UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)
☐ | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
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OR | |
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☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
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For the fiscal year ended December 31, | |
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OR | |
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☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
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OR | |
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☐ | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
Date of event requiring this shell company report
For the transition period from ___________ to
Commission file number: 001-38737
TuanChe Limited
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
N/A
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
Cayman Islands
(Jurisdiction of incorporation)
9F, Ruihai Building, No. 21 Yangfangdian Road
Haidian District Beijing 100038
The People’s Republic of China
(Address of principal executive offices)
Mr. Chenxi YuWei Wen, Deputy Chief FinancialExecutive Officer
9F, Ruihai Building, No. 21 Yangfangdian Road
Haidian District Beijing 100038
The People’s Republic of China
Telephone: (86-10)6398-2942
E-mail: chenxi.yu@tuanche.comwenwei@tuanche.com
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered, pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
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Title of each class |
| Trading Symbol(s) |
| Name of each exchange on which registered |
American depositary shares, each representing 16 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share | | TC | | Nasdaq Capital Market
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* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market of American depositary shares
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
None
(Title of Class)
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
None
(Title of Class)
Indicate the number of issued and outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:
Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 each |
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Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 each | 55,260,580 shares issued; 55,260,580 shares outstanding |
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Of 1934. Yes ◻ No ⌧
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ⌧
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☐ |
| Accelerated filer ☐ |
Non-accelerated filer ☒ | | Emerging growth company ☒ |
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP x | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued | Other |
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ◻ Item 18 ◻
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ◻ No ☒
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Item 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 3 |
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Item 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK |
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Item 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES |
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Item 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS |
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Item 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES |
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Item 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS |
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Item 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS |
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F-1 |
i
INTRODUCTION
Except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this annual report on Form 20-F only:
● | “ADRs” refers to the American depositary receipts which, if issued, evidence the ADSs; |
● | “ADSs” refers to American depositary shares, each of which represents 16 Class A ordinary shares; |
● | “auto dealer(s)” refers to both franchised dealers and secondary dealers; |
● | “CAGR” refers to compound annual growth rate; |
● | “China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this annual report only, Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau; |
● | “franchised dealer(s)” refers to primary dealers authorized to sell the products of a single brand of automobiles that integrate four standard automotive related businesses, including sales, spare parts, service and survey; |
● | “GMV” refers to gross merchandise value, reflecting the total sales dollar value for automobiles sold through our marketplace; |
● | “industry customer(s)” refers to business customers to which we offer services, including auto dealers, automakers, automobile accessory manufacturers, aftermarket service providers and other automotive related goods and service providers; |
● | “NEV” refers to new energy vehicles; |
● | “ordinary shares” or “shares” refer to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares of par value US$0.0001 per share; |
● | “RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China; |
● | “SEC” refers to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; |
● | “secondary dealer(s)” refers to car dealers that have no automobile manufacturers certification and do not have specific sales brand restrictions; |
● | “US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$” or “dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States of America; |
● | “VIEs” refers to TuanChe Internet Information Service (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Drive New Media Co., Ltd., Beijing Internet Drive Technology Co., Ltd. and/or Tansuojixian Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., and their respective subsidiaries, as the context requires; and |
● | “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,” or “TuanChe” refers to TuanChe Limited |
Names of certain companies provided in this annual report are translated or transliterated from their original Chinese legal names.
Discrepancies in any table between the amounts identified as total amounts and the sum of the amounts listed therein are due to rounding.
This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited consolidated financial statements for the 2019, 2020, 2021 and 20212022 fiscal years.
1
This annual report on Form 20-F contains information from an industry report commissioned by us and prepared by iResearch in 2018, an independent research firm, to provide information regarding our industry and our market position in China. We refer to this report as the iResearch report.
1
This annual report contains translations of certain Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specified rates. Unless otherwise stated, the translation of Renminbi into U.S. dollars has been made at RMB6.3726RMB6.8972 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect on December 30, 20212022 as set forth in the H.10 Statistical Release of the Federal Reserve Board. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes controls over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.
TuanChe Limited, our ultimate Cayman Islands holding company, does not have any substantive operations. We carry out our value-added telecommunications business in China through our subsidiaries in China, the VIEs, and their subsidiaries. We, through TuanYuan, Sangu Maolu and Chema Beijing, our wholly owned subsidiaries in China or WFOEs,(“WFOEs”), entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the VIEs, TuanChe Internet, Drive New Media, Internet Drive Technology and Tansuojixian Beijing, and their respective shareholders. Investors in the ADSs are purchasing equity securities of our ultimate Cayman Islands holding company rather than purchasing equity securities of the VIEs. We, together with the VIEs, are subject to PRC laws relating to, among others, restrictions over foreign investments in value-added telecommunications services set out in the the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (2021 Version), or the Negative (the “Negative List (2021 Version)”), promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce or MOFCOM,(“MOFCOM”), and the National Development and Reform Commission or the NDRC,(the “NDRC”), in China. As a result, we have control over the VIEs throughOur contractual arrangements and our VIE structure provides our business operations in China with contractual exposure to foreign investment. Neither we nor our subsidiaries own any share in the VIEs. Instead, we control and receive the economic benefits of the VIEs’ business operations through a series of contractual agreements with the VIEs which enable us to (1) exercise effective control over the VIEs; (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIEs; and (3) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIEs when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result, ofwe operate our direct ownershipvalue-added communications business in WFOEs and the contractual agreements with the VIEs, we are regarded as the primary beneficiary ofChina through the VIEs and their subsidiaries, and we could receive the VIEs are treated aseconomic rights and exercise significant influence on the VIEs’ business operations that results in consolidation of the VIEs’ operations and financial results into our consolidated affiliated entitiesfinancial statements through the contractual arrangements, provided that we meet the conditions for consolidation under U.S. GAAP. However, ourThe VIE structure is used to replicate foreign investment in China-based companies where the PRC laws restrict direct foreign investment in the operating companies. Our contractual arrangements with the VIEs are not equivalent of an investment in the VIEs, andVIEs. Neither we nor our subsidiaries own any share in the PRC regulatory authorities could disallowVIEs. Investors in the ADSs are purchasing equity securities of our corporate structure at any time.ultimate Cayman Islands holding company rather than purchasing equity securities of the VIEs. Because of our corporate structure, we are subject to risks due to uncertainty of the interpretation and the application of the PRC laws and regulations, including but not limited to limitation on foreign ownership of value-added telecommunications service companies, regulatory review of oversea listing of PRC companies through a special purpose vehicle, and the validity and enforcement of the contractual agreements.PRC regulatory authorities could disallow our corporate structure at any time. We are also subject to the risks of uncertainty about any future actions of the PRC government in this regard. Our contractual agreements may not be effective in providing control over the VIEs. We may also be subject to sanctions imposed by PRC regulatory agencies, including Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission, if we fail to comply with their rules and regulations. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, our PRC subsidiaries received cash of nil, nilRMB2.0 million and RMB2.0 million,nil, respectively, from the VIEs for services rendered to the VIEs and their subsidiaries. In 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, our PRC subsidiaries paid cash of nil, nilRMB0.6 million and RMB0.6 million,nil, respectively, to the VIEs for services provided by the VIEs and their subsidiaries.
We and the VIEs face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties related to being based in and having significant operations in China. The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a China-based company, such as us and the VIEs, to conduct its business, accept foreign investments or list on U.S. or other foreign exchanges. For example, we and the VIEs face risks associated with regulatory approvals of offshore offerings, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, as well as the historical lack of inspection by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board or the PCAOB,(the “PCAOB”), on our auditors. Such risks could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of the ADSs or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer ADSs and/or other securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. The PRC government also has significant discretion over the conduct of the business of us and the VIEs and may intervene with or influence our operations or the development of the value-added telecommunications service industry as it deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. Furthermore, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over overseas securities offerings and foreign investment in China-based companies. Any such action, once taken by the PRC government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless. For further details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”
2
Our financial statements contained in the annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 20212022 have been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm that was not included in the list of PCAOB Identified Firms of having been unable to be inspected or investigated completely by the PCAOB in the PCAOB Determination Report issued in December 2021. We have not been identified by the SEC as a commission-identified issuer under the Holding Foreign Company Accountable Act or
2
the HFCA Act,(the “HFCA Act”), as of the date of this annual report. If,On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, MOFCOM, and the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol (the “Protocol”), governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Protocol, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in 2022, and the PCAOB Board vacated its previous determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control. The PCAOB is continuing to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and is already making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCA Act if needed. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, in the future, we have been identified by the SEC for threetwo consecutive years as a commission-identified issuer whose registered public accounting firm is determined by the PCAOB that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by one or more authorities in China, the SEC may prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the United States. Additionally, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which if enacted, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecuritveconsecutive years instead of three. On December 29, 2022, the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act was signed into law, and the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCAA is reduced from three years to two. Furthermore, we and our investors are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. If we fail to meet the new listing standards specified in the HFCA Act, we could face possible delisting from the Nasdaq Stock Market, cessation of trading in over the counter market, deregistration from the SEC and/or other risks, which may materially and adversely affect, or effectively terminate, the ADSs trading in the United States.
The ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TC.”
MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA
Market data and certain industry forecasts used in this annual report were obtained from internal surveys, market research, publicly available information and industry publications. Industry publications generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Similarly, internal surveys, industry forecasts and market research, while believed to be reliable, have not been independently verified, and we make no representation as to the accuracy of such information.
PART I
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
3
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
Holding Company Structure
TuanChe Limited is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries and the VIEs in China. As a result, our ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries and fees paid by the VIEs. If our subsidiaries or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.
In addition, our subsidiaries in China are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprise as promulgated by the Ministry of Finance of the PRC (“PRC GAAP”). Under PRC law, each of our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory surplus reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China and the VIEs may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at its discretion. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the statutory reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends.
As an offshore holding company, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding from the proceeds of our offshore fundraising activities to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions, and to the VIEs only through loans, in each case subject to the satisfaction of the applicable government registration and approval requirements. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial offering to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.” As a result, there is uncertainty with respect to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our subsidiaries and the VIEs in China when needed.
The following table sets forth the respective revenue contributions of (1) the VIEs and (2) our subsidiaries for the periods indicated both in absolute amount and as a percentage of total revenues.
A. [Reserved]
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| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2022 | ||||||||
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| RMB |
| % |
| RMB |
| % |
| RMB |
| US$ |
| % |
| | (in thousands, except for percentages) | ||||||||||||
The VIEs |
| 104,819 |
| 31.7 |
| 93,975 |
| 26.3 |
| 95,382 |
| 13,829 |
| 52.1 |
Our subsidiaries |
| 225,409 |
| 68.3 |
| 263,577 |
| 73.7 |
| 87,806 |
| 12,731 |
| 47.9 |
Total revenues |
| 330,228 |
| 100.0 |
| 357,552 |
| 100.0 |
| 183,188 |
| 26,560 |
| 100.0 |
The following table sets forth the respective asset contributions of (1) the VIEs and (2) our subsidiaries as of the date indicated both in absolute amount and as a percentage of total assets.
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| As of December 31, | ||||||||||||
| | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2022 | ||||||||
| | RMB | | % | | RMB | | % | | RMB | | US$ | | % |
| | (in thousands, except for percentages) | ||||||||||||
The VIEs | | 122,876 | | 25.9 | | 132,602 | | 37.6 | | 181,215 | | 26,274 | | 77.0 |
Our subsidiaries |
| 351,531 |
| 74.1 |
| 220,473 |
| 62.4 |
| 54,054 |
| 7,837 |
| 23.0 |
Total assets |
| 474,407 |
| 100.0 |
| 353,075 |
| 100.0 |
| 235,269 |
| 34,111 |
| 100.0 |
4
Financial Information Related to the VIEs
The following table presents the consolidated balance sheet information relating to TuanChe Limited (the “Parent”), the VIEs and the non-variable interest entities as of December 31, 2021 and 2022.
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| As of December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | Non-VIE | | | | | ||
| | | | VIE | | | | Other | | Intercompany | | Group |
|
| Parent |
| Consolidated |
| WFOE |
| subsidiaries |
| Elimination |
| Consolidated |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | | 41,811 | | 4,974 | | 44,076 | | 6,437 | | — | | 97,298 |
Amount due from the subsidiaries of the Group | | 106,845 | | 91,767 | | 1,976 | | 133,860 | | (334,448) | | — |
Other current assets | | 1,016 | | 29,100 | | 95,876 | | — | | (17,581) | | 108,411 |
Total current assets | | 149,672 | | 125,841 | | 264,711 | | 140,297 | | (352,029) | | 205,709 |
Property and equipment, net | | — | | 379 | | 32,989 | | — | | (29,901) | | 3,467 |
Intangible assets | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 17,711 | | 17,711 |
Long-term investments | | — | | 5,357 | | — | | — | | — | | 5,357 |
Investments in subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of VIEs | | 52,139 | | — | | 30,100 | | 596,994 | | (679,233) | | — |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | | — | | 1,025 | | 4,079 | | — | | — | | 5,104 |
Goodwill | | — | | — | | 115,414 | | — | | — | | 115,414 |
Other non-current assets | | — | | — | | 2,256 | | — | | (1,943) | | 313 |
Total non-current assets | | 52,139 | | 6,761 | | 184,838 | | 596,994 | | (693,366) | | 147,366 |
Total assets | | 201,811 | | 132,602 | | 326,766 | | 737,291 | | (1,045,395) | | 353,075 |
Accounts payable | | — | | 395 | | 29,182 | | — | | — | | 29,577 |
Amount due to the subsidiaries of the Group | | 1,232 | | 253,003 | | 102,196 | | 13,756 | | (370,187) | | — |
Short-term operating lease liabilities |
| — |
| 1,025 |
| 1,564 |
| — |
| — |
| 2,589 |
Other current liabilities |
| 5,210 |
| 52,646 |
| 61,762 |
| — |
| — |
| 119,618 |
Total current liabilities |
| 6,442 |
| 307,069 |
| 194,704 |
| 13,756 |
| (370,187) |
| 151,784 |
Lease liabilities, non-current |
| — |
| — |
| 1,475 |
| — |
| — |
| 1,475 |
Other non-current liabilities |
| 957 |
| 98 |
| 5,451 |
| — |
| — |
| 6,506 |
Total non-current liabilities |
| 957 |
| 98 |
| 6,926 |
| — |
| — |
| 7,981 |
Total liabilities |
| 7,399 |
| 307,167 |
| 201,630 |
| 13,756 |
| (370,187) |
| 159,765 |
Total equity/(deficit) | | 194,412 | | (174,565) | | 125,136 | | 723,535 | | (675,208) | | 193,310 |
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| As of December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | Non-VIE | | | | | ||
| | | | VIE | | | | Other | | Intercompany | | Group |
|
| Parent |
| Consolidated |
| WFOE |
| subsidiaries |
| Elimination |
| Consolidated |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | | 57,168 | | 6,172 | | 13,465 | | 38 | | — | | 76,843 |
Amount due from the subsidiaries of the Group | | 121,957 | | 117,489 | | 157,761 | | 133,589 | | (530,796) | | — |
Other current assets | | 5,712 | | 51,126 | | 39,954 | | 33 | | — | | 96,825 |
Total current assets | | 184,837 | | 174,787 | | 211,180 | | 133,660 | | (530,796) | | 173,668 |
Property and equipment, net | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — |
Long-term investments | | — | | 5,383 | | — | | — | | — | | 5,383 |
Investments in subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of VIEs | | (44,730) | | — | | — | | 710,064 | | (665,334) | | — |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | | — | | 1,045 | | 9,090 | | — | | — | | 10,135 |
Goodwill | | — | | — | | 45,561 | | — | | — | | 45,561 |
Other non-current assets | | — | | — | | 522 | | — | | — | | 522 |
Total non-current assets | | (44,730) | | 6,428 | | 55,173 | | 710,064 | | (665,334) | | 61,601 |
Total assets | | 140,107 | | 181,215 | | 266,353 | | 843,724 | | (1,196,130) | | 235,269 |
Accounts payable | | — | | 818 | | 4,490 | | — | | — | | 5,308 |
Amount due to the subsidiaries of the Group | | 2,710 | | 266,679 | | 128,048 | | 16,504 | | (413,941) | | — |
Short team borrowings | | — | | 1,169 | | 2,000 | | — | | — | | 3,169 |
Short-term operating lease liabilities |
| — |
| 652 |
| 4,548 |
| — |
| — |
| 5,200 |
Other current liabilities |
| 11,395 |
| 43,761 |
| 33,855 |
| (2,479) |
| — |
| 86,532 |
Total current liabilities |
| 14,105 |
| 313,079 |
| 172,941 |
| 14,025 |
| (413,941) |
| 100,209 |
Long team borrowings |
| — |
| 1,546 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 1,546 |
Warrant liability |
| 24,376 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 24,376 |
Lease liabilities, non-current |
| — |
| 605 |
| 6,889 |
| — |
| — |
| 7,494 |
Other non-current liabilities |
| 492 |
| 18 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 510 |
Total non-current liabilities | | 24,868 | | 2,169 | | 6,889 | | — | | — | | 33,926 |
Total liabilities | | 38,973 | | 315,248 | | 179,830 | | 14,025 | | (413,941) | | 134,135 |
Total equity/(deficit) | | 101,134 | | (134,033) | | 86,523 | | 829,699 | | (782,189) | | 101,134 |
5
The following table presents the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and cash flows relating to the Parent, the VIEs and the non-variable interest entities for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.
Consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss)/income data
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | Non-VIE | | | | | ||
| | | | VIE | | | | Other | | Intercompany | | Group |
|
| Parent |
| Consolidated |
| WFOE |
| subsidiaries |
| Elimination |
| Consolidated |
Net revenues |
| — |
| 104,819 |
| 241,343 |
| — |
| (15,934) |
| 330,228 |
Cost of revenues |
| — |
| (28,573) |
| (71,271) |
| — |
| 11,043 |
| (88,801) |
Operating expenses |
| (11,041) |
| (82,900) |
| (323,694) |
| (8) |
| 4,891 |
| (412,752) |
Loss from operations |
| (11,041) |
| (6,654) |
| (153,622) |
| (8) |
| — |
| (171,325) |
Equity in loss of subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of VIEs | | (153,967) | | — | | — | | — | | 153,967 | | — |
Other income, net |
| 1,974 |
| 2,160 |
| 3,146 |
| (465) |
| — |
| 6,815 |
Income tax expense | | — | | 1,032 | | — | | — | | — | | 1,032 |
Net loss |
| (163,034) |
| (3,462) |
| (150,476) |
| (473) |
| 153,967 |
| (163,478) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| Year Ended December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | Non-VIE | | | | | ||
| | | | VIE | | | | Other | | Intercompany | | Group |
|
| Parent |
| Consolidated |
| WFOE |
| subsidiaries |
| Elimination |
| Consolidated |
Net revenues |
| — |
| 93,975 |
| 327,958 |
| — |
| (64,381) |
| 357,552 |
Cost of revenues |
| — |
| (44,519) |
| (101,054) |
| — |
| 60,283 |
| (85,290) |
Operating expenses |
| (6,710) |
| (84,191) |
| (296,300) |
| (6) |
| 4,098 |
| (383,109) |
Loss from operations |
| (6,710) |
| (34,735) |
| (69,396) |
| (6) |
| — |
| (110,847) |
Equity in loss of subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of VIEs |
| (96,058) | | — | | — | | — | | 96,058 | | — |
Other income, net | | 823 |
| 4,170 |
| 4,075 |
| (166) |
| — |
| 8,902 |
Net loss |
| (101,945) |
| (30,565) |
| (65,321) |
| (172) |
| 96,058 |
| (101,945) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| Year Ended December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | Non-VIE | | | | | ||
| | | | VIE | | | | Other | | Intercompany | | Group |
|
| Parent |
| Consolidated |
| WFOE |
| subsidiaries |
| Elimination |
| Consolidated |
Net revenues |
| — |
| 95,382 |
| 92,687 |
| 4,477 |
| (9,358) |
| 183,188 |
Cost of revenues |
| — |
| (5,741) |
| (56,446) |
| — |
| — |
| (62,187) |
Operating expenses |
| (20,637) |
| (58,561) |
| (154,474) |
| (7,632) |
| 9,358 |
| (231,946) |
(Loss)/ income from operations |
| (20,637) |
| 31,080 |
| (118,233) |
| (3,155) |
| — |
| (110,945) |
Equity in loss of subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of VIEs | | (149,237) | | — | | — | | — | | 149,237 | | — |
Other income/ (expenses), net |
| 11,734 |
| (16,756) |
| (48,152) |
| 528 |
| — |
| (52,646) |
Income tax expense | | — | | 5,451 | | — | | — | | — | | 5,451 |
Net (loss)/ income |
| (158,140) |
| 19,775 |
| (166,385) |
| (2,627) |
| 149,237 |
| (158,140) |
6
Consolidated cash flow information
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | Non-VIE | | | | | ||
| | | | VIE | | | | Other | | Intercompany | | Group |
|
| Parent |
| Consolidated |
| WFOE |
| subsidiaries |
| Elimination |
| Consolidated |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities |
| (13,622) |
| (4,945) |
| (70,791) |
| 504 |
| — |
| (88,854) |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |
| (40,851) |
| 12,050 |
| (1,518) |
| (65,736) |
| 133,753 |
| 37,698 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |
| 1,330 |
| (63) |
| 66,396 |
| 66,027 |
| (133,753) |
| (63) |
Effect of exchange rate changes |
| (2,358) |
| — |
| (73) |
| (2,054) |
| — |
| (4,485) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |
| (55,501) |
| 7,042 |
| (5,986) |
| (1,259) |
| — |
| (55,704) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| Year Ended December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | Non-VIE | | | | | ||
| | | | VIE | | | | Other | | Intercompany | | Group |
|
| Parent |
| Consolidated |
| WFOE |
| subsidiaries |
| Elimination |
| Consolidated |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | | (10,358) | | (22,124) | | (69,764) | | 9,991 | | — | | (92,255) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |
| 7,287 |
| 2,920 |
| (213) |
| (45,199) |
| 83,061 |
| 47,856 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |
| — |
| 4,000 |
| 47,674 |
| 38,387 |
| (83,061) |
| 7,000 |
Effect of exchange rate changes |
| (1,619) |
| — |
| (102) |
| (3,327) |
| — |
| (5,048) |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |
| (4,690) |
| (15,204) |
| (22,405) |
| (148) |
| — |
| (42,447) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| Year Ended December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | Non-VIE | | | | | ||
| | | | VIE | | | | Other | | Intercompany | | Group |
|
| Parent |
| Consolidated |
| WFOE |
| subsidiaries |
| Elimination |
| Consolidated |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | | (22,570) | | 2,483 | | (83,193) | | (6,399) | | — | | (109,679) |
Net cash used in investing activities |
| (56,566) |
| — |
| (212) |
| (56,565) |
| 113,131 |
| (212) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |
| 93,526 |
| (1,285) |
| 55,566 |
| 56,565 |
| (113,131) |
| 91,241 |
Effect of exchange rate changes |
| 967 |
| — |
| (2,772) |
| — |
| — |
| (1,805) |
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |
| 15,357 |
| 1,198 |
| (30,611) |
| (6,399) |
| — |
| (20,455) |
Cash Flows through Our Organization
TuanChe Limited is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We currently conduct our operations through our WFOEs, the VIEs and their respective subsidiaries. Cash is transferred through our organization in the manner as follows: (1) we may transfer funds to our WFOEs through our Hong Kong subsidiary, TuanChe Information Limited, by additional capital contributions or shareholder loans, as the case may be; (2) our subsidiaries in China may provide loans to the VIEs, subject to statutory limits and restrictions; (3) the VIEs may pay service fees to our subsidiaries in China for services rendered by our subsidiaries in China; (4) our subsidiaries in China may pay service fees to the VIEs for services rendered by the VIEs; and (5) our subsidiaries in China may make dividends or other distributions to us through TuanChe Information Limited. We do not have cash management policies dictating how funds are transferred throughout our organization. We may encounter difficulties in our ability to transfer cash between subsidiaries in China and other subsidiaries largely due to various PRC laws and regulations imposed on foreign exchange. If we intend to distribute dividends through TuanChe Limited, our WFOEs will transfer the dividends to TuanChe Information Limited in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC, and then TuanChe Information Limited will transfer the dividends to TuanChe Limited, and the dividends will be distributed from TuanChe Limited to all shareholders respectively in proportion to the shares they hold, regardless of whether the shareholders are U.S. investors or investors in other countries or regions.
In 2020, 2021 and 2022, our PRC subsidiaries received cash of nil, RMB2.0 million and nil, respectively, from the VIEs for services rendered to the VIEs and their subsidiaries. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, our PRC subsidiaries paid cash of nil, RMB0.6 million and nil, respectively, to the VIEs for services provided by the VIEs and their subsidiaries. The foregoing cash flows include all distributions and transfers between our Cayman Islands holding company, our subsidiaries and the VIEs as of the date of this annual report.
7
Our Operations in China and Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations
We and the VIEs have obtained all licenses, permits or approvals from the PRC regulatory authorities for our and the VIEs’ business operations of offline marketing services and online marketing services, except that we and/or the VIEs may need to obtain certain permits each time before we and/or the VIEs hold an offline event. We and the VIEs did not obtain requisite permits for the provision of certain livestreaming services when provided at a preliminary stage. As of the date of this annual report, we and the VIEs have taken measures to rectify such defect by entering into collaboration arrangements with the operators of livestreaming platforms holding the requisite permits, and we have not received any inquiry or investigation from any PRC government authority regarding such service provision. As of the date of this annual report, except as disclosed above and in “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Failure to obtain, renew, or retain licenses, permits or approvals or failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may affect our ability to conduct our business” in this annual report, we and the VIEs have obtained all licenses, permits or approvals to conduct our and the VIEs’ business. As of the date of this annual report, TuanChe Internet Information Service (Beijing) Co., Ltd. has obtained certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operation of internet content service from the Beijing Administration of Telecommunications which will remain valid until September 2023, Shenzhen Drive New Media Co., Ltd. has obtained certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operation of internet content service from the Guangdong Administration of Telecommunications which will remain valid until June 2024, and TuanChe (Beijing) Automobile Sales & Service Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of TuanChe Internet, has obtained certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operation of internet content service from the Beijing Administration of Telecommunications which will remain valid until January 2026. Under PRC laws and regulations, we and the VIEs are required to obtain and maintain the aforementioned licenses, permits and approvals in order to conduct and operate our and the VIEs’ business. In addition, we and the VIEs may be required to obtain certain permits each time before we and the VIEs hold an offline event, including a security permit to organize large-scale mass activities and a permit for temporary occupation of urban roads, depending on the estimated number of participants and the need to temporarily occupy public roads. Although we and the VIEs have endeavored and will continue to endeavor to obtain all necessary permits according to our estimate of the condition of each specific event, we cannot assure you that we and the VIEs have been or will continue to be in full compliance with the licensing requirements for all the offline events we and the VIEs have held or will hold because the regulatory practices with respect to an offline event vary among different regions and the local authorities retain broad discretion in enforcing the license requirements. In addition, if relevant PRC government authorities determine that we or the VIEs are operating our offline events without proper licenses or permits or impose additional restrictions on the operation of any of our offline events, we and the VIEs might be subject to administration penalties, such as fines, confiscation of income, additional restrictions and force discontinuation of our offline events, which may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition. As of the date of this annual report, we and the VIEs have not been denied application for any permits or licenses required for our and the VIEs’ business operations and the offline events we and the VIEs have held. As of the date of this annual report, we and the VIEs have obtained requisite licenses in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations for offline events held, and we and the VIEs have not received any inquiry or investigation from any PRC government authority regarding non-compliance of the offline events. See ““—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our and the VIEs’ failure to obtain necessary permits for offline events may subject us and the VIEs to penalties and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.” However, the licensing requirements in China are constantly evolving, and we may be subject to more stringent regulatory requirements due to changes in the political or economic policies in the relevant jurisdictions. We cannot assure you that we or the VIEs will be able to satisfy such regulatory requirements, and as a result, we or the VIEs may be unable to retain, obtain or renew relevant licenses, permits or approvals in the future. If we or the VIEs fail to do so, we or the VIEs may be subject to administrative penalties or sanctions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we, our subsidiaries or the VIEs inadvertently conclude that other permissions and approvals, including those from the CAC or the CSRC, are not required or applicable laws, regulations or interpretations change and we, our subsidiaries or the VIEs are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, we, our subsidiaries’ and the VIEs’ operations in China may be subject to sanctions imposed by the relevant PRC regulatory authority, including fines and penalties, revocation of our subsidiaries’ and the VIEs’ licenses and suspension of their respective business, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, regulatory orders, litigation or adverse publicity, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
A.[Reserved]
B.Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
8
C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
D.Risk Factors
An investment in the ADSs involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information included or incorporated by reference in this annual report, before making an investment decision. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. The market or trading price of the ADSs could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. In addition, the risks discussed below also include forward-looking statements and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Please note that additional risks not presently known to us, that we currently deem immaterial or that we have not anticipated may also impair our business and operations.
3
Summary Risk Factors
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks related to:
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
Risks Related to Doing Business in China
●impact from PRC economic, political and social conditions, as well as changes in any government policies, laws and regulations; |
49
Risks Related to Our Ordinary SharesSecurities, including the ADSs
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
We rely on China’s automotive industry for our net revenues and future growth, the prospects of which are subject to many uncertainties, including government regulations and policies.
We rely on China’s automotive industry for our net revenues and future growth. We and the VIEs benefited greatly from the rapid growth of China’s automotive industry in the past. However, the prospects of China’s automotive industry are subject to many uncertainties, including those relating to general economic conditions in China, the urbanization rate of China’s population and the cost of automobiles. In addition, government policies may have a considerable impact on the growth of the automotive industry in China. For example, in an effort to alleviate traffic congestion and improve air quality, a number of cities in China have issued regulations to limit the number of new passenger car license plates issued each year starting from 2010. In September 2013, the PRC government released a plan for the prevention and remediation of air pollution, which requires large cities to further restrict the number of automobiles. Since 2010, the Beijing municipal government has issued the interim regulations, which were amended from time to time, to control the quantity of small passenger cars in the city. Pursuant to the latest Interim Provisions of Quantity Adjustment and Control for Small Passenger Cars in Beijing and the Implementing Rules of the Interim Provisions of Quantity Adjustment and Control for Small Passenger Cars in Beijing (Revised in 2020), both of which were came into force on January 1, 2021, the city imposes an annual quota on the issuance of new vehicle registration plates. The annual car license plate quota in 20222023 has been further reduced to 100,000, down from 150,000 in 2017. Some other cities in China, including Tianjin, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen, have also implemented certain interim provisions to control the quantity of small cars in the cities. Such regulatory developments, as well as other uncertainties, may adversely affect the growth prospects of China’s automotive industry, and in turn reduce consumer demand for automobiles. If automakers, auto dealers or automotive service providers reduce their marketing expenditures as a result, our and the VIEs’ business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
510
Our and the VIEs’ business operations have been and may continue to be materially and adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread throughout China and to other countries globally. We, the VIEs, as well as our and the VIEs’ suppliers and customers, have experienced significant business disruptions due to government-mandated quarantine measures and travel restrictions to contain the spread of the pandemic. Out of public health concerns, we and the VIEs cancelled all offline events such as auto shows and special promotion events previously scheduled in February and March 2020, and held very few offline events in April 2020. We and the VIEs continued to reduce the number of offline events in the first half of 2020, as the Chinese government issued guidelines to continue to curb indoor public gatherings. For example, on April 6, 2020, the State Council promulgated a notice pursuant to which the various shows and fairs shall be temporarily suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As the COVID-19 pandemic became largely under control in China, we and the VIEs saw a rapid pick-up of the number of auto shows we held in the second half of 2020. However, regional outbreak may occur from time to time, causing us and the VIEs to have no choice but cancel our auto shows and special promotion events. For example,In 2021 and early 2022, the various variants of COVID-19, including Omicron and Deltacron, were spreading in many cities in China, and the local governments took strict prevention and control measures to reduce gatherings and control the spread of the virus, and as a result, we and the VIEs cancelled 157 and 109 auto shows in 2021 and 2022, respectively, in response to such control measures, which negatively impacted our business, result of operations, financial condition and liquidity. As the PRC government has relaxed quarantine measures and travel restrictions and other restrictive measures as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic since late 2022, our and the VIEs’ operations experienced temporary disruption due to employee contraction of the virus and gradually resumed to normal, and we were forced to cancel 157and the VIEs have witnessed a decrease in auto show cancellation. As of the date of this annual report, we held 80 auto shows due to regional COVID-19 outbreak. In addition,so far in 2023. However, the spread of COVID-19 may continue to cause a general slowdown of the Chinese economy in 2020, 2021, 2022 and beyond, leading to a further slump in the demand for automobiles in China. Furthermore, as the business operations of our industry customers have also been severely disrupted, we continue to experience a delay in collecting our account receivables since the COVID-19 outbreak, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity. In response to the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we and the VIEs implemented measures to adjust the pace of our business expansion and conserve resources, such as furlough arrangements and scaling back our recruitment budget and employee size in 2020, 2021 and 2021.2022. As the COVID-19 pandemic has been largely contained, our and the VIEs’ daily operation has been mostly back to normal with necessary pandemic prevention measures in place. However, regional outbreak of COVID-19 may still subject our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows to uncertainties, and we and the VIEs may resort to other cost cutting measures if the outbreak of COVID-19 and its impact persist or escalate, which may result in labor disputes and have a material adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition. We and the VIEs are closely monitoring the development of the COVID-19 pandemic and continuously evaluate its impact on our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, the severity of which will depend on the duration of the pandemic and the government’s responsive measures.
Our and the VIEs’ business is substantially dependent on our and the VIEs’ collaboration with our industry customers, including automakers, auto dealers, and automotive service providers, and our and the VIEs’ agreements with them typically do not contain long-term contractual commitments.
Our and the VIEs’ business is substantially dependent on our collaboration with automakers, auto dealers and automotive service providers. We and the VIEs’ generally enter into cooperation agreements with them (1) on an ad-hoc basis for a particular auto show or special promotion event or (2) for a stipulated term of up to one year, and our and the VIEs’ agreements do not impose any contractual obligations requiring them to maintain their relationships with us or the VIEs beyond the completion of each such event we and the VIEs organize or beyond the contractual term. Accordingly, there is no guarantee for future cooperation after the event and there is no assurance that we and the VIEs can maintain stable and long-term business relationships with any such industry customers. If a significant number of our and the VIEs’ industry customers terminate or do not renew their agreements with us or the VIEs and we and the VIEs are not able to replace these business partners on commercially reasonable terms in a timely manner, or at all, our and the VIEs business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.
