotiate favorable transaction terms. We cannot give any assurance that we will be successful in executing our growth plans or that we will not incur significant expenses and losses in connection therewith or that our acquisitions will perform as expected, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

With respect to our existing infrastructure, our initial operating and financial systems may not be adequate as we implement our plan to expand, and our attempts to improve these systems may be ineffective. If we are unable to operate our financial and operations systems effectively or to recruit suitable employees as we expand our operations, we may be unable to effectively control and manage the substantially larger operation. Although it is impossible to predict what errors might occur as the result of inadequate controls, it is generally harder to manage a larger operation than a smaller one and, accordingly, more likely that errors will occur as operations grow. Additional management infrastructure and systems will be required in connection with such growth to attempt to avoid such errors.

The planning, construction and development of our new terminals will also impose significant additional responsibilities on our management and staff, and may require us to increase the number of our personnel. We will also have to increase our customer base to provide continued activity for the new terminals. Our initial operating and financial systems may not be adequate as we implement our development and construction plans, and our attempts to improve these systems may be ineffective. If we are unable to operate our financial and operations systems effectively or to recruit suitable employees as we expand our operations, we may be unable to effectively control and manage our larger operation. Although it is impossible to predict what errors might occur as the result of inadequate controls, it is generally harder to manage a larger operation than a smaller one and, accordingly, more likely that errors will occur as operations grow. Additional management infrastructure and systems will be required in connection with such growth to attempt to avoid such errors.

Disruptions in world financial markets and the resulting governmental action in Europe, the United States and in other parts of the world could have a material adverse impact on our ability to obtain financing required to acquire vessels or new businesses. Furthermore, such a disruption would materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Global financial markets and economic conditions remain subject to significant vulnerabilities. The Russian/Ukrainian armed conflict, turmoil and hostilities in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Syria, Venezuela and Yemen, other current conflicts, the refugee crisis in Europe and the Middle East, and global concerns regarding the COVID-19 outbreakinflation, pandemics and increased interest rates have led to increased volatility in global credit and equity markets. This has all materially affected the financial conditions of banks, in those countries, including those with which we maintain cash deposits and equivalents, or on which we rely on to finance our vessel and new business acquisitions. Cash deposits and cash equivalents in excess of amounts covered by government-provided insurance are exposed to loss in the event of non-performance by financial institutions. We maintain cash deposits and equivalents in excess of government-provided insurance limits at banks in certain European countries, which may expose us to a loss of cash deposits or cash equivalents.

The ability of banks and credit institutions to finance new projects, including the acquisition of companies or new vessels in the future, is uncertain. Expected global economic weakness and volatility resulting from the Russian/Ukrainian armed conflict, increased interest rates and COVID-19 pandemicinflation may adversely affect the financial institutions that provide our credit facilities and may impair their ability to continue to perform under their financing obligations to us, which could have an impact on our ability to fund current and future obligations.

Furthermore, we may experience difficulties obtaining financing commitments, including commitments to refinance our existing debt, if lenders are unwilling to extend financing to us or unable to meet their funding obligations due to their own liquidity, capital or solvency issues. Due to the fact that we would possibly cover all or a portion of the cost of any new acquisition or construction with debt financing, such uncertainty, combined with restrictions imposed by our current debt, could hamper our ability to finance vessels or other assets or acquire or develop new business or assets. In addition, the economic uncertainty worldwide has made demand for shipping services volatile and has reduced charter rates, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Currently, the economies of the United States, the EU, China, Japan, other Asia Pacific countries and India are the main driving force behind the development in seaborne transportation. Reduced demand from such economies has in the past driven decreased rates and vessel values.

We could face risks attendant to changes in economic environments, changes in interest rates, and instability in certain securities markets, among other factors. Major market disruptions and the uncertainty in market conditions and the regulatory climate in the United States, Europe and worldwide could adversely affect our business or impair our ability to borrow amounts under any future financial arrangements. The current adverse market conditions may last longer than we anticipate. These recent and developing economic and governmental factors could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows.

