EXCHANGE RATE INFORMATION

The following table sets forth information regarding the exchange rates of U.S. dollars per NIS for the periods indicated. Average rates are calculated by using the daily representative rates as reported by the Bank of Israel on the last day of each month during the periods presented.

The following table sets forth the high and low daily representative rates for the NIS as reported by the Bank of Israel for each of the prior six months.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information in this annual report on Form 20-F. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business operations. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business and financial condition could suffer and the price of our ADSs could decline.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

We are a development-stage company and have a limited operating history on which to assess the prospects for our business, have incurred significant losses since the date of inception of Nano Dimension Technologies Ltd., and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses until we are able to successfully commercialize our products.

From March 7, 2014, until August 25, 2014, we were a “shell corporation” and did not have any business activity, excluding administrative management. On August 25, 2014, we closed a merger transaction, or the Merger, with Nano Dimension Technologies Ltd., or the Subsidiary, whereby we acquired 100% of the share capital of the Subsidiary. Since the date of the Merger, we have been operating as a development-stage company and have a limited operating history on which to assess the prospects for our business, have incurred significant losses, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

Since the date of inception of the Subsidiary, and as of December 31, 2017,2018, we have incurred net losses of approximately NIS 134 million (approximately $39 million).$52 million.

Since the date of the Merger, we have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to develop our products. To date, we have generated insignificantlimited revenues from the sale and lease of our products. Since the Merger, we have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities. The amount of our future net losses and our ability to finance our operations will depend, in part, on completing the development of our products, the rate of our future expenditures, our ability to generate significant revenues from the sales of our products and our ability to obtain funding through the issuance of our securities, strategic collaborations or grants. We expect to continue to incur significant losses until we are able to generate significant revenues from the sales of our products. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

We have generated insignificantlimited revenues from the sale of our current products and may never be profitable.

We have only recently begun commercializing our products in the fourth quarter of 2017 and have generated insignificantlimited revenues since the date of the Merger. Our ability to generate significant revenues and achieve profitability depends on our ability to successfully complete the development of, and to commercialize, our products. Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but not limited to:

We expect that we will need to raise substantial additional funding before we can expect to become profitable from sales of our products. This additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.

We expect that we will require additional capital to successfully commercialize our products. In addition, our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to:

Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and successfully commercialize our products. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares or ADSs to decline. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable, and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or products or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. Even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations.

If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of any products or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Raising additional capital would cause dilution to our existing shareholders, and may affect the rights of existing shareholders.

We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations and strategic and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a holder of our ADSs.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our future success depends in part on our ability to retain our executive officers and to attract, retain and motivate other qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on Amit Dror, our Chief Executive Officer, and Simon Anthony-Fried, President ofJaim Nulman, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Nano Dimension USA.Chief Technology Officer. The loss of their services without a proper replacement may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Messrs. Dror and FriedNulman may leave our employment at any time subject to contractual notice periods, as applicable. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees, consultants, and advisors for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. There is currently a shortage of skilled personnel in our industry, which is likely to continue. As a result, competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition in the industry in which we operate. The inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel, or the loss of the services of our executive officers, without proper replacement, may impede the progress of our development and commercialization objectives. There is no assurance that any equity or other incentives that we grant to our employees will be adequate to attract, retain and motivate employees in the future. Moreover, certain of our competitors or other technology businesses may seek to hire our employees. 

We depend entirely on the commercial success of our 3D printerDragonFly Pro system and ink products, and we may not be able to successfully introduce these products and commercialize them.scale up their commercialization.

We have invested almost allthe majority of our efforts and financial resources in the research and development of our products. As a result, our business is entirely dependent on our ability to successfully commercialize our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem and ink products. We only recentlyIn the fourth quarter of 2017 we initiated commercial sales of our 3D printer.DragonFly Pro system. We cannot assure you that our commercialization efforts will lead to meaningful sales of our products.

We may not be able to introduce products acceptable to customers and we may not be able to improve the technology used in our current systems in response to changing technology and end-user needs.

The markets in which we operate are subject to rapid and substantial innovation and technological change, mainly driven by technological advances and end-user requirements and preferences, as well as the emergence of new standards and practices. Our ability to compete in the 3D printing and PCB markets will depend, in large part, on our future success in enhancing our existing products and developing new 3D printing systems that will address the increasingly sophisticated and varied needs of prospective end-users, and respond to technological advances and industry standards and practices on a cost-effective and timely basis or otherwise gain market acceptance.

It is likely that new systems and technologies that we develop will eventually supplant our existing systems or that our competitors will create systems that will replace our systems. As a result, any of our products may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by our or others’ technological advances.

We rely on highly-skilled technical personnel and if we are unable to attract, retain or motivate key personnel or hire qualified personnel, we may not be able to grow or our business may contract, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our performance is largely dependent on the talents and efforts of highly-skilled individuals, particularly our printing-system engineers, nanotech chemists, electrical engineers, software engineers, mechanical engineers and computer professionals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly-skilled personnel and, if we are unable to hire and train a sufficient number of qualified employees for any reason, we may not be able to implement our current initiatives or grow, or our business may contract and we may lose market share. Moreover, certain of our competitors or other technology businesses may seek to hire our employees. There is no assurance that any equity or other incentives that we grant to our employees will be adequate to attract, retain and motivate employees in the future. If we do not succeed in attracting, retaining and motivating highly qualified personnel, our business will suffer. 

We may not be able to successfully manage our planned growth and expansion.

We expect to continue to make investments in our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem and our related ink products. We expect that our annual operating expenses will continue to increase as we invest in sales and marketing, research and development, manufacturing and production infrastructure, and develop customer service and support resources for future customers. Our failure to expand operational and financial systems timely or efficiently could result in operating inefficiencies, which could increase our costs and expenses more than we had planned and prevent us from successfully executing our business plan. We may not be able to offset the costs of operation expansion by leveraging the economies of scale from our growth in negotiations with our suppliers and contract manufacturers. Additionally, if we increase our operating expenses in anticipation of the growth of our business and this growth does not meet our expectations, our financial results will be negatively impacted.

If our business grows, we will have to manage additional product design projects, materials procurement processes, and sales efforts and marketing for an increasing number of products, as well as expand the number and scope of our relationships with suppliers, distributors and end customers. If we fail to manage these additional responsibilities and relationships successfully, we may incur significant costs, which may negatively impact our operating results. Additionally, in our efforts to be first to market with new products with innovative functionality and features, we may devote significant research and development resources to products and product features for which a market does not develop quickly, or at all. If we are not able to predict market trends accurately, we may not benefit from such research and development activities, and our results of operations may suffer.

As our future development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and legal personnel. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, failure to deliver and timely deliver our products to customers, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional new products. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. 

Our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate.

Even if we are successful in introducing our products to the market, the operating results and financial condition of our company may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year and are likely to continue to vary due to a number of factors, many of which will not be within our control. If our operating results do not meet the guidance that we provide to the market place or the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the market price of our Ordinary Shares will likely decline. Fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition may be due to a number of factors, including those listed below and those identified throughout this “Risk Factors” section:

Due to all of the foregoing factors, and the other risks discussed in this annual report on Form 20-F, you should not rely on quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results as an indicator of our future performance.

The markets in which we participate are competitive. Our failure to compete successfully could cause any future revenues and the demand for our products not to materialize or to decline over time.

We aim to compete for customers with a wide variety of manufacturers that create PCBs.PCBs and RF Antennas. Our principal current competition consists of companies that produce prototype PCBs by traditional reductive manufacturing means, which include etching, pressing and drilling. Many of these companies have extensive track records and relationships within the electronics industry. While we are not aware of any other company that currently offers an in-house 3D printer that is capable of printing multilayer PCBs, there are a large number of companies engaged in additive manufacturing and 3D printing solutions.

Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories and more extensive name recognition than we have and may also have greater financial, marketing, manufacturing, distribution and other resources than we have. Current and future competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in end-user demands and to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products than we can. Our current and potential competitors may develop and market new technologies that render our existing or future products obsolete, unmarketable or less competitive (whether from a price perspective or otherwise). We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain a competitive position or to compete successfully against current and future sources of competition.

Defects in products could give rise to product returns or product liability, warranty or other claims that could result in material expenses, diversion of management time and attention, and damage to our reputation.

Even if we are successful in introducing our products to the market, our products may contain undetected defects or errors that, despite testing, are not discovered until after a product has been used. This could result in delayed market acceptance of those products, claims from distributors, end-users or others, increased end-user service and support costs and warranty claims, damage to our reputation and business, or significant costs to correct the defect or error. We may from time to time become subject to warranty or product liability claims that could lead to significant expenses as we need to compensate affected end-users for costs incurred related to product quality issues.

This risk of product liability claims may also be greater due to the use of certain hazardous chemicals used in the manufacture of certain of our products. In addition, we may be subject to claims that our 3D printers have been, or may be, used to create parts that are not in compliance with legal requirements.

Any claim brought against us, regardless of its merit, could result in material expense, diversion of management time and attention, and damage to our reputation, and could cause us to fail to retain or attract customers. Currently, we maintain minimal product liability insurance. Our product liability insurance is subject to significant deductibles and there is no guarantee that such insurance will be available or adequate to protect against all such claims. Costs or payments made in connection with warranty and product liability claims and product recalls or other claims could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.

If our relationships with suppliers for our products and services, especially with single source suppliers of components of our products, were to terminate or our manufacturing arrangements were to be disrupted, our business could be interrupted.

We purchase component parts and raw materials that are used in our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem and ink products from third-party suppliers, some of whom may compete with us. While there are several potential suppliers of most of these component parts and raw materials that we use, we currently choose to use only one or a limited number of suppliers for several of these components and materials. Our reliance on a single or limited number of vendors involves a number of risks, including:

In addition, we require any new supplier to become “qualified” pursuant to our internal procedures. The qualification process involves evaluations of varying durations, which may cause production delays if we were required to qualify a new supplier unexpectedly. We generally assemble our systems and parts based on our internal forecasts and the availability of raw materials, assemblies, components and finished goods that are supplied to us by third parties, which are subject to various lead times. If certain suppliers were to decide to discontinue production of an assembly, component or raw material that we use, the unanticipated change in the availability of supplies, or unanticipated supply limitations, could cause delays in, or loss of, sales, increased production or related costs and consequently reduced margins, and damage to our reputation. If we were unable to find a suitable supplier for a particular component, material or compound, we could be required to modify our existing products or the end-parts that we offer to accommodate substitute components, material or compounds.

Discontinuation of operations at our manufacturing sites could prevent us from timely filling customer orders and could lead to unforeseen costs for us.

We plan to assemble and test the systems that we sell, and produce consumables for our systems, at single facilities in various locations that are specifically dedicated to separate categories of systems and consumables. Because of our reliance on all of these production facilities, a disruption at any of those facilities could materially damage our ability to supply 3D printers, other systems or consumable materials to the marketplace in a timely manner. Depending on the cause of the disruption, we could also incur significant costs to remedy the disruption and resume product shipments. Such disruptions may be caused by, among other factors, earthquakes, fire, flood and other natural disasters. Accordingly, any such disruption could result in a material adverse effect on our revenue, results of operations and earnings, and could also potentially damage our reputation.