11
If we and the VIEs fail to attract and retain automobile consumers, our and the VIEs’ business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
In order to maintain and strengthen our and the VIEs’ leading market position and to attract industry customers, we and the VIEs must continue to attract and retain consumers to our and the VIEs’ auto shows and other offline events. We and the VIEs must also innovate and introduce services and applications that improve consumers’ purchase experience. In addition, we and the VIEs must maintain and enhance our and the VIEs’ brand recognition among automobile consumers. If we and the VIEs fail to enhance consumers’ ability to secure favorable purchase prices, offer a superior purchase experience or maintain and enhance our and the VIEs’ brand, we and the VIEs may not be able to attract and retain automobile consumers and thus fail to retain and attract our industry customers, from whom we and the VIEs derive our net revenues, and our and the VIEs’ brand and reputation may be materially and adversely affected.
If our and the VIEs’ consumer base decreases, our and the VIEs’ service offerings may be less attractive to our industry customers. As a result, our and the VIEs’ net revenues may decline, and our and the VIEs’ business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
We have a limited track record in operating in the NEV industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and growth prospects.
We announced our plan to expand into the NEV industry in January 2021, and we have a limited track record in operating in the NEV industry, and hence have limited experience in designing, developing, manufacturing, marketing and selling NEVs. We face a number of risks and challenges in China’s NEV industry, including but not limited to our ability to develop and produce safe, reliable and high quality NEVs, advance our technologies, expand our sales and service network, market and promote our products and services, improve our operational efficiency and attract, retain and motivate our employees, in particular, our R&D personnel. If we fail to address any or all of these risks and challenges, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
We may face intense competition in China’s NEV market, and demand for NEVs may be cyclical and volatile.
China’s NEV market is intensely competitive. We will compete with both local and international competitors, established companies and potential new entrants. If we successfully execute our plan to expand into the NEV market, we will directly compete with other NEV companies, which include electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (including extended-range electric vehicles) and fuel cell electric vehicles, and we may also face competition from new and well-funded entrants, which will increase the level of competition we face. In addition, volatility in the NEV industry may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. The sales volume of NEVs in China may not grow at the rate that we expect, or at all. Demand for NEVs could be volatile, depending to a large extent on general economic, political and social conditions in a given market and the introduction of new vehicles and technologies. We have fewer financial resources than more established automakers to withstand changes in the market and disruptions in demand. Demand for NEVs may also be affected by factors directly impacting automobile prices or the cost of purchasing and maintaining automobiles, such as sales and financing incentives, prices of raw materials and components, cost of oil and gasoline and governmental regulations, including tariffs, import regulation and sales taxes. These factors may have a more pronounced impact on our business given our relatively smaller scale and less financial resources as compared to many traditional automakers.
Our successful expansion into the NEV industry largely depends on our ability to develop, manufacture and deliver NEVs of high quality, safety, reliability and consumer appeal, on schedule and at a large scale.
Our successful expansion into the NEV industry largely depends on our ability to develop, manufacture, and deliver at a large scale NEVs of high quality, safety, reliability and appeal to consumers in a timely manner. This ability is subject to risks, including:
● | lack of necessary funding; |
● | delays or disruptions in our supply chain and production, including in our procurement of raw materials and components such as chips and battery cells; |
● | delays in the research and development of technologies necessary for our vehicles; |
612
● | deficiencies in quality control; |
● | compliance with environmental and workplace safety related laws and regulations; |
● | cost overruns; and |
● | loss of skilled and talented employees. |
Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our ability to successfully expand into the NEV industry, which would in turn affect our growth prospects.
We and the VIEs have incurred net losses in the past and may incur losses again in the future.
We and the VIEs commenced our business operations in 2010, and only began to generate significant net revenues in 2012 from our group-purchase facilitation business. Our net revenues were, RMB644.8 million, RMB330.2 million, and RMB357.6 million, RMB183.2 million (US$56.126.6 million) in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, respectively. We and the VIEs may fail to recapture a sustainable growth rate, which may continue to decrease in the future, especially considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We experienced net loss attributable to our shareholders of RMB250.6 million, RMB163.0 million, and RMB101.9 million and RMB158.1 million (US$16.022.9 million) in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, respectively. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.”Information” in this annual report.
Our and the VIEs’ ability to achieve profitability and positive cash flow will depend in large part on our and the VIEs’ ability to execute our and the VIEs’ growth strategies and appropriately control our and the VIEs’ costs and expenses. We and the VIEs may continue to incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including the other risks described in this annual report. We and the VIEs may also further encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown events. If we and the VIEs fail to increase our net revenues at the rate we and the VIEs anticipate or if our and the VIEs’ expenses increase at a faster rate than the increase in our and the VIEs’ net revenues, we and the VIEs may not be able to achieve profitability.
We and the VIEs may also continue to incur net losses in the future due to various factors beyond our and the VIEs’ control, such as changes in the macroeconomic and regulatory environment, as well as competitive dynamics. Our and the VIEs’ inability to respond to these changes in a timely and effective manner may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition.
We and the VIEs may face liquidity risks in the operation and expansion of our and the VIEs’ business.
We and the VIEs face liquidity risks in the operation of our and the VIEs’ businesses. Under our and the VIEs’ auto show business, we and the VIEs in some cases permit our industry customers to pay us and the VIEs after they attend the offline events we and the VIEs organize. We and the VIEs also in some cases pay service and venue providers in advance. As we and the VIEs undertake to expand our industry customer base to include more automakers, we and the VIEs may offer extended payment periods. If our and the VIEs industry customers fail to pay us and the VIEs within the pre-agreed payment periods, or if we and the VIEs are unable to collect the proceeds from secondary dealers before or shortly after we and the VIEs pay automakers or franchised dealerships, we and the VIEs may have outlay capital, which might impose a strain on our and the VIEs’ working capital. Further, while we and the VIEs continue to explore opportunities to grow our and the VIEs’ business, we and the VIEs have not yet achieved a business scale that is able to generate a sufficient level of revenues to achieve net profit and positive cash flows from operating activities, and we expect the operating losses and negative cash flows from operations will continue for the foreseeable future. While we believe we have sufficient cash for the next twelve months from the date of this annual report, if we are unable to grow the business to achieve economies of scale in the future, it will become even more difficult for us to sustain a sufficient source of cash to cover our operating costs. The liquidity risks could materially and adversely affect our business, results of our and the VIEs’ operations, and financial condition.
713
We have entered into collaboration, and may establish or seek collaborations, strategic alliances or equity investment in connection with our expansion into the NEV industry in the future, and we may not timely realize the benefits of such arrangements.
We may from time to time establish or seek collaborations, strategic alliances or equity investment in connection with our expansion into the NEV industry. As of the date of this annual report, we have collaborated with NEV technology solution providers and manufacturers in China, including YangMing, S-TECH and IAT. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners, and the negotiation process for collaboration, alliances or licensing arrangements can be complex and time-consuming. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic partnership or other alternative arrangements for research, development and commercialization of our NEVs. Any of these relationships may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges, increase our near and long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing shareholders, or disrupt our management and business. Furthermore, such collaborations are subject to numerous risks, which may include the following:
● | such collaboration may fail to integrate into our current product and service offerings; |
● | collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to a collaboration project; |
● | collaborators may not pursue the research, development and commercialization of our NEVs or may elect not to continue or renew our collaboration due to availability of funding or other external factors, such as a business combination that diverts resources or creates competing priorities; |
● | collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, NEVs that compete directly or indirectly with our NEV products or product candidates; |
● | disputes may arise between us and collaborators that cause delays in or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our NEVs, or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management’s attention and resources; and/or |
● | collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further research, development or commercialization initiatives. |
As a result, we may not be able to realize the benefit of current or future collaborations, strategic alliances or equity investment in connection with our expansion into the NEV industry if we are unable to successfully launch our NEV products or achieve the revenue or specific net income that justifies such arrangement. If we fail to enter into collaborations or do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary research, development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our NEV products or bring them to market and generate expected revenue, which would harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
14
Historically our and the VIEs’ business focuses have evolved and may continue to change in the future, which may make it difficult to evaluate our and the VIEs’ business by comparing our results of operations from period to period, or to predict the profitability of certain of our and the VIEs’ business lines due to their limited operating history.
We and the VIEs have expanded and adjusted our business focuses multiple times in the past in order to compete in the evolving automotive industry in China. We and the VIEs commenced our automobile group-purchase business in 2010, and began our auto show business in the fourth quarter of 2016. In 2017, we and the VIEs expanded our auto shows to tier-3 and below cities. We and the VEs began the operation of our virtual dealership business in the second quarter of 2018, and we and the VIEs ceased operation of, and did not generate any revenue from, virtual dealership business in 2021. In January 2020, we completed the acquisition of Longye, a leading developer and implementer of social CRM cloud systems for China’s automotive industry. Going forward, we and the VIEs may establish new business lines or discontinue existing ones as our and the VIEs’ business further develops and new business opportunities arise in the automotive industry. On January 21, 2022, we announced our preliminary plan to expand into and develop the new electric vehicle business. As a result, it is difficult to make period-over-period comparisons of our results of operations, liquidity position or financial conditions. In addition, it may be difficult to predict the profitability of our and the VIEs’ certain business lines, especially special promotion events and online marketing services, due to their limited operating history. We cannot assure you that our and the VIEs’ business will continue to grow as a result of our and the VIEs’ expanded and adjusted business focuses, or that our and the VIEs’ attempts to expand or adjust our and the VIEs’ business focus will be successful.
Our share incentive plans and grant of equity-based awards in the future may dilute our existing shareholders and cause us to incur substantial share-based compensation expenses.
In June 2018, our directors approved the 2018 Share Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), pursuant to which up to 38,723,321 ordinary shares may be granted to our employees, directors and consultants. As of the date of this annual report, 6,848,252 ordinary shares remain available for grants under the Plan. In March 2023, our directors approved the 2023 Share Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”), pursuant to which 169,172,564 ordinary shares have been reserved for future issuance to our employees, directors and consultants, representing 43.0% of our total issued and outstanding ordinary shares as of December 31, 2022, and the 2023 Plan will significantly dilute our existing shareholders. We may adopt new share incentive plans to permit the grants of additional equity-based awards, especially in light of our recent endeavor to explore the NEV industry. We believe the grants of equity-based awards are important to our ability to attract, retain and motivate our employees. Any future grants of equity-based awards may dilute our existing shareholders and cause the value in their investment to decline. Additionally, we may incur substantial share-based compensation expenses in connection with such grants, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We and the VIEs may not be able to successfully operate and expand social CRM cloud services, which could materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition.
In January 2020, we completed the acquisition of Longye, a leading developer and implementer of social customer relationship management (social CRM) cloud systems for China’s automotive industry. Longye’s principal software as a service (SaaS) product, Cheshangtong, provides China’s auto dealers with social CRM cloud services based on a system that facilitates the effective flow of information between auto dealers and customers. We and the VIEs may fail to successfully integrate Longye into our and the VIEs’ business operations due to our limited operating experience and other reasons beyond our and the VIEs’ control. We cannot assure you that Cheshangtong will continue to enjoy its popularity among auto dealers. Should any resulting disputes arise or should we and the VIEs fail to integrate Longye into our and the VIEs’ business operations, our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
815
Our and the VIEs’ business is subject to risks related to the overall automotive industry ecosystem, including consumer demand, consumption habits, global supply chain challenges and other macroeconomic issues.
Decreasing consumer demand could adversely affect the market for automobile purchases and, as a result, adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business. Consumer purchases of new and used automobiles generally decline during recessionary periods and other periods in which disposable income is adversely affected. Purchases of new and used automobiles are typically discretionary for consumers and have been, and may continue to be, affected by negative trends in the economy, including the rising cost of energy and gasoline, the limited availability and increasing cost of credit, reductions in business and consumer confidence, stock market volatility, and increased unemployment. Further, in recent years the automotive market has experienced rapid changes in technology and consumer demands. Self-driving technology, ride sharing, transportation networks, and other fundamental changes in transportation could impact consumer demand for the purchase of automobiles. A reduction in the number of automobiles purchased by consumers could adversely affect automakers and auto dealers and lead to a reduction in their spending on our and the VIEs’ services. In addition, our and the VIEs’ business may be negatively affected by challenges to the overall automotive industry ecosystem, including global supply chain challenges and other macroeconomic issues such as uncertainty with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs between China and the United States due to the recent trade tension. Specifically, following the disruptions to semiconductor manufacturers due to the COVID-19 pandemic and an increase in global demand for personal computers for work-from-home economies, there is an ongoing global chip shortage, which would materially and adversely affect the automotive industry, and demand from our and the VIEs’ industry customers for our and the VIEs’ automobile marketing and distribution services may thus decline, which may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition. The global chip shortage may also make it difficult for us and the VIEs to procure sufficient chip supply if and when we launch our electric vehicle manufacturing business. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition.
If we and the VIEs fail to help facilitate the marketing and sales of our industry customers due to factors beyond our and the VIEs’ control, our and the VIEs’ operational and financial results might suffer.
Our and the VIEs’ industry customers are attracted to our and the VIEs’ offline events due to their marketing needs and the prospects of selling a large number of automobiles to individual consumers through the events. The marketing results and the sales volume at our and the VIEs’ offline events might fail to meet the expectation of our and the VIEs’ industry customers due to factors beyond our and the VIEs’ control, including among others, changes in the regulatory environment, a downturn or unfavorable development in the automotive industry, overall economic downturn and the resulting decrease in purchasing power and willingness of consumers, and contingencies that occur on event dates such as inclement weather or sudden public security measures which affect our and the VIEs’ ability to host the events effectively, or at all. Other factors that affect consumer attendance at our and the VIEs’ offline events may also affect sales volume, such as conflicts with other local events, road traffic control, outbreak of contagious disease or the potential for infection, or acts of nature, such as earthquakes, storms, and typhoons. If we and the VIEs fail to help facilitate the marketing and sales of our and the VIEs’ industry customers, they might be less inclined to participate in our and the VIEs’ future events, which directly affects our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We and the VIEs may incur additional costs and decrease the number of auto shows due to severe weather conditions, which could negatively impact our gross profit margin and overall results of operations.
We and the VIEs host most of ourthe auto shows outdoors. The table below sets forth the number of outdoor auto shows during the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the three months ended | ||||||||||||||
|
| March 31, 2020 |
| June 30, 2020 |
| September 30, 2020 |
| December 31, 2020 |
| March 31, 2021 |
| June 30, 2021 |
| September 30, 2021 |
| December 31, 2021 |
Number of outdoor auto shows | | — | | 46 | | 103 | | 137 | | 71 | | 131 | | 40 | | 74 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the three months ended | ||||||||||||||
|
| March 31, 2021 |
| June 30, 2021 |
| September 30, 2021 |
| December 31, 2021 |
| March 31, 2022 |
| June 30, 2022 |
| September 30, 2022 |
| December 31, 2022 |
Number of outdoor auto shows | | 71 | | 131 | | 40 | | 74 | | 17 | | 28 | | 28 | | 23 |
916
In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, severe weather conditions may also cause unplanned cancellation of our and the VIEs’ outdoor auto shows and lower the level of industry customer attendance at the affected auto shows, resulting in a decrease in our net revenues. For example, in 2020, we and the VIEs cancelled two auto shows due to weather conditions. In addition, to ensure the smooth operation of these outdoor auto shows and minimize the impact of potential severe weather conditions on these outdoor auto shows, we and the VIEs may seek to manage such contingencies by securing backup indoor venues or setting up temporary facilities for these auto shows. These contingency management plans could lead to our and the VIEs’ outlay of additional financial resources, which could negatively impact our gross profit margin and overall results of operations.
Our and the VIEs’ failure to obtain necessary permits for our offline events may subject us and the VIEs to penalties and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Under PRC laws and regulations, we and the VIEs may be required to obtain certain permits each time before we and the VIEs hold an offline event, including a security permit to organize large-scale mass activities and a permit for temporary occupation of urban roads, depending on the estimated number of participants and the need to temporarily occupy public roads. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Security Administration of Large-scale Mass Activities and Temporary Urban Road Occupation.”Occupation” in this annual report. Although we and the VIEs have endeavored and will continue to endeavor to obtain all necessary permits according to our and the VIEs’ estimate of the condition of each specific event, we cannot assure you that we and the VIEs have been or will continue to be in full compliance with the licensing requirements for all the offline events we and the VIEs have held or will hold because the regulatory practices with respect to an offline event vary among different regions and the local authorities retain broad discretion in enforcing the licensing requirements. In addition, the licensing requirements in China are constantly evolving, and we and the VIEs may be subject to more stringent regulatory requirements due to political or economic changes in the future. We cannot assure you that we and the VIEs will be able to satisfy such regulatory requirements and as a result we and the VIEs may be unable to obtain the necessary permits for each of our offline events in a timely manner in the future. TuanChe Internet is renewing the commercial performance permit, which expired on November 10, 2022. We and the VIEs would not engage in activities that would be potentially deemed as public live artistic performance until a successful renewal of such certificate is obtained, and we do not expect such renewal process would adversely affect our and the VIEs’ current business operations. If relevant PRC government authorities determine that we and the VIEs are operating our offline events without proper licenses or permits or impose additional restrictions on the operation of any of ourthe offline events, we and the VIEs might be subject to administrative penalties, such as fines, confiscation of income, additional restrictions and forced discontinuation of ourthe offline events, which may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition. As of the date of this annual report, except as disclosed above, we and the VIEs have obtained requisite licenses in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations for offline events held, and we and the VIEs have not received any inquiry or investigation from any PRC government authority regarding non-compliance of the offline events.
Relevant government authorities may suspend our and the VIEs’ offline events due to various reasons beyond our and the VIEs’ control.
Even if we and the VIEs have obtained all prerequisite permits, government authorities may unexpectedly suspend our and the VIEs’ scheduled offline events due to a variety of reasons beyond our and the VIEs’ control. For example, two weeks prior to an auto show in April 2018 in Beijing National Stadium, the local public security authority abruptly demanded that wethe VIEs suspend ourthe auto show for one morning, even though wethe VIEs had already obtained the required approvals. Under such circumstances, we and the VIEs usually negotiate with our industry customers to reschedule the auto show. In addition, the local police security authorities may prevent consumers from entering our and the VIEs’ auto shows and impose administrative penalties on us and the VIEs if the visitor flow exceeds the prescribed limit. Such abrupt suspensions, re-scheduling and restrictions might adversely affect the sales volumes of our and the VIEs’ industry customers, which in turn could discourage them from participating in our and the VIEs’ future events and materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition. As of the date of this annual report, we and the VIEs have obtained requisite licenses in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations for offline events held, and we and the VIEs have not received any inquiry or investigation from any PRC government authority regarding non-compliance of the offline events.
17
Successful strategic relationships with third-party cooperative partners are important for our and the VIEs’ future success.
We and the VIEs have established strategic relationships with third-party business partners from a variety of industries. For example, we and the VIEs have established strategic business relationships with insurance companies that offer automotive insurance products during our and the VIEs’ offline events, which we believe will enhance consumers’ end-to-end shopping experience. We and the VIEs have also entered into strategic partnerships with Tmall Auto, the automotive arm of Alibaba Group’s Tmall, through which we expect to further explore additional growth opportunities along China’s automotive transaction value chain, and Beijing Easyhome Furnishing Chain Group Co., Ltd., or Easyhome, a company that operates one of the largest home improvement supplies and furniture chains in China, through which we expect to jointly establish an innovative one-stop retail experience that combines home decoration products and automotive services to serve a broader range of consumers in China. Also, we and the VIEs operate some of our and the VIEs’ auto shows in cooperation with one of the leading e-commerce platforms in China, which we believe will increase the influence of our and the VIEs’ auto shows. We anticipate that we will continue to leverage our strategic relationships with existing third-party business partners and potentially establish new relationships with more partners in order to grow our and the VIEs’ business, especially the NEV business. However, we and the VIEs’ may have disagreements or disputes with such third-party business partners, or our and the VIEs’ interests may not be aligned with theirs, which could cause disruptions to or terminations of such business collaboration and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ reputation, results of operations, and financial condition.
10
We and the VIEs face various forms of competition, and if we and the VIEs fail to compete effectively, we and the VIEs may lose market shares and our and the VIEs’ business, prospects, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
We and the VIEs compete with alternative auto show organizers and other marketing service providers. As we and the VIEs expand our business operations and service offerings, we expect to encounter more competitors from more industries and markets as well as different forms of competition. Some of these competitors or potential competitors may have longer operating histories and may have better resources than us and the VIEs in terms of funding, management, technology and sales and marketing. Our and the VIEs’ competitors may be acquired and consolidated by owners who are able to further invest significant resources into our and the VIEs’ operating field. If we and the VIEs are unable to compete effectively and at a reasonable cost against our and the VIEs’ existing and future competitors, our and the VIEs’ business, prospects, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
If we and the VIEs are unable to manage ourbusiness growth or execute ourgrowth strategies effectively, our and the VIEs’ business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
We and the VIEs have historically experienced rapid growth in our and the VIEs’ auto shows and other offline events nationwide. Our net revenues increased significantly from RMB280.7 million in 2017 to RMB651.0 million in 2018, and remained stable at RMB644.8 million in 2019. Our net revenue decreased to RMB330.2 million in 2020. We were not able to sustain this level of growth in 2020 due to the impact of COVID-19 that led to cancellation of most of our and the VIEs’ auto shows and offline events. Our revenue increased to RMB357.6 million (US$56.1 million) in 2021, primarily due to our continuous and expanded collaboration with a commercial bank for our referral services. Our net revenues then decreased by 48.8% from RMB357.6 million in 2021 to RMB183.2 million (US$26.6 million) in 2022, primarily due to a reduced number of offline activities as a result of tightened government restrictions in response to regional COVID-19 outbreak. We may not be able to sustain this level ofachieve business and revenue growth in the future due to a number of factors, including, among others, our and the VIEs’ ability to retain and expand our industry customer base, maintain customer satisfaction, compete effectively within the automotive industry, integrate, develop, motivate and manage an increasing number of employees, control our expenses and acquire the resources for our future growth as well as macroeconomic factors that are beyond our and the VIEs’ control, such as the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global chip shortage. If our and the VIEs’ operational capabilities fall behind, the quality of our and the VIEs’ services and efficiency of our operations could suffer, which could harm our and the VIEs’ brand, results of operations and our overall business.
In addition, our and the VIEs’ anticipated development and expansion plans will place a significant strain on our and the VIEs’ management, systems and resources. Our development and expansion strategies of new electric vehicle business will require substantial managerial efforts and skills and incurrence of additional expenditures and may subject us to new or increased risks. Moreover, our and the VIEs’ expansion strategies may incur higher costs than the net revenues generated. Our and the VIEs’ failure to efficiently or effectively implement our growth strategies or manage the growth of our and the VIEs’ operations may limit our and the VIEs’ future growth and hamper our and the VIEs’ business strategies.
18
The consolidated financial statements includedincorporated by reference herein contain disclosures related to our ability to continue as a going concern.
The consolidated financial statements included in this annual report have beenwere prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that we will continue to operate in the future in the normal course of business. We have incurred recurring operating losses since our inception, including net losses of RMB251.3 million, RMB163.5 million, and RMB101.9 million and RMB158.1 million (US$16.022.9 million) in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, respectively. Net cash used in operating activities was RMB161.8 million, RMB88.9 million, and RMB92.3 million and RMB109.7 million (US$14.515.9 million) in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, respectively. Accumulated deficit was RMB983.6 million and RMB1,141.8 million (US$154.4165.5 million) as of December 31, 2021.2021 and 2022. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of RMB63.5 million (US$10.0 million). The COVID-19 pandemic, especially the resulting high cancelation rate of scheduled offline auto shows, negatively impacted our business operations in 2020 and 2021 and has continued to impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.RMB69.9 million (US$10.1 million), respectively. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our management’s ability to successfully execute the business plan of reducing fixed labor cost pursuing cooperation opportunities in the electric vehicle industry,and pursuing potential financing to improve our cash flow from operating and financing activities, and effectively responding to the future development of the COVID-19 pandemic.activities. Based on cash flow projections from operating and financing activities and our current balance of cash and cash equivalents, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations, our management believes that our current cash and cash equivalents time deposits and anticipated cash flow from operations upon successful execution of our business plans will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs from operations and other commitments for at least the next 12 months from the date of this annual report. However, there is no assurance that the plans will be successfully implemented. Failure to successfully implement the plan will have a material adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial position, and may materially and adversely affect our ability to continue as a going concern.
11
Our independent registered public accounting firm has included an explanatory paragraph expressing substantial doubt relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in its report on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021.2022. The inclusion of a going concern explanatory paragraph may negatively impact the trading price of the ADSs, have an adverse impact on our and the VIEs’ relationship with third parties with whom we and the VIEs do business, including our and the VIEs’ customers, vendors and employees, and could make it challenging and difficult for us and the VIEs to raise additional debt or equity financing to the extent needed, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
For additional information on the above-referenced accounting standards and matters affecting our ability to continue as a going concern, see Note 12 of the financial statements included in this report and the discussion included in “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Our and the VIEs’ business depends heavily on our and the VIEs’ reputation and consumer perception of our and the VIEs’ brand, and any negative publicity or other harm to our and the VIEs’ brand or failure to maintain and enhance our and the VIEs’ brand recognition may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ financial condition and results of operations.
We believe that our and the VIEs’ reputation and consumer perception of our brand “TuanChe” are critical to our financial condition and results of operations. Maintaining and enhancing our and the VIEs’ reputation and brand recognition depends primarily on the quality and consistency of our and the VIEs’ services, as well as the success of our and the VIEs’ marketing and promotional efforts. While we and the VIEs have devoted significant resources to brand promotion efforts in recent years, our and the VIEs’ ongoing marketing efforts may not be successful in further promoting our and the VIEs’ brand. In addition, there may be from time to time negative publicity about us and the VIEs, our company, ourand the VIEs’ business, our management or our services. For example, if auto dealers breach their contracts with automobile consumers concluded during the auto show and raise the purchase price, we and the VIEs may be found at fault by consumers and our and the VIEs’ reputation may be materially and adversely affected. We and the VIEs may be subject to litigation as well as government or regulatory investigation as a result of such negative publicity, which might require us and the VIEs to spend significant time and resources to resolve.
19
Our and the VIEs’ failure to satisfactorily handle complaints from industry customers and consumers could also harm our and the VIEs’ reputation and discourage them from attending our and the VIEs’ future offline events. For example, they may complain about the cancellation or rescheduling of our and the VIEs’ auto shows. While we and the VIEs have been improving and will continue to improve our and the VIEs’ customer service capabilities, we cannot assure you that our and the VIEs’ employees will satisfactorily resolve all complaints from industry customers or consumers. If we and the VIEs fail to resolve a particular complaint from industry customers or consumers, whether or not such resolutions are within our and the VIEs’ control, our and the VIEs’ perceived reputation and the confidence these industry customers and consumers place in us and the VIEs may diminish, which could materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Acquisitions, strategic alliances and investments could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt our and the VIEs’ business and lower our and the VIEs’ results of operations and the value of your investment.
As part of our business strategy, we regularly evaluate investments in, or acquisitions of, complementary businesses, joint ventures, services and technologies. For example, in January 2020, we completed the acquisition of Longye, a leading system developer and implementer of social CRM systems. We expect that periodically we will continue to make such investments and acquisitions and establish such strategic collaboration relationships in the future. Acquisitions, strategic alliances and investments involve numerous risks, including:
● | the potential failure to achieve the expected benefits and synergies of the combination or acquisition; |
● | difficulties in, and the cost of, integrating operations, technologies, services and personnel; |
● | lack of knowledge and experience in the new business; |
● | inability to obtain funding for the investments; |
● | potential write-offs of acquired assets or investments; and |
● | downward effect on |
12
In addition, if we finance acquisitions by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, such arrangements may dilute our existing shareholders, may be diluted, which could affect the market price of the ADSs. Further, if we fail to properly evaluate and execute acquisitions or investments, our business and prospects may be seriously harmed and the value of your investment may decline.
Furthermore, we may fail to identify or secure suitable acquisition and business partnership opportunities or our and the VIEs’ competitors may capitalize on such opportunities before we do, which could impair our and the VIEs’ ability to compete with our and the VIEs’ competitors and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ growth prospects and results of operations.
Any financial or economic crisis, or perceived threat of such a crisis, including a significant decrease in consumer confidence, may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any actual or perceived threat of a financial crisis in China, in particular a credit and banking crisis, could have an indirect, but material and adverse, impact on our and the VIEs’ business and results of operations. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China.
20
Furthermore, any slowdown in China’s economic development might lead to tighter credit markets, increased market volatility, sudden declines in business and consumer confidence and dramatic changes in business and consumer behaviors. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a general slowdown of the Chinese economy in 2020, and in response to the uncertainty in economic conditions, consumers might delay, reduce or cancel purchases of automobiles, which to some extent are considered as luxury items by many people in China, and as a result, our and the VIEs’ industry customers may also defer, reduce or cancel purchasing our and the VIEs’ services. In addition, although the government-mandated quarantine measures against the COVID-19 pandemic have largely been lifted in China, normal economic activities in China, including production, transportation and sales of automobiles, may be disrupted if there is any regional outbreak of COVID-19. The continued spread of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the world has also materially and adversely affectaffected the supply chain of China’s automobile industry, as well as the business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity of major market players in this industry, including automakers and auto dealers, from whom we generate a substantial portion of our net revenues. To the extent any fluctuations in the Chinese economy significantly affect the demand from automakers or auto dealers for our and the VIEs’ services or change the spending habits of automobile consumers, our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. See “—Our and the VIEs’ business operations have been and may continue to be materially and adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.”
In addition, the economic downturn may reduce the number of automakers and auto dealers in China resulting in the decrease of the demand for our and the VIEs’ services. Since the early 1990s, many non-automotive enterprises joined China’s automotive industry and began to offer new lines of automobiles. An increasing number of foreign brands gradually entered the PRC market primarily by forming joint ventures with Chinese brands. Growing automobile production capacity and production volume have significantly increased the number of auto dealers. By contrast, negative economic trends could lead to market consolidation of automakers and auto dealers, which in effect will reduce our and the VIEs’ customer base and, in turn, reduce the demand for our and the VIEs’ services. As a result, our ability to generate net revenues, as well as our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition, will be materially and adversely affected.
We and the VIEs may not be able to successfully expand our and the VIEs’ operations into certain additional geographical markets in China.
We and the VIEs organized auto shows in 172, 142 and 76 cities across China in 2020, 2021 and 2022, and we had sales representatives located in 126, 119 and 83 cities as of December 31, 2021.2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. We and the VIEs plan to expand our and the VIEs’ operations to more cities and counties in China. Geographic expansion is particularly important for us and the VIEs to acquire more industry customers, whose operations are usually localized and spread out in the regions they serve. Nonetheless, expansion into new geographical markets imposes additional burdens on our and the VIEs’ sales, marketing and general managerial resources. As China is a large and diverse market, business practices and demands may vary significantly by region and our and the VIEs’ experience in the markets in which we and the VIEs currently operate may not be applicable in other parts of China. As a result, we and the VIEs may not be able to leverage our and the VIEs’ experience when entering into new markets in China. If we and the VIEs are unable to manage our expansion efforts effectively, if oursuch expansion efforts take longer than planned or if our costs for these efforts exceed our expectations, our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
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We and the VIEs may be subject to administrative penalties if we and the VIEs fail to register our and the VIEs’ premises as branches.
Under the PRC laws and regulations, a company is required to register a branch, whether in the form of a branch office or a subsidiary under the PRC laws, at each of the premises where it conducts business outside its registered domicile. As of the date of this annual report, we and the VIEs have registered certain regional offices, including those in Shenzhen, Chongqing, Xiangtan, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Xi’an, Harbin, Hefei and Hefei,Shijiazhuang, as our and the VIEs’ branches, and we and the VIEs’ have not yet received any inquiry or investigation from any PRC government authority regarding the absence of any registration. However, we cannot assure you that we and the VIEs will set up all necessary branches in a timely manner due to complex procedural requirements and the relocation of branch offices from time to time, if the PRC regulatory authorities determine that we and the VIEs have failed to complete registration in a timely manner as required by the applicable laws and regulations, we and the VIEs may be subject to penalties, including fines, confiscation of income and suspension of operation, which may adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition.
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Our and the VIEs’ cooperation with a commercial bank might be deemed as operating financing guarantee business in violation of relevant financing guarantee regulations in China.
In October 2019, we and the VIEs commenced our and the VIEs’ referral services in collaboration with a commercial bank, where we and the VIEs facilitate the bank in expanding its cooperation with our and the VIEs’ industry customers to grow its auto loan business. With respect to oursuch cooperation with the commercial bank, we and the VIEs are required to compensate the bank for the outstanding principal loan amount and interest of such auto loan upon the occurrence of certain events of default by the referred customers. The specified events of default by referred customers, include the failure to timely complete the vehicle mortgage registration within a certain period of time or the repayment of the first three installment of loan becoming overdue for more than thirty days. Therefore, such cooperation might be deemed as operating financing guarantee business without proper qualification under the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies or the Financing(the “Financing Guarantee Regulations,Regulations”), which were promulgated by State Council on August 2, 2017 and became effective on October 1, 2017, and the Supplementary Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies or the Financing(the “Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions,Provisions”), which were promulgated by the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission or the CBIRC,(the “CBIRC”), and other eight PRC regulatory agencies and became effective on October 9, 2019.
Pursuant to the Financing Guarantee Regulations, “financing guarantee” refers to the activities in which guarantors provide guarantee to the guaranteed parties as to the debt financing (including but not limited to the extension of loans or issuance of bonds), and “financing guarantee companies” refer to companies legally established and operating financing guarantee business. According to the Financing Guarantee Regulations, the establishment of financing guarantee companies shall be subject to the approval by the competent government authorities, and, unless otherwise stipulated by the state, no entity may operate financing guarantee business without such approval. If any entity violates these regulations and operates financing guarantee business without approval, the entity may be subject to various penalties, including but not limited to suspension of operation, confiscation of illegal gains, fines of up to RMB1,000,000 and criminal liabilities if such operation constitutes a crime.
In addition to the Financing Guarantee Regulations, the Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions further clarifies that institutions providing services such as client recommendation and credit assessment to various institutional funding partners shall not render any financing guarantee services, directly or in disguised form, without the necessary approval. Otherwise, the penalties set forth in the Financing Guarantee Regulations may be imposed by the regulatory authorities, and the existing business shall be properly settled. In case an institution intends to continue the financing guarantee business, certain financing guarantee companies shall be established in accordance with the Financing Guarantee Regulations.
We and the VIEs have ceased to operate the referral services since April 2022. As of the date of this annual report, we and the VIEs have not been subject to any fine or other penalties with regard to our cooperation with the commercial bank. However, due to a lack of further interpretations, the exact definition and scope of “operating financing guarantee business” under the Financing Guarantee Regulations or “providing financing guarantee services in disguised form” under the Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions remain unclear. It is uncertain whether we and the VIEs would be deemed to have operated financing guarantee business or provided financing guarantee services in disguised form because of our and the VIEs’ arrangements with the commercial bank.
Nevertheless, we and the VIEs have been taking necessary measures to fully comply with the foregoing laws and regulations on financing guarantee business. However, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to penalties for our past operation of such business. To the extent any of the foregoing were to occur, our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
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Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting have been identified, and if we fail to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Capital Market. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Commencing with our fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our Form 20-F filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
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Our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2021,2022, our existing disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting were ineffective, due to a material weakness. In accordance with U.S. GAAP and financial reporting requirements set forth by the SEC, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness relates to lack of sufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel, especially those with U.S. GAAP knowledge.