A change in tax laws, treaties or regulations, or their interpretation, of any country in which we operate could result in a high tax rate on our earnings, which could result in a significant negative impact on our earnings and cash flows from operations.

Tax laws and regulations are highly complex and subject to change and interpretation. Consequently, we are subject to changing tax laws, treaties and regulations, as well as differing interpretations, in and between countries in which we operate. Our income tax expense is based upon our interpretation of tax laws in effect in various countries at the time that the expense was incurred. A change in these tax laws, treaties or regulations, or in the interpretation thereof, or in the valuation of our deferred tax assets, could result in a materially higher tax expense or a higher effective tax rate on us, and such change could be significant to our financial results. If any tax authority successfully challenges our operational structure, inter-company pricing policies or the taxable presence of our key subsidiaries in certain countries; or if the terms of certain income tax treaties are interpreted in a manner that is adverse to our structure; or if we lose a material tax dispute in any country, our effective tax rate on our earnings could increase substantially and our earnings and cash flows from these operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our international activities increase the compliance risks associated with economic and trade sanctions imposed by the United States, the EU, the UK and other jurisdictions/authorities.

Our international operations and activities could expose us to risks associated with trade and economic sanctions, prohibitions or other restrictions imposed by the United States or other governments or organizations, including the United Nations, the EU and(and its member countries, as described in this report. countries) and the UK.

Under economic and trade sanctions laws, governments may seek to impose modifications to, or modify existing prohibitions/restrictions on business practices and activities, andwhich require modifications to compliance programs, which may increase compliance costs, and, in the event of a violation, may subject us to fines and other penalties and result in us being excluded or restricted in our access to international banking and finance markets. To reduceAction may also be taken against individuals if they act in a manner which breaches sanctions applicable to them. Considering U.S., EU and UK sanctions (the latter because the risklaw of violating economic sanctions, we have a policy of compliance with applicable economic sanctions laws and have implemented and continue to implement and diligently follow compliance procedures to avoid economic sanctions violations.

Considering U.S. as well as EU sanctions (sanctions currently imposed by the United Kingdom (the “UK”) - whose lawEngland & Wales frequently governs relations with our contractual counterparts - are broadly similarand applies to the EU)our UK based insurers and reinsurers) and the nature of our business, there is a constant sanctions-related risk for us due to the worldwide trade of our vessels which weand the wide-ranging nationality of our counterparties. We seek to minimizereduce the risk of violating economic sanctions and ensure our compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations by the implementation of our corporate Economic Sanctions Compliance Policy and Procedures and our compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations. which we seek to diligently follow.

Although we intend to maintain such Economic Sanctions Compliance Policy and Procedures, there can be no assurance that we will be in compliance in the future, particularly as the scope of certain laws and regulations may be unclear and may be subject to changing interpretations by relevant authorities, and the lawunderlying laws and regulations may change. Moreover, despite, for example, relevant provisions in charter parties forbidding the use of our vessels in trade that would or may violate economic sanctions, our charterers may nevertheless violate applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations and those violations could in turn negatively affect our reputation and bewith any breaches imputed to us.

We continually monitor developments in the United States, the EU, U.K.UK and other jurisdictions that maintain economic sanctions against various countries and regions including, Iran, Russia, Crimea, Venezuela, other countries/areas, and other sanctions targets, including developments inguidance on the implementation and enforcement of such sanctions programs. Expansion of sanctions programs, embargoes and other restrictions in the future (including additional designations of countries and persons subject to sanctions), or modifications in how existing sanctions are interpreted or enforced, could prevent our vessels from calling in ports in sanctioned countries, being chartered to certain parties or for certain trade, or could restrict the cargoes ofcarried onboard our vessels.

In addition, given our relationship with Navios Maritime Holdings Inc. (“Navios Holdings”) we cannot give any assurance that an adverse finding against them by a governmental, legal, or other authority, with respect to sanctions matters, or any future matter related to regulatory compliance by Navios Maritime Holdings, Inc. would not have a material adverse impact on our business, reputation or the market price of our securities.