Our planned international operations will expose us to additional market and operational risks, and failure to manage these risks may adversely affect our business and operating results.

We expect to derive a substantial percentage of our sales from international markets. Accordingly, we will face significant operational risks from doing business internationally, including:

Our failure to manage the market and operational risks associated with our international operations effectively could limit the future growth of our business and adversely affect our operating results.

Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of our data security could adversely affect our business.

A significant invasion, interruption, destruction or breakdown of our information technology systems and/or infrastructure by persons with authorized or unauthorized access could negatively impact our business and operations. We could also experience business interruption, information theft and/or reputational damage from cyber-attacks, which may compromise our systems and lead to data leakage either internally or at our third party providers. Our systems have been, and are expected to continue to be, the target of malware and other cyber-attacks. Although we have invested in measures to reduce these risks, we cannot assure you that these measures will be successful in preventing compromise and/or disruption of our information technology systems and related data.

Under applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees.

We generally enter into non-competition agreements with our employees. These agreements prohibit our employees from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period after they cease working for us. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work and it may be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from benefiting from the expertise that our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. For example, Israeli courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer that have been recognized by the courts, such as the secrecy of a company’s confidential commercial information or the protection of its intellectual property. If we cannot demonstrate that such interests will be harmed, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of our former employees or consultants and our ability to remain competitive may be diminished.

We are subject to environmental laws due to the import and export of our products, which could subject us to compliance costs and/or potential liability in the event of non-compliance.

The export of our products internationally from our production facilities subjects us to environmental laws and regulations concerning the import and export of chemicals and hazardous substances such as the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act, or TSCA, and the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances, or REACH. These laws and regulations require the testing and registration of some chemicals that we ship along with, or that form a part of, our systems and other products. If we fail to comply with these or similar laws and regulations, we may be required to make significant expenditures to reformulate the chemicals that we use in our products and materials or incur costs to register such chemicals to gain and/or regain compliance. Additionally, we could be subject to significant fines or other civil and criminal penalties should we not achieve such compliance.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets or know-how, such proprietary information may be used by others to compete against us.

Since October 2014, we have sought patent protection for certain of our products, systems, designs and methods.applications. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain, maintain, monitor and enforce patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and new products.

We have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and in other countries where our major production and sales takes place, with respect to our novel technologies and products, which are important to our business. Patent prosecution is uncertain, expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentablePatentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

We have a growing portfolio of eighteentwenty six (26) provisional and non-provisional pending patent applications, with a robust pipeline. These are filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, the World Intellectual Property Organization, or WIPO, and various patent offices around the world, such as China, Japan, Europe, and South Korea,Korea. The Patent applications were filed through the Paris Convention Treaty, or PCT, and four for which we have issued U.S. patents.patents, with three more applications that were indicated as allowed but have not issued yet. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, pending patent applications will issue, the breadthscope of protection of any such patent or whether any issued patents will be found invalid andand/or unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us after patent issuance could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any new products that we may develop.

We have three patents and their continuations and foreign counterparts licensed exclusively from the Hebrew University covering some of our underlying core technology. To the extent the licensed patents are found to be invalid or unenforceable, we may be limited in our ability to compete and market our products. The terms of our license with Hebrew University leave full control of any and all enforcement of the licensed patents with Hebrew University. If Hebrew University elects to not enforce any or all of the licensed patents it could significantly undercut the value of any of our products, which would materially adversely affect our future revenue, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, fluctuating currency rates may create inconsistencies in the royalty payments we have under the license.

Further, there is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and even if such patents cover our products, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patent applications and any future patents may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our new products, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

If we cannot obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business and results of operations would potentially be harmed.

If we are unable to maintain effective proprietary rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

In addition to the protection afforded by any patents currently owned and that may be granted, historically, we have relied on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes and helpful devices (jigs) that are not easily known, knowable or easily ascertainable, and for which patent infringement is difficult to monitor and enforce and any other elements of our product candidate discovery and development processes, that involve proprietary know-how, as well as information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data, trade secrets and intellectual property by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems.systems, as well as implementing various operating procedures designed to maintain that integrity. Agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets and intellectual property may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

We cannot provide any assurances that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed in violation of our confidentiality agreements or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Also, misappropriation or unauthorized and unavoidable disclosure of our trade secrets and intellectual property could impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets and intellectual property are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating any trade secret.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to successfully commercialize our products, and we might be required to litigate or obtain licenses from third parties in order to develop or market our product candidates. Such litigation or licenses could be costly or not available on commercially reasonable terms.

It is inherently difficult to conclusively assess our freedom to operate without infringing on third party rights. Our competitive position may be adversely affected if existing patents or patents resulting from patentPatent applications issued to third parties or other third party intellectual property rights are held to cover our products or elements thereof, or our manufacturing or uses relevant to our development plans. In such cases, we may not be in a position to develop or commercialize products or our product candidates unless we successfully pursue litigation to nullify or invalidate the third party intellectual property right concerned, or enter into a license agreement with the intellectual property right holder, if available on commercially reasonable terms. There may also be pending patent applications that if they result in issued patents, could be alleged to be infringed by our new products. If such an infringement claim should be brought and be successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages, be forced to abandon our new products or seek a license from any patent holders. No assurances can be given that a license will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third party patents or applications. For example, U.S. patent applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. patent applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our new products or platform technology could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our platform technologies, our new products or the use of our new products. Third party intellectual property right holders may also actively bring infringement claims against us. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we are unable to successfully settle future claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from or experience substantial delays in pursuing the development of and/or marketing our new products. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing our new products that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign our new products so that we no longer infringe the third party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing new products. As our industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our products may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, designs or methods of manufacture related to the use or manufacture of our products. There may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our products may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. 

If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for designs, or methods of use, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate unless we obtain a license or until such patent expires or is finally determined to be invalid or unenforceable. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our products. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

Patent policy and rule changes could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of any patents that may issue from our patent applications, or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. We therefore cannot be certain that we were the first to file the invention claimed in our owned and licensed patent or pending applications, or that we or our licensor were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Assuming all other requirements for patentability are met, in the United States prior to March 15, 2013, the first to make the claimed invention without undue delay in filing, is entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. After March 15, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, enacted on September 16, 2011, the United States has moved to a first to file system. The Leahy-Smith Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. In general, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our intellectual property. If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our new products, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Under the Leahy-Smith Act, the validity of U.S. patents may also be challenged in post-grant proceedings before the USPTO. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable.

Derivation proceedings initiated by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions and/or their scope with respect to our patent or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our new products to market. 

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our Ordinary Shares.

We have been subject, and may in the future be subject to further claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully or unavoidably used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

In the past, we have been subject to litigation disputes involving the ownership of our intellectual property. In 2015 a claim was filed in the District Court in Tel-Aviv Jaffa alleging that certain of our officers and employees misappropriated commercial secrets and technology while employed at a previous employer. While this claim was settled without material effects to our business, we continue to employ individuals who were previously employed at our competitors or potential competitors. We try to ensure that our employees, consultants, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, but we may nevertheless be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. Litigation may result and be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in, or right to compensation, with respect to our current patent and patent applications, future patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or claiming the right to compensation. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on products, as well as monitoring their infringement in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. 

Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products. Future patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our future patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to monitor and enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Risks Related to the Ownership of Our ADSs or Ordinary Shares

Sales of a substantial number of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares in the public market by our existing shareholders could cause our share price to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares.

Our principal shareholders, officers and directors beneficially own over 14%20% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. They will therefore be able to exert significant control over matters submitted to our shareholders for approval. 

As of March 14, 2018,13, 2019, our principal shareholders, officers and directors beneficially own approximately 14.7%20.8% of our Ordinary Shares. This significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price for our Ordinary Shares because investors often perceive disadvantages in owning shares in companies with controlling shareholders. As a result, these shareholders, if they acted together, could significantly influence or even unilaterally approve matters requiring approval by our shareholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers or other business combination transactions. The interests of these shareholders may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other shareholders.

The JOBS Act will allow us to postpone the date by which we must comply with some of the laws and regulations intended to protect investors and to reduce the amount of information we provide in our reports filed with the SEC, which could undermine investor confidence in our company and adversely affect the market price of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares.

For so long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including:

We intend to take advantage of these exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We cannot predict if investors will find our ADSs or Ordinary Shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ADSs or Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ADSs or Ordinary Shares, and our market prices may be more volatile and may decline.

As a “foreign private issuer” we are permitted, and intend, to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and Nasdaq requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us from compliance with certain SEC laws and regulations and certain regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, including the proxy rules, the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, to file current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act and we will generally be exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC. Also, although a recent amendment to the Israeli Companies Law, or the Companies Law, will require us to disclose the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated senior officers on an individual basis (rather than on an aggregate basis, as was permitted under the Companies Law for Israeli public companies listed overseas, such as in the United States, prior to such amendment), this disclosure will not be as extensive as that required of a U.S. domestic issuer. For example, it currently appears as if the disclosure required under Israeli law would be limited to compensation paid in the immediately preceding year without any requirement to disclose option exercises and vested stock options, pension benefits or potential payments upon termination or a change of control. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you are entitled as an investor. 

We may be a “passive foreign investment company”, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the current taxable year or may become one in any subsequent taxable year. There generally would be negative tax consequences for U.S. taxpayers that are holders of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares if we are or were to become a PFIC.

Based on the projected composition of our income and valuation of our assets, we do not expect to be a PFIC for 2017,2018, and we do not expect to become a PFIC in the future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made on an annual basis and will depend on the composition of our income and assets from time to time. We will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (1) at least 75% of our gross income is “passive income” or (2) on average at least 50% of our assets by value produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. Passive income also includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds, including those raised in a public offering. In determining whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account. The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually, and it is difficult to make accurate projections of future income and assets which are relevant to this determination. In addition, our PFIC status may depend in part on the market value of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we currently are not or will not become a PFIC in the future. If we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. taxpayer holds our ADSs or Ordinary Shares, such U.S. taxpayer would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax rules. In particular, if the U.S. taxpayer did not make an election to treat us as a “qualified electing fund,” or QEF, or make a “mark-to-market” election, then “excess distributions” to the U.S. taxpayer, and any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares by the U.S. taxpayer: (1) would be allocated ratably over the U.S. taxpayer’s holding period for the ADSs or Ordinary Shares; (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any period prior to the first day of the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (3) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. In addition, if the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, determines that we are a PFIC for a year with respect to which we have determined that we were not a PFIC, it may be too late for a U.S. taxpayer to make a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. U.S. taxpayers that have held our ADSs or Ordinary Shares during a period when we were a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC in subsequent years, subject to exceptions for U.S. taxpayer who made a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. A U.S. taxpayer can make a QEF election by completing the relevant portions of and filing IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the instructions thereto. We do not intend to notify U.S. taxpayers that hold our ADSs or Ordinary Shares if we believe we will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in order to enable U.S. taxpayers to consider whether to make a QEF election. In addition, we do not intend to furnish such U.S. taxpayers annually with information needed in order to complete IRS Form 8621 and to make and maintain a valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC. U.S. taxpayers that hold our ADSs or Ordinary Shares are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules, including tax return filing requirements and the eligibility, manner, and consequences to them of making a QEF or mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs or Ordinary Shares in the event that we are a PFIC. See “Item 10.E. Taxation — U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Companies” for additional information.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could seriously hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations or publish negative reports regarding our business or our shares, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs or Ordinary Shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding our shares, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our share price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our share price or trading volume to decline. 

ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could augur less favorable results to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. 

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Ordinary Shares provides that holders and beneficial owners of ADSs irrevocably waive the right to a trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, against us or the depositary to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a jury trial waiver under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by a federal court. However, we believe that a jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a court of the State of New York or a federal court, which have non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement, applying such law. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts and federal courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim sounding in fraud or one which is based upon a creditor’s negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor’s demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim (as opposed to a contract dispute), none of which we believe are applicable in the case of the deposit agreement or the ADSs. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any provision of the federal securities laws. If you or any other holder or beneficial owner of ADSs brings a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and / or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and / or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may augur different results than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action, depending on, among other things, the nature of the claims, the judge or justice hearing such claims, and the venue of the hearing.

Risks Related to Israeli Law and Our Operations in Israel

Our operations are subject to currency and interest rate fluctuations.

We incur expenses in U.S. dollars and NIS, but our functional currency is the U.S. dollar and our financial statements are denominated in NIS and presented in NIS and have a convenience translation to U.S. dollars. NIS is our functional currency. The NISU.S. dollar is the currency that represents the principal economic environment in which we operate. As a result, we are affected by foreign currency exchange fluctuations through both translation risk and transaction risk. As a result, we are exposed to the risk that the NISU.S. dollar may appreciate relative to the dollar,NIS, or, if the NISU.S. dollar instead devalues relative to the dollar,NIS, that the inflation rate in Israel may exceed such rate of devaluation of the NIS, or that the timing of such devaluation may lag behind inflation in Israel. In any such event, the dollarNIS cost of our operations in Israel would increase and our dollar-denominated results of operations would be adversely affected.

Provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association may delay, prevent or otherwise impede a merger with, or an acquisition of, our company, which could prevent a change of control, even when the terms of such a transaction are favorable to us and our shareholders.

Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to such types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the date on which a merger proposal is filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days have passed from the date on which the shareholders of both merging companies have approved the merger. In addition, a majority of each class of securities of the target company must approve a merger. Moreover, a tender offer for all of a company’s issued and outstanding shares can only be completed if the acquirer receives positive responses from the holders of at least 95% of the issued share capital. Completion of the tender offer also requires approval of a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in the tender offer, unless, following consummation of the tender offer, the acquirer would hold at least 98% of the company’s outstanding shares. Furthermore, the shareholders, including those who indicated their acceptance of the tender offer, may, at any time within six months following the completion of the tender offer, claim that the consideration for the acquisition of the shares does not reflect their fair market value, and petition an Israeli court to alter the consideration for the acquisition accordingly, unless the acquirer stipulated in its tender offer that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek such appraisal rights, and the acquirer or the company published all required information with respect to the tender offer prior to the tender offer’s response date.

Israeli tax considerations also may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. See “Item 10.E. Taxation — Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs” for additional information.

Our amended and restated articles of association also contain provisions that could delay or prevent changes in control or changes in our management without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions include the following:

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of a United States court against us and our officers and directors and the Israeli experts named in this prospectus in Israel or the United States, to assert United States securities laws claims in Israel or to serve process on our officers and directors and these experts.

We were incorporated in Israel. Most of our executive officers and directors reside outside of the United States, and all of our assets and most of the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us, or any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not necessarily be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult to affect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to initiate an action with respect to United States securities laws in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of United States securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not United States law is applicable to the claim. If United States law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable United States law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a United States or foreign court.

Our headquarters and other significant operations are located in Israel, and, therefore, our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel.

Our executive offices are located in Israel. In addition, most of our officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring Arab countries, the Hamas (an Islamist militia and political group that has historically controlled the Gaza strip) and the Hezbollah (an Islamist militia and political group based in Lebanon). Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations. Ongoing and revived hostilities or other Israeli political or economic factors, such as, an interruption of operations at the Tel Aviv airport, could prevent or delay shipments of our components or products. If continued or resumed, these hostilities may negatively affect business conditions in Israel in general and our business in particular. In the event that hostilities disrupt the ongoing operation of our facilities or the airports and seaports on which we depend to import and export our supplies and product candidates, our operations may be materially adversely affected. 

In addition, instability in the region may lead to deterioration in the political and trade relationships that exist between the State of Israel and certain other countries. Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions, could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may sometimes decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. Several countries, principally in the Middle East, still restrict doing business with Israel and Israeli companies, and additional countries may impose restrictions on doing business with Israel and Israeli companies if hostilities in Israel or political instability in the region continues or increases. Similarly, Israeli companies are limited in conducting business with entities from several countries. For instance, in 2008, the Israeli legislature passed a law forbidding any investments in entities that transact business with Iran. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government has in the past covered the reinstatement value of certain damages that were caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or, if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions generally and could harm our results of operations.

Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial conditions or the expansion of our business. 

Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.

The rights and responsibilities of the holders of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares are governed by our amended and restated articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S.-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has certain duties to act in good faith and fairness toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company. See “Item 6.C. Board Practices — Duties of Shareholders” for additional information. There is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the nature of this duty or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations on holders of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.

We received Israeli government grants for certain of our research and development activities. The terms of those grants may require us to pay royalties and to satisfy specified conditions in order to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel. We may be required to pay penalties in addition to repayment of the grants.

Our research and development efforts have been financed in part through royalty-bearing grants in an aggregate amount of approximately NIS 5,901,000 (approximately $1,702,000)$1,693,000 that we received from Israel’s Innovation Authority (formerly known as the Office of the Chief Scientist), or the IIA, as of December 31, 2017.2018. With respect to the royalty-bearing grants we are committed to pay royalties at a rate of 3% to 5% on sales proceeds from our products that were developed under IIA programs up to the total amount of grants received, linked to the U.S. dollar and bearing interest at an annual rate of London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR applicable to U.S. dollar deposits. Regardless of any royalty payment, we are further required to comply with the requirements of the Israeli Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development Law, 5744-1984, as amended, and related regulations, or the Research Law, with respect to those past grants. When a company develops know-how, technology or products using IIA grants, the terms of these grants and the Research Law restrict the transfer of such know-how, and the transfer of manufacturing or manufacturing rights of such products, technologies or know-how outside of Israel, without the prior approval of the IIA. Therefore, the discretionary approval of an IIA committee would be required for any transfer to third parties inside or outside of Israel of know-how or manufacturing or manufacturing rights related to those aspects of such technologies. We may not receive those approvals. Furthermore, the IIA may impose certain conditions on any arrangement under which it permits us to transfer technology or development out of Israel.

The transfer of IIA-supported technology or know-how outside of Israel may involve the payment of significant amounts, depending upon the value of the transferred technology or know-how, our research and development expenses, the amount of IIA support, the time of completion of the IIA-supported research project and other factors. These restrictions and requirements for payment may impair our ability to sell or otherwise transfer our technology assets outside of Israel or to outsource or transfer development or manufacturing activities with respect to any product or technology outside of Israel. Furthermore, the consideration available to our shareholders in a transaction involving the transfer outside of Israel of technology or know-how developed with IIA funding (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be reduced by any amounts that we are required to pay to the IIA. 

Our operations may be disrupted as a result of the obligation of management or key personnel to perform military service.

Our employees and consultants in Israel, including members of our senior management, may be obligated to perform one month, and in some cases longer periods, of military reserve duty until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for citizens who hold certain positions in the Israeli armed forces reserves) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be similar large-scale military reserve duty call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence of a significant number of our officers, directors, employees and consultants. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business and operations.

Our legal and commercial name is Nano Dimension Ltd. We were incorporated in the State of Israel in December 1960, and are subject to the Companies Law. We were incorporated under the name Polgat Woolen Industries Kiryat Gat Ltd. On December 30, 1981, our name was changed to Polgat Industries Ltd. On January 1, 1995, our name was changed to Polgat Ltd., and on October 28, 2007, our name was changed to ZBI Ltd. In 1977, we became a public company in Israel and our shares were listed for trade on the TASE, and on October 29, 2014, we changed our name to Nano Dimension Ltd. Our Ordinary Shares are currently traded on the TASE under the symbol NNDM. Our ADSs representing our Ordinary Shares currently trade in the United States on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “NNDM”.

“NNDM.”

From March 7, 2014, until August 25, 2014, we were a “shell corporation” and did not have any business activity, excluding administrative management. On August 25, 2014, we closed the Merger with the Subsidiary, whereby we acquired 100% of the share capital of the Subsidiary. The Subsidiary was incorporated in the State of Israel in July 2012. The Merger resulted in a change of control whereby the management of the Company was replaced by the management of the Subsidiary. Furthermore, as a result of the Merger, the four shareholders of the Subsidiary received an aggregate amount of approximately 37.4% of the issued Ordinary Shares of the Company, as of the date thereof.

Our registered office and principal place of business is located at 2 Ilan Ramon St., Ness Ziona 7403635, Israel. Our telephone number in Israel is +972 -73-7509142.

Our website address is www.nano-di.com. The information contained on our website or available through our website is not incorporated by reference into and should not be considered a part of this annual report on Form 20-F, and the reference to our website in this annual report on Form 20-F is an inactive textual reference only.Zysman, Aharoni, Gayer and Sullivan & Worcester LLP is our agent in the United States, and its address is 1633 Broadway, New York, NY 10019.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as implemented under the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible to, and intend to, take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including but not limited to not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of the SEC rules under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We are a foreign private issuer as defined by the rules under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us from compliance with certain laws and regulations of the SEC and certain regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, including the proxy rules, the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we will not be required to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies registered under the Exchange Act.

Our capital expenditures for 2018, 2017 2016 and 20152016 amounted to NIS 13,286,000 (approximately $3,832,000), NIS 17,496,000 (approximately $4,550,000)$1,232,000, $3,691,000 and NIS 10,078,000 (approximately $2,582,000),$4,555,000, respectively. These expenditures were primarily for purchases of fixed assets, investment in restricted bank deposits and development expenditures capitalized as intangible assets. Our purchases of fixed assets primarily include leasehold improvements, computers, and equipment used for the development of our products, and we financed these expenditures primarily from cash on hand.

We are a leading additive electronics provider. We develop, manufacturebelieve our flagship proprietary DragonFly Pro system is the first and commercialize proprietary 3D, printersonly precision system that produces professional multilayer circuit-boards (PCB), RF antennas, sensors, conductive geometries, and inks.molded connected devices for rapid prototyping through custom additive manufacturing. We have been actively developing our 3D printingadditive manufacturing technology since 2014, and since that time we have listed our securities on the TASE and Nasdaq, and have spent approximately $40$60 million to build our additive electronics company. We have established our own materials manufacturing facility, and have launched commercialization of the first and only 3D printer capable of producing sensors, conductive geometries, antennas, professional multilayer PCBs and molded connected devices for rapid prototyping and custom additive manufacturing.

