In this annual report, references to “we,” “us,” “our” or the "RGHL Group" are to Reynolds Group Holdings Limited ("RGHL") and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated.

We have prepared this annual report pursuant to (i) the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), with respect to those of our outstanding notes covered by effective registration statements filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), (ii) the requirements of the indentures governing certain of our outstanding notes that are not covered by an effective registration statement filed with the SEC, and (iii) the credit agreement with our lenders governing our senior secured credit facilities (the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”“Credit Agreement”). TheOur outstanding notes include:

The indentures governing certain of our outstanding notes also require us to provide certain information for Beverage Packaging Holdings Group ("Bev Pack"), comprised of Beverage Packaging Holdings (Luxembourg) I S.A. ("BP I") and its consolidated subsidiaries and Beverage Packaging Holdings (Luxembourg) II S.A. ("BP II"), subsidiaries of RGHL, which information is included in this annual report. These indentures, as well as our Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, are described more fully in this annual report.

This annual report includes forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our goals, beliefs, plans or current expectations, taking into account the information currently available to our management. Forward-looking statements are not

The risks described above and the risks disclosed in or referred to in this annual report are not exhaustive. Other sections of this annual report describe additional factors that could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or to persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements referred to above and included elsewhere in this annual report.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

We are a leading global manufacturer and supplier of consumer food, beverage and foodservice packaging products. We sell our products to customers globally, including to a diversified mix of leading multinational companies, large national and regional companies and small local businesses. We primarily serve the consumer food, beverage and foodservice market segments.

We operate through five segments:

On March 13, 2015, we completed the sale of our SIG segment to Onex Corporation. We also have a business,received net proceeds of $4,149 million, including the settlement of final closing adjustments. The net proceeds received at closing were used to reduce our indebtedness (refer to note 17 of the RGHL Group's audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for additional information). An additional amount of up to €175 million may be payable by Onex Corporation depending on the financial performance of SIG classified as a discontinued operation. during fiscal years 2015 and 2016.

SIG manufactures aseptic carton packaging systems for both beverage and liquid food products, including juices, milk, soups and sauces. The results of SIG for all periods have been presented as discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

We are part of a group of private companies based in New Zealand that are wholly-owned by Mr. Graeme Hart, our strategic owner.

RGHL was incorporated on May 30, 2006 under the Companies Act 1993 of New Zealand. RGHL is a holding company that operates through five segments that it acquired in a series of transactions. The segments that comprise the RGHL Group have not been owned, directly or indirectly, by a single company that consolidated their financial results or operated them as a single combined business for all the years for which financial results are presented in this annual report. See "Item 4. Information on RGHL — History and Development" for details related to the transactions by which the RGHL Group has been formed.

The table below summarizes the audited financial statements and selected financial information that are presented herein, prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB:

The following data should be read in conjunction with the RGHL Group's audited consolidated financial statements and related notes, and other financial information included elsewhere in this annual report, including “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “ — Risk Factors.”

The following data should be read in conjunction with Bev Pack's audited combined financial statements and related notes, and other financial information included elsewhere in this annual report, including “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “ — Risk Factors.”

Raw material costs represent a significant portion of our cost of sales, so changes in raw material prices may impact our results of operations. The primary raw materials used to manufacture our products are plastic resins (particularly polypropylene (“PP”), polyethylene (“PE"), polystyrene ("PS") and polyethylene terephthalate ("PET")), aluminum, fiber (principally raw wood and wood chips) and paperboard (principally cartonboard and cupstock). The prices of our raw materials have fluctuated significantly in recent years. See "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Key Factors Influencing our Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Raw Materials and Energy Prices."