To remedy the material weakness, we have begun to, and will continue to (1) hire additional finance and accounting staff with qualifications and work experiences in U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements to formalize and strengthen the key internal control over financial reporting, (2) allocate sufficient resources to prepare and review consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, and (3) hire qualified consultant to assess Sarbanes-Oxley Act compliance readiness, to assess where we can improve our overall internal control over financial reporting function, and to assist us in implementing improvements where necessary.
Once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In the future, our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting remains ineffective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.
Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. In light of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.
During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of the ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.
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Our and the VIEs’ failure or alleged failure to comply with China’s anti-corruption laws or the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could result in penalties, which could harm our and the VIEs’ reputation and have an adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We and the VIEs are subject to PRC laws and regulations related to anti-corruption, which prohibit bribery to government agencies, state or government owned or controlled enterprises or entities, to government officials or officials that work for state or government owned enterprises or entities, as well as bribery to non-government entities or individuals. We are also subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or the FCPA,(the “FCPA”), which generally prohibits companies and any individuals or entities acting on their behalf from offering or making improper payments or providing benefits to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business, along with various other anti-corruption laws. Our and the VIEs’ existing policies prohibit any such conduct and we and the VIEs are in the process of implementing additional policies and procedures, and providing training, to ensure that we, the VIEs and our and the VIEs’ employees and other third parties comply with PRC anti-corruption laws and regulations, the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws to which we and the VIEs are subject. There is, however, no assurance that such policies or procedures will work effectively all the time or protect us and the VIEs against liability under the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws. There is no assurance that our and the VIEs’ employees and other third parties would always comply with our and the VIEs’ policies and procedures. Further, there is uncertainty in connection with the implementation of PRC anti-corruption laws. We and the VIEs could be held liable for actions taken by our and the VIEs’ employees and other third parties with respect to our and the VIEs’ business or any businesses that we and the VIEs may acquire. As of the date of this annual report, significantly all our and the VIEs’ operations are in the PRC. If we or the VIEs are found not to be in compliance with PRC anti-corruption laws, the FCPA and other applicable anti-corruption laws, we and the VIEs may be subject to criminal, administrative, and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could have an adverse impact on our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition. Any investigation of any potential violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws by U.S. or foreign authorities, including Chinese authorities, could adversely impact our and the VIEs’ reputation, cause us and the VIEs to lose customer relationships, subject us and the VIEs to administrative penalties or sanctions, and lead to other adverse impacts on our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition.
If we and the VIEs lose the services of any of our and the VIEs’ key executive officers, senior management, or other key employees, or are unable to retain, recruit and hire sufficiently qualified staff, our and the VIEs’ ability to effectively manage and execute our and the VIEs’ operations and meet our and the VIEs’ strategic objectives could be harmed.
Our and the VIEs’ future success depends on the continued service of our and the VIEs’ key executive officers, senior management, and other key employees. We and the VIEs benefit from the leadership of a strong management team with proven vision, rich professional work experience and extensive knowledge of China’s automotive industry. We and the VIEs also rely on a number of key staff for the development and operation of our and the VIEs’ business. In addition, we and the VIEs will need to continue attracting and retaining skilled and experienced staff for our and the VIEs’ businesses to maintain our competitiveness.
If one or more of our and the VIEs’ key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we and the VIEs may not be able to replace them easily or at all and may incur additional expenses to recruit and train new personnel. In addition, if any of our and the VIEs’ executive officers, senior management, or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we and the VIEs may be disadvantaged in the competition and risk losing our and the VIEs’ know-how, trade secrets, suppliers and customers. Substantially all of our and the VIEs’ employees, including each of our and the VIEs’ executive officers, senior management, and key employees, have entered into employment agreements with us and the VIEs, respectively, which contain customary non-compete provisions. Although non-compete provisions are generally enforceable under PRC laws, PRC legal practice regarding the enforceability of such provisions is not as well-developed as in countries such as the United States. Therefore, if we and the VIEs lose the services of any of our and the VIEs’ key executive officers, senior management, or other key employees, or are unable to retain, recruit and hire experienced staff, our and the VIEs’ ability to effectively manage and execute our and the VIEs’ operations and meet our and the VIEs’ strategic objectives could be harmed.
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We and the VIEs rely upon certain online advertising service providers, and any significant change in our and the VIEs’ relationship with these suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition if we and the VIEs cannot find suitable replacements.
Historically we and the VIEs relied upon certain online advertising service providers to advertise our and the VIEs’ service offerings. Our and the VIEs’ two largest online advertising service providers accounted for approximately 47.4%, 62.2% and 62.2%38.9% of our total online advertising expenses in 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, respectively. Our and the VIEs’ agreements with them typically do not contain long-term contractual commitments. We cannot assure you that we and the VIEs will be able to maintain business relationships with these existing advertising suppliers. In the event that the existing major online advertising service providers terminate or refuse to renew their agreements with us or the VIEs, and we and the VIEs are unable to find new providers with similar or more favorable terms within a reasonable period of time or at all, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
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If we and the VIEs fail to protect our and the VIEs’ intellectual property rights, our and the VIEs’ brand and business performance may suffer.
We and the VIEs rely on a combination of trademark, patent, copyright and trade secret protection laws in China and other jurisdictions, as well as through confidentiality agreements and other measures, to protect our and the VIEs’ intellectual property rights. Our and the VIEs’ major brand names and logos are registered trademarks in China. Most of our and the VIEs’ professionally produced contents available on our and the VIEs’ websites are protected by copyright laws. Despite our and the VIEs’ precautions, third parties may obtain and use our and the VIEs’ intellectual property without our and the VIEs’ authorization. Historically, the Chinese legal system and courts have not protected intellectual property rights to the same extent as the U.S. legal system and courts, and companies operating in China continue to face an increased risk of intellectual property infringement. Furthermore, the validity, application, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights for many internet-related activities, such as internet commercial methods patents, are uncertain and still evolving in China and abroad, which may make it more difficult for us and the VIEs to protect our and the VIEs’ intellectual property. From time to time, other websites may use our and the VIEs’ articles, photographs or other content without our and the VIEs’ proper authorization. Although such use has not in the past caused any material damage to our and the VIEs’ business, it is possible that there may be misappropriation on a much larger scale with a material adverse impact to our and the VIEs’ brand, business, and results of operations.
Third parties may claim that we and the VIEs infringe their proprietary intellectual property rights, which could cause us and the VIEs to incur significant legal expenses and prevent us and the VIEs from promoting our and the VIEs’ services.
Internet, technology and media companies are frequently involved in litigation based on allegations of infringement of intellectual property rights, unfair competition, invasion of privacy, defamation and other violation of other parties’ rights. We and the VIEs have not experienced any material claims on these issues against us or the VIEs in the past, but as we and the VIEs face increasing competition and as litigation becomes more common in China in resolving commercial disputes, we and the VIEs face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. We and the VIEs may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to the intellectual property of others in the ordinary course of our and the VIEs’ business. We and the VIEs could also be subject to claims based upon the content that is displayed on our and the VIEs’ websites or accessible from our and the VIEs’ websites through links to other websites or information on our and the VIEs’ websites supplied by third parties. Intellectual property claims and litigation are expensive and time-consuming to investigate and defend and may divert resources and management attention from the operation of our websites. Such claims, even if they do not result in liability, may harm our and the VIEs’ reputation. Any resulting liability or expenses, or changes required of our and the VIEs’ websites to reduce the risk of future liability, may have a material adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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We and the VIEs may be subject to liability for placing advertisements with inappropriate or misleading content.
PRC laws and regulations prohibit advertising companies from producing, distributing or publishing any advertisement with content that violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, involves designs of the national flag, the national emblem or the national anthem, is considered reactionary, obscene, superstitious or absurd, is fraudulent, or disparages similar products. As we and the VIEs provide advertising services to our and the VIEs’ industry customers, we and the VIEs are obligated to review supporting documents provided by advertisers, verify the content of the advertisements and are prohibited from publishing any advertisement inconsistent with or with the lack of supporting documents. In addition, in case we and the VIEs are advertisers, we and the VIEs are required by PRC laws and regulations to ensure that the content of our and the VIEs’ advertisements is true and in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations. While we and the VIEs have made significant efforts to comply with such verification requirements before publishing, we cannot assure you that all the content contained in the advertisements is true and accurate as required by the advertising laws and regulations, especially given the uncertainty in the interpretation of these PRC laws and regulations. If we and the VIEs are found to be in violation of applicable PRC advertising laws and regulations, we and the VIEs may be subject to penalties, including fines, confiscation of our and the VIEs’ advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements, orders to publish an announcement correcting the misleading information, and suspension or termination of our and the VIEs’ advertising business, any of which may have a material and adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ business and results of operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Advertisements.”Advertisements” in this annual report.
The performance and reliability of the internet infrastructure and wireless and landline telecommunications networks in China will affect our and the VIEs’ operations and growth, including our and the VIEs’ ability to accommodate prospective customers in the future.
With our principal executive offices located in China, we and the VIEs conduct central management of consumer data, provide data transmission and communications, and monitor our and the VIEs’ overall operations, relying on wireless and landline telecommunications networks in China. The national networks in China are connected to the internet through international gateways controlled by the PRC government, which are the only channels through which a domestic user can connect to the internet. These international gateways may
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not support the demand necessary for the continued growth in internet traffic by users in China. We cannot assure you that the development of China’s information infrastructure will be adequate to support our and the VIEs’ operations and growth. In addition, in the event of any infrastructure disruption or failure, we and the VIEs would have no access to alternative networks and services on a timely basis, if at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and prospects.
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Unintended leakage of consumer information or privacy breaches may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ reputation and business performance.
As we conductDuring the ordinary course of our and the VIEs’ business, we and the VIEs collect and store a large amount of automobile consumer data gathered from our and the VIEs’ offline events.events and mobile applications we operated. We and the VIEs rely on encryption and authentication technology to provide the security and authentication necessary for secure transmission of such data. However, our and the VIEs’ security control may not prevent the improper leakage of consumer data. Anyone may circumvent our and the VIEs’ security measures and misappropriate proprietary information or cause interruptions in our and the VIEs’ operations. A security breach that leads to leakage of our and the VIEs’ consumer data could still harm our and the VIEs’ reputation. Moreover, many jurisdictions have passed laws regulating the storage, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of personally identifiable or other confidential information and data. The Chinese government has enacted a series of laws and regulations relating to the protection of privacy and personal information, under which internet service providers and other network operators are required to clearly indicate the purposes, methods and scope of any information collection and usage, obtain appropriate user consent and establish user information protection systems with appropriate remedial measures. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.”Protection” in this annual report. However, the regulatory framework for privacy protection in China and other jurisdictions is fast-evolving, and therefore, involves uncertainties and is subject to change in the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that our and the VIEs’ existing privacy and personal information protection measures will be considered sufficient under the current or future applicable laws and regulations. In addition to laws, regulations and other applicable rules, industry associations or other private parties may adopt different privacy protection standards. Because the interpretation and application of privacy and data protection laws and privacy protection standards is still uncertain, it is possible that these laws or privacy standards may be interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our and the VIEs’ practices. Our and the VIEs’ actual or perceived failure to comply with industry standards, governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to user privacy could harm our and the VIEs’ business. We and the VIEs may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to prevent such security breaches or alleviate problems caused by such breaches. Any of the circumstances may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business and results of operations.
Failure to obtain, renew, or retain licenses, permits or approvals or failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may affect our and the VIEs’ ability to conduct our business.
We and the VIEs have obtained all material licenses, permits or approvals from the PRC regulatory authorities for our and the VIEs’ current operations, except that we and the VIEs may need to obtain certain permits each time before we and the VIEs hold an offline event. See “—Our and the VIEs’ failure to obtain necessary permits for our and the VIEs’ offline events may subject us and the VIEs to penalties and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations, and financial condition.” However, the licensing requirements in China are constantly evolving, and we and the VIEs may be subject to more stringent regulatory requirements due to changes in the political or economic policies in the relevant jurisdictions. We cannot assure you that we and the VIEs will be able to satisfy such regulatory requirements and as a result we and the VIEs may be unable to retain, obtain or renew relevant licenses, permits or approvals in the future. If we and the VIEs fail to do so, we and the VIEs may be subject to administrative penalties or sanctions, which may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, financial condition, and results of operations. For example, TuanChe Internet has obtained certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operation of internet content service from the Beijing Administration of Telecommunications which will remain valid until September 2023, Drive New Media has obtained certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operation of internet content service from the Guangdong Administration of Telecommunications which will remain valid until June 2024, and TuanChe (Beijing) Automobile Sales & Service Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of TuanChe Internet, has obtained certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operation of internet content service from the Beijing Administration of Telecommunications which will remain valid until January 2026. However, as we and the VIEs provide mobile applications to mobile device users, it is uncertain if we and the VIEs will be required to obtain a separate operating license for our mobile applications in addition to the value-added telecommunications service licenses, although we believe that not obtaining such separate license is in line with the current market practice.
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We and the VIEs may need additional capital, and we and the VIEs may be unable to obtain such capital in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, or at all.
We and the VIEs may require additional capital from time to time to grow our and the VIEs’ business, including to expand into and develop the new electric vehicle business, better serve our and the VIEs’ customers, develop new features or enhance our and the VIEs’ marketplace, improve our and the VIEs’ operating and
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technology infrastructure or conduct acquisition of complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we and the VIEs may need to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. Future issuances of equity or equity-linked securities could significantly dilute our existing shareholders, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our ordinary shares. The incurrence of debt financing would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our and the VIEs’ operations or our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.
Our and the VIEs’ ability to obtain additional capital is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including: our market position and competitiveness in the automotive industry;
● | our |
● | general market conditions for capital raising activities in China and globally; and |
● | economic, political and other conditions in China and globally. |
We and the VIEs may be unable to obtain additional capital in a timely manner or on acceptable terms or at all, and oursuch financing may also be subject to regulatory requirements. On December 24, 2021, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, orFebruary 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Provisionspromulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments)(the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”) and the Administrative Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), or collectively, the Draftfive relevant guidelines, which will become effective on March 31, 2023. The Overseas Listing Regulations, which propose to requireTrial Measures will comprehensively improve and reform the existing regulatory regime for overseas offering and listing of securities of PRC domestic companies and theirwill regulate both direct and indirect overseas special purpose vehicles to file with the CSRCoffering and meet compliance rules for their listing in overseas markets. of securities of PRC domestic companies by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, if enacted in their current forms,Trial Measures may make it difficult for us to obtain additional financingfinancings through future overseas offering of securities. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval of and the filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offeringsoffering under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.” If we and the VIEs are unable to obtain adequate financing on terms satisfactory to us and the VIEs and when we and the VIEs require it in the future, our and the VIEs ability to continue to support our and the VIEs business growth and our ability to continue as a going concern could be significantly impaired, and our and the VIEs’ business and prospects could be adversely affected.
Failure to renew or retain any preferential tax treatments that are available in China could adversely affect our and the VIEs’ results of operations and financial condition.
The modified Enterprise Income Tax Law, effective on December 29, 2018 and its implementation rules and regulations generally impose a uniform income tax rate of 25% on all enterprises, but grant preferential treatments, including a preferential enterprise tax rate of 15%, to high and new technology enterprises or the HNTEs,(the “HNTEs”), strongly supported by the state. Such preferential tax rate is subject to reapplication and renewal every three years. During the three-year period, an HNTE must conduct annual qualification self-reviews, and will lose the 15% preferential rate and be subject to the regular 25% rate for any year in which it does not meet relevant criteria. TuanYuan, TuanChe Internet and Drive New Media have been accredited as HNTEs and are eligible for a preferential enterprise tax rate of 15% for as long as they meet the criteria of HNTE in each year of the accredited period. We cannot assure you that our affiliated entitiesPRC subsidiaries or the VIEs will continue to meet the relevant criteria, and that the tax authorities will continue to approve the preferential tax rate of 15% even if these entities are accredited as HNTE. Moreover, it is uncertain how the modified Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules and regulations will be interpreted or implemented in the future. It is possible that the HNTE status currently enjoyed by TuanYuan, TuanChe Internet and Drive New Media, and other income tax exemptions for which our affiliated entitiesPRC subsidiaries or the VIEs qualify, will be challenged by tax authorities and be repealed. Future implementingimplementation of rules and regulations might be inconsistent with current interpretations of the modified Enterprise Income Tax.
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Seasonality may cause fluctuations in our and the VIEs’ results of operations.
Our quarterly net revenues and other results of operations have fluctuated in the past and may continue to fluctuate depending upon a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. For these reasons, comparing our results of operations on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and you should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. For example, consumer purchases typically slow down in the first quarter, and then increase through the next three quarters of each year. Therefore, the demand for booth spaces in our and the VIEs’ auto shows is generally the lowest in the first quarter of each year, primarily due to a general slowdown in business activities and a reduced number of working days during the Chinese New Year holiday period. The timing of such releases, however, is subject to uncertainties due to various factors such as automakers’ design or manufacturing issues, their marketing plans, general marketing conditions and government incentives or restrictions. These factors may make our and the VIEs’ results of operations difficult to predict and cause our quarterly results of operations to fall short of expectations.
We and the VIEs may be held liable for injuries to individual participants of our and the VIEs’ offline events or damages to automobiles displayed in our and the VIEs’ offline events, which may adversely affect our and the VIEs’ reputation and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ financial condition and results of operations.
We make every effortand the VIEs strive to ensure the safety of ourthe participants and the automobiles displayed during our and the VIEs’ offline events. However, we cannot guarantee that no physical injury or damages will occur during oursuch events, for which we and the VIEs could be held liable. For example, under the PRC laws and regulations, the undertaker of a mass activity bears tort liability for damages to a third party arising from such undertakers’ failure to fulfill its security obligations. If the act of a third party results in damage to others in a mass activity, the undertaker that failed to fulfill security obligations shall also bear supplementary liability. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Consumer Rights Protection and Tort Liabilities.” Liabilities” in this annual report.
In addition, we and the VIEs have contractual obligations to compensate the event venue provider for any damages it suffers arising from the accident occurring on the venue and claims by the participants of the event. Therefore, we and the VIEs might face negligence claims alleging that we and the VIEs failed to maintain our and the VIEs’ facilities or to supervise our and the VIEs’ employees. In addition, if any participants of our and the VIEs’ offline events commit acts of violence, we and the VIEs could also face allegations that we and the VIEs failed to provide adequate security or were otherwise responsible for his or her actions.
We and the VIEs typically require our and the VIEs’ event set-up service providers to purchase liability insurance. However, such insurance might not be adequate to cover our and the VIEs’ potential liabilities, or may not cover us and the VIEs at all. If we and the VIEs are held liable for the injury or damages, we and the VIEs may be subject to litigations, and our and the VIEs’ financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Additionally, our and the VIEs’ offline events may be perceived to be unsafe, which may discourage prospective consumers and industry customers from attending. These negative perceptions might also adversely affect our and the VIEs’ reputation and results of operations.
We and the VIEs may be subject to claims under consumer protection laws, product quality laws and tort liabilities law, including health and safety claims and product liability claims, if people or properties are harmed by automobiles sold during our and the VIEs’ events or through our and the VIEs’ previous virtual dealership networks.
The automobiles sold during our and the VIEs’ events or through our and the VIEs’ virtual dealership networks are designed and manufactured by third parties, and we cannot guarantee that none of these automobiles is defectively designed or manufactured. We and the VIEs may be subject to claims under applicable consumer protection laws, product quality laws and tort liabilities law, including health and safety claims and product liability claims for damages to third parties arising from the defects of automobiles sold through our and the VIEs’ previous virtual dealership networks. Although we and the VIEs would have legal recourse against the manufacturer or the sealerdealer of such products under PRC law if the liabilities are attributable to such manufacturer or sealer,dealer, attempting to enforce our and the VIEs’ rights against such manufacturer or dealer may be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately futile. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Consumer Rights Protection and Tort Liabilities.” Liabilities” in this annual report.
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In addition, we, our WFOEs and the VIEs do not currently maintain any third-party liability insurance or product liability insurance in relation to most of the automobiles sold during our events or through our virtual dealership networks.and the VIEs’ events. As a result, any material product liability claim or litigation could have a material adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ business, financial condition and results of operations. Even unsuccessful claims could result in the expenditure of funds and managerial efforts in defending them and could have a negative impact on our and the VIEs’ reputation.
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Our and the VIEs’ lack of insurance could expose us and the VIEs to significant costs and business disruption.
The insurance industry in China is still at an early stage of development. Insurance companies in China offer limited business insurance products and are, to our and the VIEs’ knowledge, not well-developed in the field of business liability insurance. We and the VIEs do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our and the VIEs’ operations in China, which, based on public information available to us and the VIEs relating to China’s automotive industry, is consistent with customary industry practice in China. We and the VIEs have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us and the VIEs to have such insurance. In addition, we and the VIEs do not maintain any insurance policies covering risks including loss and theft of and damages to our and the VIEs’ servers or other technology infrastructure. Any uninsured occurrence of business disruption, litigation or natural disaster, or significant damages to our and the VIEs’ uninsured equipment or technology infrastructure could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources for us and the VIEs and could adversely affect our and the VIEs’ financial condition and results of operations.
Any catastrophe, including outbreak of health pandemics and other extraordinary events, could have a negative impact on our and the VIEs’ business operations.
We and the VIEs are vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, wars, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our and the VIEs’ ability to provide our and the VIEs’ services.
Our and the VIEs’ business could also be adversely affected by the effects of Ebola virus diseases, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), COVID-19 or other epidemics. Our and the VIEs’ business operation could be disrupted if any of our and the VIEs’ employees is suspected of having any of the aforementioned epidemics or another contagious disease or condition, since it could require our and the VIEs’ employees to be quarantined and/or our and the VIEs’ offices to be disinfected. In addition, our and the VIEs’ business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected to the extent that any of these epidemics harms the Chinese economy in general.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating some of ourthe VIEs’ operations in China do not comply with PRC regulations relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we and the VIEs could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.
Foreign investment in the value-added telecommunications services industry in China is extensively regulated and subject to numerous restrictions. For example, foreign investors are not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunications service provider with certain exceptions relating to e-commerce business, domestic multi-party communications services business, store-and-forward business and call center business in accordance with the special management measures for the entry of foreign investment (as amended) (the “Negative List”), or the Negative List, and other applicable laws and regulations.
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We are a Cayman Islands company and our wholly-owned PRC subsidiaries in China are currently considered foreign-invested enterprises. Accordingly, our PRC subsidiaries in China are not eligible to provide certain value-added telecommunications services in China. Due to these restrictions, we carry out our value-added telecommunications business in China through TuanChe Internet, Drive New Media, Internet Drive Technology, Tansuojixian Beijing and their subsidiaries.the VIEs. We, through TuanYuan, Sangu Maolu and Chema Beijing, our wholly owned subsidiary in China, or WFOEs, entered into a series of contractual arrangements with ourthe VIEs and their respective shareholders, in order to (1) exercise effective controlsignificant influence over our consolidated affiliated entities,the VIEs, (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of our consolidated affiliated entities,the VIEs, and (3) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in ourthe VIEs when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. We have been and expect to continue to be dependent on our consolidated affiliated entitiesthe VIEs to operate our value-added telecommunications business. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we have controlsignificant influence over and are the primary beneficiary of ourthe VIEs and hence consolidate the financial results of our consolidated affiliated entitiesthe VIEs, provided that we meet the conditions for consolidation under U.S. GAAP. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure” for details.
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In the opinion of our PRC counsel, Shihui Partners, the ownership structures of our WFOEs and ourthe VIEs, currently do not result in any violation of the applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect; and the contractual arrangements among our WFOEs, ourthe VIEs and their respective shareholders, are governed by PRC laws or regulations, and are currently valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with the applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect, and do not result in any violation of the applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect, except that the equity pledge under that certain equity pledge agreement would not be deemed validly created until they are registered with the competent governmental authorities. However, Shihui Partners has also advised us that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations, and there can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with the opinion of our PRC counsel.
In particular, in March 2019, the National People’s Congress or the NPC,(the “NPC”), passed the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which became effective as of January 1, 2020. For the effect of the PRC Foreign Investment Law on us, see “—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”
If our ownership structure and contractual arrangements are found to violate any PRC laws or regulations, or if we or the VIEs are found to be required but failed to obtain any of the permits or approvals for our or the VIEs’ value-added telecommunications business, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities, including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology or MIIT,(the “MIIT”), would have broad discretion in imposing fines or administrative penalties upon us and/or the VIEs for such violations, including:
revoking the business and operating licenses of our company;
31 On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which will take effect on March 31, 2023. At the press conference held for the Overseas Listing Trial Measures on the same day, officials from the CSRC clarified that, as for companies seeking overseas listing with contractual arrangements, the CSRC will solicit opinions from relevant regulatory authorities and complete the filing of the overseas listing of such companies if they duly meet the compliance requirements, and support the development and growth of these companies by enabling them to utilize two markets and two kinds of resources. If we, our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs fail to complete the filing with the CSRC in a timely manner, or at all, for any future offering or any other capital raising activities, which are subject to the filings under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, due to our contractual arrangements, our ability to raise or utilize funds could be materially and adversely affected. However, given that the Overseas Listing Trial Measures were recently promulgated, there remains substantial uncertainties as to their interpretation, application, and enforcement and how they will affect our operations and our future financing. As of the date of this annual report, similar ownership structure and contractual arrangements have been used by many China-based companies listed overseas, including a number of value-added telecommunications companies listed in the United States. To our knowledge, none of the fines or punishments listed above has been imposed on any of these public companies. However, we cannot assure you that such fines or punishments will not be imposed on us, the VIEs or any other companies in the future. If any of the above fines or punishments is imposed on us or the VIEs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If any of these penalties results in our inability to direct the activities of
Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations. On March 15, 2019, the NPC approved the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, 32 However, since the Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulation are relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to their interpretation and implementation. For instance, under the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises or other entities in China. Though it does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangements would not be deemed as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition in the future. In addition, the definition has a catch-all provision which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. The In addition, the Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign-invested enterprises established before the Foreign Investment Law came into effect may maintain their structure and corporate governance within a five-year transition period, which means that we may be required to adjust the structure and corporate governance of certain of our We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries in China and Hong Kong to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct the business. Under our current corporate structure, our ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our Hong Kong subsidiary, which in turn depends on dividends paid by our subsidiaries in China, which further depends on payments from the VIEs under the contractual arrangements. To the extent cash or assets in the business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or an entity domiciled in mainland China or Hong Kong, and may need to be used to fund operations outside of mainland China or Hong Kong, the funds and assets may not be available to fund operations or for other uses outside of mainland China or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations by the government on our, our subsidiaries’ or the VIEs’ ability to transfer cash and assets. Although we consolidate the results of the VIEs and their subsidiaries, we only have access to the assets or earnings of the VIEs and their subsidiaries through the contractual arrangements. If the PRC authorities determine that the contractual arrangements constituting part of the VIE structure do not comply with PRC regulations, or if current regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, our ability to settle amount owed by the VIEs under the contractual arrangements may be seriously hindered. In addition, if our existing subsidiaries in China or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. Our WFOEs are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC laws, each of our subsidiary, the VIEs and their subsidiaries in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, after making an allocation to the statutory reserve funds from their after-tax profits, our wholly owned subsidiary in China, the VIEs and their subsidiaries may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. 33 There are limitations on our ability to transfer cash between us, our subsidiaries and the VIEs, and there is no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on cash transfer between us, our subsidiaries and the VIEs. We may encounter difficulties in our ability to transfer cash between subsidiaries in China and other subsidiaries largely due to various PRC laws and regulations imposed on foreign exchange. The majority of our income is denominated in Renminbi, and shortage in foreign currencies may restrict our ability to pay dividends or other payment to satisfy our foreign currency denominated obligations, if any. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of the Foreign Exchange in the PRC as long as certain procedural requirements are met. Approval from appropriate government authorities is required if Renminbi is converted into foreign currency and remitted out of the PRC to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may, at its discretion, impose restrictions on access to foreign currencies for current account transactions and if this occurs in the future, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders. The PRC government has implemented a series of capital control measures, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. It may continue to strengthen its capital controls and dividends and other distributions of our subsidiaries in China may be subjected to tighter scrutiny and may limit the ability of our Cayman Islands holding company, to use capital from our subsidiaries in China, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements. Our Hong Kong subsidiary may be considered a non-resident enterprise for tax purposes, so that any dividends our subsidiary in China pays to our Hong Kong subsidiary may be regarded as China-sourced income and, as a result, may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10% unless a tax treaty or similar arrangement provides otherwise. If we are required under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law to pay income tax for any dividends we receive from our subsidiaries in China, or if our Hong Kong subsidiary is determined by PRC government authority as receiving benefits from reduced income tax rate due to a structure or arrangement that is primarily tax-driven, it would materially and adversely affect the amount of dividends, if any, we may pay to our shareholders. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Cayman Islands holding company is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes and unless a tax treaty or similar arrangement provides otherwise, we may be required to withhold a 10% tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of the ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders, including the ADS holders, may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to our non-PRC individual shareholders, including the ADS holders, and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% which in the case of dividends may be withheld at source. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs. We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by
If the custodians or authorized users of our and the VIEs’ controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our and the VIEs’ business and operations may be materially and adversely affected. Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts that our and the VIE’ business relies on, are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant local branch of State Administration for Market Regulations We and the VIEs have three major types of chops, corporate chops, contract chops and finance chops. We and the VIEs use corporate chops generally for documents to be submitted to government agencies, such as applications for changing business scope, directors or company name, and for legal letters. We and the VIEs use contract chops for executing leases and commercial contracts. We and the VIEs use finance chops generally for making and collecting payments, including issuing invoices. Use of corporate chops and contract chops must be approved by our and the VIEs’ legal department and administrative department, and use of finance chops must be approved by our finance department. The chops of our subsidiary and the VIEs are generally held by the relevant entities so that documents can be executed locally. Although we and the VIEs usually utilize chops to execute contracts, the registered legal representatives of our subsidiary and VIEs and their subsidiaries have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops, unless such contracts set forth otherwise. In order to maintain the physical security of our and the VIEs’ chops, we and the VIEs generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to the designated key employees of our and the VIEs’ legal, administrative or finance departments. Our and the VIEs’ designated legal representatives generally do not have access to the chops. Although we and the VIEs have approval procedures in place and monitor our and the VIEs’ key employees, including the designated legal representatives of our subsidiaries and the VIEs and their subsidiaries, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our and the VIEs’ key employees or designated legal representatives could abuse their authority, for example, by binding our subsidiaries and the VIEs and their subsidiaries with contracts against our interests, as we and the VIEs would be obligated to honor these contracts if the other contracting party acts in good faith in reliance on the apparent authority of our and the VIEs’ chops or signatures of our and the VIEs’ legal representatives. If any designated legal representative obtains control of the chop in an effort to obtain control over the relevant entity, we and the VIEs would need to have a shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and to take legal action to seek the return of the chop, apply for a new chop with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal remedies for the legal representative’s misconduct. If any of the designated legal representatives obtains and misuses or misappropriates our and the VIEs’ chops and seals or other controlling intangible assets for whatever reason, we and the VIEs could experience disruption to our and the VIEs’ normal business operations. We and the VIEs may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve while distracting management from our and the VIEs’ operations, and our and the VIEs’ business and operations may be materially and adversely affected. We rely on contractual arrangements with We have relied and expect to continue to rely on the contractual arrangements with 35 Furthermore, we are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we conduct substantially all of our operations through our subsidiaries established in China, the VIEs, and their subsidiaries in China. We control and receive the economic benefits of the VIEs and their subsidiaries’ business operations through certain contractual arrangements. The ADSs listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market represents shares of our offshore holding company instead of shares of the VIEs or their subsidiaries in China. We may not be able to continue to satisfy the applicable requirements and rules with respect to such structure. If we are unable to satisfy the Nasdaq Stock Market criteria for maintaining our listing, our securities could be subject to delisting.
Any failure by If All of the contractual arrangements are governed by and interpreted in accordance with PRC law, and disputes arising from the contractual arrangements will be resolved through arbitration in China. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could have a material adverse effect on The shareholders of The shareholders of
Our contractual arrangements may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and they may determine that we or Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s length principles. We and the VIEs could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that our contractual arrangements were not entered into on an arm’s-length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and adjust the income of We may lose the ability to use, or otherwise benefit from, the licenses, approvals and assets held by We currently conduct our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs through our contractual arrangements with Certain existing shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders. As of They may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of the ADSs. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders. In addition, the significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of the ADSs due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. Risks Related to Doing Business in China PRC economic, political and social conditions, as well as changes in any government policies, laws and regulations, could adversely affect the overall economy in China or the automotive market, which could harm our and the VIEs’ business. Substantially all of our and the VIEs’ operations are conducted in China, and substantially all of our net revenues are derived from China. Accordingly, our and the VIEs’ business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations are subject, to a significant extent, to economic, political and legal developments in China.
The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects. Although the PRC economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy since the late 1970s, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating the industry. The PRC government continues to exercise significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling the incurrence and payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Uncertainties or changes in any of these policies, laws and regulations, including but without limitations, those affecting the automotive industry in China, could adversely affect the economy in China or our and the VIEs’ business. For example, the CBIRC, promulgated the Interim Measures for Administration of Internet Loans Issued by Commercial Banks While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past two to three decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Demand for our services depends, in large part, on economic conditions in China. Any significant slowdown in China’s economic growth may reduce our net revenues. In addition, any sudden changes to China’s political system or the occurrence of social unrest could also have a material adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, our Company, the VIEs and their subsidiaries, and our investors may face uncertainty about future actions by the PRC government that could significantly affect the VIEs and their subsidiaries’ financial performance and operations, including the enforceability of the contractual arrangements. As of the date of this annual report, neither our company nor the VIEs have received or have been denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges. However, there is no guarantee that our company or the VIEs will receive or not be denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges in the future. Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could have a material adverse The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions in a civil law system may be cited as reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, newly introduced PRC laws and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections of interest relating to foreign investments in China. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to evolve rapidly, the interpretations of such laws and regulations may not always be consistent, and enforcement of these laws and regulations involves significant uncertainties, any of which could limit the available legal protections. In addition, the PRC administrative and judicial authorities have significant discretion in interpreting, implementing or enforcing statutory rules and contractual terms, and it may be more difficult to predict the outcome of administrative and judicial proceedings and the level of legal protection we and the VIEs may enjoy in the PRC than under some more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner, or at all) that may have retroactive effect. These uncertainties may affect our decisions on the policies and actions to be taken to comply with PRC laws and regulations, and may affect our and the VIEs’ ability to enforce our and their contractual or tort 38 The PRC government may exert, at any time, substantial intervention and influence over the manner of our operations, and the rules and regulations to which we are subject, including the ways they are enforced, may change rapidly and with little advance notice to us or our shareholders. Any such actions by the Chinese government, including any decision to intervene or influence the operations of our The ability of our subsidiaries and the VIEs to operate in China may be impaired by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to value-added telecommunications service industry, taxation, foreign investment limitations, and other matters.
our operations, and the rules and regulations to which we are subject, including the ways they are enforced, may change rapidly and with little advance notice to us or our shareholders. Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews and new laws and regulations relating to data security. The Furthermore, it is uncertain when and whether we will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to maintain our listing status on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be later denied or rescinded. On Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision to intervene or influence the operations of our
39 The filing procedure with the CSRC The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. These opinions and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future. As these opinions were recently issued, official guidance to act upon and the interpretation thereof remain unclear at this time. We cannot assure that we will remain fully compliant with all new regulatory requirements of these opinions or any future implementation rules on a timely basis, or at all. On The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer meets both the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (2) the issuer’s main business activities are conducted in China, or its main place(s) of business are located in China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. In addition, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that the direct or indirect overseas listings of the assets of domestic companies through one or more acquisitions, share swaps, transfers or other transaction arrangements shall be subject to filing procedures in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.