With our unique additive manufacturing technology for 3D printing technology,printed electronics, we are targeting the growing demandmarket for smart electronic devices that require increasingly sophisticated features and rely on printed circuit boards, connected products, encapsulateddevices, RF components and antennas, sensors, and antennas.smart products, including IoT. Additive manufacturing industry analysts predict that 3D printed electronics is likely to be the next high-growth application for product innovation, with its market size forecasted to reach $2.8$2.4 billion by 2025.2025 based on a market study.

We began commercializing our first professional grade 3D Printer, the DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printer, during the fourth quarter of 2017. The first of its kind 3D printer uses our proprietary inks and integrated software to quickly create functional “smart product” electronics such as sensors, conductive geometries, antennas, professional multilayer PCBs and molded connected devices for rapid prototyping and custom additive manufacturing. .

Traditionally, electronic circuitry is developed through a back-and-forth process that involves design, trial and error and third-party manufacturer outsourcing. We believe that the traditional process for developing complex and advanced electronics is outdated and in need of a modern technological solution.outdated. Until now, 3D printingadditive manufacturing technology has been unable to offer a solution for the electronics market, mainly because of the difficulty of printing multiple layers of electrically conductive and dielectric materials at a high resolution that is suitable for professional electronics. We are the first to develop an integrated solution that includes a 3D printer, inkjet technologyfor additive manufacturing of electronics. We are disrupting, leading, and software, which together deliver groundbreaking nano-technology. Our integrated solution is redefining and shapingdefining how connected productselectronics are designed and made.

Our DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printerprecision system for additive manufacturing of printed electronics uses our proprietary liquid nano-conductive and dielectric inks that are designed specifically to print multilayer circuitry and 3D electronics. We believe that our DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printerprecision system will obviate the reliance on third-party manufacturers during the development, short run manufacturing and prototyping of smart connected products, such as sensors, conductive geometries, antennas and RF components, professional multilayer PCBs and molded connected devices for rapid prototyping and custom additive manufacturing.

Following the recent launch ofIn 2018 we increased our sales and commercialization efforts and assold 30 systems worldwide. As a part of scaling our operations, we recently opened twofour Customer Experience Centers, or CECs, one in Israel and one inspanning across the United States.States, Hong Kong and Israel. The new CECs are designed to accelerate the adoption of additive manufacturing for electronics development and will also serve as customer and reseller training facilities and sales support centers.

In order to leverage and expedite our go to market strategy, we partner with 20 value added resellers, (VARs)or VARs, around the world. The VARs provide customers with services such as sales support, demonstrations, technical support and maintenance. The VARs assign dedicated technical support experts that are trained in installing, operating and maintaining the printer and providing technical support and demonstrations for their customers. Our VARs engage actively in sales and tradeshow activities, as well as with customer cartecare and first response system servicing. As of the end of February 2018, weWe have multiple VAR relationships in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Australia, Turkey, China, Taiwan, Korea and Spain.Czech Republic. As we continue with to expand our sales channel presence, we expect to engage with additional top tier VARs operating in the electronics industry, 3D printing industry, and ECAD (electronic computer aided design) and MCAD (mechanical computer aided design) software solutions.

Industry Overview

Additive manufacturing of 3D Printed electronics as part of Industry 4.0

Additive manufacturing or 3D printing in general is a process of making a three-dimensional solid object from a digital model. 3D printing is achieved using an additive process, where successive layers of material are laid down in different shapes. 3D printing is also considered distinct from traditional machining techniques, which mostly rely on the removal of material by methods such as cutting or drilling (subtractive processes).

We perceive that additive manufacturing is at a defining inflection point by worldwide commitment to industry 4.0 transformation by companies large and small. To underscore the potential of additive manufacturing, during the past 24 months several fortune 500 and other tier one companies operating across a number of distinct industries have made substantial investments to decisively enter the additive manufacturing market. Examples include leading companies in aerospace and defense, dental/cosmetics and apparel and footwear. With the production world increasingly depending on additive manufacturing, we see exciting new printing technologies in metal and in liquid-polymers.

The industry 4.0 manufacturing revolution includes the electrification of products across multiple industries and refers to the connectivity, the sensors and electronic circuitry which are crucial in every product, from satellites to sneakers, smart cars and IoT devices. This electrification is the horizon of Nano Dimension and that is where we elevate industry 4.0 – by making additive manufacturing complete with the 3D printing of smart products made digitally. We believe that fully 3D printed smart connected products are the next phase of Industry 4.0.

Traditional Printed Circuit Boards (PCB)

A conventional PCB is a board containing a pattern of conducting material, such as copper, which becomes an electrical circuit when electrical components are attached to it. It is the basic platform used to interconnect electronic components and can be found in most electronic products, including computers and computer peripherals, communications equipment, cellular phones, high-end consumer electronics, automotive and aeronautical components and medical and industrial equipment. Conventional PCBs are more product-specific than other electronic components because generally they are unique for a specific electronic device or appliance. Conventional PCBs can be classified as single-sided, double-sided and multilayer boards. 

A multilayer electronic circuit contains two or more different conductive layers, while an older single-layer circuit contains only one layer of conductors. In the past, in inexpensive circuits, there were single or dual layer circuits. Advanced circuits, which are required for modern products (such as mobile phones, computer cards and more), contain advanced multilayer circuits with a much larger number of layers. Modern electronics have become more complex and often contain thousands of connections between various components of the same electronic circuit. In order to enable this complexity in a limited area and to prevent electronic short circuits, the connections are divided into a number of layers that are connected within the same multilayer electronic circuit. Our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem is designed to efficiently print prototype PCBs, circuits and antennas that conform to the requirements of modern complex electronics.

One of the main issues with the traditional process of PCB prototype development is the outsource manufacturing delay. Modern and advanced PCBs are complex and are often comprised of more than ten layers. As a general rule, the time for manufacturing depends on the complexity and number of layers that a PCB contains. Consequently the time it takes to receive an advanced PCB prototype from a third party manufacturer may reach several weeks. While the life cycle of modern products is shortening, the need for rapid prototyping increases. Our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem offers a solution to the pain of a slow time-to-market turnaround of advanced PCB prototypes, and enables developers of PCBs the freedom to innovate and painlessly employ an efficient trial-and-error process on a day to day basis.

Another issue with the traditional process of PCB prototyping is confidentiality. The usage of outsource services in order to produce a PCB prototype forces the developer to share the PCB design files of a future product months before the product is expected to reach the market. Our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem is intended to be an in-house solution to this issue.

Market Opportunity

The future of the 3D printed electronics market looks promising with opportunities in IoT connected products, communication, computer/peripheral, and defense, automotive industries and in aerospace. We estimate market potential by looking at several market references including the 3D printed electronics market, the total PCB market, and PCB software design market.

Technavio’s market research analysts predict that the total PCB market will grow at a CAGR of more than 6% by 2021. Other analysts estimate that the PCB market will reach an estimated $72.6 billion by 2022.

Within the total PCB market is the more specific market of PCB design software. We believe that many users of design software would benefit from the use of an in-house 3D electronics printer. Future Market Insights forecasts the global PCB design software market to increase at 12.9% CAGR during 2016-2026, and reach $4.75 billion in revenues by the end of 2026.  

Additive manufacturing industry analysts predict that 3D printed electronics is likely to be the next high-growth application for product innovation, with its market size forecasted to reach $2.8approximately $2.4 billion by 2025. Many industry leaders expect the 3D printed electronics industry to expand quickly as manufacturing companies and consumer industries discover new methods and applications for 3D printed electronic technology. The chart below gives an indication of the size of the 3D printed electronics market, and illustrates that it is both large and growing.

Source: SmarTech Publishing, 2016DataM Intelligence, 2018

Strategy

Our strategic objective is to commercialize products, services and technologies to enable additive manufacturing and 3D printing of electronics in production. We are implementing our strategy by selling a 3D printer for electronics and related ink products and by providing on-demand 3D printing services.

By creating our own installed-base of printers that require our own dedicated inks – we wish to establishare establishing a "Razor“Razor and Blades"Blades” business model in which our customers buy the printer first and then continue to purchase the dedicated inks and maintenance over time.

We started marketingmarket and sell our products and services worldwide, primarily to companies that develop products with electronic components, including companies in the defense industry, including the U.S. Armed Forces, the automotive sector, consumer electronics, semiconductor, aerospace, and medical industries and to research institutes. Our primary market is the U.S., though we have also experienced growth in Asia Pacific and Europe and expect that trend to increase into 2019.

We intendOur goal is to expedite our growth and to further advance our breakthrough technologies and commercialization efforts. To achieve these objectives, we plan to:

Our strategic growth plan includes the following:

Products

Nano Dimension’sOur products currently consist of twothree main product lines – our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printer andprecision system, proprietary ink products.products and software.

Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D PCB PrinterPrecision System for additive manufacturing of printed electronics

Our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro can print sensors, conductive geometries, Radio Frequency (RF) devices, antennas, professional multilayer PCBs, and molded connected devices for rapid prototyping and custom additive manufacturing.

Our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printerprecision system is the first 3D printerand only system that we are aware of that is customized specifically to print multilayer PCBs for advanced electronics. The Dragonfly Pro is designed to allow users the ability to print ready-to-use electronics and smart productsconnected devices in-house, within hours. Possible applications of our products include aerospace, smart cars, IoT-connectedInternet of Things (IoT)-connected products, RF components and encapsulated sensors for military and civil applications.

Our 3D printerDragonFly Pro system is designed to print electronic conductors and dielectric (non-conductive) layers based on a user’s specific design plan. Our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem uses at least two types of ink (i.e., conductive and dielectric) in order to lay down successive layers that literally build a ready-to-use electronics. The printer receives digital files as input and converts them into print jobs in order to build the multilayer PCB, sensors, antenna or circuit. No cutting or drilling is required in the process of 3D printingadditive manufacturing of a multilayer PCB with our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D Printer.precision system. 

Our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem includes our dedicated and proprietary print-job editing software named ‘Switch’ and a printing control software named DragonFly, which enablesenable smooth and seamless usage for our customers. Our software is not intended to be a replacement for PCB or computer aided design (CAD) design software, but rather conveniently allowsallow our customers to continue to design their smart parts with their preferred PCB/CAD design software. After the user has concluded the design, the files are simply sent to the 3D printerDragonFly Pro in Gerber (.gbr) or stereolithographic (STL)(.stl) format with a user-friendly interface, similar to the usage of commonplace inkjet and laser printers. Our proprietary software employs traditional methods of 3D printing by virtually converting print jobs (the PCB)end products to be printed (such as PCBs) into a large number of thin slices, which are then printed one on top of the other.

In July 2016, we completed the development of the initial version of our software package, which is integrated in our DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printer. The software package, called ‘Switch,’ enables preparation of production files of printed electronic circuits using the DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printer. The software supports customary formats in the electronics industry such as Gerber files, as well as vertical interconnect access (VIA) and DRILL files. The ‘Switch’ software presents a unique interface that displays Gerber files and an accurate and detailed description of the PCB’s structure, which facilitates a highly precise conversion to a 3D file format.