Fluctuations in raw material costs can adversely affect our business. The fluctuations are generally due to movements in commodity market prices, which are reflected in published indices that are used in the negotiated rates with suppliers. We typically do not enter into long-term purchase contracts that provide for fixed prices for our principal raw materials. While we regularly enter into hedging agreements for some of our raw materials and energy sources, such as aluminum, resin (or components thereof) and natural gas, to minimize the impact of such fluctuations, these hedging agreements do not cover all our needs, and hedging may reduce the positive impact we may otherwise receive when raw material prices decline. Although many of our customer pricing agreements include raw material cost pass-through mechanisms, which mitigate the impact of changes in raw material costs, the contractual price adjustments do not occur simultaneously with commodity price fluctuations. Additionally, some of our businesses,contracts, such as the contracts with customers for the branded business ofproducts sold by Reynolds Consumer Products, generally do not usecontain such cost pass-through mechanisms in their customer pricing agreements, andagreements. Furthermore, in the businesses that use such mechanisms, they do notthe contracts cover allonly a portion of their sales. Due to differences in timing between purchases of raw materials and sales to customers, there is often a lead-lag effect, during which margins are negatively impacted in periods of rising raw material costs and positively impacted in periods of falling raw material costs. We also use price increases, wherewherever possible, to mitigate the effect of raw material cost increases for customers that are not subject to raw material cost pass-through agreements. However, there is no assurance that increases in raw material costs may be covered by increases in pricing. As a result, we often are not able to pass on price increases to our customers on a timely basis, if at all, and consequently do not always recover the lost margin resulting from the price increases. Moreover, an increase in the selling prices for the products we produce resulting from a pass-through of increased raw material costs or freight costs could have an adverse impact on the volume of units we sell and decrease our revenue.

In addition to our dependence on primary raw materials, we are also dependent on different sources of energy for our operations, such as coal, fuel oil, electricity and natural gas. In particular, our Evergreen segment is susceptible to price fluctuations in natural gas, as it incurs significant natural gas costs to convert raw wood and wood chips to paper products and liquid packaging board. Historically, we have been able to mitigate the effect of higher energy-related costs with productivity improvements and other cost reductions. However, there is no assurance that we can sustain the level of productivity improvements and cost reduction measures in the future. In addition, if some of our large energy contracts were to be terminated for any reason or not renewed upon expiration, or if market conditions were to substantially change resulting in a significant increase in the price of coal, fuel oil, electricity and/or natural gas, we may not be able to find alternative, comparable suppliers or suppliers capable of providing coal, fuel oil, electricity and/or natural gas on terms or in amounts satisfactory to us. As a result of any of these events, our business, financial condition and operating results may suffer.

We are also dependent on third parties for the transportation of both our raw materials and the products we sell. In certain jurisdictions, we are exposed to import duties and freight costs, the latter of which is influenced by carrier availability and the fluctuating costs of oil and other transportation costs.

Many of our products are packaging for products manufactured by other companies, so demand for our products is directly affected by consumer consumption of the products sold in the packages we produce. General economic conditions affect consumption in Evergreen's, Closures' and Graham Packaging's primary end-use markets, including beverage products, such as milk, other dairy products, juices, bottled water and carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks, as well as the liquid food market and other packaged consumer products. Reynolds Consumer Products depends on the market conditions in the retail industry and consumer demand for its products which are also affected by general economic conditions. Similarly, demand for our Pactiv Foodservice products is impacted by market conditions in the foodservice industry, including restaurant demand.

Downturns or periods of economic weakness or increased prices in these consumer markets have resulted in the past, and could result in the future, in decreased demand for our products. In particular, our business has been in the past, and could be in the future, adversely affected by any economic downturn that results in difficulties for any of our major customers, including retailers. For example, the continuing uncertainty about future economic conditions globally, and in the United States and Europe in particular, could negatively impact our customers and adversely affect our results of operations. These conditions are beyond our control and may have an impact on our sales and results of operations. Macro-economic issues involving the broader financial markets, including the housing and credit systems and general liquidity issues in the securities markets, have negatively impacted the economy and may negatively affect our growth. In addition, weak economic conditions and declines in consumer spending and consumption have in the past harmed, and may in the future harm, our operating results. In the United States, the economic downturn has also reduced demand for branded consumer products such as waste and storage bags, with customers shifting towards purchases of lower priced store branded products.

All of our segments operate in highly competitive markets. Some of our competitors have significantly higher market shares than we do globally, or in the geographic markets in which we compete. Some of our competitors offer a more specialized variety of packaging materials and concepts and may serve more geographic regions through various distribution channels. Some of our competitors have lower costs or greater financial and other resources than we do and may be less adversely affected than we are by price declines or by increases in raw material costs or otherwise better withstand adverse economic or market conditions. The competitive issues faced by each of our segments are discussed in more detail in "Item 4. Information on RGHL — Business Overview — Competition."