If we fail to obtain the relevant On December 27, 2021, the NDRC and MOFCOM jointly issued the Negative List (2021 Version), which became effective on January 1, 2022. Pursuant to the Negative List (2021 Version), if a
41 We cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on
If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and the ADS holders. The PRC enterprise income tax law and its implementing rules provide that enterprises established outside of China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” under PRC tax laws. The implementing rules define the term “de facto management bodies” as a management body which substantially manages, or has control over the business, personnel, finance and assets of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation In addition, the SAT issued a bulletin in January 2014 to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82. This bulletin further provides that, among other things, an entity that is classified as a “resident enterprise” in accordance with the circular shall file the application for classifying its status of residential enterprise with the local tax authorities where its main domestic investors are registered. From the year in which the entity is determined as a “resident enterprise,” any dividend, profit and other equity investment gain shall be taxed in accordance with the enterprise income tax law and its implementing rules. As the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to the determination by the PRC tax authorities, if we are deemed as a PRC “resident enterprise,” we will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on our worldwide income at a uniform tax rate of 25.0%, although dividends distributed to us from our existing PRC subsidiaries and any other PRC subsidiaries which we may establish from time to time could be exempt from the PRC dividend withholding tax due to our PRC “resident recipient” status. This could have a material adverse effect on our overall effective tax rate, our income tax expenses and our net income. Furthermore, dividends, if any, paid to our shareholders and ADS holders may be decreased as a result of the decrease in distributable profits. In addition, if we were to be considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” dividends we pay with respect to the ADS or ordinary shares and the gains realized from the transfer of the ADS or ordinary shares may be considered income derived from sources within China and be subject to PRC withholding tax, which could have a material adverse effect on the value of your investment in us and the price of the ADS.
PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our As an offshore holding company of our PRC subsidiaries, we may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and Violations of the applicable circulars and rules may result in severe penalties, including substantial fines as set forth in the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations. If The applicable foreign exchange circulars and rules may significantly limit our ability to convert, transfer and use the net proceeds from our There are significant uncertainties under the PRC enterprise income tax law relating to the withholding tax liabilities of our PRC subsidiaries, and dividends payable by our PRC subsidiaries to our offshore subsidiaries may not qualify to enjoy certain treaty benefits. Under the PRC enterprise income tax and its implementation rules, the profits of a foreign-invested enterprise generated through operations, which are distributed to its immediate holding company outside China, will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10.0%. Pursuant to a special arrangement between Hong Kong and China, such rate may be reduced to 5.0% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns at least 25.0% of the equity interest in the PRC company and satisfies other conditions as provided under the special tax arrangement. Our current PRC subsidiaries are wholly owned by our Hong Kong subsidiary.
Moreover, under the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues regarding the Administration of the Dividend Provision in Tax Treaties promulgated in February 2009, the taxpayer that is a tax resident of the other contracting party to the tax 43 treaty and also the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends needs to satisfy certain conditions to enjoy the benefits under a tax treaty. These conditions include: (1) the taxpayer should be a company as provided in the tax treaty, (2) the taxpayer must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in the PRC subsidiaries, and (3) the corporate shareholder to receive dividends from the PRC subsidiaries must have continuously met the direct ownership thresholds during the 12 consecutive months preceding the receipt of the dividends. Additionally, the SAT promulgated the Notice on Issues Related to the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties in February 2018, which requires the “beneficial owner” to have ownership and the right to dispose of the income or the rights and properties giving rise to the income and generally engage in substantive business activities and sets forth certain detailed factors in determining the “beneficial owner” status. The SAT promulgated the Announcement on How to Recognize the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties on June 29, 2012, which further clarified and supplemented the application of the Notice on How to Understand and Recognize the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties. Furthermore, the SAT promulgated the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Relating to “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties According to Circular 9, when determining an applicant’s status as a “beneficial owner” regarding tax treatments in connection with dividends, interests or royalties in tax treaties, several factors, including without limitation, whether the applicant is obligated to pay more than 50% of its income in 12 months to residents in a third country or region, whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes actual business activities, and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaties does not levy any tax or grant tax exemption on relevant incomes or levy tax at an extremely low rate, will be taken into account and analyzed based on specific circumstances. Circular 9 further provides that applicants who intend to prove his or her status as a “beneficial owner” shall submit relevant documents to tax bureau according to the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties. Entitlement to a lower tax rate on dividends according to tax treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions is subject to inspection or approval of the relevant tax authorities. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be entitled to any preferential withholding tax rate under tax treaties for dividends received from our PRC subsidiaries. We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of the equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies. In February 2015, the SAT issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises In October 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes. 44 We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in
our company by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to receive and use our net revenues effectively. Substantially all of our net revenues are denominated in Renminbi. As a result, restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to use net revenues generated in Renminbi to fund any business activities we may have outside China in the future or to make dividend payments to our shareholders and ADS holders in U.S. dollars. Under current PRC laws and regulations, Renminbi is freely convertible for current account items, such as trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions and dividend distributions. However, Renminbi is not freely convertible for direct investment or loans or investments in securities outside China, unless such use is approved by SAFE. For example, foreign exchange transactions under our subsidiary’s capital account, including principal payments in respect of foreign currency-denominated obligations, remain subject to significant foreign exchange controls and the approval requirement of SAFE. These limitations could affect our ability to obtain foreign exchange for capital expenditures. Our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to declare dividends to our offshore subsidiary holding their equity interest, convert the dividends into a foreign currency and remit to its shareholder outside China. In addition, in the event that our PRC subsidiaries liquidate, proceeds from the liquidation may be converted into foreign currency and distributed outside China to our overseas subsidiary holding its equity interest. Other than the above distributions by and through our PRC subsidiaries which are permitted to be made without the necessity to obtain further approvals, any conversion of the Renminbi-denominated net revenues generated by Our subsidiaries and We are a holding company and rely principally on dividends paid by our subsidiaries in China for our cash needs, including paying dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders to the extent we choose to do so, servicing any debt we may incur and paying our operating expenses. The income for our PRC subsidiaries, especially our WFOEs, in turn depends on the service fees paid by 45 Fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on your investment. The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate. The change in value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, various factors, such as changes in China’s political and economic conditions. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. Under such policy, the Renminbi was permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. Later on, the
enhance the flexibility of RMB exchange rates. Such changes in policy have resulted in a significant appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar since 2005. There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a more flexible currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant adjustment of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar. Any significant appreciation or revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on the value of, and any dividends payable on, the ADS in foreign currency terms. More specifically, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from Certain PRC regulations, including the M&A Rules and national security regulations, may require a complicated review and approval process which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China. The M&A Rules established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. For example, MOFCOM must be notified in the event a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. Moreover, certain acquisitions of domestic companies by offshore companies that are related to or affiliated with the same entities or individuals of the domestic companies, are subject to approval by the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency. In addition, the Implementing Rules Concerning Security Review on Mergers and Acquisitions by Foreign Investors of Domestic Enterprises, issued by MOFCOM in August 2011, require that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors in “any industry with national security concerns” be subject to national security review by MOFCOM. Furthermore, any activities attempting to circumvent such review process, including structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement, are strictly prohibited. Moreover, in December 2020, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Measures for Security Review of Foreign Investment, which became effective on January 18, 2021. Pursuant to the Measures for Security Review of Foreign Investment, any foreign investment activities falling in the scope such as important cultural products and services, important information technologies and internet products and services, important financial services, key technologies and other important fields that concern state security while obtaining the actual control over the enterprises invested in, a foreign investor or a party concerned in the PRC shall take the initiative to make a declaration to the working mechanism office prior to making the investment. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications There is significant uncertainty regarding the interpretation and implementation of these regulations relating to merger and acquisition activities in China. In addition, complying with these requirements could be time-consuming, and the required notification, review or approval process may materially delay or affect our ability to complete merger and acquisition transactions in China. As a result, our ability to seek growth through acquisitions may be materially and adversely affected.
It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China. Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no foreign securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the PRC territory. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for a foreign securities regulator to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within China may further increase the difficulties you face in protecting your interests. A failure by the beneficial owners of our shares who are PRC residents to comply with certain PRC foreign exchange regulations could restrict our ability to distribute profits, restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activities and subject us to liability under PRC law. SAFE has promulgated regulations, including the Notice on Relevant Issues Relating to Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Investment and Financing and Round-Trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles These regulations apply to our direct and indirect shareholders who are PRC residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions or share transfers that we make in the future if our shares are issued to PRC residents. However, in practice, different local SAFE branches may have different views and procedures on the application and implementation of SAFE regulations. As of the date of this annual report, all PRC residents known to us that currently hold direct or indirect interests in our company have completed the necessary registrations with SAFE as required by SAFE Circular 37. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with the requirements of SAFE Circular 37. As a result, we cannot assure you that these individuals or any other direct or indirect shareholders or beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents will be able to successfully complete the registration or update the registration of their direct and indirect equity interest as required in the future. If they fail to make or update the registration, our PRC subsidiaries could be subject to fines and legal penalties, and SAFE could restrict our cross-border investment activities and our foreign exchange activities, including restricting our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain loans denominated in foreign currencies from, our company, or prevent us from contributing additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, our and the VIEs’ business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.
Failure to comply with governmental regulations and other legal obligations concerning data protection and cybersecurity may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business. We and the VIEs are subject to PRC laws and regulations governing the collecting, storing, sharing, using, processing, disclosure and protection of data on the internet and mobile platforms as well as cybersecurity. The PRC regulators, including the Moreover, existing PRC privacy, cybersecurity and data protection-related laws and regulations are evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations, and various legislative and regulatory bodies may expand current or enact new laws and regulations regarding privacy, cybersecurity and data protection-related matters. These developments could adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business, operating results and financial condition. Any failure or perceived failure by us or the VIEs to comply with new or existing PRC privacy, cybersecurity or data protection laws, regulations, policies, industry standards or legal obligations, or any systems failure or security incident that results in the unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of, personally identifiable information or other data relating to customers or individuals may result in governmental investigations, inquiries, enforcement actions and prosecutions, private claims and litigation, fines and penalties, adverse publicity or potential loss of business. For example, on June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC issued the Personal Information Protection Law, which has been effective from November 1, 2021 and reiterates the circumstances under which a personal information processor could process personal information and the requirements for such circumstances. The Personal Information Protection Law clarifies the scope of application, the definition of personal information and sensitive personal information, the legal basis of personal information processing and the basic requirements of notice and consent. 48 On October 29, 2021, the CAC publicly solicited opinions on the Measures for the Security Assessment of Data Cross-border Transfer (Draft for Comments), which requires that any data processor who provides to an overseas recipient important data collected and generated during operations within the territory of the PRC or personal information that should be subject to security assessment shall conduct security assessment. On November 14, 2021, the CAC publicly solicited opinions on the Administrative Measures for Internet Data Security (Draft for Comments)
Measures for Internet Data Security, data processors shall, in accordance with relevant state provisions, apply for cyber security review when carrying out the following activities: (1) the merger, reorganization or separation of internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests, which affects or may affect national security, (2) data processors that handle the personal information of more than one million people intends to be listed abroad, (3) the data processor intends to be listed in Hong Kong, which affects or may affect national security, and (4) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. It remains uncertain whether the requirement of cybersecurity review applies to follow-on offerings of securities by an overseas-listed online platform operator that possesses personal data of more than one million users. We completed our initial public offering on November 23, 2018, and the ADSs have been listed on Nasdaq Capital Market since November 2018. Considering the substantial uncertainties existing with respect to the enactment timetable, final content, interpretation and implementation of the Draft Measures for Internet Data Security, in particular with respect to the explanation or interpretation for “affects or may affect national security,” there remain uncertainties as to whether our data processing activities may be deemed to affect national security, thus subjecting us to a cybersecurity review. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any formal notice from any cybersecurity regulator that we shall be subject to a cybersecurity review. 49 On December 28, 2021, the CAC and 12 other government authorities published the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, which took effect on February 15, 2022. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review provides that certain operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing internet products and services or network platform operators carrying out data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security, must apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review. On July 30, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, critical information infrastructure shall mean any important network facilities or information systems of an important industry or field, such as public communication and information service, energy, communications, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, and any other important network facilities or information system which may endanger national security, people’s livelihoods and public interest in the event of damage, function loss or data leakage. In addition, relevant administrative departments of each critical industry and sector, Complying with these obligations concerning data protection and cybersecurity could cause us and the VIEs to incur substantial costs. As the interpretation and application of Moreover, we and the VIEs may not disclose any personal data or information, unless required by the competent PRC authorities through certain procedures required by the laws, for the purpose of, among others, safeguarding the national security, investigating crimes, investigating infringement of information network communications rights, or cooperating with the supervision and inspection of telecommunications regulatory authorities. Failure to comply with these requirements could subject us and the VIEs to fines and penalties.
We face regulatory uncertainties in China that could restrict our ability to grant share incentive awards to our employees or consultants who are PRC citizens. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose vehicles. In the meantime, pursuant to the Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in a Stock Incentive Plan of an Overseas Publicly-Listed Company issued by SAFE in February 2012 We and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of no less than one year and who have been granted stock options are subject to these regulations. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions, and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Currency Exchange—Share Option Labor contract laws in China may adversely affect our and the VIEs’ results of operations. The current PRC labor contract law imposes considerable liabilities on employers and significantly affects the cost of an employer’s decision to reduce its workforce. Further, it requires certain terminations be based on the mandatory retirement age. In the event we and the VIEs decide to significantly change or decrease our and the VIEs’ workforce, the Labor Contract Law could adversely affect our and the VIEs’ ability to enact such changes in a manner that is most advantageous to our and the VIEs’ business or in a timely and cost-effective manner, thus materially and adversely affecting our and the VIEs’ financial condition and results of operations. Increases in labor costs and employee benefits in China may adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business and The PRC economy has been experiencing significant growth, leading to inflation and increased labor costs. China’s overall economy and the average wage in China are expected to continue to grow. In addition, we are required by PRC laws and regulations to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our and the VIEs’ employees. It is subject to the determination of the relevant government agencies whether an employer has made adequate payments of the requisite statutory employee benefits, and employers that fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties. Future increases in China’s inflation and material increases in labor costs and employee benefits may materially and adversely affect our and the VIEs’ profitability and results of operations. If we and the VIEs are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our and the VIEs’ financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Failure to make adequate contributions to various mandatory social security plans and withhold individual income tax as required by PRC regulations may subject us and the VIEs to penalties. PRC laws and regulations require us and the VIEs to pay several statutory social welfare benefits for our and the VIEs’ employees, as applicable, including pensions, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance and housing provident fund contributions. Local governments usually implement localized requirements as to mandatory social security plans considering differences in economic development in different regions. PRC laws and regulations also require us and the VIEs to withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries based on the actual salary of each employee upon payment. Our and the VIEs’ failure in making contributions to various mandatory social security plans, withholding individual income tax and in complying with applicable PRC labor-related laws may subject us and the VIEs to late payment penalties. With respect to the underpaid statutory social welfare benefits, we and the VIEs may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines; with respect to the underwithheld individual income tax, we and the VIEs may be required to make up sufficient withholding and pay late fees and fines. If we and the VIEs are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the failure in making contributions to various mandatory social security or withholding individual income tax, our and the VIEs’ financial condition and results of operations may be affected. Trading in our securities on any U.S. stock exchange and the U.S. over-the-counter market may be prohibited under the HFCA Act or the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the SEC subsequently determines our audit work is performed by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely, and as a result, U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the Nasdaq, may determine to delist our securities, and our securities may be prohibited from being traded The HFCA Act was enacted on December 18, 2020. On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCA Act. 52 On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued Our current auditor, Marcum Notwithstanding the
53 Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the internet in China may adversely affect our and the VIEs’ business and reputation and subject us and the VIEs to liability for information displayed on our and the VIEs’ website. The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet access and the distribution of news and other information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, or is reactionary, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content and other licenses, and the closure of the concerned websites. The website operator may also be held liable for such censored information displayed on or linked to the websites. If our and the VIEs’ website is found to be in violation of any such requirements, we and the VIEs may be penalized by relevant authorities, and our and the VIEs’ operations or reputation could be adversely affected. There are difficulties in bringing actions and enforcing foreign judgments in China against us, our management or our assets. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, but most of our, our subsidiaries’ and the VIEs’ operations are conducted in China and most of our, our subsidiaries’ and the VIEs’ assets are located in China. In addition, most of our directors and officers are nationals and/or residents of the PRC, and all or a substantial portion of their assets are located in China. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe we have violated your rights or have a claim against us, either under United States federal or state securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may not allow you to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. It may also be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or those persons in China. As advised by our PRC legal counsel, China currently does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of court judgments with the Cayman Islands, United States and many other countries and regions. Therefore, with respect to matters that are not subject to a binding arbitration provision, it may be difficult or impossible to recognize and enforce judgments of any of those non-PRC jurisdictions in a China court. Risks Related to Our We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements. We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 for so long as we are an emerging growth company until the fifth anniversary from the date of our initial listing. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important. The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. The trading price of The trading price of 54 In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for
Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our and the VIEs’ results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our and the VIEs’ reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our and the VIEs’ financial condition and results of operations. If we fail to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement, the ADSs could be subject to delisting. The ADSs are currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The Nasdaq Listing Rules has minimum requirements that a company must meet for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. These requirements include maintaining a minimum closing bid price of US$1.00 per ADS for a period of 30 consecutive trading days. On February 17, 2023, we received a notice from Nasdaq that we failed to comply with the minimum closing bid price requirement set forth in Rule 5550(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules as the closing bid price per ADS had been below US$1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days. The Nasdaq notification letter does not result in the immediate delisting of our securities. Pursuant to Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, we had a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until August 16, 2023 to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement. To regain compliance, the closing bid price per ADS must meet or exceed US$1.00 per ADS for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days on or prior to August 16, 2023. In the event that we do not regain compliance by August 16, 2023, subject to the determination by the staff of Nasdaq, we may be eligible for an additional 180-calendar-day compliance period if we meet the continued listing requirements for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards, with the exception of bid price requirement, of the Nasdaq Capital Market, and provides written notice to Nasdaq of our intention to cure the deficiency. 55 We have not regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement as of the date of annual report. We are closely monitoring the bid price of the ADSs, and may consider available options, such as an adjustment of the ADS-to-Class A ordinary share ratio, to increase the per ADS price of the ADSs. There can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement in a timely manner. If we fail to regain compliance by August 16, 2023, or if we fail to meet the other continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we may be subject to delisting. The delisting of the ADSs may significantly reduce the liquidity of the ADSs, cause further declines to the market price of the ADSs, and make it more difficult for us to obtain adequate financing to support our continued operation. The issuance and sale of any securities in the future may be dilutive to our existing shareholders and may cause the price of the ADSs to decline. The issuance of additional shares by us that has the effect of reducing the price of the trading price of ADSs may also prevent us from being able to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), which may result in the ADSs being suspended or delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market. If a suspension or delisting of the ADSs were to occur, there would be significantly less liquidity in the suspended or delisted ADSs. In addition, our ability to raise additional capital through equity or debt financing would be greatly impaired. Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. Mr. Wei Wen beneficially owns Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of Sales of substantial amounts of
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our and the VIEs’ business, the market price for The trading market for Uncertainty involving certain proposed transactions that we have announced from time to time may adversely affect our business and the market price of On January 21, 2021, our board of directors received a preliminary non-binding proposal letter from Mr. Wei Wen, our chairman and chief executive officer, proposing a “going-private” transaction. On November 12, 2021, Mr. Wei Wen withdrew the non-binding going-private proposal, in order to open up more opportunities for our company. 56 We cannot assure you that Mr. Wei Wen or other members of our senior management team will not in the future propose similar going-private transactions and seek to acquire all of the outstanding ordinary shares of our company. Such transaction, whether or not consummated, may divert management focus, employee attention and resources from other strategic opportunities and from operational matters. Uncertainty about the future direction of our company may inhibit investors from buying Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of the ADSs. Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market. Public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions. It is not clear what effect such negative publicity could have on us. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our and the VIEs’ business operations, and any investment in the ADSs could be greatly reduced or even rendered worthless. We do not intend to apply for any listing of the warrant instruments issued in connection with our November 2022 Offering on any exchange or nationally recognized trading system, and we do not expect a market to develop for such warrants. On November 25, 2022, we completed a registered direct offering (the “November 2022 Offering”) with investors for the purchase and sale of (1) 3,654,546 ADSs, (2) certain pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,800,000 ADSs (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) in lieu of the ADSs being offered, and (3) certain warrants to purchase up to 5,454,546 ADSs (the “Warrants”), to certain institutional investors pursuant to a securities purchase agreement dated November 21, 2022. We do not intend to apply for any listing of the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants on Nasdaq Stock Market or any other securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, and we do not expect a market to develop for the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants. Without an active market, the liquidity of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited. Further, the existence of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants may act to reduce both the trading volume and the trading price of the ADSs. The Warrants are speculative in nature. For a period of five years commencing upon the date of issuance, holders of the Warrants purchased in the November 2022 Offering may exercise their right to acquire the ADSs at an exercise price of US$2.75 per share. There can be no assurance that the market price of the ADSs will ever equal or exceed the exercise price of the Warrants, and consequently, whether it will ever be profitable for holders of the Warrants to exercise them. 57 Except as otherwise provided in the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants, holders of the Warrants purchased in the November 2022 Offering will have no rights as our shareholders. The Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants offered in the November 2022 Offering do not confer any rights as shareholders of our company on their holders, such as voting rights or the right to receive dividends, but rather merely represent the right to acquire the ADSs at a fixed price for a limited period of time. Specifically, a holder of the Warrants may exercise the right to acquire one ADS at an exercise price equal to US$2.75 per ADS prior to the 5th anniversary of the original issuance date, upon which date any unexercised Warrants will expire and have no further value. A holder of a Pre-Funded Warrant may exercise the right to acquire one ADS and pay a nominal exercise price at any time. Upon exercise of the Warrants, their holders will be entitled to exercise the rights of a holder of the ADSs only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date. Holders of the ADSs may only exercise their voting rights with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our and the VIEs’ business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in
Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to applicable laws. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividends may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in As a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules, we may be exempt from certain corporate governance requirements that could adversely affect our public shareholders. Since Mr. Wei Wen, our chairman of the board and chief executive officer, is the beneficial owner of a majority of the voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital following, we qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. Under these rules a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a controlled company and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of our directors be independent, as defined in the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules, and the requirement that our compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees consist entirely of independent directors. Although we do not intend to rely upon any such exemptions, we could elect to rely on any or all of these exemptions in the future. Should we choose to do so, so long as we remain a controlled company relying on any of such exemptions and during any transition period following the time when we are no longer a controlled company, you would not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of Nasdaq corporate governance requirements. 58 We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company for United States federal income tax purposes, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to United States investors in the ADSs or ordinary shares. We will be classified as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, if, in the case of any particular fiscal year, either (1) 75.0% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of passive income, or (2) 50.0% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat The determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC will depend upon the composition of our income (which may differ from our historical results and current projections) and assets and the value of our assets from time to time, including, in particular, the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles (which may depend upon the market value of While we do not expect to become a PFIC in the current fiscal year, the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC may also depend, in part, on how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and cash. Under circumstances where we retain significant amounts liquid assets, or if If we are classified as a PFIC in any fiscal year, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation”) may incur significantly increased United States federal income tax on gain
recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs, 59 Our memorandum and articles of association contains anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs. Our memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, subject to any resolution of the shareholders to the contrary, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our Class A ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. However, under Cayman Islands law, our board of directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our memorandum and articles of association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interest of our company. Because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law and conduct our operations primarily in emerging markets, you may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by, among other things, our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands
Although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States,
penal or punitive in nature. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. 60 In addition, we conduct substantially all of our business operations in emerging markets, including China, and substantially all of our directors and senior management are based in China. The SEC, U.S. Department of Justice and other authorities often have substantial difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against non-U.S. companies and non-U.S. persons, including company directors and officers, in certain emerging markets, including China. Additionally, our public shareholders may have limited rights and few practical remedies in emerging markets where we operate, as shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including class action securities law and fraud claims, generally are difficult or impossible to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in many emerging markets, including China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles for the SEC, the DOJ and other U.S. authorities to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation. Although the competent authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, the regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States has not been efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. In China, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to foreign securities regulators. As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or large shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.
We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:
We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information, which would be made available to you, were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.
As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. For instance, we are not required to: (1) have a majority of the board be independent; (2) have a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors; or (3) have regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year. We intend to rely on some of these exemptions. As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your Class A ordinary shares. As a holder of the ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs unless you withdraw such shares. Under our memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required for convening a general meeting is seven calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. The depositary for Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if:
The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, you cannot prevent our underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs from being voted, except that we fail to meet the conditions described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Class A ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.
Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement and the deposit agreement may be amended or terminated without your consent. Under the deposit agreement, any action or proceeding against or involving us or the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs (including any such action or proceeding that may arise under the U.S. federal securities laws), may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York, and you, as a holder of the ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding. Such exclusive jurisdiction may, among other things, discourage lawsuits against or involving us or the depositary, lead to increased costs to bring a claim or limit your ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum you find favorable. Also, we may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you will be deemed to have agreed to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended, unless such amendment is found to be invalid under any applicable laws, including the U.S. federal securities laws. ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement. 63 If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
You may experience dilution of your holdings due to inability to participate in rights offerings. We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result. You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds from the November 2022 Offering, and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree. We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds of the November 2022 Offering, and our management will have considerable discretion in deciding how to apply these proceeds. You will not have the opportunity to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately before you make your investment decision. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of the November 2022 Offering. We cannot assure you that the net proceeds will be used in a manner that will improve our results of operations or increase the price of the ADSs, nor that these net proceeds will be placed only in investments that generate income or appreciate in value. ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY A. History and development of the company We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We commenced our automobile group-purchase facilitation business in 2010. We began our auto show business in the fourth quarter of 2016, and we expanded our auto shows to tier-3 and below cities in 2017. 64 We conduct our business through our subsidiaries and
Since our incorporation of TuanChe Limited in 2012, we have raised approximately US$135.6 million in equity financing from our dedicated group of investors:
65
PRC laws and regulations place certain restrictions on foreign investment in value-added telecommunications service businesses. We conduct our operations in the PRC The contractual arrangements, as described in more detail below, collectively allow us to:
As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of We listed On January 21, 2021, our board of directors received a preliminary non-binding proposal letter from Mr. Wei Wen, our chairman and chief executive officer, proposing a “going-private” transaction. On November 12, 2021, Mr. Wei Wen withdrew the non-binding going private proposal. On January 21, 2022, we announced our preliminary plan to enter the electric vehicle manufacturing business. Our principal executive offices are located at 9F, Ruihai Building, No. 21 Yangfangdian Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100038, People’s Republic of China. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Osiris International Cayman Limited, Suite #4-210, Governors Square, 23 Lime Tree Bay Avenue, PO Box 32311, Grand Cayman KY1-1209, Cayman Islands. The telephone number of our principal executive offices is (+86-10) 6399-8902. Investors should contact us for any inquiries through the address and telephone number of our principal executive office. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 10 E. 40th Street, 10th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10016, United States. Our principal website is tuanche.com. 66 For information regarding our principal capital expenditures, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity and Capital Resources.” SEC maintains an Internet site, http://www.sec/gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding us. We also maintain an Internet site, http://ir.tuanche.com/, for investors’ information. Nasdaq Listing Standards Compliance On February 17, 2023, we received a notice from Nasdaq that we have failed to comply with the minimum closing bid price requirement set forth in Rule 5550(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The Nasdaq notification letter does not result in the immediate delisting of our securities. Pursuant to Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, we have a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until August 16, 2023 to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement. If we fail to regain compliance by August 16, 2023, we may be subject to delisting, or, subject to certain conditions, transfer the listing of the ADSs to the Nasdaq Capital Market. To regain compliance, the closing bid price per ADS must meet or exceed US$1.00 per ADS for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days on or prior to August 16, 2023. In the event that we do not regain compliance by August 16, 2023, subject to the determination by the staff of Nasdaq, we may be eligible for an additional 180-calendar-day compliance period if we meet the continued listing requirements for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards, with the exception of bid price requirement, of the Nasdaq Capital Market, and provides written notice to Nasdaq of our intention to cure the deficiency. We have not regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement as of the date of annual report. We are closely monitoring the bid price of the ADSs, and may consider available options, such as an adjustment of the ADS-to-Class A ordinary share ratio, to increase the per ADS price of the ADSs. B. Business Overview We operate the following businesses:
Our and the VIEs’ business model features the integration of two complementary elements: our and the VIEs’ online platform and offline events. We, together with the VIEs, complement our and the VIEs’ service offerings by collaborating with service and product providers in China’s automotive industry, such as aftermarket service providers, financial institutions, and insurance companies. By extending our and the VIEs’ services beyond automobile purchases, we, together with the VIEs, offer consumers one-stop end-to-end shopping experience, establish ongoing relationships with consumers, and attract new consumers who are contemplating automobile purchases. As our and the VIEs’ consumer base increases, we believe more automakers and auto dealers are incentivized to become our and the VIEs’ industry customers, which leads to a broader selection of automobiles and more favorable pricing terms for our and the VIEs’ consumers, driving a We announced our plan to expand into the NEV industry in January 2021, and we recently announced our strategic collaboration with YangMing New Energy Technology (“YangMing”), Beijing S-TECH Technology (“S-TECH”) and IAT Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen Stock Exchange: 300825) (“IAT”) to explore opportunities in and strengthen our capabilities in the NEV industry. Pursuant to the collaboration agreements, we will collaborate with YangMing to research EV batteries and strengthen our supply chain capacity, with S-TECH to leverage its technologies for our vehicle model development, and with IAT on, among others, vehicle and component research and development, manufacturing and software development. We, together with the VIEs, have a long operating history in China’s automotive industry and have achieved rapid growth since our inception in 2010. In 2010, we and the VIEs began Historically, we generated 68 Our net revenues were
Our and the VIEs’ Business Model We, together with the VIEs, are the first company in China to provide a scalable omni-channel automotive marketplace approach to automobile marketing and distribution, according to the iResearch report. This business model features high sales conversion effectiveness and efficiency, delivering a high and measurable return on investment for our and the VIEs’ industry customers relative to their overall marketing expenditures. We, together with the VIEs, offer marketing solutions by integrating our online platform and offline sales events. Our online platform, which consists of our tuanche.com website, apps, official WeChat account, WeChat mini-programs, Cheshangtong, and other mobile outlets, serves as a platform for consumer acquisition and management. Our and the VIEs’ offline events bring consumers, auto dealers, automakers, and automotive service providers together to promote in-person interactions and direct comparisons across a broad selection of vehicles and related service offerings. The integration of these two components is essential to our and the VIEs’ ability to offer comprehensive and efficient automobile transaction experiences for all participants, including consumers, automakers, auto dealers, and automotive service providers. The chart below illustrates our business model for our integrated marketing solutions: Our and the VIEs’ Consumers We, together with the VIEs, use both online and offline channels to effectively attract automobile consumers to participate in 69 Online. Our and the VIEs’ own online channels consist of We and the VIEs also utilize online channels owned by others to attract prospective consumer participants to our and the VIEs’ offline sales events, such as search engines, social media, newsfeed apps, and online content aggregators. Recently, with the fast development in short-form video apps, we began creating short-form video content that promotes our and the VIEs’ offline events. In Offline. We and the VIEs work with various offline partners to attract participants to our and the VIEs’ offline events, such as traditional print media, television, radio, and billboards in the streets and subway stations. We and the VIEs also rely on word-of-mouth referral by consumers who have participated in our and the VIEs’ events in the past.
We and the VIEs continue to evolve Our and the VIEs’ Industry Customers Our and the VIEs’ industry customers include a variety of businesses within China’s automotive industry, including automakers, franchised dealerships, secondary dealers, aftermarket service providers and others providing automotive services, such as insurance companies and financial institutions. We generate our net revenues primarily from our and the VIEs’ industry customers that pay for booth spaces at As of December 31, 70 Our and the VIEs’ Services Offline Marketing Solutions Auto shows We, together with the VIEs, organize auto shows to create a many-to-many consumption environment for prospective local consumers. Our and the VIEs’ sales-oriented auto shows aim at facilitating successful transactions in a highly efficient and effective manner. We, together with the VIEs, enable industry customers to display a large number of products within a short period of time at a reasonably low cost to an otherwise fragmented consumer base. We and the VIEs charge participating industry customers for booth spaces, and the amount is determined by the locations and sizes of their requested exhibition booths. Usually the larger the area an industry customer wishes to occupy, and the closer the location is to the main entrance, the more we and the VIEs charge. Traditionally, due to inadequate information access, individual automobile consumers often encounter the hassle of bargaining and are rarely confident that they have obtained an optimal price. To solve this problem, before each auto show, we and the VIEs pre-negotiate prices with local participating dealerships and automakers, which then generally offer favorable prices to consumers who purchase automobiles during our and the VIEs’ auto shows. Our and the VIEs’ industry customers typically offer the same price to every consumer at a particular auto show who purchases the same brand and model, thus offering consumers transparent pricing. During Our and the VIEs’ organization of auto shows involves four phases: (1) annual planning, (2) event request initiation, (3) event planning, and (4) event execution. Annual planning. At the beginning of each year, we and the VIEs plan the number of auto shows we and the VIEs target to organize in each region, and the cities we and the VIEs plan to revisit and expand into. We and the VIEs also allocate budget for each region, which serves as a guideline for the specific event requests and action plans. Event request initiation. Each auto show begins with our and the VIEs’ field employees filling out an event request. The requests outline the basic information and budget breakdown of the auto shows. These requests are first reviewed by the regional supervisors who must approve the plan before presenting them to the head of operations at our and the VIEs’ corporate headquarters. We and the VIEs involve regional supervisors
because they are familiar with local situations and can ensure that the request is appropriate for that particular locality. We and the VIEs ultimately require the approval of our and the VIEs’ head of operations to make sure that our and the VIEs’ events nationwide are organized in an orderly and coordinated fashion and are in line with our and the VIEs’ overall corporate budget and strategic operation plans. Event planning. After an event request passes the two-layered approval system, the field employees must submit specific action plans, covering our and the VIEs’ coordination plans with venue, material and service providers, with industry customers and with public security authorities. Our and the VIEs’ field employees must also indicate in the action plans the types of goods and services they need, which typically include exhibition booths and supplies, event set-up services, and event promotion services. These action plans should also include information on anticipated expenses to be paid to suppliers of these goods and services. Each action plan typically allows for miscellaneous spending which is allocated to event-day contingencies. Event execution. After the action plans are reviewed and approved, the execution phase begins and our and the VIEs’ field employees start the coordination processes. We and the VIEs reach out to venue providers and enter into appropriate leasing arrangements. We and the VIEs engage event set-up service providers to design the layout of our and the VIEs’ auto shows and set-up procedures based on the number of industry customers we and the VIEs have solicited. Generally we and the VIEs require our and the VIEs’ event set-up service providers to purchase insurance to cover unexpected accidents during the auto shows. We and the VIEs place purchase orders for exhibition-related materials such as exhibition booth materials, water, food, and banners. At the same time, we and the VIEs work with various online and offline channels to promote our and the VIEs’ events and maximize consumer attendance. 71 We and the VIEs also concurrently coordinate with our and the VIEs’ industry customers. In general, we and the VIEs begin contacting industry customers 30 days before each auto show to allow them sufficient time to arrange event-day logistics since they are responsible for transporting their own vehicles or other merchandise and materials to the auto show venues. In 2016, we, together with the VIEs, introduced the “TuanChe Carnival” auto show model where we and the VIEs invited financial institutions, insurance companies, automotive service providers, car accessories manufacturers and other household goods and services providers, besides automakers and auto dealers in an effort to create a one-stop shopping experience for our consumer participants. We and the VIEs also invited provincial television and radio broadcasting media in order to gain maximum exposure in the local communities. We and the VIEs also work with local public safety officials and hire security personnel through third-party security service providers to ensure we and the VIEs comply with relevant regulations on public gatherings and prevent any public security related issues.