Additionally, and depending on the sales channel employed, we will offer different levels of product warranty and after-sales service.services. We anticipate that channel partners, such as established distributors will typically be key to providing support and warranty services to the wider market. In instances where deeper and more strategic relationships are at stake, we intend to provide dedicated account management, both in terms of support and servicing, which may be fee or subscription-based. We plan to support and train a select number of experienced channel partners with the capabilities to ensure that end customers are satisfied with our products and any after-sales serviceservices and support that we may offer in the future.

Prior to the commercial launch of our DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printer, and starting in the second half of 2016, we began leasing a previous version of our 3D printer to beta customers as a part of our beta plan. In June 2017, we announced that we had successfully completed recruiting new applicants to our beta program. The feedback received in the beta program has been used to upgrade and refine the technology, printing capabilities, and the work processes of our 3D printer. Following the positive feedback that we received from our customers, we decided that the targets of our beta program were achieved, allowing us to move on to the next stage, targeting early access commercial sales. During the beta program, we provided leading companies and partners worldwide the opportunity to lease the company’s DragonFly 2020 3D printer. The companies and partners in the beta program spanned a variety of industries such as defense, consumer goods, medical devices, and financial services. A total of 16 customers participated in our beta program, and have been using our 3D printers. In the second half of 2017 we initiated early access commercial sales of our DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printer.

Our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem has multiple advantages, including:

Turn-around of multilayer advanced smart parts can often take weeks and involves significant costs. Also, for electronics in development, several cycles of prototyping are often necessary until the specs of the final electronic part are created. This means that a developer of a new electronic product may have to repeat the process of going through a service supplier several times during lab testing – which may increase cost and slow the momentum of product development.

Our Dragonfly 2020DragonFly Pro 3D printersystem obviates the reliance on external service suppliers and provides electronics companies and others the luxury of an office-friendly 3D printersystem in their in-house research laboratory with the ability to print prototypes of PCBs as required for electronic device development – all during a relatively short period of time.

Supplementary Products

Conductive Ink

We have developed a uniquely formulated nano-conductive ink for use in our 3D printers.systems. Using advanced nano-technology, we have developed a liquid ink that contains nano-particles of conductive materials such as silver and copper. Nano-particles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. By employing this technology, we wereare able to create a liquid ink that maintains its transport properties and electric conductivity. The liquid properties of our nano-conductive ink allow us to take advantage of inkjet printing technology for fast and efficient 3D printing of PCBs.

Our wet-chemistry approach to making silver nano-particles starts with a raw material compound containing silver which may be acquired from a number of chemical suppliers. The patented process, licensed from the Hebrew University, is highly efficient and very clean. We can reliably extract 10 to 100 nano-meter sized particles of pure silver. We are able to control the size, shape and dispersion of the silver nano-particles in accordance with specific printing requirements. We can also formulate inks for a variety of substrates and printing profiles.

In addition, in July 2016, we filed a patent application with the USPTOUnited States Patent and Trademark Office for the development of a new nano-metric conductive ink, which is based on a unique synthesis. The new nano-particle synthesis further minimizes the size of the silver nano-particles particles in our ink products. The new process achieves silver nano-particles as small as 4 nano-meters. We believe that accurate control of nano-particles’ size and surface properties will allow for improved performance of our DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printer.system. The innovative ink enables lower melting temperatures and more complete sintering (fusing of particles into solid conductive trace), leading to an even higher level of conductivity. The innovative ink has the potential to accelerate printing speeds and save ink for the 3D printing of electronics.

Dielectric Ink

Our proprietary dielectric ink is a unique ink that contains dielectric and dielectric materials that are not electrically conductive. The use of non-conductive ink is crucial in the production of multilayer circuit boards, as the conducting layers that are placed on top of each other must be separated by dielectric layers. Our internally developed, proprietary dielectric ink is a unique one-part-epoxy material. The dielectric ink can withstand high temperature (e.g., five hundred degrees Fahrenheit and more) without distorting its shape, which is a necessary requirement for professional PCBs.PCBs and electronics components. 

Both our nano-conductive and dielectric ink products have completed development stages and we have begun to manufacture these products in-house. We plan to commercialize these ink products as a supplementary product to our 3D printers and as separate and independent products.systems. Based on our proprietary technology, our ink products may be adjusted specifically for additional uses.

Software

Our proprietary software, the ‘DragonFly’ and ‘Switch’ are used to manage the design file and printing process. The Switch software enables seamless transition into an additive manufacturing workflow.

In July 2016, we completed the development of the initial version of our software package and we have been adding features and improvements to it from time to time. The Switch is included in our DragonFly Pro system. The ‘Switch’ software enables preparation of production files of printed electronic circuits using the DragonFly Pro system. The software supports customary formats in the electronics industry such as Gerber files, as well as vertical interconnect access (VIA) and DRILL files. The ‘Switch’ software presents a unique interface that displays Gerber files and an accurate and detailed description of the PCB’s structure, which facilitates a highly precise conversion to a 3D file format.

Multilayer 3D files can be prepared from standard file formats, with the software allowing for adjustments in numerous parameters such as layer order and thickness.

When the print-job is ready the user simply loads the design file from Switch straight into the Dragonfly Pro printer and uses the DragonFly software to manage and control the print.

Intellectual Property

We seek patent protection as well as other effective intellectual property rights for our products and technologies in the United States and internationally. Our policy is to pursue, maintain and defend intellectual property rights developed internally and to protect the technology, inventions and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business.

We have a growing portfolio of four issued U.S. patents and eighteentwenty six (26) provisional and non-provisional patent applications with the USPTO, WIPO filed through the PCT, and with the respective patent offices of China, Europe, South Korea and Japan. A provisional patent application is a preliminary application that can be filed less formally than a non-provisional application, and establishes a priority date for the patenting process for the invention disclosed therein.

Our growing patent portfolio can be divided into four main areas:

1.Mechanical: covering printer components and peripherals with three granted U.S. patents (9,227,444, 9,259,933, and 9,878,549), as well as several patent applications, directed to components and systems varying from, print head calibration systems, to stirring containers for inks.

2.Chemical: covering ink compositions and related nanoparticles, both dielectric and conducting. Of these, two applications were indicated as allowable by the U.S. and South Korean Patent offices.

3.Applications: covering 3D printing applications and computer applications. The 3D printing applications are directed to various methods of printing PCBs, flexible printed circuits (FPCs) and high density interconnects (HDIs) circuits with embedded components. Additional filings were directed to composite printing, cooling pads and infrastructures, bridging members between integrated circuits and PCBs and vertically embedded integrated circuit (IC) wells and their interconnectivity.

4.Industrial Design/Design: covering the ornamental aspects of the printer and various printer components, with one granted U.S. patent (D543,612)., and another directed to an ink cartridge currently pending.

In addition to patent applications, in September 2014, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the Research and Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ltd., or “Yissum”, for two patents that cover the unique method of manufacturing our consumable nano-conductive ink for the 3D printing of electronic circuits. The agreement was amended and restated in April 2015. Pursuant to the license agreement, we will be required to pay Yissum low to mid-single digit percentage royalties on sales of our conductive ink. The exclusive license agreement is in effect for the longer of remaining usable life of the patents and patent applications, or 15 years from the first commercial sale of a product relating to the licensed technology in such country.

Competition

Many companies providing 3D printing services concentrate their efforts on printing prototypes in resin polymers or other plastics. We differentiate ourselves from these companies by focusing on the niche market of in-house PCB printing using a combination of nano-conductive and dielectric inks, and to that extent we consider ourselves a pioneer in our industry. However, it may be possible for more developed 3D printing companies to adapt their products to print PCBs. Accordingly, our competitors may include other companies providing 3D printing services with substantial customer bases and working history. Older, well-established companies providing 3D printing and rapid prototyping services with records of success currently attract customers. There can be no assurance that we can maintain a competitive position against current or future competitors, particularly those with greater financial, marketing, service, technical and other resources. Our failure to maintain a competitive position within the market could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We also compete with companies that use traditional prototype development of PCBs and customized manufacturing technologies, and expect future competition to arise from the development of new technologies or techniques.

To the best of our knowledge, our 3D inkjet printer is the first and only one of its kind, and as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, there are no three-dimensional ink injection printers that print multilayer electronic circuits for the purposes of in-house PCB prototype development. However, there are many companies worldwide that manufacture PCBs.

In the United States and globally, we face many competitors that specialize in contract electronic manufacturing, and specifically the manufacturing of prototype PCBs. We estimate that there are approximately 1,800 companies in the United States that manufacture or provide PCBs on a per-order basis.

Research and Development

As of the date hereof, we have completed the development of our proprietary nano-conductive ink products and have commenced manufacturing in our in-house laboratory.

Also, we have completed the development of the alpha version of our 3D printer, and on April 14, 2015, we introduced the alpha version publicly. In August 2015, we introduced our beta 3D printer to a number of customers, and in the second half of 2016, we initiated our beta plan and delivered printers to customers. In the second half of 2017 we commenced commercial sales.

From time to time we may also explore the application of our technology to additional areas within 3D printing and other industries.

In September 2016, we conducted a successful test for 3D printing of conductive traces onto a treated fabric in collaboration with a leading European functional textiles company. The test was carried out using our unique silver nanoparticle conductive ink and our DragonFly 2020 3D Printer platform. During the test, conductors were printed in several patterns in order to perform functionality tests, including conductivity, elasticity, rubbing, etc. The results demonstrated that the printed silver conductors had high enough elasticity to match the properties of the fabric.

In January 2017, we successfully 3D printed a series of multilayer rigid PCBs, connected through printed flexible conductive connections. This process provides a solution to traditional production limitations in the electronics industry, such as continuous transfer of conductors between circuits, loose contacts, size of connections between the circuits as well as fabrication of multilayer flexible material.

In January 2017, we successfully 3D printed electrical circuits, in which we embedded electrical components, through placement, as an integral part of the printing process. We filed a patent application with the USPTO for this unique development.

In February 2017, we received a budget from MEIMAD committee of the IIA which will be used to finance a project to develop 3D printing of advanced ceramic materials in inkjet technology. The total approved budget for this project is NIS 1.4 million (approximately $372,000),approximately $372,000, of which the IIA will finance 50%. The terms of the grant provide that we will be required to pay royalties on future sales of any funded technology up to the full grant amount.

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we incurred NIS 38,947,000 (approximately $11,233,000), NIS 15,525,000 (approximately $4,038,000), NIS 11,089,000 (approximately $2,842,000)$8,623,000 $10,819,000, $4,043,000, $2,855,000 and NIS 3,339,000 (approximately $858,000),$933,000, respectively, of research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 do not include expenses in an amount of NIS 16,273,000 (approximately $4,232,000)approximately $4,237,000 that were capitalized as an intangible asset.