Although in some of our businesses capital costs are significant and there are intellectual property and technological barriers to entry, in addition to existing suppliers we also face the threat of competition from new entrants to our markets. To the extent there are new entrants, increasing or even maintaining our market shares or margins may be more difficult. In addition to other suppliers of similar products, our businesses also face competition from packaging made from other substrates. The prices that we can charge for our products are therefore constrained by the availability and cost of substitutes.

The combination of these market influences has created an intensely competitive environment in which product pricing (including volume rebates, marketing allowances and other items impacting net pricing) is a key competitive factor. Our customers continuously evaluate their suppliers, often resulting in downward pricing pressure and increased pressure to continuously introduce and commercialize innovative new products, improve customer service, maintain strong relationships with our customers and, where applicable, maintain and support consumer-meaningful brands. We may lose customers in the future, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations. These competitive pressures could result in reduced sales and profitability and limit our ability to recover cost increases through price increases and, unless we are able to control our operating costs, our gross margin may be adversely affected.

Demand for beverages, and consequently the related packaging, caps and closures, may be affected by weather conditions, especially during the summer months when weather impacts cold beverage consumption. In addition, demand for our consumer products, and in some instances our packaging products, typically increases during the holiday season which leads to increased sales in the fourth quarter, and our school milk carton business is typically stronger during the North American school semesters and decreases during the holiday periods. Additionally, the market for non-packaging paper products, such as Evergreen's coated groundwood or uncoated free sheet products, is highly cyclical and sensitive to changes in general business conditions, industry capacity, consumer preferences and other factors. We have no control over these factors and they can significantly influence our financial performance.

Many of our products are used by consumers in connection with food or beverage products. Any reduction in consumer demand for these product types as a result of lifestyle, environmental, nutritional or health considerations could have a significant impact on our customers and hence on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, there have been recent concerns about the environmental or health impact resulting from the manufacturing, shipping and/or disposal of resin-based products, such as plastic water bottles and polystyrene containers and packaging. Product stewardship and resource sustainability concerns, including the recycling of products and product packaging and restrictions on the use of potentially harmful materials in products, have received increased attention in recent years and are likely to play an increasing role in brand management and consumer purchasing decisions. In addition, changes in consumer lifestyle, such as the gradual decline of home cooking, may result in decreasing demand for certain of our consumer products and increasing demand for our foodservice products. Our financial position and results of operations might be adversely affected to the extent that such environmental concerns or changes in consumer lifestyle reduce demand for our products.

Many of our customers are large and possess significant market leverage, which results in significant downward pricing pressure, and often constrains our ability to pass through price increases. Evergreen's and Closures' products are generally sold under multi-year supply agreements with many of their customers. Reynolds Consumer Products generally sells its branded products pursuant to informal trading policies and its store branded products under one year or multi-year agreements. Pactiv Foodservice sells the majority of its products under agreements ranging from one to three years, with the balance sold pursuant to purchase orders or formal short-term supply agreements. In addition, we do not have written agreements with some of our customers and many of our agreements can be terminated on short notice. Graham Packaging's sales are made pursuant to long-term customer purchase orders and contracts which typically vary in length with terms up to ten years. The contracts are requirements contracts which do not obligate the customer to purchase any given amount of product from Graham Packaging. Prices under Graham Packaging's arrangements are tied to market standards and therefore vary with market conditions. Evergreen and Closures typically offer their major customers a variety of incentives to purchase their filling and capping machines or lease their filling machines. If our major customers reduce purchasing volumes or stop purchasing our products, our business and results of operations would likely be adversely affected. It is possible that we will lose customers in the future, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our operations are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Among other things, these laws regulate the emission or discharge of materials into the environment, govern the use, storage, treatment, disposal and management of hazardous substances and wastes, protect the health and safety of our employees and the end-users of our products, regulate the materials used in and the recycling of products and impose liability for the costs of investigating and remediating, and damages resulting from, present and past releases of hazardous substances, including releases by prior owners or operators of sites we currently own or operate. Violations of these laws and regulations or of any conditions contained in any environmental permit can result in substantial fines or penalties, injunctive relief, requirements to install pollution or other controls or equipment, civil and criminal sanctions, permit revocations and/or facility shutdowns. We could be held liable for the costs to address contamination of any real property we have ever owned, operated or used as a disposal site. We also could