In
The table below sets forth a breakdown of the number of cities where we and the VIEs have organized auto shows by city tiers in the periods indicated:
The table below sets forth a breakdown of the number of cities where we and the VIEs have established operations by city tiers in the periods indicated:
Special promotion event services We, together with the VIEs, began to provide special promotion event services to our and the VIEs’ industry customers in January 2019 to better support our industry customers in organizing their special promotion events. We and the VIEs primarily provide a series of integrated services, such as event planning and executing, marketing training and onsite coaching, to support our and the VIEs’ industry customers’ special promotion events. In Referral Service for Commercial Bank In October 2019, we, together with the VIEs, commenced our and the VIEs’ referral services in collaboration with a commercial bank, where we and the VIEs facilitate the bank in expanding its cooperation with our industry customers to grow its auto loan business. We and the VIEs generate income from charging the bank service fees for approved loan applications. In 2022, we and the VIEs ceased to operate the referral services.
Online marketing services We and the VIEs have developed our and the VIEs’ online marketing services since 2018, catering to the sales and marketing needs of automakers and auto dealers. We and the VIEs work closely with a large network of online and offline media outlets, and have access to abundant flow of information due to our and the VIEs’ social media resources. Leveraging our and the VIEs’ advanced search engine, our and the VIEs’ proprietary data analytical models and advanced digital marketing system, we and the VIEs help industry customers target consumers in an efficient, precise and low-cost manner, maximizing their abilities to acquire consumers and make sales. Our and the VIEs’ online marketing services primarily include (1) demand-side platform services, where we and the VIEs either provide online advertising services on our and the VIEs’ website or provide advertising space resale services in collaboration with third parties, such as search engines and other online advertising channels, and (2) marketing information services, through which we and the VIEs provide industry customers with individual consumers’ demands information regarding their purchase preferences for automobiles generated through our and the VIEs’ online channels upon consumers’ consent. 73 Other Services Social CRM cloud services In January 2020, we acquired Longye International Limited, a leading system developer that develops and implements social customer relationship management cloud systems
Starting from August 2021, we provide aftermarket promotion service to support auto dealers’ aftermarket promotion events during a period. Virtual Dealerships We,
In Sales and Marketing We believe our and the VIEs’ brand name is well-recognized across China’s automotive industry, thanks to the dedicated services of our and the VIEs’ sales and marketing team. Our and the VIEs’ nationwide in-house sales team is mainly responsible for attracting automakers and auto dealers to attend our and the VIEs’ offline events. As of December 31, As of December 31, Technology We and the VIEs rely on our and the VIEs’ technologies and IT infrastructure to achieve our operational goals. Our and the VIEs’ technology development strategies focus on optimizing user experience and maximizing their willingness to participate in our and the VIEs’ offline events. Our and the VIEs’ big-data analytics technology processes data and offers precise and targeted industry analysis and projections. In particular, our and the VIEs’ big-data analytics technology is capable of determining what brands and models are more popular in a particular city or among a certain consumer income level. We and the VIEs then offer the information to our and the VIEs’ industry customers to better facilitate their understanding of the local market and help them adjust their marketing efforts. We and the VIEs also offer technological support to our and the VIEs’ industry customers in their management of purchase orders and other operational information in order to improve their operational efficiencies. Intellectual Property Our and the VIEs’ intellectual properties include trademarks, trademark applications related to our and the VIEs’ brands and software copyrights. We and the VIEs seek to protect our and the VIEs’ intellectual properties through a combination of trademark and copyright protection laws in China and other jurisdictions, as well as through confidentiality agreements and other measures. 74 As of the date of this annual report, we, together with the VIEs, hold Facilities Our and the VIEs’ corporate headquarters are located in Beijing, China, where we, together with the VIEs, lease office space with an area of approximately 4,038.1 square meters as of December 31, Our and the VIEs’ servers are primarily hosted at internet data centers owned by major domestic internet data center providers. The hosting services agreements typically have a one-year term. We believe that our and the VIEs’ current facilities are adequate and that we and the VIEs will be able to obtain additional facilities, primarily through leasing, to accommodate any future expansion plans.
Competition We believe we, together with the VIEs, are a leading omni-channel automotive marketplace in China. While our and the VIEs’ business model is both disruptive and unique, we and the VIEs could be considered to compete with Autohome, Bitauto and various local auto show and automotive related event organizers. We believe we and the VIEs’ are differentiated from our and the VIEs’ competitors mainly for two reasons: (1) our and the VIEs’ events are more sales-oriented instead of information-oriented; and (2) our and the VIEs’ business model integrates our and the VIEs’ online platform with offline events. Employees As of December 31,
Our and the VIEs’ success depends on our and the VIEs’ ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified employees. We believe that we, as well as the VIEs, maintain a good working relationship with our and the VIEs’ employees, and we and the VIEs’ have not experienced any material labor disputes as of the date of this annual report. None of our and the VIEs’ employees is represented by labor unions. In response to the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we and the VIEs implemented measures to adjust the pace of our and the VIEs’ business expansion and conserve resources, such as furlough arrangements and scaling back our recruitment budget and employee size, in 2020, 2021 and Legal Proceedings From time to time, we and the VIEs may be subject to various claims and legal actions that arise in the ordinary course of our and the VIEs’ business. 75 Regulation Regulations Relating to Value-added Telecommunications Service The Telecommunications Regulations of PRC promulgated in September 2000 and amended in July 2014 and February 2016, respectively, by the State Council and its related implementation rules, including the Catalog of Classification of Telecommunications Business issued by the MIIT, categorize various types of telecommunications and telecommunications-related activities into basic or value-added telecommunications services. The Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating promulgated in March 2009 and most recently amended in July 2017 by MIIT set forth more specific provisions regarding the types of licenses required to operate value-added telecommunications services, the qualifications and procedures for obtaining such licenses and the administration and supervision of such licenses. Under these regulations, a commercial operator of value-added telecommunications services must first obtain a license for value-added telecommunications business, or value-added telecommunications service license, from the MIIT or its provincial level counterparts. In September 2000, the State Council promulgated the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services
the legal rights of others. Furthermore, administration of mobile internet application information services is strengthened through the Regulations for Administration of Mobile Internet Application Information Services Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Companies The PRC Foreign Investment Law On March 15, 2019, the NPC approved the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information – Risks Related to our Corporate Structure – Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.” On December 26, 2019, the State Council issued the Implementation Regulation on the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on 1 January 2020, The Implementation Regulation on the Foreign Investment Law further clarified relevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law. For example, it provides that the existing foreign-invested enterprises established before the effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Law may change their organizational forms, organizational structures, etc. and go through the change of registration procedures in accordance with the Foreign Investment Law and other relevant laws and regulations at any time prior to January 1, 2025, after which the local branches of State Administration for Market Regulations In December 2019, the MOFCOM and the SAMR jointly issued the Measures for Reporting of Foreign Investment Information 76 In December 2020, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated Measures for Security Review of Foreign Investment, which became effective on January 18, 2021. The Foreign Investment Security Review Mechanism Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Companies According to the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises issued by the State Council in December 2001 and amended in September 2008 and February 2016, respectively, foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprises must be in the form of Sino-foreign equity joint ventures. The regulations restrict the ultimate capital contribution percentage held by foreign investors in a foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprise to 50% or less and require the primary foreign investor in a foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprise to have a good track record and operational experience in the value-added telecommunications industry. Pursuant to the latest amendment to the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises issued by the State Council in March 2022, which
In July 2006, the Ministry of Information Industry (which was integrated into the MIIT with other governmental departments in March 2008), issued the Notice of the Ministry of Information Industry on Strengthening the Administration over Foreign Investment in the Operation of Value-Added Telecommunications Business 77 Furthermore, the Foreign Investment Catalog (as amended) classifies industries listed therein into two parts: encouraged category, and the category subject to the special management measures for the entry of foreign investment Our business falls under value-added telecommunications services, which are under the “restricted category” in the Foreign Investment Catalog (as amended).
Regulations Relating to Security Administration of Large-scale Mass Activities and Temporary Urban Road Occupation Pursuant to the Regulation on Security Administration of Large-scale Mass Activities promulgated by the State Council in September 2007 which became effective in October 2007, large-scale mass activities as mentioned in such regulation refer to the following activities that legal persons or other organizations hold for the public with the participants expected to reach 1,000 or more in any single session: sports competition, concert, music concert and other art performances, exhibition, spot sale, etc. The undertaker of large-scale mass activities In additions, pursuant to the Regulations on Administration of Urban Roads promulgated in June 1996 and most recently amended in March 2019 by the State Council, the temporary occupancy and use of urban roads due to extraordinary circumstances shall be approved by the competent municipal engineering administrative department and the public security and traffic administrative department. Such temporary occupancy and use with approval shall be carried out in conformity with the approved location, area and time limits, without damaging the urban roads, and the road shall be restored to its original conditions upon the expiration of the approved occupation and use duration. The Regulations on Administration of Urban Appearance and Environmental Sanitation promulgated in June 1992 and most recently amended in March 2017 by the State Council also provides that, among other things, the building of non-permanent structure or temporary preservation of materials due to extraordinary circumstances shall be approved by the competent administrative department on urban appearance and environmental sanitation. Any violation of the above provisions may result in, among others, correction order, fines or liability for damage. 78 Regulations Relating to Automobile Sales The sales of new automobiles within the territory of PRC are principally governed by the Administrative Measures for the Automobile Sales
Regulations Relating to Advertisements According to the PRC laws and regulations, companies that engage in advertising activities must obtain from the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (which was integrated into the SAMR with other governmental departments in March 2018) (the “SAIC”), In July 2016, SAIC issued the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising Violation of these laws and regulations may result in penalties, including fines, confiscation of advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an advertisement correcting the misleading information. In circumstances involving serious violations, the SAIC or its local branches may revoke violators’ licenses or permits for their advertising business operations. Furthermore, advertisers, advertising agencies and advertising distributors may be subject to civil liability if they infringe on the legal rights and interests of third parties. 79 Regulations Relating to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection Internet information in China is regulated from a national security standpoint. The Decisions on Preserving Internet Security was enacted by the NPC, in December 2000 and was amended in August 2009, which subject violators to potential criminal punishment in China for any effort to (1) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (2) disseminate politically disruptive information; (3) leak state secrets; (4) spread false commercial information; or (5) infringe intellectual property rights. The Ministry of Public Security of PRC
In recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted laws and regulations on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. Under the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the MIIT in December 2011 and effective in March 2012, an internet information service provider may not collect any user personal information or provide any such information to third parties without the consent of the user. An internet information service provider must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user personal information and may only collect such information necessary for the provision of its services. An internet information service provider is also required to properly maintain the user’s personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of the user’s personal information, the internet information service provider must take immediate remedial measures and, in severe circumstances, immediately report to the telecommunications authority. In addition, pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information issued by the Standing Committee of the NPC in December 2012, the Order for the Protection of Telecommunications and Internet User Personal Information issued by the MIIT in July 2013 and came into force in September 2013, any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes. An internet information service provider must also keep such information strictly confidential, and is further prohibited from divulging, tampering with or destroying any such information, or selling or providing such information to other parties. An internet information service provider is required to take technical and other measures to prevent the collected personal information from any unauthorized disclosure, damage or loss. Any violation of these laws and regulations may subject the internet information service provider to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancellation of filings, closedown of websites or even criminal liabilities. Moreover, pursuant to the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law issued by the Standing Committee of the NPC in August 2015 which became effective in November 2015, any internet service provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders, shall be subject to criminal penalty for the result of (1) any dissemination of illegal information in large scale; (2) any severe effect due to the leakage of the client’s information; (3) any serious loss of criminal evidence; or (4) other severe situation. Any individual or entity that (1) sells or provides personal information to others in a way violating the applicable law, or (2) steals or illegally obtain any personal information, shall be subject to criminal penalty in severe situation. In addition, the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the PRC on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Handling Criminal Cases of Infringing Personal Information, issued in May 2017 and effective in June 2017, clarified certain standards for the conviction and sentencing of the criminals in relation to personal information infringement. In addition, the PRC General Provisions of the Civil Law, promulgated in March 2017 and became effective in October 2017, required personal information of individuals to be protected. In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the NPC released the Internet Security Law, which took effect in June 2017. The Internet Security Law reiterated the requirements regarding collecting and using personal information, including, among others, (1) when collecting or using personal information, network operators shall clearly indicate the purposes, methods and scope of the information collection, the use of information collection, and obtain the consent of those from whom the information is collected; and (2) network operators shall strictly preserve the privacy of user information they collect, and establish and maintain systems to protect user privacy. The Internet Security Law further requires network operators to perform certain functions related to internet security protection and the strengthening of network information management. For instance, under the Internet Security Law, network operators of key information infrastructure generally shall, during their operations in the PRC, store the personal information and important data collected and produced within the territory of the PRC. 80 In June 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law, among others, provides for a security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security. In November 2021, the CAC released the Administrative Measures for Internet Data Security (Draft for Comments)
service provider to do so, and submit the assessment report for the preceding year to the municipal cybersecurity department by the end of January each year. There is no timetable as to when the Draft Measures for Internet Data Security will be enacted. Furthermore, the Cybersecurity Review Measures, promulgated in December 2021 and effective in February 2022, set forth the cybersecurity review mechanism for critical information infrastructure operators, and provided that critical information infrastructure operators that intend to purchase internet products and services and network platform operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security shall be subject to a cybersecurity review. In July 2021, certain PRC regulatory authorities issued Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Law, which, among others, provides for strengthening relevant laws and regulations on data security, cross-border data transmission, and confidential information management. These opinions provided that efforts will be made to revise the regulations on strengthening the confidentiality and file management relating to the offering and listing of securities overseas, to hold overseas listed companies responsible for information security, and to strengthen the standardized management of cross-border information provision mechanisms and procedures. In July 2021, the State Council issued the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure In 81 In January 2019, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, and the SAMR jointly issued an Announcement of Launching Special Crackdown Against Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information by Apps to carry out special campaigns against mobile apps collecting and using personal information in violation of applicable laws and regulations, which prohibits business operators from collecting personal information irrelevant to their services, or forcing users to give authorization in a disguised manner. In November 2019, the Secretary Bureau of the CAC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR promulgated the Identification Method of Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information by App, which provides guidance for the regulatory authorities to identify the illegal collection and use of personal information through mobile apps, for the app operators to conduct self-examination and self-correction, and for other participants to voluntarily monitor compliance. On December 15, 2019, the Provisions on Ecological Governance of Network Information Content was issued by the CAC, which has come into effect on March 1, 2020. These provisions require network information content service platform to perform its duties as the information content administrator, strengthen ecological governance of the network information contents of its own platform, and foster a positive, healthy, progressive and amicable cyber culture. The MIIT issued the Notice on the Further Special Rectification of Apps Infringing upon Users’ Personal Rights and Interests in July 2020, which requires that certain conducts of app service providers should be inspected, including, among others, (i) collecting personal information without the user’s consent, collecting or using personal information beyond the necessary scope of providing services, and forcing users to receive advertisements; (ii) requesting user’s permission in a compulsory and frequent manner, or frequently launching third-parties apps; and (iii) deceiving and misleading users into downloading apps or providing personal
information. The notice also sets forth that the period for the regulatory specific inspection on apps and that the MIIT will order the non-compliant entities to modify their business within five business days, or otherwise to make public announcement to remove the apps from the app stores and impose other administrative penalties. The Civil Code of PRC, which was promulgated by the NPC in May 2020 and became effective in January 2021, provides that: (1) the personal information of a natural person shall be protected by law; (2) the processing of personal information, including the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, and disclosure of personal information, shall be carried out pursuant to the principles of lawfulness, appropriateness and necessity, and excessive processing shall not be allowed, among with other conditions as prescribed in the Civil Code of PRC; and (3) an information processor shall not divulge or tamper with the personal information it collects or stores; and, without the consent of a natural person, the information processor shall not illegally provide others with the personal information of the natural person, except for information that is rendered unrecoverable after processing and from which no specific individual may be identified. Moreover, an information processor shall take technical and other necessary measures to ensure the security of the personal information it collects and stores, and prevent information from being leaked, tampered with or lost; and, if personal information has been or may be leaked, tampered with or lost, the information processor shall take remedial measures in a timely manner, inform the natural persons concerned in accordance with relevant provisions, and report the situations to competent departments concerned. In August 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which took effect in November 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law requires, among others, that (1) the processing of personal information should have a clear and reasonable purpose directly related to the processing and should be conducted in a method that has the minimum impact on personal rights and interests, and (2) the collection of personal information should be limited to the minimum scope as necessary to achieve the processing purpose and avoid the excessive collection of personal information. Personal information processors shall adopt necessary measures to safeguard the security of the personal information that they handle. The offending entities could be ordered to correct, or to suspend or terminate the provision of services, and face confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties. Regulations Relating to Consumer Rights Protection and Tort Liabilities According to the Laws on Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests of the PRC, which was latest amended in October 2013, if a consumer’s legitimate rights and interests are infringed upon by the goods seller or service provider at a trade fair, such customer may demand compensation from the infringing seller or service provider. If the trade fair is over, the customer may also demand compensation from the undertaker of such trade fair, in which case the undertaker has the right to recover the compensation from the infringing sellers or service providers afterwards. 82 The Implementation Measures of the PBOC for Protecting Rights and Interests of Financial Consumers Regulations on Anti-Monopoly Matters Related to Internet Platform Companies The PRC Anti-Monopoly Law, which
using technology methods to block competitors’ interface, tying or attaching unreasonable trading conditions, compulsory collection of unnecessary user data). In addition, the guidelines also reinforce the requirement of antitrust merger review for internet platform related transactions to safeguard market competition. Regulation Relating to Financial Lease Pursuant to the Administrative Measures of Supervision on Financial Leasing Enterprises formulated by the MOFCOM which became effective on October 1, 2013 In April 2018, the MOFCOM transferred the duties to promulgate rules and regulations on the operations and supervision of financial leasing enterprises to the newly founded CBIRC. It is uncertain whether the change of the authority may lead to changes in the interpretation and application of existing Administrative Measures or how any such changes might affect financial leasing enterprises. In May 2020, the CBIRC promulgated the Notice of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Promulgation of the Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Finance Leasing Companies 83 Regulations Relating to Financing Guarantee In August 2017, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies In April 2018, seven PRC regulatory agencies including the CBIRC, the NDRC and the MIIT, jointly issued four supporting documents In October 2019, the CBIRC and other eight PRC regulatory agencies promulgated the Supplementary Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies
In July 2020, the CBIRC implemented the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measure to formulate the regulation regime for online lending business conducted by commercial banks. For example, the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures set several rules for commercial banks to collaborate with external institutions on online lending, including: (i) commercial banks shall conduct pre-admission assessments on cooperative external institutions and manage such external institutions by a name list; (ii) commercial banks shall not accept any credit enhancement services directly or in disguised form, from third parties without qualification to provide guarantee, credit insurance or guarantee insurance; (iii) the cooperative external institutions (except for an insurance company or an institution with guarantee qualification) shall not charge any interest or expense to the borrower in any form; (iv) commercial banks shall independently conduct the credit approval, contract execution and other core risk control business; (v) the collaboration agreement between the commercial banks and the cooperative external institutions shall be executed in writing and specify the cooperation scope, data confidentiality, transitional arrangement for change or termination of the matters under cooperation, and the commitment of the external institutions for cooperating with the commercial bank in accepting the inspection by the banking regulatory authorities; and (vi) the commercial banks shall fully disclose, in conspicuous place of relevant page, the information of the cooperative external institutions, the information of the cooperative product, as well as rights and responsibilities of the commercial bank and the cooperative external institutions. The Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures set forth a transitional period of these measures, which is two years from the date on which the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures is implemented. The business newly increased in the transitional period shall comply with the requirement therein, and a plan to rectify the online lending business within such transitional period shall be formulated and submitted to the banking regulatory authority within one month from the implementation date. In February 2021, the CBIRC promulgated the Circular 24, which sets forth several requirements on the online lending business of the commercial banks, including: (i) the commercial banks shall conduct the risk control measures independently and the core credit assessment and risk control business are prohibited to be outsourced; (ii) except for the commercial banks which have no actual business sites, mainly conduct online business and meet other requirements stipulated by the CBIRC, local commercial banks shall conduct online lending within the jurisdiction where such commercial banks are registered; and (iii) with respect to the online loan business conducted in cooperation with third-party institutions, the capital contribution of cooperative institutions shall not be less than 30% in a single loan. 84 Regulations Relating to Intellectual Property Rights The PRC has adopted comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyrights, patents, trademarks and domain names. Copyright. Copyright in the PRC, including copyrighted software, is principally protected under the Copyright Law of the PRC, which was latest amended in November 2020 and took effect in June 2021 Patent. The Patent Law of the PRC that was latest amended in October 2020 and became effective in June 2021 Trademark. The Trademark Law of the PRC that was latest amended in April 2019 and took effect in November 2019 Domain Name. Domain names are protected under the Administrative Measures on the Internet Domain Names promulgated by MIIT in August 2017, which became effective in November 2017
Regulations Relating to Tax Enterprise Income Tax PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on taxable income, which is determined under (1) the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, promulgated by the NPC and implemented in January 2008 and amended in December 2018 85 In addition, according to the EIT Law, enterprises registered in countries or regions outside the PRC but have their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered as PRC resident enterprises and are therefore subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. Though the implementation rules of the EIT Law define “de facto management bodies” as “establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., of an enterprise,” the only detailed guidance currently available for the definition of “de facto management body” as well as the determination and administration of tax residency status of offshore-incorporated enterprises are set forth in the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies promulgated by SAT in April 2009 According to SAT Circular 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met:
SAT Bulletin No. 45 further clarifies certain issues related to the determination of tax resident status and competent tax authorities. It also specifies that when provided with a copy of Recognition of Residential Status from a resident Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise, a payer does not need to withhold income tax when paying certain PRC-sourced income such as dividends, interest and royalties to such Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise. SAT Bulletin No. 9 further provides that, among other things, an entity that is classified as a “PRC resident enterprise” in accordance with the SAT Circular 82 shall file the application for classifying its status of residential enterprise with the local tax authorities where its main domestic investors are registered. From the year in which the entity is determined as a “PRC resident enterprise”, any dividend, profit and other equity investment gain shall be taxed in accordance with the EIT Law and its implementing rules.
If TuanChe Limited or any of our subsidiaries outside of China were to be considered a PRC “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, we will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on our worldwide income at a uniform tax rate of 25.0%. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders.” 86 Income Tax for Share Transfers According to the Public Notice Regarding Certain Enterprise Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-resident Enterprise There is uncertainty as to the application of SAT Bulletin 7. SAT Bulletin 7 may be determined by the PRC tax authorities to be applicable to our prior private equity financing transactions that involved non-resident investors, if any of such transactions are determined by the tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose. As a result, we and our non-resident investors in such transactions may become at risk of being taxed under SAT Bulletin 7, and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to establish that we should not be taxed under the general anti-avoidance rule of the EIT Law, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Dividend Withholding Tax Pursuant to the EIT Law and its implementation rules, if a non-resident enterprise has not set up an organization or establishment in the PRC, or has set up an organization or establishment but the income derived has no actual connection with such organization or establishment, it will be subject to a withholding tax on its PRC-sourced income at a rate of 10%. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. Pursuant to the Notice of the SAT on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements Regulations Relating to Foreign Currency Exchange Foreign Currency Exchange The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration, promulgated by the State Council and amended in August 2008. Under these regulations, the Renminbi is freely convertible for current account items, including the trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions and other current exchange transactions, but not for capital account items, such as direct investments, loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities, unless the prior approval of the SAFE, is obtained and prior registration with SAFE is made.
In August 2008, the Notice of the General Affairs Department of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the Relevant Operating Issues concerning the Improvement of the Administration of Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises The Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Improving and Adjusting the Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Direct Investments was promulgated by SAFE in November 2012 and most recently amended in December 2019, and substantially amends and simplifies the foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to this circular, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts, such as pre-establishment expense accounts, foreign exchange capital accounts and guarantee accounts, the reinvestment of Renminbi proceeds by foreign investors in the PRC, and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign shareholders no longer require the approval or verification of SAFE, and multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces, which was not possible previously. In addition, according to the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issuing the Provisions on the Foreign Exchange Administration of Domestic Direct Investment of Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents promulgated by SAFE in May 2013 and most recently amended in December 2019, the administration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC shall be conducted by way of registration and banks shall process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches. In July 2014, SAFE further reformed the foreign exchange administration system in order to satisfy and facilitate the business and capital operations of foreign investment entities, and issued the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the Pilot Reform of the Administrative Approach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capitals of Foreign-Invested Enterprises in Certain Areas In March 2015, SAFE released the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administrative Approach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capitals of Foreign-invested Enterprises In June 2016, SAFE issued the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Administrative Provisions on Capital Account Foreign Exchange Settlement
In January 2017, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification In April 2020, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Optimizing Foreign Exchange Administration to Support the Development of Foreign-related Business Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Involved in Overseas Investment, Financing and Roundtrip Investment Conducted by Residents in China via Special-Purpose Companies In February 2015, SAFE released the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Simplifying and Improving the Policies of Foreign Exchange Administration Applicable to Direct Investment
Share Option Rules Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. In addition, under the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues Related to Foreign Exchange Administration in Domestic Individuals Participation in Equity Incentive Plans of Companies Listed Abroad issued by SAFE in February 2012 Regulations Relating to Dividend Distribution Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries, which is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise incorporated in China, to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under PRC laws and regulations, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the PRC may pay dividends only out of accumulated profits, after setting aside annually at least 10% of accumulated after-tax profits as statutory reserve fund, if any, unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. A wholly foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits to discretionary surplus fund at its discretion. These statutory reserve funds and discretionary surplus funds may not be distributed as cash dividends. Profit of a wholly foreign-owned enterprise shall not be distributed before the losses thereof for the previous accounting years have been made up. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year. Regulations Relating to M&A and Overseas Listings Six PRC regulatory agencies, including the CSRC, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, which became effective in September 2006 and was amended in June 2009 In July 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Severely Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Laws. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. In December 2021, the NDRC and MOFCOM jointly issued the
foreign investors of such company shall not be involved in the company’s operation and management, and their shareholding percentage shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the relevant regulations on the domestic securities investments by foreign investors. 91 In According to the In
Regulations Relating to Employment Pursuant to the Labor Law of PRC, promulgated by the Standing Committee of NPC in July 1994 and amended in December 2018 Enterprises in China are required by the Social Insurance Law of PRC promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC in October 2010 which became effective in July 2011 and amended in 2018
C. Organizational Structure The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries and
(1) The following table sets out the details of our subsidiaries,
Our Contractual Arrangements PRC laws and regulations place certain restrictions on foreign investment in value-added telecommunications service businesses. We conduct
As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Below is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among our WFOEs, the VIEs Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement between each of
Exclusive Call Option Agreement Under the exclusive call option agreement among the applicable WFOE, each of Equity Pledge Agreement Under the equity interest pledge agreement among the applicable WFOE, each of Powers of Attorney Pursuant to the powers of attorney executed by the shareholders of Spousal Consent Letters Pursuant to the spousal consent letters, each of the spouses of the individual shareholders of the VIEs unconditionally and irrevocably agrees that the equity interest in the VIEs held by and registered in the name of her respective spouse will be disposed of pursuant to the relevant equity pledge agreement, the exclusive call option agreement and the powers of attorney. In addition, each of them agrees not to assert any rights over the equity interest in the VIEs held by his or her respective spouse. In addition, in the event that any of them obtains any equity interest in the VIEs held by her respective spouse for any reason, such spouse agrees to be bound by similar obligations and agreed to enter into similar contractual arrangements. In the opinion of Shihui Partners, our PRC legal counsel, the contractual arrangements among WFOEs,
D. Property, plants and equipment See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Facilities.”
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and their related notes included in this annual report. This report contains forward-looking statements. In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption A. Operating Results Overview We believe we are a leading omni-channel automotive marketplace in China. We provide a scalable omni-channel automotive marketplace approach to automobile marketing and distribution. We offer marketing solutions by integrating our online platform and offline sales events. In Historically, we generated our net revenues primarily through our offline events. Our net revenues were General Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations We, together with the VIEs, operate in China’s automotive industry, and our results of operations and financial condition are significantly affected by general factors driving this industry. With the increase in disposable income for automobile consumers, especially in lower tier cities, and declining automobile prices, automobiles have become more affordable to Chinese consumers. The urbanization of China’s population has led to infrastructure development, which makes automobiles a more desirable solution for short-distance traveling. In particular, tier-3 and below cities are experiencing, and are expected to continue to experience, a faster growth rate than tier-1 and tier-2 cities in terms of new automobile sales volume, according to the iResearch report. 97 Since 2020, we and the VIEs have faced continuing macroeconomic and industry-wide headwinds, such as the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the shortage in vehicle supply caused by the global chip shortage. As a result of the government-mandated quarantine measures to contain the COVID-19 spread, we and the VIEs cancelled all offline events such as auto shows and special promotion events previously scheduled in February and March 2020, and held very few offline events in the first half of 2020, although the number of offline events picked up in the second half of 2020 as the pandemic was gradually contained in China. However, regional outbreak may occur from time to time, causing us and the VIEs to have no choice but cancel our auto shows and special promotion events. In 2021 and early 2022, the various variants of COVID-19, including Omicron and Deltacron, were spreading in many cities in China, and the local governments took strict prevention and control measures to reduce gatherings and control the spread of the virus, and as a result, we and the VIEs cancelled 157
monitoring the status of the COVID-19 pandemic to timely adjust our and the VIEs’ strategies. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business operations have been and may continue to be materially and adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.” In addition to general economic conditions and industry factors, we believe the following company-specific factors have had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on our results of operations. Specific Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations While our business is influenced by general factors affecting China’s automotive industry, we believe our results of operations are more directly affected by company specific factors, including the following: Scale of Our and the VIEs’ Business The scale of our and the VIEs’ business, including the number of offline events we and the VIEs organize, the number of cities in which we and the VIEs operate, the number of automobile sales transactions we and the VIEs facilitate, and the number of industry customers we and the VIEs serve, has a significant impact on our results of operations. In 98 Pricing Our and the VIEs’ ability to maintain or potentially increase the service fees we and the VIEs charge In January 2020, we completed the acquisition of Longye, whose flagship software product Cheshangtong will improve the capability of our Operational Efficiency Our and the VIEs’ ability to maintain and enhance operational efficiency for our and the VIEs’ offline events directly impacts our results of operations. We depend on our and the VIEs’ standardized event planning and operating procedures and
Consumer Acquisition Consumer acquisition affects our results of operations in two ways. On one hand, a large, high-quality, and engaged consumer base is attractive to our and the VIEs’ industry customers seeking to sell automobiles and related automotive services. On the other hand, high consumer acquisition efficiency enables us and the VIEs to control Seasonality We and the VIEs generally experience effects of seasonality primarily due to the consumption habits of Chinese automobile consumers. For example, we and the VIEs generally organize fewer offline events and generate less net revenues during the first quarter of each year than any of the other three quarters due to the effect of the Chinese New Year holidays when consumers tend to stay home with their families. In contrast, we and the VIEs may experience higher net revenues growth during the last quarter of each year than any of the other three quarters when consumers increase their purchasing activities in preparation for the coming holiday season, subject to industry-wide and macroeconomic uncertainties beyond our and the VIEs’ control, such as general marketing conditions and government incentives or restrictions. 99 Non-Commercial Contingencies Due to the nature of our and the VIEs’ business, certain contingencies and non-commercial factors, such as weather conditions and number of weekends during a specific period, may also affect our results of operations. We and the VIEs host many of Because we and the VIEs generally organize offline events during weekends in order to maximize consumer attendance, the number of weekends in a particular period could affect the net revenues and our overall results of operations for that period. For example, because Our and the VIEs’ offline events may also be halted as a result of any public health crisis. As the COVID-19 pandemic has become largely under control in China, since the end of May 2020, we and the Non-GAAP Financial Measures To supplement our consolidated financial statements which are presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we also use adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net loss as additional non-GAAP financial measures. We present these non-GAAP financial measures because they are used by our management to evaluate our operating performance. We also believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our consolidated results of operations in the same manner as our management and in comparing financial results across accounting periods and to those of our peer companies. We define adjusted EBITDA as net loss excluding depreciation and amortization, interest
adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net loss provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results. These non-GAAP financial measures adjust for the impact of items that we do not consider indicative of the operational performance of our business and should not be considered in isolation or construed as an alternative to net loss or any other measure of performance or as an indicator of our operating performance. Investors are encouraged to compare the historical non-GAAP financial measures with the most directly comparable GAAP measures. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net loss presented here may not be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies. Other companies may calculate similarly titled measures differently, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures to our data. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure. 100 The following tables set forth a reconciliation of our adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net loss to net loss for the years indicated.