Grants from Israel’s Innovation Authority

Our research and development efforts are financed in part through royalty-bearing grants from the IIA. As of December 31, 2017,2018, we have received the aggregate amount of NIS 5,901,000 (approximately $1,702,000)$1,693,000 from the IIA for the development of our 3D printer and nano-inks. With respect to such grants we are committed to pay certain royalties up to the total grant amount. Regardless of any royalty payment, we are further required to comply with the requirements of the Research Law, with respect to those past grants. When a company develops know-how, technology or products using IIA grants, the terms of these grants and the Research Law restrict the transfer of such know-how, and the transfer of manufacturing or manufacturing rights of such products, technologies or know-how outside of Israel, without the prior approval of the IIA. We do not believe that these requirements will materially restrict us in any way.

Production and Manufacturing

We purchase the raw materials required for the production of our products, including components of 3D printers and materials to produce our nano-inks products. To date, all of our printers, including our DragonFly2020DragonFly Pro, are manufactured in-house. We have entered into a non-exclusive agreement with a global manufacturer that would serve as our primary manufacturer and supplier for our commercial 3D printers when we are required to scale up our production further or expand it to additional global geographies. Pursuant to the agreement, we are not obligated to make any minimum purchases and prices will be agreed upon between us from time to time and based on specific purchase orders. The extent of this and any other engagement with third party manufacturers will be managed to match production volumes.

With respect to our ink products, we intend to keep full control of the value chain, from research and development through self-manufacturing and global sales. In September 2016, we initiated a production facility to support the commercialization and production of our proprietary nano-conductive ink and dielectric ink. In October 2017 we announced the opening of our nano-particle ink production facility to support the commercialization and production of our proprietary nano-conductive ink and dielectric ink for our DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printer. We believe that the size and capacity of this facility, located in the same building as our offices, will be sufficient to support our future commercialization activities. In January 2018 we achieved certification for two international standards- the OHSAS 18001:2007 for occupational health and safety within the workplace and the ISO 14001:2015 Standard – EMS (Environmental Management System).

Sales and Marketing

We began commercializing our first professional grade 3D Printer, the DragonFly 2020 Pro 3D printer, during the fourth quarter of 2017. As a part of scaling our operations, we recently opened twofour CECs, one in Israel, two in the United States and one in the United States.Hong Kong. The new CECs are designed to accelerate the adoption of additive manufacturing for electronics development and will also serve as customer and reseller training facilities and sales support centers. In order to leverage and expedite our go to market strategy, we partner with VARs around the world. The VARs provide customers with services such as sales support, demonstrations, technical support and maintenance. The VARs assign dedicated technical support experts that are trained in installing, operating and maintaining the printer and providing technical support and demonstrations for their customers. Our VARs engage actively in sales and tradeshow activities, as well as with customer carte and first response system servicing. As of the end of February 2018,2019, we have VAR relationships in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Australia, Turkey, Spain, Czech Republic, China, Taiwan and Spain.Korea. As we continue with to expand our sales channel presence, we expect to engage with additional top tier 3D printer VARs.

We currently have twofour wholly owned subsidiaries: Nano Dimension Technologies Ltd., which was incorporated in 2012 in the State of Israel, andNano Dimension IP Ltd., which was incorporated in 2018 in the State of Israel, Nano Dimension USA Inc., which was incorporated in 2017 in Delaware.Delaware, and Nano Dimension (HK) Limited, which was incorporated in 2018 in Hong Kong.

Our offices, research and development facility and in-house laboratory are located at our headquarters at 2 Ilan Ramon, Ness Ziona 74036, Israel, where we currently occupy approximately 36,79137,000 square feet. Following a recent expansion, we lease our headquarters under three separate leases. The first lease, which accounts for about 42% of our office space, ends on August 31, 2018,2019, the second lease, which accounts for about 35% of our office space, ends on December 31, 2023, with an exit point at the end of 2018, and the third lease, which accounts for about 23% of our office space, ends on August 31, 2021. The total monthly rent payment for the facilities in Israel is currently NIS 170,023 (approximately $49,040). As ofapproximately $51,000. Since March 2018, we also have offices in Santa Clara, California, where we occupy approximately 1,915 square feet. The total monthly rent payment for the facilities in Santa Clara is currently approximately $3,400. Since March 2019, we also have offices in Hong Kong Science Park, where we occupy approximately 1,500 square feet. The total monthly rent payment for the facilities in Hong Kong is currently approximately $7,500.

We consider that our current office space is sufficient to meet our anticipated needs for the foreseeable future and is suitable for the conduct of our business.

None.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion and other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report in Form 20-F. We report financial information under IFRS as issued by the IASB and none of the financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Unless otherwise indicated, U.S. dollar convenience translations of NIS amounts presented in this annual report on Form 20-F for the period ended on December 31, 2017 are translated using the rate of NIS 3.467 to $1.00, the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel on December 31, 2017, and U.S. dollar convenience translations of NIS amounts presented in this annual report on Form 20-F for the period ended on December 31, 2016 are translated using the rate of NIS 3.845 to $1.00, the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel on December 31, 2016, and U.S. dollar convenience translations of NIS amounts presented in this annual report on Form 20-F for the period ended on December 31, 2015 are translated using the rate of NIS 3.902 to $1.00, the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel on December 31, 2015.

Overview

To date, we have generated insignificantlimited revenues from the sale and lease of our products. We have only recentlyIn the fourth quarter of 2017 we begun commercializing our products and our ability to generate significant revenues and achieve profitability depends on our ability to successfully complete the development of, and to commercialize, our products. As of December 31, 2017,2018, we had an accumulated deficit of NIS 133,609,000 (approximately $38,537,000).$51,610,000. Our financing activities are described below under “Liquidity and Capital Resources.” We currently estimate that we have the necessary capital in order to finalize the development of our 3D printer and to establish our commercial infrastructure.

Operating Expenses

Our current operating expenses consist of three components – research and development expenses, sales and marketing expenses, and general and administrative expenses.

In the fourth quarter of 2017 we decided to present our sales and marketing expenses separate from other operating expenses. Thus, for comparison we have reclassified the expenses in the previous years.

Research and Development Expenses, net

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses, subcontractor expenses, patent registration fees, rental fees, materials, and other related research and development expenses. 

The following table discloses the breakdown of research and development expenses:

Subcontractor expenses include expenses for development consultants and service providers, which are not employees. The services provided by these consultants and service providers include, but are not limited to, chemistry consulting, software and electronics subcontractors and consulting and chip processing consulting.

Our development expenses are presented net of government grants and net of development expenses that were capitalized as intangible assets.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, marketing and advertising services, depreciation, rental fees, and travel.

The following table discloses the breakdown of sales and marketing expenses:

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, professional service fees, director fees, office expenses, taxes and fees, and other general and administrative expenses.

The following table discloses the breakdown of general and administrative expenses:

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2018 to the year ended December 31, 2017 to the year ended December 31, 2016 to

Results of Operations

Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015

Results2018 amounted to $5,100,000, representing an increase of Operations

Revenues$4,271,000 or 515%, compared to $829,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase is due to additional sales of our products during 2018. Our revenues are derived mainly from sales of our printers to customers, and from ink deliveries to those clients.

Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to NIS 2,984,000 (approximately $861,000),$829,000, representing an increase of NIS 2,809,000 (approximately $815,000)$783,000 or 1,605%1,702%, compared to NIS 175,000 (approximately $46,000)$46,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase is due to additional leases and sales of our products during 2017. Our revenues are derived from sales of our printers to certain customers, lease of our printers to beta customers, and from ink deliveries to those clients.

Cost of Revenues

Our cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 20162018 amounted to NIS 175,000 (approximately $46,000). Our revenues were derived from lease$4,366,000, representing an increase of our printers$3,214,000 or 279%, compared to beta customers, and from ink deliveries to those clients. We did not have revenues prior to 2016.

$1,152,000, for the year ended December 31, 2017. Cost of Revenuesrevenues consists of $3,594,000 and an additional $772,000 in respect of amortization of intangible assets, representing an increase of $3,185,000 or 779%, compared to $409,000 and an additional increase of $29,000, compared to $743,000 in respect of amortization of intangible assets.

Our cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to NIS 4,147,000 (approximately $1,196,000),$1,152,000, representing an increase of NIS 3,407,000 (approximately $1,003,000)$959,000 or 460%497%, compared to NIS 740,000 (approximately $193,000),$193,000, for the year ended December 31, 2016. Cost of revenues consists of NIS 1,471,000 (approximately $424,000)$409,000 and an additional NIS 2,676,000 (approximately $772,000)$743,000 in respect of amortization of intangible assets, representing an increase of NIS 1,399,000 (approximately $405,000)$390,000 or 1,943%2,053%, compared to NIS 72,000 (approximately $19,000)$19,000 and an additional increase of NIS 2,008,000 (approximately $598,000),$569,000, compared to NIS 668,000 (approximately $174,000)$174,000 in respect of amortization of intangible assets.

We did not have cost of revenues prior to 2016. In the fourth quarter of 2016, we began to amortize the intangible asset arising from capitalization of development expenses. The estimated useful lives of the capitalized development costs is 10 years.

Gross Loss

Our gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 amounted to $734,000, compared to a gross loss of $323,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Our gross loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to NIS 1,163,000 (approximately $335,000),$323,000, compared to NIS 565,000 (approximately $147,000)$147,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016. We did not have gross loss prior to 2016.

Research and Development Expenses, net

Our research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 amounted to $8,623,000, representing an decrease of $2,196,000 or 20%, compared to $10,819,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease resulted primarily from a decrease in payroll and related expenses and materials expenses, in 2018 we shifted more resources to sales and marketing activities rather than research and development activities.

Our research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to NIS 38,947,000 (approximately $11,233,000),$10,819,000, representing an increase of NIS 23,422,000 (approximately $7,195,000)$6,776,000 or 151%168%, compared to NIS 15,525,000 (approximately $4,038,000)$4,043,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase is mainly a result of the cessation of the capitalization of development cost in the fourth quarter of 2016.

2016, as well as increase in payroll and related expenses.

Our research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 are presented net of government grants in the amount of NIS 582,000 (approximately $168,000).

Our research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016, amounted to NIS 15,525,000 (approximately $4,038,000), representing an increase of NIS 4,436,000 (approximately $1,196,000) or 40%, compared to NIS 11,089,000 (approximately $2,842,000), for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of NIS 10,321,000 (approximately $2,684,000) in salaries and related personnel expenses, reflecting an increase in the number of employees (as of the year ended 2015, we had 34 research and development employees, and as of the year ended 2016, we had 75 research and development employees), and an increase of NIS 3,820,000 (approximately $993,000) in materials expenses, due to accelerating our research and development activities.$162,000.

Our research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016, are presented net of government grants in the amount of NIS 840,000 (approximately $218,000)$219,000 and net of development expenses recognized as intangible assets in the amount of NIS 16,273,000 (approximately $4,232,000).$4,237,000.

Sales and marketing Expenses

Our sales and marketing expenses totaled NIS 7,859,000 (approximately $2,267,000)$4,259,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, an increase of $2,076,000, or 95%, compared to $2,183,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase resulted primarily from an increase of $729,000 in payroll and related expenses, and an increase of $998,000 in marketing and advertising expenses. During 2018 we decided to invest resources in sales and marketing activities, thus we increased the number of our sales and marketing personnel and also invested more in marketing and advertising.