Moreover, as environmental issues, such as climate change, have become more prevalent, federal, state and local governments, as well as foreign governments, have responded, and are expected to continue to respond, with increased legislation and regulation, which could negatively affect us. For example, the United States Congress has considered legislation to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. In addition, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) is regulating certain greenhouse gas emissions under existing laws such as the Clean Air Act. These and other foreign, federal and state climate change initiatives may cause us to incur additional direct costs in complying with new environmental legislation or regulations, such as costs to upgrade or replace equipment, as well as increased indirect costs resulting from our suppliers, customers or both incurring additional compliance costs that could get passed through to us or impact product demand. Additionally, the EPA is continuing the development of other new standards and programs that may be applicable to ourEvergreen's operations. For example, inIn December 2012, the EPA finalized its rules regulating air emissions from industrial boilers and process heaters, commonly referred to as "Boiler MACT." Based on available information, Evergreen currently estimates capital costs to comply with the final Boiler MACT rules willto be between $31 million and $46approximately $56 million; approximately $29 million to $44$55 million of such costs will be spent in connection with boilersthe boiler at its Canton, North Carolina mill and $2$1 million in costs will be incurred in connection with a boiler at its Pine Bluff, Arkansas mill. As of December 31, 2015, approximately $7 million of Boiler MACT related costs had been incurred. Evergreen expects to incur the remaining Canton costs by 2019 and the Pine Bluff costs by 2016.2019. Evergreen does not expect either the Boiler MACT rules to have a material adverse effect on its business and does not expector the expenditures needed to achieve compliance to significantly increase the RGHL Group's capital expenditures during these periods.

In addition, a number of governmental authorities, both in the United States and abroad, have considered, and are expected to consider, legislation aimed at reducing the amount of plastic wastes disposed. Programs have included, for example, mandating certain rates of recycling and/or the use of recycled materials, imposing deposits or taxes on plastic packaging material and requiring retailers or manufacturers to take back packaging used for their products. Legislation, as well as voluntary initiatives similarly aimed at reducing the level of plastic wastes, could reduce the demand for certain plastic packaging, result in greater costs for plastic packaging manufacturers or otherwise impact our business. Some consumer products companies, including some of our customers, have responded to these governmental initiatives and to perceived environmental concerns of consumers by using containers made in whole or in part of recycled plastic. Future legislation and initiatives could adversely affect us in a manner that would be material to our results of operations.

We may not be able to realize some or all of the cost savings we expect to achieve in the future as a result of our restructuring and cost savings programs in the time frame we anticipate. For a detailed description of these cost savings measures expected, refer to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” A variety of factors could cause us not to realize some of the expected cost savings, including, among others, delays in the anticipated timing of activities related to our cost savings programs, lack of sustainability in cost savings over time, unexpected costs associated with operating our business, and lack of ability to eliminate duplicative back office overhead and redundant selling, general and administrative functions, obtain procurement related savings, rationalize our distribution and warehousing networks, rationalize manufacturing capacity and shift production to more economical facilities and avoid labor disruptions in connection with any integration, particularly in connection with any headcount reduction.

We maintain insurance for some, but not all, of the potential risks and liabilities associated with our business. For some risks, we may not obtain insurance if we believe the cost of available insurance is excessive in relation to the risks presented. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially, and in some instances, certain insurance policies are economically unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. For example, we will not be fully insured against all risks associated with pollution and other environmental incidents or impacts. Moreover, we may not be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable or to obtain or renew insurance against certain risks. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts which would adversely affect our cash position and results of operations.

We are involved in several legal proceedings. It is difficult to predict with certainty the cost of defense or the outcome of these proceedings and their impact on our business, including remedies or damage awards. The outcomes of these legal proceedings and other contingencies could require us to take or refrain from taking certain actions, which actions or inactions could adversely affect our operations or could require us to pay substantial amounts of money or restrict our operations. If liabilities or fines resulting from these proceedings are substantial or exceed our expectations, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.