101 Key Components of Results of Operations Net Revenues We generate net revenues primarily from
Offline marketing services revenue Our offline marketing services revenue primarily consists of revenues from auto shows and special promotion events. Auto shows We typically generate net revenues from industry customers that pay for booth spaces in our and the VIEs’ auto shows. In Special promotion event services We and the VIEs began to provide special promotion event services to Referral service for a commercial bank In October 2019, we commenced our referral services in collaboration with a commercial bank, where we and the VIEs facilitate the bank in expanding its cooperation with our and the VIEs’ industry customers to grow its auto loan business. We generate income from charging the bank service fees for approved loan applications. In 102 Online marketing services We and
Other services Other services primarily include (1) customer referral services, where we and the VIEs charge a fixed rate commission fee from an auto content distribution platform by referring our and the VIEs’ industry customers to purchase the platform membership;
Cost of Revenues Our cost of revenues consists of (1) venue set-up costs, (2) venue rental costs, and (3) other direct costs. The following table sets forth the components of cost of revenues, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of net revenues for the years indicated.
Venue set-up costs We and the VIEs engage third-party service providers to assemble exhibition booths and coordinate maintenance issues with participating industry customers. In exchange, we and the VIEs pay these service providers service fees, which we recognize as venue set-up costs after the relevant services are rendered. Our venue set-up costs were Venue rental costs We and the VIEs use venues owned by third-party property owners for our and the VIEs’ auto shows and pay these property owners rental fees which we recognize as venue rental costs at the end of the rental period. The amount of rent primarily depends on the venue’s location and size. Our venue rental costs were 103 Other direct costs Other direct costs primarily include costs related to the planning and organization of our and the VIEs’ offline and online events, such as security costs, Gross Profit As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit was
Operating Expenses Our operating expenses consist of selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses. The following table sets forth the components of operating expenses, in absolute amounts and as a percentage of net revenues, for the years indicated.
Selling and marketing expenses Our selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of (1) advertising and promotion expenses, which entail expenditures related to online and offline promotion of our and the VIEs’ business, (2) sales staff compensation, (3) others, including transportation expenses incurred by our and the VIEs’ sales staff, field sales office rental expenses and call center expenses. We expect that our selling and marketing expenses will continue to increase as we and the VIEs further expand into new markets and service offerings and as we and the VIEs enhance our and the VIEs’ brand recognition. The following table sets forth the components of our selling and marketing expenses, in absolute amounts and as a percentage of net revenues, for the years indicated.
104 General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of (1) administrative staff compensation, (2) professional service expenses, (3) office expenses, and (4) others, including allowance of doubtful accounts and insurance expenses. The following table sets forth the components of general and administrative expenses, in absolute amounts and as a percentage of net revenues, for the years indicated.
Impairment of long-lived assets Impairment of long-lived assets was in relation to property, equipment and software, intangible assets and right-of-use assets. We recorded impairment of long-lived assets of nil, nil and RMB19.7 million (US$2.9 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, accounting for nil, nil and 10.8% of our net revenues in the same periods, respectively. Taxation Cayman Islands We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands. Hong Kong Commencing from the year of assessment 2018/2019, the first HK$2.0 million of profits earned by the Group’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong will be taxed at half the current tax rate (i.e., 8.25%) while the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at the existing 16.5% tax rate. Payments of dividends by the subsidiary to the Company are not subject to withholding tax in Hong Kong. 105 PRC Our subsidiaries and Our subsidiaries and As a Cayman Islands holding company, we may receive dividends from our PRC subsidiaries. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules provide that dividends paid by a PRC entity to a non-resident enterprise for income tax purposes is subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, subject to reduction by an applicable tax treaty with China. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise may be reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements
treaty benefits when performing tax filings. Instead, nonresident enterprises and their withholding agents may retain such supporting documents themselves for the post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities. Accordingly, TuanChe Information Limited and Long Ye Information Technology Limited, our Hong Kong subsidiaries, may be able to benefit from the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends it receives from our PRC subsidiaries, if it satisfies the conditions prescribed under SAT Circular 81 and other relevant tax rules and regulations. However, according to SAT Circular 81 and SAT Circular 35, if the relevant tax authorities consider the transactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the
106 Results of Operations The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the years indicated. You should read this information together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The results of operations in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future years or periods.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021 Net Revenues Our net revenues decreased by 48.8% from RMB357.6 million in 2021 to RMB183.2 million (US$26.6 million) in 2022, primarily representing the decreases in net revenues from offline marketing services and referral service for a commercial bank.
107
Cost of Revenues Our cost of revenues decreased by 27.1% from RMB85.3 million in 2021 to RMB62.2 million (US$9.0 million), primarily due to the following reasons.
Gross Profit As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit decreased by 55.6% from RMB272.3 million in 2021 to RMB121.0 million (US$17.5 million) in 2022. Operating Expenses Selling and marketing expenses Our selling and marketing expenses decreased by 53.5% from RMB274.7 million in 2021 to RMB127.7 million (US$18.5 million) in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in advertising and promotion expenses and sales staff compensation expenses, as a result of the decrease in the number of offline events held by us and the VIEs and the adjustment of our and the VIEs’ workforce structure. Our advertising and promotion expenses decreased by 58.9% from RMB140.1 million in 2021 to RMB57.6 million (US$8.3 million) in 2022, primarily due to the decrease in the number of offline events held by us and the VIEs during 2022. The number of cities where we have established sales operations decreased from 119 as of December 31, 2021 to 83 as of December 31, 2022. Our sales staff compensation expenses decreased by 46.1% from RMB110.7 million in 2021 to RMB59.7 million (US$8.7 million) in 2022, primarily due to the decrease in the number of offline events held by us and the corresponding adjustment of our and the VIEs’ workforce structure. Our selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of total net revenues decreased from 76.8% in 2021 to 69.7% in 2022, primarily because our selling and marketing expenses decreased at a larger rate than our revenue did. General and administrative expenses Our general and administrative expenses decreased by 11.1% from RMB72.8 million in 2021 to RMB64.7 million (US$9.4 million) in 2022, primarily due to (1) a decrease in the administrative staff compensation expenses, as a result of adjustment of our and the VIEs’ workforce structure and (2) a decrease in allowance for doubtful accounts, as a result of strengthened collection efforts of accounts receivable, partially offset by an increase in professional service expenses in connection with the November 2022 Offering. General and administrative expenses, as a percentage of total net revenues, increased from 20.4% in 2021 to 35.3% in 2022, primarily due to the decrease in our net revenues. 108 Research and Development Expenses Our research and development expenses decreased by 44.5% from RMB35.7 million in 2021 to RMB19.8 million (US$2.9 million) in 2022, primarily due to the decrease in the staff compensation expenses, as a result of the adjustment of our and the VIEs’ workforce structure. Impairment of long-lived assets Impairment of long-lived assets increased from nil in 2021 to RMB19.7 million (US$2.9 million) in 2022, primarily due to impairment in relation to property, equipment and software, intangible assets and right-of-use assets. Operating Loss As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss increased by 0.1% from RMB110.8 million in 2021 to RMB110.9 million (US$16.1 million) in 2022. Others, net included in other income/(expenses) primarily include government grants and VAT refunds, change in fair value of warrant liability, partially offset by impairment of goodwill. Net Loss As a result of the foregoing, we had net loss of RMB101.9 million and RMB158.1 million (US$22.9 million) in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020 Net Revenues Our net revenues increased by 8.3% from RMB330.2 million in 2020 to RMB357.6 million
109 Cost of Revenues Our cost of revenues decreased by 4.0% from RMB 88.8 million in 2020 to RMB85.3 million
Gross Profit As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit increased by 12.8% from RMB241.4 million in 2020 to RMB272.3 million Operating Expenses Selling and marketing expenses Our selling and marketing expenses decreased by 1.8% from RMB279.7 million in 2020 to RMB274.7 million Our advertising and promotion expenses decreased by 10.5% from RMB156.6 million in 2020 to RMB140.1 million
Our sales staff compensation expenses increased by 6.6% from RMB103.8 million in 2020 to RMB110.7 million Our selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of total net revenues decreased from 84.7% in 2020 to 76.8% in 2021, primarily due to (1) the decrease in our selling and marketing expenses as a result of the enhanced control of our promotion expenses and (2) our net revenue growth as a result of the optimization of our revenue structure. General and administrative expenses Our general and administrative expenses decreased by 26.3% from RMB98.8 million in 2020 to RMB72.8 million Research and Development Expenses Our research and development expenses increased by 4.0% from RMB34.3 million in 2020 to RMB35.7 million (US$5.6 million) in 2021, primarily due to the increase in staff compensation for research and development personnel. 110 Operating Loss As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss decreased by 35.3% from RMB171.3 million in 2020 to RMB110.8 million Others, net included in other income/(expenses) primarily include government grants and VAT refunds, partially offset by change of guarantee liability. Net Loss As a result of the foregoing, we had net loss of RMB163.5 million and RMB101.9 million
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity and Capital Resources Our principal sources of liquidity have been cash generated from operations, proceeds from our initial public offering, the November 2022 Offering and loans from banks. As of December 31, We have incurred recurring operating losses since our inception, including net losses of
Historically, we have relied principally on cash from operating activities, non-operational sources of financing from investors to fund our operations and business development. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our management's ability to successfully execute the business plan of reducing the fixed labor cost, pursuing cooperation opportunities in the electric vehicles industry, pursuing potential financing to improve our cash flow from operating and financing activities, and effectively responding to the future development of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on cash flow projections from operating and financing activities, our current balance of cash and cash equivalents, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations, our management believes that our current cash and cash equivalents, time deposits and anticipated cash flow from operations upon successful execution of our business plans will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs from operations and other commitments for at least the next 12 months from the date of this annual report. However, there is no assurance that the plans will be successfully implemented. Failure to successfully implement the plan will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position, and may materially and adversely affect our ability to continue as a going concern. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—The consolidated financial statements included herein contain disclosures that express substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.” 111 In response to the impact of COVID-19, we implemented measures to adjust the pace of our and the VIEs’ business expansion and conserve resources, such as furlough arrangements and scaling back We have not yet achieved a business scale that is able to generate a sufficient level of revenues to achieve net profit and positive cash flows from operating activities, and we expect the operating losses and negative cash flows from operations will continue for the foreseeable future. While we believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and other current assets are sufficient to meet the cash requirements to fund planned operations and other commitments for at least the next 12 months from the date of this annual report, if we fail to grow our business in a way that generates sufficient returns, we may need additional financing to execute our business plans. If additional financing is required, we cannot predict whether this additional financing will be in the form of equity, debt, or another form, and we may not be able to obtain the necessary additional capital on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We may need additional capital, and we may be unable to obtain such capital in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, or at all.” If financing sources are not available, or if we are unsuccessful in increasing our gross profit margin and reducing operating losses, we may be unable to implement our current plans for expansion, repay debt obligations or compete with other market participants effectively, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and would materially and adversely affect our ability to continue as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of uncertainties described above.
The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the years indicated.
112 Operating Activities Cash used in operating activities was RMB109.7 million (US$15.9 million) in 2022. In 2022, the difference between our cash used in operating activities and our net loss of RMB158.1 million (US$22.9 million) resulted primarily from (1) provisions for goodwill impairment of RMB69.9 million (US$10.1 million), (2) provisions for long-lived asset impairment of RMB19.7 million (US$2.9 million), (3) share-based compensation of RMB10.3 million (US$1.5 million), (4) allowance of doubtful accounts of RMB8.1 million (US$1.2 million), and (5) a decrease in prepayment and other current assets of RMB5.2 million (US$0.7 million), partially offset by (1) a decrease in accounts payable of RMB24.3 million (US$3.5 million), (2) a decrease in advance from customers of RMB11.7 million (US$1.7 million), (3) income on changes in fair value of RMB11.2 million (US$1.6 million), (4) a decrease in other current liabilities of RMB8.0 million (US$1.2 million) and (5) a decrease in salary and welfare benefits payable of RMB6.9 million (US$1.0 million). Cash used in operating activities was RMB92.3 million Cash used in operating activities was RMB88.9 million in 2020. In 2020, the difference between our cash used in operating activities and our net loss of RMB163.5 million resulted primarily from (1) share based compensation of RMB17.4 million, (2) allowance of doubtful accounts of RMB30.2 million, (3) an increase in accounts payable of RMB16.0 million and (4) an increase in advance from customers of RMB15.3 million, partially offset by (1) a decrease in salary and welfare benefits payable of RMB16.0 million and (2) an increase in accounts receivable of RMB7.4 million.
Net cash used in
Net cash generated from investing activities was RMB47.9 million Net cash generated from investing activities was RMB37.7 million in 2020, primarily due to (1) cash of RMB166.2 million received from maturity of time deposits, and (2) cash of RMB20.8 million received from disposal of short-term investment, partially offset by placement of time deposits of Financing Activities Net cash
Net cash generated from financing activities was RMB7.0 million Net cash used in financing activities was RMB63,000 in 2020, representing related expenses paid for short-term borrowings of RMB3.0 million.
Indebtedness For details of our outstanding Capital Expenditures We incurred capital expenditures of
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us. Contractual Obligations We lease office spaces and venues for auto shows under non-cancelable operating lease agreements, which expire at various dates through
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Technology” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property.” D. Trend Information Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the 114 E. Critical Accounting Estimates We prepare financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and the disclosure of our contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each fiscal period and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each fiscal period. We continually evaluate these judgments and estimates based on our own historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, our expectations regarding the future based on available information and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, which together form our basis for making judgments about matters that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, our actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application. The selection of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting application of those policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing our financial
Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services using the five steps defined under ASC Topic 606. We determine revenue recognition through the following steps:
Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to a customer. Revenue is recorded net of Value Added Tax 115 Offline marketing services revenue Auto show revenue Our and the VIEs’ online website and offline infrastructure allow us and the VIEs to organize auto shows, which aim at facilitating transactions between consumers and industry customers that includes auto dealers, automakers and automotive service providers. We and the VIEs charge a fixed admission fee per auto show event to Special promotion event service revenue We and the VIEs provide integrated services to support industry customers’ special promotion events during a specific period, which include event planning and execution, marketing training and onsite coaching. We and the VIEs charge a fixed service fee per special promotion event. We have identified one performance obligation, as the individual service promised in service contracts are not distinct individually. As we have control of the special promotion event services and discretion in establishing the price of services fees to industry customers, we are considered to be a principal in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue generated from the special promotion event services is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of the contract, which is usually one week, when the services are provided. Revenue from referral service for commercial bank In October 2019, we and the VIEs commenced our auto loan referral services in collaboration with a commercial bank. The referral services provided to the bank include (1) referral services and (2) periodic guarantee for the following time periods: (a) from the date of loan issuance by the commercial bank to the consumer to the date when the consumer’s vehicle mortgage registration is completed (the procedures for which should be completed within 120 days after the loan issuance) and (b) no overdue of more than 30 days for
any of the first three monthly repayment. The referral service and periodic guarantee are two separate performance obligations that meet the criteria to be considered distinct, of which, referral services revenue is recognized at a point in time upon the delivery of the services and a guarantee liability is recorded at fair value at inception of the loans. Revenue from the periodic guarantee is recognized by a systematic and rational amortization method over the term of guarantee period. We and the VIEs have ceased to operate the referral services since April 2022. Online marketing services
Our and the VIEs’ online marketing services revenue primarily include (i) live streaming promotion events services, (ii) customer referral services, (iii) marketing information services and (iv) demand-side platform services. We and the VIEs commenced 116 Other revenue We and the VIEs also commenced For the marketing information services, we and the VIEs generate consumers’ demand information through The demand-side platform services generate revenue through (1) online advertising services and (2) advertising space resale services. For the advertising services, we identified only one performance obligation to provide advertising spaces on the website to customers, and we recognized the service fees received as revenue on a straight-line basis over the period of the service period. Under the advertising space resale services, we identified only one performance obligation to provide advertising spaces from suppliers such as search engines and other online advertising channels based on customer demands. The customers pay us a membership fee to access these spaces. We recognize the membership fee on a straight-line basis over the membership period, which is usually one year.
On January 13, 2020, we completed the acquisition of Longye, a Software-as-a-Service company that mainly provides subscription and support services to industry customers, including auto dealers, automakers and automotive service provider, with access to cloud services, software licenses and related support and updates during the term of the arrangement. Cloud services allow industry customers to use our multi-tenant software without taking possession of the software. We identified only one performance obligation to provide integrated cloud services to industry customers. We initially record the subscription and support services fee as deferred revenue upon reception and then recognize the revenue on a straight-line basis over the service period, which is usually from one year to five years. The subscription and support services revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of the contract when the services are provided. We and the VIEs operate a virtual dealership by connecting automakers or franchised dealerships with secondary dealers whereby we identified only one performance obligation to purchase cars on behalf of the secondary dealers from the automakers or franchised dealerships. We charge a commission fee at a pre-agreed percentage of the car costs to the secondary dealers. As we have neither
inventory risk nor the discretion to establish the cost of cars to secondary dealers, we are considered to be an agent in accordance with ASC 606. The virtual dealership commission revenue is recognized upon the secondary dealers’ acceptance of the delivery of cars from automakers or franchised dealerships. Starting from August 2021, we and the VIEs provide aftermarket promotion service to support auto dealers' aftermarket promotion events during a period. We identified one performance obligation that is to provide promotion support services to industry customers. The promotion support service revenue is recognized over the period of the contract when the services are provided. Allowance for doubtful account The carrying value of accounts receivable is reduced by an allowance that reflects our best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period when a loss is probable based on an assessment of specific evidence indicating collection is unlikely, historical bad debt rates, accounts aging, financial conditions of the customer and industry trends. 117 Assumptions Used. Our allowance for credit losses is based on its assumptions regarding the probability of default. The expected probability of payment and time to default, which include assumptions about macroeconomic factors and recent performance. We recognized RMB13.6 million, RMB11.7 million and reversed RMB0.9 million in doubtful account for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed of an acquired business. Our goodwill as of December 31, Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances include a significant change in stock prices, business environment, legal factors, financial performances, competition, or events affecting the reporting unit. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The estimation of fair value of reporting unit using a discounted cash flow methodology also requires significant judgments, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for our business, estimation of the useful life over which cash flows will occur, and determination of our weighted average cost of capital. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results and market conditions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment for the reporting unit. Management has determined that we have one reporting unit within the entity at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. Starting from January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2017-04, which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, versus determining an implied fair value in Step 2 to measure the impairment loss. Management evaluated the recoverability of goodwill by performing a qualitative assessment before using the quantitative impairment test approach at the reporting unit level. Based on an assessment of the qualitative factors, management determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as of December 31,
If we reorganize our reporting structure in a manner that changes the composition of our reporting units, goodwill is reassigned based on the relative fair value of each of the affected reporting units.
Long-lived assets Long-lived assets or asset group, including intangible assets with finite lives, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be fully recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than we had originally estimated. We primarily consider the following factors when evaluating impairment:
118 When these events occur, we evaluate the impairment for the long-lived assets by comparing the carrying value of the assets to an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the assets, we recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets. Future cash flow assumptions. We performed qualitative analysis regarding the existence of impairment indicators pursuant to ASC 360-10-35-21 and concluded that there are indicators that the asset group might be impaired mainly due to the adverse impact of COVID-19 and the recurring net losses and operating Income taxes Current income taxes are provided on the basis of income/(loss) for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and any tax loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates or tax laws is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period the change in tax rates or tax laws is enacted. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the amount of deferred income tax assets if it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. Warrant liability We issued warrants to purchase ordinary shares. We evaluate the warrants under ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity. Warrants recorded as liabilities are recorded at their fair value and remeasured on each reporting date with change in estimated fair value of warrant liability in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of the warrant liabilities was valued using Black Scholes Option Pricing model with (1) risk-free rate, (2) expect warrants life, (3) exercise price of warrant, (4) stock price, (5) standard derivation in the value of stock, and (6) expected dividend yield. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, we had nil and RMB24,376 million of warrant liability. We recognized nil, nil and RMB11.2 million (US$1.6 million) in gain in fair value of warrant liability in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES A Directors and Senior Management The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and senior management as of the date of this annual report:
119 Wei Wen is our co-founder and has been serving as the chairman of our board of directors and our chief executive officer since our Jianchen Sun has been serving as our director since 2010 and is our co-founder and president. Prior to joining us, Mr. Sun held multiple positions including regional manager, channel manager, general manager of communication division and deputy general manager, in Changzhou Huaxin Electric Appliance Research Institute, Yiyang Group, Changzhou Boyun Communication Technology
Co., Ltd., and Beijing Guoyuan Innovative Technology Co., Ltd., respectively. Mr. Sun received a bachelor’s degree in international economics and trade from Renmin University of Wendy Hayes has Zijing Zhou has been serving as our independent director since November 2019. Mr. Zhou founded Aplus Investment Consulting (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Fei Han has been serving as our independent director since September 2020. Mr. Han has served as a managing director of Zhongguancun M&A Fund and Zhongguancun Longmen Fund since 2017. From 2013 to 2016, Mr. Han served as an investment director of Fosun International (HK: 0656). From 2010 to 2013, Mr. Han served as an associate director of Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. From 2007 to 2010, Mr. Han served as an associate of Brean Murray, Carret & Co., LLC. Mr. Han received his bachelor’s degree in engineering from Xidian University in 2000, and his MBA from University of South Dakota in 2006. Hui Yuan has been serving as our chief operating officer since May 2019. Mr. Yuan has over
B. Compensation Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers In
Share Incentive Plan 2018 Share Incentive Plan From July 2012 to June 2018, we granted a total of 23,157,017 share options to our directors, officers, other employees and consultants and 15,473,653 share options which were outstanding as of June 15, 2018 were replaced by 13,740,480 restricted shares granted under the Share Incentive Plan we adopted in June
The following paragraphs describe the principal terms of the 2018 Plan: Types of awards. The Plan permits the awards of options, restricted shares or restricted share units. Plan administration. Our board of directors or a committee of one or more members of the board will administer the Plan. The committee or the full board of directors, as applicable, will determine the participants to receive awards, the type and number of awards to be granted to each participant, and the terms and conditions of each award grant. Award agreement. Awards granted under the 2018 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, conditions and limitations for each award, which may include the term of the award, the provisions applicable in the event of the grantee’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind the award. Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, directors and consultants of our company, and other individuals, as determined by the plan administrator. However, we may grant options that are intended to qualify as incentive share options only to our employees and employees of our parent companies and subsidiaries. Vesting schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement. Restricted shares. Restricted shares are subject to such restrictions on transferability and other restrictions as the committee may impose. Exercise of options. The committee determines the exercise price of each option, which is set forth in the Award Agreement. The committee also determines the exercise time and conditions for each option, provided that the maximum exercisable term is 10 years absent amendment or modification. 121 Transfer restrictions. Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the recipient except under limited circumstances, including by will or the laws of descent and distribution, unless otherwise provided by the plan administrator. Termination and amendment of the Plan. The committee, with the prior approval of the board, may terminate, amend or modify the 2018 Plan, subject to some limitations. 2023 Share Incentive Plan On March 13, 2023, we adopted our 2023 Share Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”), to attract and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. We may grant options, restricted shares, restricted share units and other equity-based awards under the 2023 Plan to our employees, directors and consultants. Under the 2023 Plan, a total of 169,172,564 Class A ordinary shares were initially reserved for issuance. As of the date of this annual report, we have not issued or granted awards under the 2023 Plan. The following paragraphs describe the principal terms of the 2023 Plan: Types of awards. The Plan permits the awards of options, restricted shares or restricted share units. Plan administration. The Plan shall be administered by the board or a committee of one or more members of the board to whom the board shall delegate the authority to grant or amend awards to participants other than any of the committee members. Any grant or amendment of awards to any committee member shall then require an affirmative vote of a majority of the board members who are not on the committee. Award agreement. Awards granted under the 2023 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, conditions and limitations for each award, which may include the term of the award, the provisions applicable in the event of the grantee’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind the award. Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, directors and consultants of our company, and other individuals, as determined by the plan administrator. However, we may grant options that are intended to qualify as incentive share options only to our employees and employees of our parent companies and subsidiaries. Vesting schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement. Restricted shares. Restricted shares are subject to such restrictions on transferability and other restrictions as the committee may impose. Exercise of options. The committee determines the exercise price of each option, which is set forth in the Award Agreement. The committee also determines the exercise time and conditions for each option, provided that the maximum exercisable term is 10 years absent amendment or modification. Transfer restrictions. Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the recipient except under limited circumstances, including by will or the laws of descent and distribution, unless otherwise provided by the plan administrator. Termination and amendment of the Plan. The committee, with the prior approval of the board, may terminate, amend or modify the 2023 Plan, subject to some limitations.
The following table sets forth information on restricted shares that we have awarded or have agreed to award as of
*Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares on an as-converted basis.
Equity Incentive Trust An equity incentive trust was established pursuant to a deed dated June 13, 2018 among us, The Core Trust Company Limited, as the trustee, and Best Cars Limited, as a nominee. Best Cars Limited, a company organized and existing under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, is wholly owned by The Core Trust Company Limited, a trust company established in Hong Kong. The registered office of Best Cars Limited is Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, British Virgin Islands. Through the equity incentive trust, our Class A ordinary shares underlying equity awards granted pursuant to our Share Incentive Plan may be provided to certain of recipients of such equity awards. As of March To the extent permitted under the Plan and applicable law and regulations, the trustee shall follow the instruction of the Board or a committee of the Board consisting one or more members of the Board in respect of the exercise of voting rights (if any) and powers in relation to the Class A ordinary shares held by Best Cars Limited until they have been transferred outside of the trust and/or the nominee to the personal accounts of the relevant grant recipient. C. Board Practices Board of Directors Our board of directors consists of five directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company for qualification, and may be an individual or a company. A director may vote with respect to any contract, proposed contract, or arrangement in which he or she is materially interested provided (1) such director, if his interest in such contract or arrangement is material, has declared the nature of his interest at the earliest meeting of the board at which it is practicable for him to do so, either specifically or by way of a general notice and (2) if such contract or arrangement is a transaction with a related party, such transaction has been approved by the audit committee. A director may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital, or any part thereof, to issue debentures, debenture stock, bonds and other securities whether outright or as collateral security for any obligation of the company or of any third party.
Board Diversity The following board diversity matrix sets forth the information concerning the gender, demographic background and certain other characteristics of our board of directors as of the date of this annual report, as self-identified by its members, in accordance with Rule 5606 of the Nasdaq Listing Rules.
Committees of the Board of Directors Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, and has adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below. Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Ms. Wendy Hayes, Mr. Zijing Zhou and Mr. Fei Han and is chaired by Ms. Wendy Hayes. Each of the members of the audit committee satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and meet the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. We have determined that Ms. Wendy Hayes qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee will oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:
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Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Wei Wen, Ms. Wendy Hayes and Mr. Zijing Zhou, and is chaired by Mr. Wei Wen. Ms. Wendy Hayes and Mr. Zijing Zhou satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. As a foreign private issuer, we have elected to not have our compensation committee consist of entirely independent directors. The compensation committee will evaluate or recommend to the board of directors for actions all matters related to the company’s annual compensation and/or bonus plan, equity incentive plans, and other employee-related compensation matters, and will also approve all management compensation levels and arrangements. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Mr. Wei Wen, Mr. Zijing Zhou and Mr. Fei Han, and is chaired by Mr. Wei Wen. Mr. Fei Han and Mr. Zijing Zhou satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. As a foreign private issuer, we have elected to not have our nominating and corporate governance committee consist of entirely independent directors. The nominating and corporate governance committee will assist the board in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee will be responsible for, among other things:
125 Duties of Directors Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe to us fiduciary duties, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than what may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care, and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. Our company may have the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. Terms of Directors and Officers Pursuant to the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the board. An appointment of a director may be on terms that the director shall automatically retire from office (unless he has sooner vacated office) at the next or a subsequent annual general meeting or upon any specified event or after any specified period in a written agreement between our company and the director, if any, but no such term shall be implied in the absence of express provision. Each director whose term of office expires shall be eligible for re-election at a meeting of the shareholders or re-appointment by our board of directors. The office of a director will be vacated if the director (1) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (2) dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind; (3) resigns his office by notice in writing to the Company; (4) without special leave of absence from the board of directors, is absent from meetings of the board of
directors for three consecutive meetings and the board of directors resolves that his office be vacated; or (5) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. Employment Agreements We have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers. Each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period, which will be automatically extended for successive one-year terms unless either party gives the other party a prior written notice to terminate employment. We may terminate the employment for cause, at any time, without advance notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, including conviction or pleading of guilty to a felony, fraud, misappropriation or embezzlement; negligent or dishonest act to our detriment; misconduct or failure to perform his or her duty; disability; or death. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time with a one-month prior written notice if there is a material and substantial reduction in such executive officer’s existing authority and responsibilities or at any time if the termination is approved by our board of directors. Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the employment agreement expires, in strict confidence and not to use or disclose to any person, corporation or other entity without written consent, any confidential information. Each executive officer has also agreed to assign to us all his or her all inventions, improvements, designs, original works of authorship, formulas, processes, compositions of matter, computer software programs, databases, mask works and trade secrets. D. Employees As of December 31,
126 As required by PRC laws and regulations, we participate in various employee social security plans for our and the VIEs’ employees that are administered by local PRC governments, including housing, pension, medical insurance and unemployment insurance. We compensate our employees with basic salaries and performance-based bonuses. None of our and the VIEs’ employees is represented by any collective bargaining arrangements. Our success depends on our and the VIEs’ ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified employees. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our and the VIEs’ employees, and we have not experienced any material labor disputes as of the date of this annual report. None of our and the VIEs’ employees is represented by labor unions. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, we and the VIEs’ implemented measures to adjust the pace of our business expansion and conserve resources, such as furlough arrangements and scaling back E. Share Ownership The following table sets forth information concerning the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of March
The calculations in the table below are based on the fact that there were Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant, or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.
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The calculation of each director or executive’s percentage of aggregate voting power does not take into account that person’s unvested restricted shares which were still held by Best Cars Limited, the nominee of our equity incentive trust, as of March
company organized and existing under the laws of the British Virgin Islands and wholly owned by Mr. Wei Wen. The registered office of WW Long Limited is Start Chambers, Wickham’s Cay II, P.O. Box 2221, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. |
(2) | Represents (i) 2,810,672 Class A shares in the form of ADS, representing the number of restricted shares granted to Mr. Jianchen Sun that have vested or will vest within 60 days after March 31, 2022, and (ii) 11,320,000 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Sunzhiyuan Limited, a company organized and existing under the laws of the British Virgin Islands and wholly owned by Mr. Jianchen Sun. The registered office of Sunzhiyuan Limited is Start Chambers, Wickham’s Cay II, P.O. Box 2221, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. |
(3) | WW Long Limited is a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned by Mr. Wei Wen. The registered office of WW Long Limited is Start Chambers, Wickham’s Cay II, P.O. Box 2221, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. |
(4) | Represents (i) 6,971,174 Class A ordinary shares directly held by K2 Evergreen Partners L.P., a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership, (ii) 29,804,362 Class A ordinary shares directly held and 512,800 Class A ordinary shares held in the form of ADS, by K2 Partners II L.P., a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership, (iii) 3,076,757 Class A ordinary shares directly held by K2 Partners III Limited, a Hong Kong limited company, and (iv) 1,025,586 Class A ordinary shares directly held by K2 Family Partners Limited, a Hong Kong limited company. K2 Evergreen Partners L.P., K2 Partners II L.P., K2 Partners III Limited, and K2 Family Partners Limited are collectively referred to as K2 Partners. K2 Evergreen Partners LLC acts as the general partner of K2 Evergreen Partners L.P., K2 Partners II GP, LLC is the general partner of K2 Partners II GP, L.P., which is the general partner of K2 Partners II L.P., K2 Partners III GP, L.P. acts as the general partner of K2 Partners III L.P., which is the sole shareholder of K2 Partners III Limited. K2 Family Partners GP, L.P. acts as the general partner of K2 Family Partners L.P., which is the sole shareholder of K2 Family Partners Limited. K2 Evergreen Partners LLC, K2 Partners II GP, LLC, K2 Partners III GP, L.P. and K2 Family Partners GP, L.P. are all controlled by KPartners Limited, a Cayman Islands limited company. The registered office of K2 Evergreen Partners L.P. and K2 Partners II L.P. is Osiris International Cayman Limited of Suite #4-210, Governors Square, 23 Lime Tree Bay Avenue, Po Box 32311, Grand Cayman KY1-1209, Cayman Islands. The registered office of K2 Partners III Limited and K2 Family Partners Limited is RM C 20/F, Lucky Plaza, 315-321, Lockhart Rd, Wanchai, Hong Kong. |
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(5) | Represents (i) 20,125,289 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Highland Capital Partners 9 Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership, (ii) 8,668,760 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Highland Capital Partners 9-B Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership, (iii) 1,756,660 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Highland Entrepreneurs’ Fund 9 Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership, (iv) 658,752 Class A ordinary shares in the form of 164,688 ADSs owned by Highland Capital Partners 9 Limited Partnership, (v) 283,752 Class A ordinary shares in the form of 70,938 ADSs owned by Highland Capital Partners 9-B Limited Partnership, and (vi) 57,500 Class A ordinary shares in the form of 14,375 ADSs owned by Highland Entrepreneurs’ Fund 9 Limited Partnership. Highland Capital Partners 9 Limited Partnership, Highland Capital Partners 9-B Limited Partnership, and Highland Entrepreneurs’ Fund 9 Limited Partnership are collectively referred to as the Highland Funds. Highland Management Partners 9 Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership |
(6) | Represents 28,715,429 Class A ordinary shares held by BAI GmbH, a company organized and existing under the laws of Germany. BAI GmbH is a wholly-owned subsidiary of subsidiary of Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA, a company organized and existing under the laws of Germany. The registered office of BAI GmbH and Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA is Carl-Bertelsmann-Strasse 270, 33311 Gütersloh, Germany. |
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(7) | Represents 30,482,380 Class A ordinary shares held by Beijing Z-Park Fund Investment Center (Limited Partner) |
(8) Represents 38,155,408 Class A ordinary shares, held by Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd. (“Sabby Fund”) in the from of ADSs, according to a Schedule 13G filed on January 4, 2023. The registered office of Sabby Fund is c/o Ogier Fiduciary Services (Cayman) Limited, 89 Nexus Way, Camana Bay, Grand Cayman KY1-9008, Cayman Islands. The investment manager of Sabby Fund is Sabby Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, the manager of which is Mr. Hal Mintz.
As of March 31, 2022,20, 2023, a total of 119,385,481196,624,649 Class A ordinary shares are held by four record holders in the United States, including The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of ourthe ADS program, representing 27.89%50.02% of our total outstanding shares. None of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares are held by record holders in the United States. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.company.
For information regarding our stock options, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Critical Accounting Policies—Share-based Compensation.”
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A. Major Shareholders
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”
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B. Related Party Transactions
Contractual Arrangements with Ourthe VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders
We, through our WFOEs, entered into a series of contractual arrangements with ourthe VIEs and their respective shareholders, to obtain effective control of our consolidated affiliated entities. The contractual arrangementswhich collectively allow us to (1) exercise effective controlsignificant influence over each of our consolidated affiliated entities;the VIEs; (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of our consolidated affiliated entities;the VIEs; and (3) have an exclusive call option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in and/or assets of each of ourthe VIEs when and to the extent permitted by PRC laws. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Our Contractual Arrangements.”