If any of the risks described herein materializes, it could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

If any of the risks described herein materializes, it could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

For a description of the economic and trade sanctions and other compliance requirements under which we operate please see “Item 4.B. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Sanctions and Compliance.”

We may be unable to prevent our directors, executive officers, employees and suppliers from engaging in corrupt, fraudulent or irregular practices, which could result in regulatory fines and damage to our reputation.

Our practices, policies and contractual terms designed to prevent and combat corrupt, fraudulent or irregular practices may not be sufficient to ensure that our directors, executive officers, employees and suppliers comply with our policies and with applicable law.

In addition, our internal controls may be insufficient to detect such violations, and any investigations, inquiries or judicial or administrative proceedings relating to such violations, against our directors, executive officers, employees, suppliers or third parties acting on our behalf may result in (i) fines or other civil or criminal penalties; (ii) the loss of operating licenses; (iii) prohibition or suspension of our activities; and (iv) the loss of government contracts, public financing, tax incentives or other public benefits or resources. Any of these circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, operations, financial condition and results of operations.

We could be materially and adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and anti-corruption laws in other applicable jurisdictions.

As an international logistics company, we may operate in countries known to have a reputation for corruption. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (the “FCPA”) and other anti-corruption laws and regulations in applicable jurisdictions generally prohibit companies registered with the SEC and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for some actions taken by strategic or local partners or representatives.

Legislation in other countries includes the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 (the “U.K. Bribery Act”) which is broader in scope than the FCPA because it does not contain an exception for facilitation payments. We and our customers may be subject to these and similar anti-corruption laws in other applicable jurisdictions. Failure to comply with legal requirements could expose us to civil and/or criminal penalties, including fines, prosecution and significant reputational damage, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business and the results of operations, including our relationships with our customers, and our financial results. Compliance with the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act and other applicable anti-corruption laws and related regulations and policies imposesimpose potentially significant costs and operational burdens on us. Moreover, the compliance and monitoring mechanisms that we have in place including our Code of Ethics and our anti-bribery and anti-corruption policies,policy, may not adequately prevent or detect all possible violations under applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption legislation.

Security breaches and disruptions to our information technology infrastructure could interfere with our operations and expose us to liability that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

In the ordinary course of business, we rely on information technology networks and systems to process, transmit, and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities.

Additionally, we collect and store certain data, including proprietary business information and customer and employee data, and may have access to other confidential information in the ordinary course of our business. Despite theour cybersecurity measures, we havewhich includes active monitoring, training, reporting and other activities designed to protect and secure our data, our information technology networks and infrastructure may be vulnerable to damage, disruptions, or shutdowns due to attack by hackers or breaches, employee error or malfeasance, data leakage, power outages, computer viruses and malware, telecommunication or utility failures, systems failures, natural disasters, or other catastrophic events. Any such events could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or penalties under privacy or other laws, disruption in operations, and damage to our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. As

In addition, some of December 31, 2021,our technology networks and systems are managed by third-party service providers (including cloud-service providers) for a variety of reasons, and such providers also may have access to proprietary business information and customer and employee data, and may have access to confidential information on the Company was not awareconduct of anyour business. Like us, these third-party providers are subject to risks imposed by data breaches and disruptions to their technology infrastructure. A cyber-attack could defeat one or more of our third-party service providers' security measures, allowing an attacker access to proprietary information from our company including our employees', customers' and suppliers' data. Any such security breach or disruption to our third-party service providers could result in a disruption in operations and damage to our reputation and liability claims, which could have a material cybersecurity incident.adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

The implementation of our business strategy, as well as our future growth, will require additional capital that may not be available or, if available, may not be on favorable terms.