While we manufacture most of our products in a number of diversified facilities, a loss of the use of all or a portion of any of our key manufacturing facilities due to an accident, labor issues, weather conditions, natural disaster or otherwise could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, certain of our products are produced at only one or at a small number of facilities, increasing the risks associated with a loss of use of such facilities. For example, we only perform the foil rolling phase of our foil manufacturing process at our Louisville plant and the melting and casting phase at our Hot Springs facility. Loss or a prolonged disruption of either of these two facilities would significantly interrupt our production process and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In September 2012, we ceased foil rolling operations at our Louisville plant for 13 days because of a potential risk that we could have exceeded the limit under the plant's air emissions permit. Because we were able to recommence operations within a relatively short period of time, the impact of this event on our business was not material. However, an event that triggered a larger disruption of production at that facility could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Other examples of events that have caused plant shut-downs or disrupted production include (i) a fire in May 2013 at Pactiv Foodservice's facility in Macon, Georgia, which manufactures molded fiber products (primarily egg cartons), that caused

Changes to health and food safety regulations could increase costs and may also have a material adverse effect on our sales if, as a result, the public's attitude towards our consumer products or the end productsend-products for which we provide packaging, caps or closures is substantially affected.

We depend on our senior executive officers and other key personnel to operate our businesses and on our in-house technical experts to develop new products and technologies and to service our customers. The loss of any of these officers or other key personnel could adversely affect our operations. Competition is intense for qualified employees among companies that rely heavily on engineering and technology, and the loss of qualified employees or an inability to attract, retain and motivate additional highly skilled employees required for the operation and expansion of our business could hinder our ability to successfully conduct research and development activities or develop and support marketable products.

Consolidation among our customers could adversely affect our profitability. Over the last several years, there has been a trend toward consolidation among our customers in the food and beverage industry and in the retail and foodservice industries, and we expect that this trend will continue. Consolidation among our customers could increase their ability to apply price pressure, and thereby force us to reduce our selling prices or lose sales, which would impact our results of operations. Following a consolidation, our customers in the food and beverage industry may also close production facilities or switch suppliers of packaging, caps or closures which could impact sales of our filling and capping machines and other products, while our customers in the retail industry may close stores, reduce inventory or switch suppliers of consumer products.

We have control measures and systems in place to ensure the maximum safety and quality of our products is maintained. The consequences of not being able to do so, due to accidental or malicious raw material contamination, or due to supply chain contamination caused by human error or faulty equipment, could be severe. Such consequences may include adverse effects on consumer health, reputation, loss of customers and market share, financial costs or loss of revenue. In addition, if any of our competitors or customers supply faulty or contaminated products to the market, or if manufacturers of the end-products that utilize our packaging produce faulty or contaminated products, our industry, or our end-products' industries, could be negatively impacted, which could have adverse effects on our business.

In addition, if any of our products are found to be defective, we could be required to recall such products, which could result in adverse publicity, significant expenses and a disruption in sales and could affect our reputation and that of our products. Although we maintain product liability insurance coverage, potential product liability claims may exceed the amount of insurance coverage or potential product liability claims may be excluded under the terms of the policy.

Our business is exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates. Although our reporting currency is U.S. dollars, we operate in multiple countries and transact in a range of currencies in addition to U.S. dollars. Our other transacting currencies include the euro, the Argentine peso, the Brazilian real, the British pound, the Canadian dollar, the Chinese yuan renminbi, the Japanese yen, the Korean won, the Mexican peso, the New Zealand dollar, the Polish zloty, the Russian ruble the Singapore dollar, the Swiss franc and the Taiwanese dollar. Where possible, we try to minimize the impact of exchange rate fluctuations by transacting in local currencies so as to create natural hedges. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in protecting against these risks. Under certain circumstances in which we are unable to naturally offset our exposure to these currency risks, we enter into derivative transactions to reduce such exposures. Nevertheless, exchange rate fluctuations may either increase or decrease our revenue and expenses as reported in U.S. dollars. Given the volatility of exchange rates, we may not be able to manage our currency transaction risks effectively, and volatility in currency exchange rates may materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

In addition to relying on the patent and trademark rights granted under the laws of the United States, countries in Europe and various other countries in which we operate, we rely on unpatented proprietary knowledge and trade secrets and employ various methods, including confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties, to protect our knowledge and trade secrets. However, these precautions and our patents and trademarks may not afford complete protection against infringement by third parties, and there can be no assurance that others will not independently develop the knowledge and trade secrets. Patent and trademark rights are territorial; thus, the patent and trademark protection we do have will only extend to those countries in which we have been issued patents and have registered trademarks. Even so, the laws of certain countries do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States and various European countries. Further, we may not be able to prevent current and former employees, contractors and other parties from breaching confidentiality agreements and misappropriating proprietary information. It is possible that third parties may copy or otherwise obtain and use our information and proprietary technology without authorization or otherwise infringe on our intellectual property rights. Infringement of our intellectual property may adversely affect our results of operations and make it more difficult for us to establish a strong market position in countries which may not afford adequate protection of intellectual property. Additionally, we have licensed, and may license in the future, patents, trademarks, trade secrets and similar proprietary rights to third parties. While we attempt to ensure that our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights are protected when entering into business relationships, third parties may take actions that could materially and adversely affect our rights or the value of our intellectual property, similar proprietary rights or reputation. If necessary, we also rely on litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights and contractual rights, and, if not successful, we may not be able to protect the value of our intellectual property. Any litigation could be protracted and costly and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations regardless of its outcome.