Disposal of Long-term Investment to Kuka
On December 2, 2020, we disposed the long-term investment in Beijing Hengpengzhixin Automobile Sales Co., Ltd. to Kuka Technology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. (“Kuka”), or Kuka, with a consideration of RMB0.3 million. The ultimate beneficial owner of Kuka is Mr. Wei Wen, chairman of the board of directors and CEO of the Company.
Outsourcing Agreement with STDC
On 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, we entered into outsourcing service agreements with Shanghai Three Drivers Culture Media Co., Limited or STDC,(“STDC”), of which we own 49% equity interest. The outsourcing service expenses due to STDC was RMB149, RMB1,598RMB1.6 million, RMB2.7 million and RMB2,721RMB1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, respectively. In 2022, we entered into marketing service agreements with the STDC. The marketing service expenses provided by us for the STDC is RMB1.4 million in 2022. Our prepayment balance is nil, RMB469RMB0.3 million and RMB348 for the years endedRMB0.2 million as of December 31, 2019, 20202021 and 2022, respectively.
Transaction with Mr. Wei Wen
In 2022, we provided RMB13.6 million to Mr. Wei Wen, the chairman of the board, the chief executive officer and the acting chief financial officer of our company, who used the fund to assist business development with third parties on behalf of our company, and Mr. Wei Wen repaid RMB13.7 million to us in 2022. The other payable due to Mr. Wei Wen is nil and RMB0.1 million as of December 31, 2021 respectively.and 2022, respectively, which is included in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.
Private Placements
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.”
Shareholders Agreement
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.”
Employment Agreements
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Employment Agreements.”
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Share Incentive Plan
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plan.”
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.
Legal Proceedings
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Legal Proceedings.”
Dividend Policy
We have not declared or paid any dividends. We do not have any present plans to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares or the ADSs in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.
Our board of directors has complete discretion in deciding the payment of any future dividends, subject to applicable laws. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividends may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on its shares out of its profits, realized or unrealized, or from any reserve set aside from profits which its directors determine is no longer required or out of the share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. The declaration and payment of dividends will depend upon, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, our financial condition, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.
We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entitiesthe VIEs in China are subject to restrictions on making dividends and other payments to us.”
If we pay any dividends, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares, and the depositary will then pay such amounts to ourthe ADS holders in proportion to the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. Cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.
B. Significant Changes
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.
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ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
A. Offer and Listing Details
OurThe ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TC.” Each ADS represents 16 Class A ordinary shares or right to receive 16 Class A ordinary shares.
B. Plan of Distribution
Not applicable.
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C. Markets
OurThe ADSs have been listed for trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TC” since November 20, 2018.
D. Selling Shareholders
Not applicable.
E. Dilution
Not applicable.
F.F. Expenses of the Issue
Not applicable.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A. Share Capital
Not applicable.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
We incorporate by reference into this annual report (1) our seventh amended and restated memorandum of association and our seventh amended and restated articles of association filed as Exhibit 3.2 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-227940), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 23, 2018, (2) the amendment to our seventh amended and restated articles of association approved and adopted by our shareholders on November 15, 2019 and (3) the amendment to our seventh amended and restated articles of association approved and adopted by our shareholders on November 17, 2021. See (i) Exhibit 1.1, Exhibit 1.2 and Exhibit 1.3 to this annual report for the currently effective version of our memorandum and articles of association and (ii) Exhibit 2.4 to this annual report for a summary description of material rights and obligations of our securities provided under the currently effective memorandum and articles of association.
C. Material Contracts
MaterialWe entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain accredited investors on November 21, 2022 to offer and sell (1) 3,654,546 ADSs, (2) the Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase 1,800,000 ADSs in lieu of the ADSs at an exercise price of US$0.001 per ADS, and (3) the Warrants to purchase up to 5,454,546 ADSs at an exercise price of US$2.75 per ADS (the “November 2022 Offering”). Each Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable for one ADS at an exercise price of US$0.001. The combined purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant and the accompanying Warrants is US$2.749. The Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable immediately and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full. Each Warrant is exercisable for one ADS at an exercise price of US$2.75 per ADS. The Warrants will be immediately exercisable and will expire on the fifth anniversary of the original issuance date.
We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business areand other than those described in Item 4“Item 4. Information on the Company,” “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Item 7Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions,” in this “Item 10. Additional Information—C. Material Contracts” or elsewhere in this annual report.report on Form 20-F.
D. Exchange Controls
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Currency Exchange.”
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E. Taxation
The following discussion of material Cayman Islands, PRC and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in ourthe ADSs or Class A ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This discussion does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in ourthe ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws.
Cayman Islands Taxation
The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties applicable to payments to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.
Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.
Pursuant to Section 6 of the Tax Concessions Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, we may apply for an undertaking from the Financial Secretary of the Cayman Islands:
● | That no law which is enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits or income, gains or appreciations shall apply to us or our operations; and |
● | in addition, that no tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations or which is in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall be payable (i) on or in respect of the shares, debentures or other obligations of the Company; or (ii) by way of the withholding in whole or in part of any relevant payment as defined in section 6(3) of the Tax Concessions Act (As Revised). |
PRC Taxation
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Tax.”
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United States Federal Income Taxation
The following discussion is a summary of material United States federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of the ADSs, or ordinary shares, the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants by a U.S. Holder, as defined below, that holds the ADSs, or ordinary shares, the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended or the Code.(the “Code”). This discussion is based upon existing United States federal income tax law as of the date of this annual report, which is subject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service or the IRS,(the “IRS”), with respect to any United States federal income tax consequences described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion does not address all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules (such as, for example, financial institutions, insurance companies, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, broker-dealers, traders in securities that elect mark-to-market treatment, partnerships or other pass-through entities and their partners or investors, tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations)), investors who are subject to special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code, investors who are not U.S. Holders, investors that own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) the ADSs, or ordinary shares, the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants representing 10% or more of our stock (by vote or by value), investors that hold their ADSs, or ordinary shares, Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale or other integrated transaction, or investors that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, persons who acquired the ADSs, or ordinary shares, the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation, or certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized below. In addition, this discussion does not address any United States federal
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non-income, state or local, or non-United States tax considerations, the alternative minimum tax, or the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income. Each potential investor is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the United States federal, state or local and non-United States income and other tax considerations of an investment in the ADSs, ordinary shares, the Warrants or ordinary shares.the Pre-Funded Warrants.
General
For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of the ADSs, or ordinary shares, the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants that is, for United States federal income tax purposes, (1) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (2) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the laws of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (3) an estate the income of which is includible in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes regardless of its source, or (4) a trust (a) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a United States court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (b) that has otherwise elected to be treated as a United States person under the Code.
If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of the ADSs, or ordinary shares, the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships and partners of a partnership holding the ADSs, or ordinary shares, the Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in the ADSs, ordinary shares, the Warrants or ordinary shares.the Pre-Funded Warrants.
The discussion below assumes the deposit agreement and any related agreement will be complied with in accordance with its terms.
For United States federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Holder of ADSs will generally be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs. Accordingly, exchanges of ordinary shares for ADSs will generally not be subject to United States federal income tax.
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Passive foreign investment company considerations
A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes, if, in the case of any particular fiscal year, either (1) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (2) 50% or more of its average quarterly assets during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash is categorized as a passive asset and the company’s unbooked intangibles associated with active business activities may generally be classified as active assets. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other non-United States corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock.
The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will depend upon the composition of our income (which may differ from our historical results and current projections) and assets and the value of our assets from time to time, including, in particular the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles (which may depend upon the market value of the ADSs or ordinary shares from time-to-time and may be volatile). In addition, although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat our consolidated affiliated entitiesthe VIEs as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we combine and consolidate their operating results in our consolidated financial statements. Assuming that we are the owner of our consolidated affiliated entitiesthe VIEs for United States federal income tax purposes, based upon the historical and current value of our assets, composition of our income and assets and value of the ADSs and ordinary shares, we do not believe we were classified as a PFIC for the fiscal year ending December 31, 20212022 and we do not expect to be classified as a PFIC for the current fiscal year. Among other matters, if our market capitalization declines, we may be classified as a PFIC for the current fiscal year or future fiscal years. It is also possible that the IRS, may challenge our classification or valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, which may result in our company being, or becoming classified as, a PFIC for the current fiscal year or one or more future fiscal years.
The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC may also depend, in part, on how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and cash. Under circumstances where we retain significant amounts of liquid assets, or if our consolidated affiliated
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entitiesthe VIEs were not treated as owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, our risk of being classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules and PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each fiscal year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current fiscal year ending December 31, 20212022 or any future fiscal year or that the IRS will not take a contrary position. If we are classified as a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares.
The discussion below under “Dividends”“Taxation of distributions on ADSs and ordinary shares” and “Sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares” is written on the basis that we will not be classified as a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes.
The United States federal income tax rules that apply if we are classified as a PFIC for the current fiscal year or any subsequent fiscal year are discussed below under “Passive foreign investment company rules.”
Taxation of distributions on ADSs and ordinary shares
Subject to the PFIC rules described below, any cash distributions (including the amount of any PRC tax withheld) paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. Holder, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary bank, in the case of ADSs. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of United States federal income tax principles, any distribution will generally be treated as a “dividend” for United States federal income tax purposes. Under current law, a non-corporate recipient of dividend income will generally be subject to tax on dividend income from a “qualified foreign corporation” at the lower rates applicable to “qualified dividend income” rather than the marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income, provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met.
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A non-United States corporation (other than a corporation that is classified as a PFIC for the fiscal year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding fiscal year) will generally be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (1) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and which includes an exchange of information program, or (2) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock (or ADSs in respect of such stock) which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. OurThe ADSs are listed on NASDAQ. We believe, but cannot assure you, that the ADSs will be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States and that we will be a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on the ADSs. Since we do not expect that our ordinary shares will be listed on established securities markets, it is unclear whether dividends that we pay on our ordinary shares that are not backed by ADSs currently meet the conditions required for the reduced tax rate. There can be no assurance that the ADSs will continue to be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. In the event we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the Enterprise Income Tax Law (see “—PRC Taxation”), we may be eligible for the benefits of the Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Tax Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, or the United States-PRC income tax treaty (which the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States has determined is satisfactory for this purpose), in which case we would be treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on our ordinary shares (regardless of whether such shares are backed by ADSs) or ADSs. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate on dividends in their particular circumstances. Dividends received on the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to qualifying corporations under the Code.
For United States foreign tax credit purposes, dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares will generally be treated as income from foreign sources and will generally constitute passive category income. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, a U.S. Holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid, if any, on the ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on the ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld may instead claim a deduction for United States federal income tax purposes in respect of such withholding, but only for a year in which such holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.
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Sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares
Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss, if any, upon the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the ADSs or ordinary shares have been held for more than one year and will generally be United States source gain or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders are currently eligible for reduced rates of taxation. In the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law, and gain from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares is subject to tax in the PRC (see “—PRC Taxation”), such gain may be treated as PRC source gain for foreign tax credit purposes under the United States-PRC income tax treaty. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.
Passive foreign investment company rules
If we are classified as a PFIC for any fiscal year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless the U.S. Holder makes one of certain elections (as described below), the U.S. Holder will, except as discussed below, be subject to special tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whether we remain a PFIC, on (1) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a fiscal year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding fiscal years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares), and (2) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, of ADSs or ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules:
● | the excess distribution and/or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares; |
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● | the amount of the excess distribution or gain allocated to the fiscal year of distribution or gain and to any fiscal years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first fiscal year in which we are classified as a PFIC (each such fiscal year, a pre-PFIC year) will be taxable as ordinary income; and |
● | the amount of the excess distribution or gain allocated to each prior fiscal year, other than the current fiscal year of distribution or gain or a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect applicable to the individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that other fiscal year, and will be increased by an additional tax equal to interest on the resulting tax deemed deferred with respect to each such other fiscal year. |
If we are a PFIC for any fiscal year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries or other corporate entities in which we own equity interests is also a PFIC, such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our lower-tier PFICs.
If we are a PFIC for any fiscal year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. Holder for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless we were to cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder makes a “deemed sale” election with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares. If such election is made, the U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold the ADSs or ordinary shares it holds at their fair market value and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the rules described in the preceding two paragraphs. After the deemed sale election, so long as we do not become a PFIC in a subsequent fiscal year, the ADSs or ordinary shares with respect to which such election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC and, as a result, the U.S. Holder will not be subject to the rules described above with respect to any “excess distribution” the U.S. Holder receives from us or any gain from an actual sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares. Each U.S. Holder is strongly urged to consult its tax advisors as to the possibility and consequences of making a deemed sale election if we are and then cease to be a PFIC and such an election becomes available to the U.S. Holder.
As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election with respect to the ADSs, provided that the ADSs are “regularly traded” (as specially defined) on NASDAQ, which is a qualified exchange or other market for these purposes. No assurances may be given regarding whether the ADSs qualify, or will continue to
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qualify, as being regularly traded in this regard. If a mark-to-market election is made, the U.S. Holder will generally (1) include as ordinary income for each fiscal year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ADSs held at the end of the fiscal year over the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs and (2) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the fiscal year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes an effective mark-to-market election, in each year that we are a PFIC any gain recognized upon the sale or other disposition of the ADSs will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. Because our ordinary shares are not listed on a stock exchange, U.S. Holders will not be able to make a mark-to-market election with respect to our ordinary shares.
If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a corporation classified as a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be classified as a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not classified as a PFIC.
Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that a PFIC may own, a U.S. Holder who makes a mark-to-market election with respect to the ADSs may continue to be subject to the general PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any of our non-United States subsidiaries or other corporate entities in which we own equity interests that is classified as a PFIC.
We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.
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As discussed above under “Taxation of distributions on ADSs and ordinary shares,” dividends that we pay on the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the reduced tax rate that applies to qualified dividend income if we are classified as a PFIC for the fiscal year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding fiscal year. In addition, if a U.S. Holder owns the ADSs or ordinary shares during any fiscal year that we are a PFIC, the holder must file an annual information return with the IRS. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor concerning the United States federal income tax consequences of purchasing, holding, and disposing ADSs or ordinary shares if we are or become a PFIC, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election and the unavailability of the qualified electing fund election.
Taxation of the Pre-Funded Warrants
Although the law in this area is not completely settled, the Pre-Funded Warrants are generally expected to be treated as outstanding stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, upon exercise, no income, gain or loss should be recognized upon the exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrants, and the holding period of a Pre-Funded Warrants should carry over to the ADS received. The tax basis of the Pre-Funded Warrants should carry over to the ADS received upon exercise increased by the exercise price. U.S. Holders contemplating the acquisition of Pre-Funded Warrants should discuss with their personal tax advisor the consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of the Pre-Funded Warrants, as well as the exercise of, certain adjustments to, and any payments in respect of the Pre-Funded Warrants (including potential alternative characterizations).
Distributions
The taxation of a distribution received with respect to a Pre-Funded Warrants is unclear. It is possible such a distribution would be treated as a distribution as described above under “—Taxation of distributions on ADSs and ordinary shares” and “—Passive foreign investment company rules”, although other treatments may also be possible. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we do not believe that the Pre-Funded Warrants will be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States and therefore we will not be a qualified foreign corporation with respect to distributions paid on the Pre-Funded Warrants, if any. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the proper treatment of any payments in respect of the Pre-Funded Warrants.
Sale or other taxable disposition of Pre-Funded Warrants
Upon the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of a Pre-Funded Warrants, in general, a U.S. Holder will recognize taxable gain or loss measured by the difference, if any, between (1) the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received upon such taxable disposition, and (2) such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Pre-Funded Warrant. Such gain or loss generally will be taxed as described above under “—Sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares.” It is not entirely clear how various aspects of the rules described above in “—Passive foreign investment company rules” would apply to the sale of a Pre-Funded Warrants, including whether a U.S. Holder would be able to make a mark-to-market election or a qualified electing fund election with respect to its Pre-Funded Warrants. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to their ownership of Pre-Funded Warrants.
Exercise of Pre-Funded Warrants
If we are a PFIC for any fiscal year during which a U.S. Holder holds the Pre-Funded Warrants, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. Holder for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder holds the Pre-Funded Warrants or ADSs received upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to their ownership of Pre-Funded Warrants.
Certain adjustments to the Pre-Funded Warrants
Under Section 305 of the Code, an adjustment to the number of ADSs that will be issued on the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants, or an adjustment to the exercise price of the Pre-Funded Warrants, may be treated as a constructive distribution to U.S. Holders if, and to the extent that, such adjustment has the effect of increasing the U.S. Holder’s proportionate interest in our earnings and profits or assets, depending on the circumstances of such adjustment (for example, if such adjustment is to compensate for a distribution of cash or other property to our stockholders). Any such constructive distribution would be taxable whether or not there is an actual distribution of cash or other property. See above under “—Taxation of distributions on ADSs and ordinary shares,” “—Passive foreign investment company rules” and “—Taxation of the Pre-Funded Warrants—Distributions.”
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Taxation of the Warrants
Sale or other taxable disposition of the Warrants
Upon the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of a Warrant, in general, a U.S. Holder will recognize taxable gain or loss measured by the difference, if any, between (1) the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received upon such taxable disposition, and (2) such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Warrant. Such gain or loss generally will be taxed as described above under “—Sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares.” It is not entirely clear how various aspects of the rules described above in “—Passive foreign investment company rules” would apply to the sale of a Warrant. However, a U.S. Holder may not make a mark-to-market election or a qualified electing fund election with respect to its Warrants. As a result, if a U.S. Holder sells or otherwise disposes of Warrants and we were a PFIC at any time during the U.S. Holder’s holding period of such Warrants, any gain recognized generally would be treated as an excess distribution, taxed as described above. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to their ownership of Warrants.
Exercise of Warrants
Upon the exercise of a Warrant for cash, in general, U.S. holders will not recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A U.S. Holder’s initial tax basis in the ADSs received will equal such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Warrant exercised increased by the exercise price. It is unclear whether U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs received on exercise will commence on the day of exercise or the following day; however, in either case, the holding period will not include the holding period of the Warrant. If we are a PFIC for any fiscal year during which a U.S. Holder holds the Warrants, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. Holder for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder holds the Warrants or ADSs received upon exercise of the Warrant. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to their ownership of Warrants.
Expiration of Warrants
A U.S. Holder who allows a Warrant to expire will generally recognize a loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to the adjusted tax basis of the Warrant. In general, such a loss will be a capital loss, and will be a short-term or long-term capital loss depending on the holder’s holding period for the Warrant.
Certain adjustments to the Warrants
Under Section 305 of the Code, an adjustment to the number of ADSs that will be issued on the exercise of the Warrants, or an adjustment to the exercise price of the Warrants, may be treated as a constructive distribution to U.S. Holders if, and to the extent that, such adjustment has the effect of increasing the U.S. Holder’s proportionate interest in our earnings and profits or assets, depending on the circumstances of such adjustment (for example, if such adjustment is to compensate for a distribution of cash or other property to our stockholders). Adjustments to the exercise price of Warrants made pursuant to a bona fide reasonable adjustment formula that has the effect of preventing dilution of the interest of the holders of the Warrants should generally not be considered to result in a constructive distribution. Any such constructive distribution would be taxable whether or not there is an actual distribution of cash or other property. See above under “—Taxation of distributions on ADSs and ordinary shares” and “—Passive foreign investment company rules.”
Information reporting and backup withholding
Certain U.S. Holders are required to report information to the IRS relating to an interest in “specified foreign financial assets” (as defined in the Code), including shares issued by a non-United States corporation, for any year in which the aggregate value of all specified foreign financial assets exceeds $50,000 (or a higher dollar amount prescribed by the IRS), subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for shares held in custodial accounts maintained with a United States financial institution). These rules also impose penalties if a U.S. Holder is required to submit such information to the IRS and fails to do so.
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In addition, U.S. Holders may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and backup withholding with respect to dividends on and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of the ADSs, ordinary shares, the Warrants or ordinary shares.the Pre-Funded Warrants. Information reporting will apply to payments of dividends on, and to proceeds from the sale or other disposition of the ADSs, ordinary shares, the Warrants or ADSsthe Pre-Funded Warrants by a paying agent within the United States to a U.S. Holder, other than U.S. Holders that are exempt from information reporting and properly certify their exemption. A paying agent within the United States will be required to withhold at the applicable statutory rate, currently 24%, in respect of any payments of dividends on, and the proceeds from the disposition of, the ADSs, ordinary shares, the Warrants or ADSsthe Pre-Funded Warrants within the United States to a U.S. Holder (other than U.S. Holders that are exempt from backup withholding and properly certify their exemption) if the holder fails to furnish its correct taxpayer identification number or otherwise fails to comply with applicable backup withholding requirements. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide a properly completed IRS Form W-9.
BackupW-9.Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a U.S. Holder’s United States federal income tax liability. A U.S. Holder generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS in a timely manner and furnishing any required
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information. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult with its tax advisor regarding the application of the United States information reporting rules to their particular circumstances.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable.
G. Statement by Experts
Not applicable.
H. Documents on display
We have previously filed with the SEC our registration statement on Form F-1 (File Number 333-227940), as amended, and our registration statement on Form F-3 (File Number 333-264942), as amended.
We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year. Copies of reports and other information, when so filed, may be inspected without charge and may be obtained at prescribed rates at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a web site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.
We will furnish The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of ourthe ADSs, with all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us. We will, upon request, furnish our shareholders with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S.GAAP.
I. Subsidiary Information
For a listinglist of our significant subsidiaries, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”
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ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to the concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and accounts receivable short-term investments and prepayment and other current assets. As of December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash were held in major financial institutions located in the United States or China, which our management considers being of high credit quality. Account receivable is typically unsecured and is mainly derived from net revenues earned from our auto shows business. Short-term investments consist of an interest-bearing loan to a third party, which was repaid on July 3, 2018.businesses. None of our customers had a receivable balance exceeding 10% of our total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.2020. One of our customers had a receivable balance exceeding 10% of our total account receivable balance as of December 31, 2021.
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Table Each of Contentsthree of our customers had a receivable balance exceeding 10% of our total account receivable balance as of December 31, 2022.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Substantially all of our net revenues and expenses are denominated in Renminbi, which is the functional currency of our subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated entitiesthe VIEs in China. Therefore, we have limited exposure to foreign exchange risk for operating activities, and we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. Although in general, our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited, the value of your investment in the ADSs will be affected by the foreign exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Renminbi because the value of our business is effectively denominated in Renminbi, while the ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars.
Renminbi is not freely convertible into foreign currencies for capital account transactions. The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future. Our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and term deposits denominated in RMB amounted to RMB86.4 million, RMB86.5 million, and RMB43.9 million and RMB15.8 million (US$6.92.3 million) as of December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2021,2022, respectively.
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
A. Debt Securities
Not applicable.
B. Warrants and Rights
Not applicable.
C. Other Securities
Not applicable.
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D. American Depositary Shares
Fees and Expenses
OurThe ADS holders are required to pay the following service fees to the depositary bank, the Bank of New York Mellon, and certain taxes and governmental charges (in addition to any applicable fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges payable on the deposited securities represented by any of your ADSs):
Persons depositing or withdrawing shares or |
| For : |
US$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs) | | Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of Class A ordinary shares or rights or other property Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates |
| | |
US$.05 (or less) per ADS | | Any cash distribution to ADS holders |
| | |
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been Class A ordinary shares and the Class A ordinary shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs | | Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities (including rights) that are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders |
| | |
US$.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year | | Depositary services |
| | |
Registration or transfer fees | | Transfer and registration of Class A ordinary shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw Class A ordinary shares |
| | |
Expenses of the depositary | | Cable and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement) Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars |
| | |
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADSs or Class A ordinary shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes | | As necessary |
| | |
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities | | As necessary |
The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing Class A ordinary shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash distribution payable (or by selling a portion of securities or other property distributable) to ADS holders that are obligated to pay those fees. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.
From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse us for costs and expenses generally arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, waive fees and expenses for services provided to us by the depositary or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders. In performing its duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers, foreign currency dealers or other service providers that are owned by or affiliated with the depositary and that may earn or share fees, spreads or commissions.
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The depositary may convert currency itself or through any of its affiliates and, in those cases, acts as principal for its own account and not as agent, advisor, broker or fiduciary on behalf of any other person and earns revenue, including, without limitation, transaction spreads, that it will retain for its own account. The revenue is based on, among other things, the difference between the exchange rate assigned to the currency conversion made under the deposit agreement and the rate that the depositary or its affiliate receives when buying or selling foreign currency for its own account. The depositary makes no representation that the exchange rate used or obtained in any currency conversion under the deposit agreement will be the most favorable rate that could be obtained at the time or that the method by which that rate will be determined will be the most favorable to ADS holders, subject to the depositary’s obligations under the deposit agreement. The methodology used to determine exchange rates used in currency conversions is available upon request.
Payment by Depositary
We received a payment of US$397,863 from the Bank of New York Mellon in 2019. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we did not receive any additional payment from the Bank of New York Mellon.
PART II
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
None.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders
See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.
Use of Proceeds
The following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File Number 333-227940), or the F-1 (the “F-1 Registration Statement,Statement”), in relation to our initial public offering of 2,600,000 ADSs representing 104,000,000 Class A ordinary shares, at an initial offering price of US$7.80 per ADS. ADS, and the registration statement on Form F-3, as amended (File Number 333-264942) (the “F-3 Registration Statement”), in relation to our November 2022 Offering of (1) 3,654,546 ADSs, (2) the Pre-Funded warrants to purchase 1,800,000 ADSs in lieu of the ADSs being offered, and (3) the Warrants to purchase up to 5,454,546 ADSs.
Our initial public offering closed in November 2018. Maxim Group LLC and AMTD Tiger were the representatives of the underwriters for our initial public offering.
The F-1 Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on November 19, 2018. For the period from the effective date of the F-1 Registration Statement to December 31, 2018, the total expenses incurred for our company’s account in connection with our initial public offering was approximately US$3.9 million. We received net proceeds of approximately US$15.0 million from our initial public offering. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. None of the net proceeds from the initial public offering were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates.
For the period from November 19, 2018, the date that the Form F-1 Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC, to the date of this annual report, we have used approximately US$8.4 millionall of the net proceeds received from our initial public offering for the payment of professional fees, insurance fees, compensation to directors and general corporate purposespurposes.
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The F-3 Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on September 8, 2022. On November 25, 2022, we completed the November 2022 Offering to certain institutional investors pursuant to a securities purchase agreement dated November 21, 2022, raising approximately US$13.3 million after deducting placement agent fee and the offering expenses payable by us. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. None of the net proceeds received from the November 2022 Offering were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our public offerings.directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. As of December 31, 2022, approximately US$1.1 million of the net proceeds from the November 2022 Offering was used for payment of professional fees, insurance fees, and general corporate purposes. We intend to use the remainder of the proceeds from the November 2022 Offering as disclosed in the F-3 Registration Statement.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and deputy chief financial officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report.
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Notwithstanding management’s assessment that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 20212022 due to the material weaknesses described below, we believe that the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the fiscal years covered thereby in all material respects.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of its published consolidated financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may not prevent or detect misstatements and can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules promulgated by the SEC, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.2022. In making this assessment, it used the criteria established within the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2021,2022, our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective due to the material weakness identified below.
In accordance with reporting requirements set forth by the SEC, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness, which were first identified in the course of preparing our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, relate to lack of sufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel, especially those with U.S. GAAP knowledge. We do not believe that the material weakness had a significant impact on our financial reporting.
To remedy the material weakness, we have begun, and will continue to, (1) hire additional finance and accounting staff with qualifications and work experiences in U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements to formalize and strengthen the key internal control over financial reporting, (2) allocate sufficient resources to prepare and review consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, and (3) hire qualified consultant to assess Sarbanes-Oxley Act compliance readiness, to assess where we can improve our overall internal control over financial reporting function, and to assist us in implementing improvements where necessary.
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However, such remediation plans have been delayed in full implementation, in part, due to the negative impact on our business and operations by the outbreak of COVID-19 beginning in January 2020, and we concluded that the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting has not been remediated as of December 31, 2021.2022.
We intend to remediate the material weakness in multiple phases and expect that we will incur certain costs for implementing our remediation measures. However, we cannot assure you that we will remediate our material weakness in a timely manner. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting have been identified, and if we fail to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.”
Since we qualified as an “emerging growth company” as defined under the JOBS Act as of December 31, 2021,2022, this annual report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than as described above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our board of directors has determined that Ms. Wendy Hayes, an independent director (under the standards set forth in Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act) and the chairman of our audit committee, is our audit committee financial expert.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Our board of directors has adopted our code of conduct and ethics, a code that applies to members of the board of directors including its chairman and other senior officers, including the chief executive officer, the chief financial officer and the chief operations officer. This code is publicly available on our website at http://ir.tuanche.com/.
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firms, namely PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP and Marcum Bernstein & PinchukAsia CPAs LLP, for the years indicated. We did not pay any other fees to our independent registered public accounting firms during the periods indicated below.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| 2019 |
| 2020 |
| 2021 |
| 2020 |
| 2021 |
| 2022 |
| | (RMB in thousands) | | (RMB in thousands) | ||||||||
Audit fees (1) |
| 5,000 |
| 4,500 |
| 5,796 |
| 4,500 |
| 5,796 |
| 3,509 |
(1) | Audit Fees are defined as the standard audit work that needs to be performed each year in order to issue opinions on our consolidated financial statements and agreed-upon procedures performed in relation to interim financial information. |
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
None.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
None.
145
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
On September 13, 2021, we dismissed PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP (“PwC”), as our independent registered public accounting firm and engaged Marcum Asia CPAs LLP (“Marcum Asia,” formerly known as Marcum Bernstein & Pinchuk LLP (“MBP”)LLP) as our independent registered public accounting firm on the same date, to audit our consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and to re-audit our consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal yearsyear ended December 31, 2020, and 2019, which had previously been audited by PwC. The appointment of MBPMarcum Asia was approved by our Audit Committee and Board of Directors on September 13, 2021, effective immediately.
The report of PwC on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal yearsyear ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 did not contain any adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and was not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope, or accounting principles.
During the fiscal yearsyear ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 and the subsequent interim period through September 13, 2021, there were no (1) disagreements, as defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of Form 20-F with PwC on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements, if not resolved to the satisfaction of PwC, would have caused PwC to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreements in connection with its report, or (2) reportable events as defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(v)(A)-(D) of Form 20-F except for the material weaknesses related to our internal control over financial reporting, including (i) lack of sufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel, especially those with
125
U.S. GAAP knowledge, and (ii) lack of formal financial closing policies and effective control over periodic financial closing procedures which resulted in management’s late adjustments at period ends.
We provided PwC with a copy of the foregoing disclosure and requested that PwC furnish us with a letter addressed to the Securities and Exchange Commission stating whether it agrees with the above statements and, if not, stating the respects in which it does not agree. A copy of PwC’s letter, dated April 29, 2022, is attached as Exhibit 15.4 of the annual report on Form 20-F.
During the fiscal yearsyear ended December 31, 2020, and 2019, and the subsequent interim period through September 13, 2021, when we engaged MBP,Marcum Asia, neither the Company nor anyone on its behalf, consulted with MBPMarcum Asia regarding (i) the application of accounting principles to a specific transaction, either completed or proposed, the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on our consolidated financial statements, and neither a written report nor oral advice was provided to us that MBPMarcum Asia concluded was an important factor considered by us in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue; or (ii) any matter that was the subject of a disagreement or a reportable event (each as defined above) other than the material weaknesses related to our internal control over financial reporting discussed above.
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
As a Cayman Islands company listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. To the extentFor example, we chooseare not required to follow home country practice with respect tohave a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance matters,committee consisting entirely of independent directors. We have relied on these exemptions, and as a result, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares and ADSs—As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.”
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
146
PART III
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Our consolidated financial statements are included at the end of this annual report.
126147
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit No. |
| Description of Exhibit | |
---|---|---|---|
1.1 | |||
1.2 | |||
| | ||
2.1 | Registrant’s specimen American depositary receipt (included in Exhibit 2.3). | ||
2.2 | |||
2.3 | |||
| |||
3.1 | |||
4.1 | |||
4.2 | |||
| |||
| |||
| |||
| |||
| |||
4.8 | |||
4.9 | |||
4.10 | |||
4.11 | |||
4.12 | |||
4.13 | |||
4.14 |
127148
| | |
---|---|---|
Exhibit No. | | Description of Exhibit |
4.15 | ||
4.16 | ||
4.17 | ||
4.18 | ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| | |
4.26 | | |
4.27* | | |
8.1 | ||
11.1 | ||
12.1* | CEO Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
12.2* | CFO Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
13.1** | CEO Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
13.2** | CFO Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
15.1* | ||
15.2* | ||
15.3 | ||
| | |
101.INS* | XBRL Instance Document. | |
101.SCH* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. | |
101.CAL* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. | |
101.DEF* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. | |
101.LAB* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. | |
101.PRE* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. | |
104* | | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |
* | Filed with this annual report on Form 20-F. |
** | Furnished with this annual report on Form 20-F. |
128149
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
TUANCHE LIMITED | ||
| | |
By: | /s/ | |
Name: | ||
Title: |
Date: AprilMarch 29, 20222023
129150
INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| Page |
|
|
F-2 | |
Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, | F-3 |
F-4 | |
F-5 | |
Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, | F-6 |
F-7 |
F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 5395)
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of TuanChe Limited:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of TuanChe Limited (the “Company”) as of December 31, 20202021 and 2021,2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021,2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20202021 and 2021,2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021,2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Explanatory Paragraph - Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussedmore fully described in Note 1,2, the Company has sufferedincurred significant recurring losses and negative cash flows from operating activities thatactivities. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company'sCompany’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management'sManagement’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1.2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company'sCompany’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Marcum Bernstein & PinchukAsia CPAs LLP
We have served as the Company'sCompany’s auditor since 2021.