Our sales and marketing expenses totaled $2,183,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017, an increase of NIS 3,995,000 (approximately $1,262,000),$1,177,000, or 103%117%, compared to NIS 3,864,000 (approximately $1,005,000)$1,006,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase resulted primarily from an increase of NIS 2,514,000 (approximately $725,000)$749,000 in salaries and related personnel expenses, reflecting an increase in the number of sales and marketing employees, an increase of $191,000 in marketing and advertising expenses and an increase of NIS 671,000 (approximately $194,000)$190,000 in travel expenses.

Our sales and marketing expenses totaled NIS 3,864,000 (approximately $1,005,000) for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of NIS 1,948,000 (approximately ($514,000), or 101.7%, compared to NIS 1,916,000 (approximately $491,000) for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase resulted primarily from an increase of NIS 1,415,000 (approximately $368,000) in salaries and related personnel expenses, reflecting an increase in the number of sales and marketing employees.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses totaled NIS 12,101,000 (approximately $3,491,000)$3,002,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, a decrease of $361,000, or 11%, compared to $3,363,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease resulted primarily from a decrease of $346,000 in professional services expenses and a decrease of $187,000 in directors’ fees.

Our general and administrative expenses totaled $3,363,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of NIS 2,559,000 (approximately $322,000),$455,000, or 17%12%, compared to NIS 14,660,000 (approximately $3,813,000)$3,818,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease resulted primarily from a decrease of NIS 415,000 (approximately $120,000) in salaries and related personnel expenses, reflecting a decrease in options expenses, and a decrease of NIS 928,000 (approximately $268,000)$150,000 in professional services expenses for accounting, legal, and other general and administrative activities.activities, and a decrease of $249,000 in directors’ fees.

Our general and administrative expenses totaled NIS 14,660,000 (approximately $3,813,000)Operating Loss

As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of NIS 5,289,000 (approximately ($1,411,000), or 56%,2018 was $15,150,000, as compared to NIS 9,371,000 (approximately $2,402,000)an operating loss of $16,688,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase resulted primarily from an increase2017, a decrease of NIS 1,406,000 (approximately $366,000) in salaries and related personnel expenses, reflecting an increase in the number of general and administrative employees, and an increase of NIS 2,044,000 (approximately $532,000) in professional services expenses for accounting, legal, and other general and administrative activities.$1,538,000, or 9%.

Operating Loss

As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was NIS 60,070,000 (approximately $17,326,000),$16,688,000, as compared to an operating loss of NIS 34,614,000 (approximately $9,003,000)$9,014,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of NIS 25,456,000 (approximately $8,323,000),$7,674,000, or 74%85%.

As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2016, was NIS 34,614,000 (approximately $9,003,000), as compared to an operating loss of NIS 22,376,000 (approximately $5,735,000) for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of NIS 12,238,000 (approximately $3,183,000), or 54.7%.

Finance Expense and Income

Finance expense and income mainly consist of bank fees and other transactional costs, changesrevaluation of liability in the fair valuerespect of certain price adjustment mechanisms that were provided to investors who participated in certain fund raising rounds,government grants, and exchange rate differences.

We recognized net financial expense of $338,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $815,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in finance expense related to exchange rate differences.

We recognized net financial expense of NIS 2,935,000 (approximately $847,000)$815,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to net financial income of NIS 144,000 (approximately $38,000)$38,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase is primarily due to an increase in finance expense related to exchange rate differences.

We recognized net financial incomeTotal Comprehensive Loss

As a result of NIS 144,000 (approximately $38,000)the foregoing, our loss for the year ended December 31, 2016,2018 was $15,488,000, as compared to net financial expense of NIS 1,384,000 (approximately $355,000)$17,503,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease is primarily due to2017, a decrease in finance income related to revaluation of derivative instruments, resulting from changes during 2015 in the fair value of certain price adjustment mechanisms that were provided to investors who participated in certain fund raising rounds.$2,015,000, or 12%.

Total Comprehensive Loss

As a result of the foregoing, our loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was NIS 63,005,000 (approximately $18,173,000),$17,503,000, as compared to NIS 34,470,000 (approximately $8,965,000)$8,976,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 an increase of NIS 28,535,000 (approximately $9,208,000),$8,527,000, or 83%95%.

As a result of the foregoing, our loss for the year ended December 31, 2016, was NIS 34,470,000 (approximately $8,965,000), as compared to NIS 20,992,000 (approximately $5,380,000) for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of NIS 13,478,000 (approximately $3,505,000), or 64.2%.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimate

We describe our significant accounting policies more fully in Note 2 to our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017,2018, included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. We believe that the accounting policies below are critical in order to fully understand and evaluate our financial condition and results of operations.

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. At the time of the preparation of the financial statements, our management is required to use estimates, evaluations, and assumptions which affect the application of the accounting policy and the amounts reported for assets, obligations, income, and expenses. Any estimates and assumptions are continually reviewed. The changes to the accounting estimates are credited during the period in which the change to the estimate is made.

Revenue Recognition

We early adopted IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which provides new guidance on revenue recognition as from January 1, 2017 on a retrospective basis. Based on the examination of the guidance of the standard, no adjustments have been required to be made to the revenue previously recognized, as in 2016 the Company's main revenues were from leases transactions accounted for under International Accounting Standard, or IAS, 17. Accordingly, comparative figures have not been restated to reflect the impact of the retrospective implementation of the standard. The Company recognizes revenue when the customer obtains control over the promised goods or services. The revenue is measured according to the amount of the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services promised to the customer, other than amounts collected for third parties. On the contract’s inception date the Company assesses the goods or services promised in the contract with the customer and identifies as a performance obligation any promise to transfer to the customer goods or services (or a bundle of goods or services) that are distinct. The Company identifies goods or services promised to the customer as being distinct when the customer can benefit from the goods or services on their own or in conjunction with other readily available resources and the Company’s promise to transfer the goods or services to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract.

Intangible Assets

In August 2015, we started recognizing intangible assets arising from internal development. The capitalization is the outcome of meeting all the criteria in IAS 38Intangible Assets, which are (i) development costs can be measured reliably, (ii) the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, (iii) future economic benefits are probable, and (iv) we have the intention and sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. Development expenses in the period until August 1, 2015 were expensed as incurred. During the fourth quarter of 2016, we started delivering our products to beta customers and as such, we started to amortize the intangible assets arising from capitalization of development expenses. In subsequent periods, capitalized development expenditure is measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. The estimated useful lives of the capitalized development costs is 10 years.

Stock-Based Compensation

Employees and other service providers of the Company may receive benefits by way of share-based compensation settled with company options and warrants exercised for Ordinary Shares. The cost of transactions with employees settled with capital instruments is measured based on the fair value of the capital instruments on the granting date. The fair value is determined using an accepted options pricing model. The model is based on share price, grant date and on assumptions regarding expected volatility, expected lifespan, expected dividend, and a no risk interest rate.

The cost of the transactions settled with capital instruments is recognized in profit or loss together with a corresponding increase in the equity over the period in which the performance and/or service takes place, and ending on the date on which the relevant employees are entitled to the benefits, or the Vesting Period. The aggregate expense recognized for transactions settled with capital instruments at the end of each reporting date and until the Vesting Period reflects the degree to which the Vesting Period has expired and our best estimate regarding the number of warrants that have ultimately vested. The expense or income in profit or loss reflects the change of the aggregate expense recognized as of the end of the reported period.

We selected the Black-Scholes-Merton (Black-Scholes), and the binomial model, as our option pricing models to estimate the fair value of our options awards. The option-pricing model requires a number of assumptions:

Expected dividend yield - The expected dividend yield assumption is based on our historical experience and expectation of no future dividend payouts. We have historically not paid cash dividends and have no foreseeable plans to pay cash dividends in the future.

Volatility -Since the Company’s shares started trading on a stock exchange market only in August 2014 (before that date the Company was under a different name and was involved in a different activity), quoted prices data of our Ordinary Shares is limited. In case of insufficient historical data for a company, the expected volatility is based on similar companies’the Company’s stock volatility.volatility since September 2014.

Risk free interest rate- The risk free interest rate is based on the yield of governmental bonds with equivalent terms.

Estimated term - An option’s estimated term is the estimated amount of time the holder will hold the option before the exercise, based on the expiration date of the option and, in some cases, such as for employees, an assumption regarding exercise before the expiration date.

Share price - The share price is determined according to the last known closing price of our Ordinary Shares at the grant date.

Overview

Since our inception through December 31, 2017,2018, we have funded our operations principally with NIS 150,828,000 (approximately $40,481,000)$52,952,000 from the issuance of Ordinary Shares and warrants. As of December 31 2017,2018, we had NIS 21,159,000 (approximately $6,103,000)$3,753,000 in cash.

The table below presents our cash flows:

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities of NIS 56,886,000 (approximately $16,408,000)$13,447,000 during the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily used for payment of $7,858,000 in salaries and related personnel expenses. The remaining amount was for other expenses. 

Net cash used in operating activities of $15,797,000 during the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily used for payment of NIS 26,314,000 (approximately $7,590,000)$8,499,000 in salaries and related personnel expenses. The remaining amount was for other expenses. 

Net cash used in operating activities of NIS 22,737,000 (approximately $5,914,000)$5,920,000 during the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily used for payment of NIS 20,556,000 (approximately $5,346,000)$5,352,000 in salaries and related personnel expenses. The remaining amount was for other expenses. 

Net cash used in operating activities of NIS 12,989,000 (approximately $3,330,000) during the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily used for payment of NIS 7,152,000 (approximately $1,833,000) in salaries and related personnel expenses. The remaining amount was for other expenses.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities of NIS 13,286,000 (approximately $3,832,000)$1,232,000 during 2018 primarily used for investments of our cash in fixed assets.

Net cash used in investing activities of $3,691,000 during 2017 primarily used for investments of our cash in fixed assets.

Net cash used in investing activities of NIS 17,496,000 (approximately $4,550,000)$4,555,000 during 2016 primarily reflects development expenditure capitalized as intangible assets and investments of our cash in fixed assets.

Net cash used in investing activities of NIS 10,078,000 (approximately $2,582,000) during 2015 primarily reflects development expenditure capitalized as intangible assets and investments of our cash in fixed assets.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities of $12,480,000 in the year ended December 31, 20172018 consisted of NIS 46,928,000 (approximately $13,536,000) of net proceeds, mainly from the issuance of Ordinary Shares.

Net cash provided by financing activities of $13,108,000 in the year ended December 31, 2017 consisted mainly from the issuance of Ordinary Shares.

Net cash provided by financing activities of $14,159,000 in the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted of NIS 53,475,000 (approximately $13,908,000) of net proceeds, mainly from the issuance of Ordinary Shares and warrants.

Net cash provided by financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2015 consisted of NIS 56,364,000 (approximately $14,445,000) of net proceeds, mainly from the issuance of Ordinary Shares and warrants.