The implementation of our business strategy and our growth prospects will require significant investment in new projects, requiring us to utilize cash on hand and to seek additional capital through the issuance of debt or other securities or by obtaining loans. Our ability to raise capital in the future will depend on our profitability, as well as on the global and national political and economic circumstances in the countries in which we operate, which are affected by factors beyond our control. It is possible that such capital will not available or, if available, may not be on favorable terms. Any inability to obtain funding on acceptable terms may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, if we incur additional indebtedness, the risks associated with our indebtedness may increase, including risks relating to our ability to generate sufficient funds to pay principal, interest and other charges relating to our indebtedness, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted and a future pandemic could disrupt charter rates, vessel values and could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

The COVID-19 pandemic, or future epidemics or pandemics, and the responses of governments to such occurrences in the markets in which we operate, could affect our business. Such governmental measures could result in delayed deliveries of vessels we purchase, construction delays in our port facilities, disruptions in our operations, and significant negative effects on global markets. Furthermore, pandemic-related events could reduce demand for our services, interrupt the operation of our port terminal facilities, reduce global demand for commodities, affect the price of regional freights, hires and port tariffs, and otherwise disrupt the operations of our customers and suppliers.

Any pandemic may result in the inability to charter our vessels at the rates or for the length of time we currently expect, or to commence or complete the construction of our planned port terminal facilities. Should our customers or charterers be under financial pressure from the impact of a pandemic on their businesses, such financial pressure could negatively affect their willingness or ability to perform their obligations to us or could cause a decrease in the services they seek from us. The loss or termination of any of our contracts, or a decline in payments thereunder, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The consequences of a pandemic may have a negative impact on our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein, such as those relating to our indebtedness, our need to generate sufficient cash flows to service our indebtedness and our ability to comply with the covenants contained in the agreements that govern our indebtedness.

We can provide no assurance as to whether, in the future, the risks described in this annual report will change or as to the extent of any losses we may experience, nor can it be assured that there will be no material uncertainties in our ability to continue as a going concern. There can be no assurance that other regional or global outbreaks of diseases will not occur, and any such outbreaks may have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to implement our business strategy as planned.

We currently have several projects under review, and are therefore subject to risks and uncertainties relating to the implementation of our business strategy, as the implementation of these projects will depend on our strategic planning and on favorable commercial, financial and environmental factors necessary to sustain our operations.

We may not be successful in executing our business strategy if we are unable to, among other things: (i) complete our future projects without delays or additional costs; (ii) expand our operations with financial discipline; (iii) raise additional financial resources on acceptable terms; and (iv) maintain sufficient operational efficiency. In such event, our productivity, investments, operating costs and business strategy may fall short of our estimates and projections. If we are unable to execute our business strategy in accordance with our expectations, our economic and financial circumstances may be adversely affected.

Unfavorable decisions in judicial, administrative or arbitration proceedings may adversely affect us.

We are and may become a defendant or plaintiff in legal proceedings in civil, tax, labor, social security, environmental or criminal matters, including administrative proceedings and arbitrations. There can be no assurance that the results of these proceedings will be favorable, or that we will make sufficient provisions for any liabilities arising from such proceedings. Decisions contrary to our interests that result in significant charges or prevent the conduct of our business may adversely our reputation and prospects.

Additionally, one or more of our directors or executive officers may become party to legal or administrative proceedings, including criminal proceedings, which may diminish their ability to perform their duties or affect our reputation.

Changing laws and evolving reporting requirements could have an adverse effect on our business, including the pending SEC Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) disclosure rules in the U.S. and European Union.

Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to reporting requirements, GHG and additional climate disclosure rules proposed by the SEC in March 2022 and expected to be finalized in 2023, along with other anticipated ESG reporting rules which are expected in 2023, may create additional compliance requirements for us. We may receive pressure from lenders and other market participants, who are focused on climate change, to prioritize sustainable energy practices, reduce our carbon footprint and promote sustainability. To maintain high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure, we have invested in, and intend to continue to invest in, reasonably necessary resources to comply with evolving standards.

Companies that do not adapt to, or comply with, investor, lender, or other industry shareholder expectations and standards which are evolving, or which are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, may suffer from reputational damage and the business, financial condition, and/or stock price of such a accompany could be materially and adversely affected.

Item 4. Information on the Company