Beijing, ChinaNew York, NY
AprilMarch 29, 20222023
F-2
TUANCHE LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise stated)
| | | | | | | | |
| | Note | | December 31, 2020 | | December 31, 2021 | ||
|
| | | |
| |
| US$ |
| | | | RMB | | RMB |
| Note 2(f) |
ASSETS | | | | | | | | |
Current assets: |
| | | |
| |
| |
Cash and cash equivalents |
| | | 109,916 |
| 63,461 |
| 9,958 |
Restricted cash |
| | | 29,829 |
| 33,837 |
| 5,310 |
Time deposits | | | | 45,674 | | — | | — |
Accounts and notes receivable, net |
| 4 | | 66,126 |
| 47,951 |
| 7,525 |
Prepayment and other current assets, net |
| 5 | | 59,856 |
| 60,460 |
| 9,487 |
Total current assets |
| | | 311,401 |
| 205,709 |
| 32,280 |
Non-current assets: |
| | | |
| |
| |
Property, equipment and software, net |
| 6 | | 5,708 |
| 3,467 |
| 544 |
Intangible assets, net | | 7 | | 21,821 | | 17,711 | | 2,779 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | | 11 | | 10,801 | | 5,104 | | 801 |
Long-term investments |
| 8 | | 8,949 |
| 5,357 |
| 841 |
Goodwill | | 3 | | 115,414 | | 115,414 | | 18,111 |
Other non-current assets |
| | | 313 |
| 313 |
| 49 |
Total non-current assets |
| | | 163,006 |
| 147,366 |
| 23,125 |
Total assets |
| | | 474,407 |
| 353,075 |
| 55,405 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |
| | | |
| |
| |
Current liabilities: |
| | | |
| |
| |
Accounts payable |
| | | 21,794 |
| 29,577 |
| 4,641 |
Advance from customers |
| | | 21,466 |
| 15,401 |
| 2,417 |
Salary and welfare benefits payable |
| | | 57,996 |
| 39,870 |
| 6,256 |
Short-term borrowings |
| 12 | | — |
| 7,000 |
| 1,098 |
Other taxes payable |
| 10 | | 22,992 |
| 21,822 |
| 3,424 |
Current portion of deferred revenue | | | | 4,054 | | 4,139 | | 649 |
Short-term operating lease liabilities | | 11 | | 5,911 | | 2,589 | | 406 |
Guarantee liabilities | | | | 387 | | 4,073 | | 639 |
Other current liabilities |
| 13 | | 41,564 |
| 27,313 |
| 4,286 |
Total current liabilities |
| | | 176,164 |
| 151,784 |
| 23,816 |
Non-current portion of deferred revenue (including non-current portion of | | | | 185 | | 98 | | 15 |
Deferred tax liability (including deferred tax liability of the consolidated | | 9 | | 5,451 | | 5,451 | | 856 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities (including long-term operating lease | | 11 | | 4,048 | | 1,475 | | 231 |
Other non-current liabilities (including other non-current liabilities of the | | | | 1,498 | | 957 | | 150 |
Total non-current liabilities |
| | | 11,182 |
| 7,981 |
| 1,252 |
Total liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to the primary |
| | | 187,346 |
| 159,765 |
| 25,068 |
Commitments and contingencies |
| 18 | | |
| |
| |
Shareholders’ equity: |
| | | | | | | |
Class A ordinary shares: US$0.0001 par value; 800,000,000 shares authorized; 268,202,667 shares issued and 250,477,368 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2020 ; US$0.0001 par value; 800,000,000 shares authorized; 268,202,667 shares issued and 252,501,213 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2021 |
| | | 181 | | 182 | | 29 |
Class B ordinary shares: US$0.0001 par value; 60,000,000 shares authorized, and 55,260,580 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 |
| | | 35 | | 35 | | 5 |
Treasury stock (14,907,047 and 14,907,047 treasury stock as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively) |
| | | (45,886) | | (45,886) | | (7,200) |
Additional paid-in capital |
| | | 1,221,339 | | 1,231,135 | | 193,192 |
Accumulated deficit |
| | | (881,700) | | (983,645) | | (154,355) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |
| | | (5,805) | | (7,408) | | (1,161) |
Total TuanChe Limited shareholders’ equity |
| | | 288,164 | | 194,413 | | 30,510 |
Non-controlling interests | | | | (1,103) | | (1,103) | | (173) |
Total shareholders’ equity | | | | 287,061 | | 193,310 | | 30,337 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | | | | 474,407 | | 353,075 | | 55,405 |
| | | | | | | | |
| | Note | | December 31, 2021 | | December 31, 2022 | ||
|
| | | |
| |
| US$ |
| | | | RMB | | RMB |
| Note 3(f) |
ASSETS | | | | | | | | |
Current assets: |
| | | |
| |
| |
Cash and cash equivalents |
| | | 63,461 |
| 69,895 |
| 10,134 |
Restricted cash |
| | | 33,837 |
| 6,948 |
| 1,007 |
Accounts and notes receivable, net |
| 5 | | 47,951 |
| 49,969 |
| 7,245 |
Prepayment and other current assets, net |
| 6 | | 60,460 |
| 46,856 |
| 6,794 |
Total current assets |
| | | 205,709 |
| 173,668 |
| 25,180 |
Non-current assets: |
| | | |
| |
| |
Property, equipment and software, net |
| 7 | | 3,467 |
| — |
| — |
Intangible assets, net | | 8 | | 17,711 | | — | | — |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | | 12 | | 5,104 | | 10,135 | | 1,469 |
Long-term investments |
| 9 | | 5,357 |
| 5,383 |
| 780 |
Goodwill | | 4 | | 115,414 | | 45,561 | | 6,606 |
Other non-current assets |
| | | 313 |
| 522 |
| 76 |
Total non-current assets |
| | | 147,366 |
| 61,601 |
| 8,931 |
Total assets |
| | | 353,075 |
| 235,269 |
| 34,111 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |
| | | |
| |
| |
Current liabilities: |
| | | |
| |
| |
Accounts payable |
| | | 29,577 |
| 5,308 |
| 770 |
Advance from customers |
| | | 15,401 |
| 3,695 |
| 536 |
Salary and welfare benefits payable |
| | | 39,870 |
| 32,944 |
| 4,776 |
Short-term borrowings |
| 13 | | 7,000 |
| 3,169 |
| 459 |
Other taxes payable |
| 11 | | 21,822 |
| 24,727 |
| 3,585 |
Current portion of deferred revenue | | | | 4,139 | | 1,345 | | 195 |
Short-term operating lease liabilities | | 12 | | 2,589 | | 5,200 | | 753 |
Guarantee liabilities | | | | 4,073 | | — | | — |
Other current liabilities |
| 14 | | 27,313 |
| 23,821 |
| 3,455 |
Total current liabilities |
| | | 151,784 |
| 100,209 |
| 14,529 |
Long-term borrowings | | 15 | | — | | 1,546 | | 224 |
Non-current portion of deferred revenue | | | | 98 | | 18 | | 3 |
Deferred tax liability | | 10 | | 5,451 | | — | | — |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | | 12 | | 1,475 | | 7,494 | | 1,087 |
Warrant liability | | 22 | | — | | 24,376 | | 3,534 |
Other non-current liabilities | | | | 957 | | 492 | | 71 |
Total non-current liabilities |
| | | 7,981 |
| 33,926 |
| 4,919 |
Total liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to the primary |
| | | 159,765 |
| 134,135 |
| 19,448 |
Commitments and contingencies |
| 20 | | |
| |
| |
Shareholders’ equity: |
| | | | | | | |
Class A ordinary shares: US$0.0001 par value; 800,000,000 shares authorized; 268,202,667 shares issued and 252,501,213 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2021; US$0.0001 par value; 800,000,000 shares authorized; 339,475,403 shares issued and 327,422,449 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |
| | | 182 | | 235 | | 34 |
Class B ordinary shares: US$0.0001 par value; 60,000,000 shares authorized, and 55,260,580 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 |
| | | 35 | | 35 | | 5 |
Treasury stock (14,907,047 and 14,907,047 treasury stock as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively) |
| | | (45,886) | | (45,886) | | (6,653) |
Additional paid-in capital |
| | | 1,231,135 | | 1,296,951 | | 188,040 |
Accumulated deficit |
| | | (983,645) | | (1,141,785) | | (165,543) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |
| | | (7,408) | | (8,416) | | (1,220) |
Total TuanChe Limited shareholders’ equity |
| | | 194,413 | | 101,134 | | 14,663 |
Non-controlling interests | | | | (1,103) | | — | | — |
Total shareholders’ equity | | | | 193,310 | | 101,134 | | 14,663 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | | | | 353,075 | | 235,269 | | 34,111 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-3
TUANCHE LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise stated)
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Note |
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||
| | | | 2019 | | 2020 |
| 2021 | ||
|
| | | |
| |
| |
| US$ |
| | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB |
| Note 2(f) |
Net revenues |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Offline Marketing Services: | | | | | | | | | | |
Auto shows | | | | 603,407 | | 250,481 | | 242,860 | | 38,110 |
Special promotion events | | | | 19,772 | | 4,851 | | 3,994 | | 627 |
Referral service for commercial bank | | | | 156 | | 18,694 | | 67,010 | | 10,515 |
Online marketing services and others | | | | 21,438 | | 56,202 | | 43,688 | | 6,856 |
Total net revenues | | | | 644,773 | | 330,228 | | 357,552 | | 56,108 |
Cost of revenues |
| | | (186,541) |
| (88,801) |
| (85,290) |
| (13,384) |
Gross profit |
| | | 458,232 |
| 241,427 |
| 272,262 |
| 42,724 |
Operating expenses: |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Selling and marketing expenses |
| | | (572,040) |
| (279,665) |
| (274,670) |
| (43,102) |
General and administrative expenses |
| | | (103,890) |
| (98,820) |
| (72,788) |
| (11,422) |
Research and development expenses |
| | | (43,339) |
| (34,267) |
| (35,651) |
| (5,594) |
Total operating expenses |
| | | (719,269) |
| (412,752) |
| (383,109) |
| (60,118) |
Loss from operations |
| | | (261,037) |
| (171,325) |
| (110,847) |
| (17,394) |
Other income/(expenses): |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Interest income, net |
| | | 7,020 |
| 2,409 |
| 625 |
| 98 |
Foreign exchange loss |
| | | (661) |
| (25) |
| (149) |
| (23) |
(Loss)/gain from equity method investments |
| | | (917) |
| 933 |
| 258 |
| 40 |
Impairment of long-term investment | | | | (1,000) | | 0 | | (700) | | (110) |
Other income, net |
| | | 5,296 |
| 3,498 |
| 8,868 |
| 1,391 |
Loss before income taxes |
| | | (251,299) |
| (164,510) |
| (101,945) |
| (15,998) |
Income tax benefit |
| | | 0 |
| 1,032 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
Net loss |
| | | (251,299) |
| (163,478) |
| (101,945) |
| (15,998) |
Net loss attributable to the non-controlling interests | | | | (659) | | (444) | | 0 | | 0 |
Net loss attributable to TuanChe Limited's ordinary shareholders | | | | (250,640) | | (163,034) | | (101,945) | | (15,998) |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net loss |
| | | (251,299) |
| (163,478) |
| (101,945) |
| (15,998) |
Other comprehensive income/(loss): |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |
| | | 8,416 |
| (6,853) |
| (1,603) |
| (252) |
Total other comprehensive income/(loss) |
| | | 8,416 |
| (6,853) |
| (1,603) |
| (252) |
Total comprehensive loss |
| | | (242,883) |
| (170,331) |
| (103,548) |
| (16,250) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to: |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
TuanChe Limited’s shareholders | | | | (242,224) | | (169,887) | | (103,548) | | (16,250) |
Non-controlling interests | | | | (659) | | (444) | | 0 | | 0 |
Net loss attributable to the TuanChe Limited’s ordinary shareholders per share |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic and diluted |
| 17 | | (0.85) |
| (0.54) |
| (0.33) |
| (0.05) |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic and diluted |
| 17 | | 294,922,074 |
| 304,439,440 |
| 306,792,324 |
| 306,792,324 |
Share-based compensation expenses included in: |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Cost of revenues |
| | | 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
Selling and marketing expenses |
| | | 77,646 |
| (952) |
| 2,123 |
| 333 |
General and administrative expenses |
| | | 28,514 |
| 14,316 |
| 3,928 |
| 616 |
Research and development expenses |
| | | 4,241 |
| 4,084 |
| 3,746 |
| 588 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Note |
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||
| | | | 2020 | | 2021 |
| 2022 | ||
|
| | | |
| |
| |
| US$ |
| | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB |
| Note 3(f) |
Net revenues |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Offline Marketing Services: | | | | | | | | | | |
Auto shows | | | | 250,481 | | 242,860 | | 53,962 | | 7,824 |
Special promotion events | | | | 4,851 | | 3,994 | | 1,609 | | 233 |
Referral service for commercial bank | | | | 18,694 | | 67,010 | | 44,202 | | 6,409 |
Online marketing | | | | 31,009 | | 14,489 | | 50,757 | | 7,359 |
Others | | | | 25,193 | | 29,199 | | 32,658 | | 4,735 |
Total net revenues | | | | 330,228 | | 357,552 | | 183,188 | | 26,560 |
Cost of revenues |
| | | (88,801) |
| (85,290) |
| (62,187) |
| (9,016) |
Gross profit |
| | | 241,427 |
| 272,262 |
| 121,001 |
| 17,544 |
Operating expenses: |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Selling and marketing expenses |
| | | (279,665) |
| (274,670) |
| (127,696) |
| (18,514) |
General and administrative expenses |
| | | (98,820) |
| (72,788) |
| (64,708) |
| (9,382) |
Research and development expenses |
| | | (34,267) |
| (35,651) |
| (19,799) |
| (2,871) |
Impairment of long-lived assets | | | | — | | — | | (19,743) | | (2,863) |
Total operating expenses |
| | | (412,752) |
| (383,109) |
| (231,946) |
| (33,630) |
Loss from operations |
| | | (171,325) |
| (110,847) |
| (110,945) |
| (16,086) |
Other income/(expenses): |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Interest income/(expenses), net |
| | | 2,409 |
| 625 |
| (174) |
| (25) |
Foreign exchange (loss)/gain |
| | | (25) |
| (149) |
| 444 |
| 64 |
Gain from equity method investments |
| | | 933 |
| 258 |
| 26 |
| 4 |
Impairment of long-term investment | | | | — | | (700) | | — | | — |
Impairment of goodwill | | | | — | | — | | (69,853) | | (10,128) |
Change in fair value of warrant liability | | | | — | | — | | 11,219 | | 1,627 |
Other income, net |
| | | 3,498 |
| 8,868 |
| 5,692 |
| 825 |
Loss before income taxes |
| | | (164,510) |
| (101,945) |
| (163,591) |
| (23,719) |
Income tax benefit |
| | | 1,032 |
| — |
| 5,451 |
| 790 |
Net loss |
| | | (163,478) |
| (101,945) |
| (158,140) |
| (22,929) |
Net loss attributable to the non-controlling interests | | | | (444) | | — | | — | | — |
Net loss attributable to TuanChe Limited’s ordinary shareholders | | | | (163,034) | | (101,945) | | (158,140) | | (22,929) |
| | | | | | | | — | | — |
Net loss |
| | | (163,478) |
| (101,945) |
| (158,140) |
| (22,929) |
Other comprehensive loss: |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |
| | | (6,853) |
| (1,603) |
| (1,008) |
| (146) |
Total other comprehensive loss |
| | | (6,853) |
| (1,603) |
| (1,008) |
| (146) |
Total comprehensive loss |
| | | (170,331) |
| (103,548) |
| (159,148) |
| (23,075) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to: |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
TuanChe Limited’s shareholders | | | | (169,887) | | (103,548) | | (159,148) | | (23,075) |
Non-controlling interests | | | | (444) | | — | | — | | — |
Net loss attributable to the TuanChe Limited’s ordinary shareholders per share |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic and diluted |
| 19 | | (0.54) |
| (0.33) |
| (0.49) |
| (0.07) |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic and diluted |
| 19 | | 304,439,440 |
| 306,792,324 |
| 319,539,180 |
| 319,539,180 |
Share-based compensation expenses included in: |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
Selling and marketing expenses |
| | | (952) |
| 2,123 |
| 1,556 |
| 226 |
General and administrative expenses |
| | | 14,316 |
| 3,928 |
| 4,868 |
| 706 |
Research and development expenses |
| | | 4,084 |
| 3,746 |
| 3,858 |
| 559 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-4
TUANCHE LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise stated)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Ordinary shares | | Treasury stock | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ordinary shares | | Treasury stock | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
| | Number of | | | | Number of | | | | | | | | | | | | Accumulated | | | | | | | | Number of | | | | Number of | | | | | | | | | | | | Accumulated | | TuanChe | | | | |
| | Class A | | | | Class B | | | | | | | | Additional | | | | other | | TuanChe Limited | | | | | | Class A | | | | Class B | | | | | | | | Additional | | | | other | | Limited | | Non- | | |
| | Ordinary | | | | Ordinary | | | | | | | | paid-in | | Accumulated | | comprehensive | | shareholders’ | | Non-controlling | | Total | | Ordinary | | | | Ordinary | | | | | | | | paid-in | | Accumulated | | comprehensive | | shareholders’ | | controlling | | Total |
|
| Shares | | Amounts | | Shares |
| Amounts |
| Shares |
| Amounts |
| capital |
| deficit |
| (loss)/income |
| equity |
| interests |
| equity |
| Shares | | Amounts | | Shares |
| Amounts |
| Shares |
| Amounts |
| capital |
| deficit |
| loss |
| equity |
| interests |
| Equity |
|
| |
| RMB |
| |
| RMB | | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB |
| |
| RMB |
| |
| RMB | | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB |
Balance at January 1, 2019 |
| 245,520,086 | | 166 | | 55,260,580 |
| 35 |
| (11,489,258) |
| — |
| 1,077,183 |
| (468,026) |
| (7,368) | | 601,990 | | — |
| 601,990 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Grant of restricted shares | | 11,527,950 | | 7 | | — |
| — |
| (11,527,950) |
| — |
| (7) |
| — |
| — | | — | | — |
| — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Forfeit of restricted shares | | (733,764) | | — | | — | | — | | 733,764 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares issuance for vested restricted shares | | — | | — | | — |
| — |
| 13,070,570 |
| — |
| 109,968 |
| — |
| — | | 109,968 | | — |
| 109,968 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share-based compensation to nonemployee | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 433 | | — | | — | | 433 | | — | | 433 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Repurchase of restricted shares from employees | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (6,358,500) | | (32,784) | | — | | — | | — | | (32,784) | | — | | (32,784) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Repurchase of shares | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (1,710,952) | | (13,749) | | — | | — | | — | | (13,749) | | — | | (13,749) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| (250,640) |
| — | | (250,640) | | (659) |
| (251,299) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 8,416 | | 8,416 | | — |
| 8,416 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2019 |
| 256,314,272 | | 173 | | 55,260,580 |
| 35 |
| (17,282,326) |
| (46,533) |
| 1,187,577 |
| (718,666) |
| 1,048 | | 423,634 | | (659) |
| 422,975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at January 1, 2020 |
| 256,314,272 | | 173 | | 55,260,580 |
| 35 |
| (17,282,326) |
| (46,533) |
| 1,187,577 |
| (718,666) |
| 1,048 | | 423,634 | | (659) |
| 422,975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Grant of restricted shares |
| 3,890,000 | | 3 | | — |
| — |
| (3,890,000) |
| — |
| (3) |
| — |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| 3,890,000 | | 3 | | — |
| — |
| (3,890,000) |
| — |
| (3) |
| — |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
Forfeit of restricted shares |
| (3,186,301) | | (2) | | — |
| — |
| 3,186,301 |
| — |
| 2 |
| — |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| (3,186,301) | | (2) | | — |
| — |
| 3,186,301 |
| — |
| 2 |
| — |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
Shares issuance for vested restricted shares |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| 2,998,978 |
| — |
| 17,448 |
| — |
| — | | 17,448 | | — |
| 17,448 |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| 2,998,978 |
| — |
| 17,448 |
| — |
| — | | 17,448 | | — |
| 17,448 |
Shares issuance to nonemployee |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| 80,000 |
| 647 |
| (647) |
| — |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| 80,000 |
| 647 |
| (647) |
| — |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
Shares issuance for the acquisition of a subsidiary | | 8,366,444 | | 7 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 16,962 | | — | | — | | 16,969 | | — | | 16,969 | | 8,366,444 | | 7 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 16,962 | | — | | — | | 16,969 | | — | | 16,969 |
Net loss |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| (163,034) |
| — | | (163,034) | | (444) |
| (163,478) |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| (163,034) |
| — | | (163,034) | | (444) |
| (163,478) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| (6,853) | | (6,853) | | — |
| (6,853) |
| — | | — | | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| (6,853) | | (6,853) | | — |
| (6,853) |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |
| 265,384,415 | | 181 | | 55,260,580 |
| 35 |
| (14,907,047) |
| (45,886) |
| 1,221,339 |
| (881,700) |
| (5,805) | | 288,164 | | (1,103) |
| 287,061 |
| 265,384,415 | | 181 | | 55,260,580 |
| 35 |
| (14,907,047) |
| (45,886) |
| 1,221,339 |
| (881,700) |
| (5,805) | | 288,164 | | (1,103) |
| 287,061 |
Shares issuance for vested restricted shares | | 2,023,845 | | 1 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (1) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 2,023,845 | | 1 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (1) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — |
Share-based compensation | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 9,797 | | — | | — | | 9,797 | | — | | 9,797 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 9,797 | | — | | — | | 9,797 | | — | | 9,797 |
Net loss | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (101,945) | | — | | (101,945) | | — | | (101,945) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (101,945) | | — | | (101,945) | | — | | (101,945) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (1,603) | | (1,603) | | — | | (1,603) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (1,603) | | (1,603) | | — | | (1,603) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |
| 267,408,260 | | 182 | | 55,260,580 |
| 35 |
| (14,907,047) |
| (45,886) |
| 1,231,135 |
| (983,645) |
| (7,408) | | 194,413 | | (1,103) |
| 193,310 |
| 267,408,260 | | 182 | | 55,260,580 |
| 35 |
| (14,907,047) |
| (45,886) |
| 1,231,135 |
| (983,645) |
| (7,408) | | 194,413 | | (1,103) |
| 193,310 |
Shares issuance for vested restricted shares | | 3,648,500 | | 2 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (2) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share-based compensation | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 10,282 | | — | | — | | 10,282 | | — | | 10,282 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition of non-controlling interests | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (1,103) | | — | | — | | (1,103) | | 1,103 | | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common shares and Pre-funded warrants, net of issuance costs | | 71,272,736 | | 51 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 56,639 | | — | | — | | 56,690 | | — | | 56,690 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (158,140) | | — | | (158,140) | | — | | (158,140) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (1,008) | | (1,008) | | — | | (1,008) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2022 | | 342,329,496 | | 235 | | 55,260,580 | | 35 | | (14,907,047) | | (45,886) | | 1,296,951 | | (1,141,785) | | (8,416) | | 101,134 | | — | | 101,134 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-5
TUANCHE LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise stated)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, | | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| | 2019 | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2022 | ||||
|
| |
| |
| |
| US$ |
| |
| |
| |
| US$ |
| | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | Note 2(f) | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | Note 3(f) |
Cash flows from operating activities : | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Loss |
| (251,299) |
| (163,478) |
| (101,945) | | (15,998) |
| (163,478) |
| (101,945) |
| (158,140) | | (22,929) |
Adjustment to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |
| |
| |
| | | |
| |
| |
| | | |
Impairment on long-term investments (Note 8) | | 1,000 | | — | | 700 | | 110 | ||||||||
Depreciation of property, equipment and software (Note 6) |
| 3,770 |
| 2,975 |
| 3,298 | | 518 | ||||||||
Amortization of intangible assets (Note 7) | | — | | 4,134 | | 4,110 | | 645 | ||||||||
Amortization of non-current assets | | 656 | | — | | — | | — | ||||||||
Share-based compensation (Note 15) |
| 110,401 |
| 17,448 |
| 9,797 | | 1,537 | ||||||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts (Note 4 & 5) |
| 13,684 |
| 30,227 |
| 17,796 | | 2,793 | ||||||||
Loss/ (Gain) from long-term investments (Note 8) |
| 917 |
| (933) |
| (258) | | (40) | ||||||||
(Gain)/ Loss on disposal of property and equipment, subsidiary |
| (5) |
| 51 |
| 429 | | 67 | ||||||||
Impairment on long-term investments (Note 9) | | — | | 700 | | — | | — | ||||||||
Impairment of long-lived assets | | — | | — | | 19,743 | | 2,863 | ||||||||
Impairment of goodwill (Note 4) | | — | | — | | 69,853 | | 10,128 | ||||||||
Depreciation of property, equipment and software (Note 7) |
| 2,975 |
| 3,298 |
| 2,140 | | 310 | ||||||||
Amortization of intangible assets (Note 8) | | 4,134 | | 4,110 | | 2,097 | | 304 | ||||||||
Share-based compensation (Note 17) |
| 17,448 |
| 9,797 |
| 10,282 | | 1,491 | ||||||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts (Note 5 & 6) |
| 30,227 |
| 17,796 |
| 8,143 | | 1,181 | ||||||||
Gain from long-term investments (Note 9) |
| (933) |
| (258) |
| (26) | | (4) | ||||||||
Loss on disposal of property and equipment, subsidiary |
| 51 |
| 429 |
| 218 | | 32 | ||||||||
Recognition of deferred income | | (611) | | (550) | | (513) | | (81) | | (550) | | (513) | | (513) | | (74) |
Foreign exchange loss | | 661 | | (25) | | 149 | | 23 | ||||||||
Foreign exchange (gain)/ loss | | (25) | | 149 | | (444) | | (64) | ||||||||
Loss on changes in guarantee liabilities | | — | | 233 | | 1,542 | | 242 | | 233 | | 1,542 | | — | | — |
Deferred income taxes | | — | | (1,032) | | — | | — | | (1,032) | | — | | (5,451) | | (790) |
Non-cash lease expense | | — | | 157 | | — | | — | | 157 | | — | | — | | — |
Change in fair value of warrant liability (Note 22) | | — | | — | | (11,219) | | (1,627) | ||||||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
| |
| |
| | | |
| |
| |
| | | |
Accounts receivable |
| (30,524) |
| (7,390) |
| 6,504 | | 1,021 |
| (7,390) |
| 6,504 |
| (1,127) | | (163) |
Prepayment and other current assets |
| (24,100) |
| 13,638 |
| (4,177) | | (654) |
| 13,638 |
| (4,177) |
| 5,151 | | 747 |
Accounts payable |
| (1,171) |
| 15,970 |
| 7,782 | | 1,221 |
| 15,970 |
| 7,782 |
| (24,269) | | (3,519) |
Advance from customers |
| (9,899) |
| 15,296 |
| (6,065) | | (952) |
| 15,296 |
| (6,065) |
| (11,706) | | (1,697) |
Salary and welfare benefits payable |
| 19,190 |
| (16,041) |
| (12,977) | | (2,036) |
| (16,041) |
| (12,977) |
| (6,926) | | (1,004) |
Deferred revenue | | — | | 1,720 | | — | | — | | 1,720 | | — | | (2,361) | | (342) |
Other taxes payable |
| (1,037) |
| 876 |
| (1,170) | | (184) |
| 876 |
| (1,170) |
| 2,905 | | 421 |
Other current liabilities |
| 6,561 |
| (2,130) |
| (17,257) | | (2,708) |
| (2,130) |
| (17,257) |
| (8,029) | | (1,165) |
Net cash used in operating activities |
| (161,806) |
| (88,854) |
| (92,255) | | (14,476) |
| (88,854) |
| (92,255) |
| (109,679) | | (15,901) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |
| |
| |
| | | |
| |
| |
| | | |
Purchase of property, equipment and software, and other non-current assets |
| (13,243) |
| (2,048) |
| (968) | | (152) |
| (2,048) |
| (968) |
| (212) | | (31) |
Placement of time deposits |
| (69,762) |
| (141,016) |
| — | | — |
| (141,016) |
| — |
| — | | — |
Bridge loan provided for acquisition (Note 3) | | (99,148) | | — | | — | | — | ||||||||
Cash paid for short-term investments |
| — |
| (7,105) |
| — | | — |
| (7,105) |
| — |
| — | | — |
Cash paid for long-term investments (Note 8) |
| (5,400) |
| (700) |
| (2,250) | | (353) | ||||||||
Cash paid for long-term investments (Note 9) |
| (700) |
| (2,250) |
| — | | — | ||||||||
Cash received from maturity of time deposits | | — | | 166,192 | | 45,674 | | 7,167 | | 166,192 | | 45,674 | | — | | — |
Cash received from disposal of long-term investments (Note 8) |
| — |
| 250 |
| 5,400 | | 847 | ||||||||
Cash received from disposal of long-term investments (Note 9) |
| 250 |
| 5,400 |
| — | | — | ||||||||
Cash received from acquisition of a subsidiary | | — | | 1,330 | | — | | — | | 1,330 | | — | | — | | — |
Cash received from disposal of property, equipment and software | | 5 | | — | | — | | — | ||||||||
Cash received from disposal of short-term investments |
| — |
| 20,795 |
| — | | — |
| 20,795 |
| — |
| — | | — |
Net cash (used in)/generated from investing activities |
| (187,548) |
| 37,698 |
| 47,856 | | 7,509 | ||||||||
Net cash generated from/ (used in) investing activities |
| 37,698 |
| 47,856 |
| (212) | | (31) | ||||||||
Cash flows from financing activities: |
| |
| |
| | | |
| |
| |
| | | |
Cash payments for repurchase of restricted shares from employees | | (26,228) | | — | | — | | — | ||||||||
Cash payments for repurchase of shares | | (13,749) | | — | | — | | — | ||||||||
Cash received from short-term borrowings (Note 12) |
| — |
| 3,000 |
| 10,000 | | 1,569 | ||||||||
Cash repayments of short-term borrowings (Note 12) |
| — |
| (3,000) |
| (3,000) | | (471) | ||||||||
Cash received from the depositary bank | | 2,732 | | — | | — | | — | ||||||||
Cash received from borrowings (Note 13&15) |
| 3,000 |
| 10,000 |
| 6,169 | | 894 | ||||||||
Cash repayments of short-term borrowings (Note 13) |
| (3,000) |
| (3,000) |
| (8,454) | | (1,226) | ||||||||
Proceeds of offering, net of listing fee | | — | | — | | 93,526 | | 13,560 | ||||||||
Cash paid from other financing activities | | — | | (63) | | — | | — | | (63) | | — | | — | | — |
Net cash (used in)/generated from financing activities |
| (37,245) |
| (63) |
| 7,000 | | 1,098 |
| (63) |
| 7,000 |
| 91,241 | | 13,228 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |
| 3,490 |
| (4,485) |
| (5,048) | | (792) |
| (4,485) |
| (5,048) |
| (1,805) | | (262) |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |
| (383,109) |
| (55,704) |
| (42,447) | | (6,661) |
| (55,704) |
| (42,447) |
| (20,455) | | (2,966) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year |
| 578,558 |
| 195,449 |
| 139,745 | | 21,929 |
| 195,449 |
| 139,745 |
| 97,298 | | 14,107 |
Including : | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year |
| 578,558 |
| 193,920 |
| 109,916 | | 17,248 |
| 193,920 |
| 109,916 |
| 63,461 | | 9,201 |
Restricted cash at the beginning of the year |
| — |
| 1,529 |
| 29,829 | | 4,681 |
| 1,529 |
| 29,829 |
| 33,837 | | 4,906 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year |
| 195,449 |
| 139,745 |
| 97,298 | | 15,268 |
| 139,745 |
| 97,298 |
| 76,843 | | 11,141 |
Including : | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year |
| 193,920 |
| 109,916 |
| 63,461 | | 9,958 |
| 109,916 |
| 63,461 |
| 69,895 | | 10,134 |
Restricted cash at the end of the year |
| 1,529 |
| 29,829 |
| 33,837 | | 5,310 |
| 29,829 |
| 33,837 |
| 6,948 | | 1,007 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |
| |
| |
| | | |
| |
| |
| | | |
Cash paid for interest expense |
| — |
| (61) |
| (182) | | (29) |
| (61) |
| (182) |
| (214) | | (31) |
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities: |
| |
| |
| | | |
| |
| |
| | | |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | | — | | 10,801 | | — | | — | | 10,801 | | — | | 13,152 | | 1,907 |
Bridge loan credited into cash portion of acquisition (Note 3) | | — | | 99,896 | | — | | — | ||||||||
Equity consideration of the acquisition (Note 3) | | — | | 16,969 | | — | | — | ||||||||
Bridge loan credited into cash portion of acquisition (Note 4) | | 99,896 | | — | | — | | — | ||||||||
Equity consideration of the acquisition (Note 4) | | 16,969 | | — | | — | | — |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6
1.Organization and Reorganization
TuanChe Limited (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on September 28, 2012. The Company is a holding company and conducts its business mainly through its subsidiaries, variable interest entities ("VIEs"(“VIEs”) and subsidiaries of VIEs (collectively referred to as the "Group"“Group”). The Group commenced operations through TuanChe Internet, a PRC company established by several PRC citizens in May 2012. TuanChe Internet holds an Internet Content Provider (“ICP”) license to operate Tuanche.com that provides internet information services to automobile manufacturers, car dealers and consumers.
The Group is primarily engaged in the operation of providing auto shows, special promotion events services, referral service for a commercial bank, online marketing services and other related businesses in the People’s Republic of China (the "PRC"“PRC” or "China"“China”). The Group commenced its auto shows business from the fourth quarter of 2016. In June 2018, the Group commenced its virtual dealership business, marketing information services and demand-side platform services. In January 2019, the Group commenced its special promotion events business. In October 2019, the Group commenced its referral services in collaboration with a commercial bank. In the first quarter of 2020, the Group acquired Longye International Limited (“Longye”) and commenced a subscription and support service, and it also commenced its live streaming promotion events services and customer referral services.
As of December 31, 2021,2022, the Company'sCompany’s major subsidiaries, major VIEs and major subsidiaries of VIEs are as follows:
| | | | | | |
| | Place and | | Percentage of | | |
| | year of | | direct or indirect | |
|
Major Subsidiaries |
| incorporation |
| economic ownership |
| Principal activities |
TuanChe Information Limited (“TuanChe Information”) |
| Hong Kong, PRC 2012 |
| 100 |
| Investment holding |
TuanYuan Internet Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“TuanYuan”) |
| Beijing, PRC 2013 |
| 100 |
| Technical support and consulting services, auto shows, special promotion events, online marketing services |
Longye International Limited (“Longye”) | | Cayman Islands 2018 | | 100 | | Investment holding |
Long Ye Information Technology Limited | | Hong Kong, PRC 2018 | | 100 | | Investment holding |
Beijing Sangu Maolu Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Sangu Maolu”) | | Beijing, PRC 2019 | | 100 | | Technical support and consulting services |
Chema Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“Chema”) | | Beijing, PRC 2018 | | 100 | | Technical support and consulting services |
| | | | | | |
| | Place and | | Percentage of | |
|
| | year of | | direct or indirect | |
|
Major VIEs |
| incorporation |
| economic ownership |
| Principal activities |
TuanChe Internet Information Service (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“TuanChe Internet”) |
| Beijing, PRC 2012 |
| 100 |
| Auto shows, special promotion events, online marketing services |
Shenzhen Drive New Media Co., Ltd. (“Drive New Media”) | | Shenzhen, PRC 2013 | | 100 | | Subscription and support services |
Beijing Internet Drive Technology Co., Ltd. (“Internet Drive Technology”) | | Beijing, PRC 2018 | | 100 | | Technical support and consulting services |
Tansuojixian Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“Tansuojixian”) | | Beijing, PRC 2018 | | 100 | | Technical support and consulting services |
F-7
1.Organization and Reorganization (Continued)