In January 2015, we issued an aggregate of 1,508,572 Ordinary Shares pursuant to a private placement, at a price of NIS 1.40 (approximately $0.3539) per share. In addition, we issued warrants to purchase up to 1,508,572 Ordinary Shares, 50% of which have an exercise price of NIS 1.75 (approximately $0.4424) per share, and 50% of which have an exercise price of NIS 2.25 (approximately $0.5688) per share. These warrants will expire as follows: (i) warrants to purchase 754,286 Ordinary Shares will expire 18 months from the date of issuance, and (ii) warrants to purchase 754,286 Ordinary Shares will expire 36 months from the date of issuance.

As an extension to this private placement, in April 2015, we issued an aggregate of 285,715 Ordinary Shares to Eli Yoresh, one of our directors, and Itschak Shrem, our Chairman, at a price per share of NIS 1.40 (approximately $0.3539). In addition, we issued warrants to purchase up to 285,715 Ordinary Shares, 50% of which at an exercise price of NIS 1.75 (approximately $0.4424) per share, and 50% of which at an exercise price of NIS 2.25 (approximately $0.5688) per share. These warrants will expire as follows: (i) warrants to purchase 142,858 of our Ordinary Shares will expire 18 months from the date of issuance, and (ii) warrants to purchase 142,857 of our Ordinary Shares will expire 36 months from the date of issuance.

In March 2015, we issued an aggregate of 3,956,545 Ordinary Shares pursuant to a private placement, at a price of NIS 1.65 (approximately $0.4075) per share.

In July 2015, we issued an aggregate of 7,671,089 Ordinary Shares pursuant to a private placement, at a price of NIS 5.50 (approximately $1.4451)$1.4451 per share. In addition, we issued warrants to purchase up to 3,835,546 Ordinary Shares with an exercise price of NIS 9.00 (approximately $2.3647)$2.3647 per share. These warrants will expire 24 months from the date of issuance.

In December 2015, we issued, as an extension to the issuance in July 2015, an aggregate of 1,552,877 Ordinary Shares pursuant to a private placement, at a price of NIS 5.50 (approximately $1.4451)$1.4451 per share. In addition, we issued warrants to purchase up to 776,440 Ordinary Shares with an exercise price of NIS 9.00 (approximately $2.3647)$2.3647 per share. These warrants will expire 24 months from the date of issuance.

In September 2016, we completed a public offering of 2,125,275 ADSs (representing 10,626,375 Ordinary Shares) at a price of $6.50 per ADS, and net proceeds to us from the sale of the shares was approximately $12,055,000.$12,328,000.

In May and June 2017, we issued an aggregate of 11,552,809 Ordinary Shares pursuant to a private placement, at a price of NIS 4.20 (approximately $1.17)$1.17 per share, and net proceeds to us from the sale of the shares was approximately NIS 44,228,000 million (approximately $12,393,000).$12,420,000.

In February 2018, we completed a public offering of 6,900,000 ADSs (representing 34,500,000 Ordinary Shares) at a price of $2.00 per ADS, and net proceeds to us from the sale of the shares was approximately $12,471,000.

In February 2019, we completed a public offering of 16,000,000 Units, each consisting of one ADS (representing 80,000,000 Ordinary Shares), one warrant to purchase one ADS, and one right to purchase 0.75 of an ADS, at a price of $0.75 per Unit, and net proceeds to us from the sale of the shares was approximately $10,600,000.

Current Outlook

WeTo date, we have not achieved profitability and have sustained net losses in every fiscal year since our inception, and we have financed our operations to date primarily through proceeds from issuance of our Ordinary Shares. We have incurred losses and generated negative

Based on the projected cash flows from operations since 2012. To date, weand our cash balance as of December 31, 2018, together with the fundraising on February 2019, our management is of the opinion that without further fund raising it will not have generated insignificant revenuessufficient resources to enable us to continue advancing our activities including the development, manufacturing and marketing of our products for a period of at least 12 months from the sale and leasedate of sign-off date of our products.financial statements. As a result, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We expect that our existing cash will be sufficient to fund our current operations until at least the end of 2018; however,Until we expect thatcan generate significant recurring revenues and achieve profitability, we will requireneed to seek additional sources of funds through the sale of additional equity securities, debt or other securities. Any required additional capital, whether forecasted or not, may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to support the mass production ofobtain additional financing or are unsuccessful in commercializing our products.products and securing sufficient funding, we may be required to reduce activities, curtail or even cease operations.

In addition, our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Until we can generate significant recurring revenues, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through debt or equity financing. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate research or development plans for, or commercialization efforts with respect to our products. This may raise substantial doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We currently do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations at December 31, 2017:2018:

(*) The contractual obligation in respect of government grants presented above is based on our estimation regarding expected revenues, thus there is no certainty that the liability will be settled in 1-3 years as stated above.

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers, key employees and directors as of March 14, 2018:13, 2019:

Itschak Shrem, Co-ChairmanAvi Reichental, Chairman of the Board of Directors

Mr. Itschak Shrem has served on our board of directors as Chairman since April 2014. Mr. Shrem has more than 40 years of experience in financial markets and venture capital. He has been the Managing Director of Yaad Consulting 1995 Ltd. since 1995. In 1993, Mr. Shrem founded Pitango Venture Capital Fund (formerly, Polaris) and served as a Partner of Pitango Funds I, II and III. In 1991, Mr. Shrem founded Dovrat Shrem Ltd, an investment banking, management and technology company. Prior to that, he spent 15 years at Clal Israel Ltd., where he served in various capacities, including Chief Operating Officer and was responsible for capital markets and insurance businesses. Mr. Shrem has been the Chairman of the Board of BreedIT Corp. since December 31, 2013. He has been a Director of Eden Spring Ltd. since October 2010. Mr. Shrem served as a Director of Globe Oil Exploration Limited until 2016. He served on the boards of a number of high-profile public institutions, including the Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Weizman Institute. From 1991 to 2010, Mr. Shrem served as the Chairman of Leader Holdings and Investments Ltd. and Polar Communications Ltd., both TASE-listed companies engaged in investment banking and venture capital. Since 2004, Mr. Shrem has served as the Chairman of Sphera Funds Management Ltd. He served as a Director of Ormat Industries Ltd. from 2012 to 2015. He served as a Director of Retalix Ltd. from January 2008 to 2012. Mr. Shrem holds a B.A in Economics and Accounting from Bar-Ilan University and an M.B.A. from Tel-Aviv University, Israel.

Avi Reichental, Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors

Mr. Avi Reichentalhas served on our board of directors since April 2017, and as our co-Chairman since December 2017.2017 and as Chairman since December 2018. Mr. Reichental has served as a general partner at OurCrowd First since August 2016. In 2015, Mr. Reichental founded XponentialWorks, Inc., and has served as its chairman and chief executive officer since that time. Prior to that, and from 2003 to 2015, Mr. Reichental served as the president, chief executive officer and director of 3D Systems Corp. (NYSE:DDD). From 1981 to 2003, Mr. Reichental held senior executive leadership positions with Sealed Air Corp. (NYSE:SEE). Since 2015, Mr. Reichental has served as a director of Harman International Industries Inc. (NYSE: HAR). Mr. Reichental is also founder and chairman of Centaur, ElasticMedia, and Nexa3D. Mr. Reichental is part of Singularity University’s core faculty, serves as a Trustee of Cooper-Hewitt Smithsonian’s Design Museum and is a member of the XPRIZE Innovation Board. Mr. Reichental served on the board of Harman until its successful sale to Samsung. Mr. Reichental is an active inventor and has co-invented 35 patents. Mr. Reichental is also a Vice Chairman of Techniplas.

Amit Dror, Chief Executive Officer, Director

Mr. Amit Dror has served as our Chief Executive Officer and director since August 2014. Mr. Dror co-founded Eternegy Ltd. in 2010 and served as its Chief Executive Officer and a director from 2010 to 2013. Mr. Dror also co-founded the Milk & Honey Distillery Ltd. in 2012. He developed vast experience in project, account and sales management across a range of roles at ECI Telecom Ltd., Comverse Technology, Inc., Eternegy Ltd. and Milk & Honey Distillery Ltd. Mr. Dror has a background that covers technology management, software, business development, fundraising and complex project execution. Mr. Dror is a Merage Institute Graduate. 

Yael Sandler, Chief Financial Officer

Ms. Yael Sandler has served as our Chief Financial Officer since June 2015. From 2014 until 2015, Ms. Sandler served as the Group Controller of RealMatch Ltd. From 2011 through December 2014, Ms. Sandler held various positions at Somekh-Chaikin (KPMG Israel), where she gained valuable experience working with public companies and companies pursuing initial public offerings. Ms. Sandler completed the professional course of the Israeli Navy in 2005 and served as a submarine simulator instructor and commander until 2007. Ms. Sandler is a Certified Public Accountant in Israel. Ms. Sandler earned a B.A. with honors in Accounting and Economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a M.B.T with honors from the College of Management in Rishon LeZion.

Dr. Jaim Nulman, Chief Technology Officer

Dr. Jaim Nulman has served as our Chief Technology Officer and Executive VP Products since May 2018. Dr. Nulman was a vice president with Applied Materials in Santa Clara, California, where he served for 15 years in a variety of positions at both the product divisions and corporate levels developing and driving commercialization of semiconductor manufacturing technology, applications, and equipment. While at Applied Materials he drove the development of ionized metal physical vapor deposition for enhance step coverage. Dr. Nulman pioneered rapid thermal processing technologies for ultra-thin gate dielectrics in semiconductors. Dr. Nulman is also co-founder and chairman of Yali Pharmaceuticals Group, LLC. a company developing medicines for treatment of pathogen induced inflammation of the body. Dr. Nulman also founded eTe Solutions, LLC a company engaged consulting services for commercialization of high tech technology.  He holds several patents in the area of semiconductor processing and equipment. Dr. Nulman is a Senior member of the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). He holds a BSc degree in Electrical Engineering from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering with focus on semiconductor devices and technology from Cornell University, and an Executive M.B.A. from Stanford University. Dr. Nulman also served as instructor for NATO’s Advanced Technology summer programs and the University of Berkeley Extension in the area of Rapid Thermal Processing.

Simon Anthony-Fried, President of Nano Dimension USA, Director

Mr. Simon Fried has served as our Chief Business Officer and director since August 2014. In January 2018 Mr. Fried relocated to California, and was appointed as the President of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Nano Dimension USA Inc. Mr. Fried was a co-founder of Diesse Solutions Ltd., a project management, risk and marketing consultancy, and served as its Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2014. He has worked as a risk management and corporate governance consultant to the Financial Services Authority in the United Kingdom and as a senior strategy consultant at Monitor Company, a Boston based boutique strategy consulting firm. Mr. Fried has a background that covers marketing and sales strategy, management, business development, financial services regulation, fundraising and c-suite consulting. Mr. Fried has worked extensively on global projects in both the B2B and B2C markets driving significant strategic change to global marketing organizations. He also currently serves as a director of the Milk & Honey Distillery Ltd. Mr. Fried holds a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from University College London, an M.Sc. in Judgment and Risk from Oxford University and an M.B.A. from SDA Bocconi in Milan.