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain, or license from third parties, patents, trademarks, trade secrets and similar proprietary rights without infringing on the proprietary rights of third parties. Although we believe that our intellectual property rights are sufficient to allow us to conduct our business without incurring liability to third parties, our products may infringe on the intellectual property rights of such persons and we may be subject to claims asserting infringement of intellectual property rights. No assurance can be given that we will not be subject to such additional claims seeking damages, the payment of royalties or licensing fees and/or injunctions against the sale of our products. Any such litigation could be protracted and costly and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.operations regardless of its outcome.

Our businesses are subject to frequent and sometimes significant changes in technology, and if we fail to anticipate or respond adequately to such changes, or do not have sufficient capital to invest in these developments, our profits may decline. Our future financial performance will depend in part upon our ability to develop and market new products and to implement and utilize technology successfully to improve our business operations. We cannot predict all the effects of future technological changes. The cost of implementing new technologies could be significant, and our ability to potentially finance these technological developments may be adversely affected by our debt servicing requirements or our inability to obtain the financing we require to develop or acquire competing technologies.

A significant portionApproximately 26% of our employees in the United States and other countries are subject to collective bargaining agreements. In addition, many of our employees in Asia, Europe, Mexico and South Americaagreements or are represented by workswork councils. The transportation and delivery of raw materials to our manufacturing facilities and of our products to our customers by workers that are members of labor unions is critical to our business. In many cases, before we take significant actions with respect to our production facilities, such as workforce reductions or closures, we must reach agreement with applicable labor unions and employee works councils. The failure to maintain satisfactory relationships with our employees and their representatives, or prolonged labor disputes, slowdowns, strikes or similar actions, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We have pension plans that cover many of our employees, former employees and employees of formerly affiliated businesses. Many of these pension plans are defined benefit pension plans, pursuant to which the participants receive defined payment amounts regardless of the value or investment performance of the assets held by such plans. Deterioration in the value of plan assets, including equity and debt securities, resulting from a general financial downturn or otherwise, or a change in the interest rate used to discount the projected benefit obligations, could cause an increase in the underfunded status of our defined benefit pension plans, thereby increasing our obligation to make contributions to the plans, which in turn would reduce the cash available for our business.

As part of our strategy, we plan tomay consider the acquisition of other companies, assets and product lines that either complement or expand our existing business. These acquisitions may be significant in size, scope or otherwise. However, we may not be able to continue to grow through acquisitions and cannot provide assurance that we will be able to consummate any acquisitions, or that any future acquisitions will be completed at acceptable prices and terms, or that the acquired businesses will be successfully integrated into our current operations. Acquisitions involve a number of specific risks, including:

There are or may be liabilities associated with the businesses we have acquired or may acquire. Acquisitions have the risk that the obligations and liabilities of an acquired company may not be adequately released, indemnified or reflected in the historical financial statements of such company and the risk that such historical financial statements may contain errors. We may also become responsible for liabilities that we failed to or were unable to discover in the course of performing due diligence procedures in connection with our historical acquisitions and any future acquisitions. When possible, we require the sellers to indemnify us against certain undisclosed liabilities; however, we cannot be certain that these indemnification rights that we have obtained, or will obtain in the future, will be enforceable, collectible or sufficient in amount, scope or duration to fully offset the possible liabilities associated with the business or property acquired. Any of these liabilities, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and achieve targeted financial results depends on our ability to successfully integrate businesses we have acquired in the past or may acquire in the future. Acquisitions inherently involve risks, including those associated with assimilating and integrating different business operations, corporate cultures, personnel, infrastructure and technologies or products and increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of operations. There may be additional costs or liabilities associated with the acquisitions that we have consummated in recent years that we did not anticipate at the time such acquisitions were consummated, including an unexpected loss of key employees or customers and hiring additional management and other critical personnel. These acquisitions may also be disruptive to our ongoing business and may not be favorably received by our customers. Any of these risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial results could be substantially affected by global market risks in the countries outside the United States in which we have manufacturing facilities or sell our products, primarily in Europe, Asia and South America. Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in these economies. There can be no assurance that economic issues in these regions would not result in adverse effects that may be material to our cash flows, competitive position, financial condition, results of operations, or our ability to access capital. In addition, we have substantial manufacturing facilities in certain countries that are exposed to economic and political instability. Many of our raw materials, particularly plastic resins, are affected by changes in oil prices, and economic or political unrest in petroleum producing countries, such as those in the Middle East, will affect oil prices, which could affect our cost of raw materials and our results of operations. Our Closures segment has business in Russia, and it could be impacted if economic sanctions by the United States or other countries are imposed on any of itsClosures' customers or suppliers. Downturns in economic activity, adverse foreign tax consequences or any changes in social, political or labor conditions in any of these countries or regions could negatively affect our results of operations.

The global capital and credit markets have undergone periods of significant unprecedented volatility and disruption and the global economy recently experienced a recession. Our results of operations and financial position have been, and may continue to be, negatively affected by adverse changes in the global capital and credit markets and the economy in general, both in the United States and elsewhere around the world. Economic conditions may also adversely affect the ability of our lenders, customers and suppliers to continue to conduct their respective businesses and may affect our ability to operate our production facilities in an economical manner. Many of our customers rely on access to credit to fund their operations. The inability of our customers to access credit facilities may adversely affect our business by reducing our sales, increasing our exposure to accounts receivable bad debts and reducing our profitability.

Concerns about consumer confidence, the availability and cost of credit, reduced consumer spending and business investment, the volatility and strength of global capital and credit markets and inflation have affected, and may continue to affect, the business and economic environment and ultimately the profitability of our business. Economic downturns characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, lower corporate earnings, lower business investment and lower consumer spending have resulted, and may continue to result, in decreased demand for our products. We are unable to predict the likely duration or severity of any disruption in global capital and credit markets and the economy in general, all of which are beyond our control and may have a significant impact on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

We are subject to taxation in and to the tax laws and regulations of multiple jurisdictions as a result of the international scope of our operations and our corporate and financing structure. We are also subject to intercompany pricing laws, including those relating to the flow of funds between our companies pursuant to, for example, purchase agreements, licensing agreements or other arrangements. Adverse developments in these laws or regulations, or any change in position regarding the application, administration or interpretation of these laws or regulations in any applicable jurisdiction, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the tax authorities in any applicable jurisdiction, including the United States, may disagree with the positions we have taken or intend to take regarding the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions, including the tax treatment or characterization of our indebtedness, including the Reynolds Notes, intercompany loans and guarantees. If any applicable tax authorities, including the U.S. tax authorities, were to successfully challenge the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions, it could result in the disallowance of deductions, the imposition of withholding taxes on internal deemed transfers or other consequences that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we also may sell or factor some of our other accounts receivable. Our access to factoring programs depends on the availability of receivables insurance, and on our credit rating and the credit ratings of our customers and insurers. We may be unable to continue to utilize factoring programs or may only be able to do so on less desirable terms if either we are unable to obtain or renew receivables insurance or our credit rating or the credit ratings of our customers or insurers are negatively impacted. An inability to utilize factoring programs would slow our conversion of trade receivables to cash and increase our working capital requirements, which could require us to use revolver availability or cash on hand or to seek alternative sources of financing which may not be available or may be more expensive than our existing financing.

We regularly enter into hedging transactions to limit our exposure to raw material and energy price risks as well as foreign currency risks. Our commodity hedges are primarily related to resin, aluminum, natural gas, ethylene, paraxylene, propylene, benzene, diesel and diesel.polyethylene. Our foreign currency hedges are primarily related to the Japanese yen, Canadian dollar and euro. If our hedging strategies prove to be ineffective or if we fail to effectively monitor and manage our hedging activities, we could incur significant losses which could adversely affect our financial position and results of operations,

The ability of Reynolds Consumer Products to compete successfully increasingly depends on its ability to develop and maintain brands that are meaningful to consumers. The development and maintenance of such brands requires significant investment in product innovation, brand-building, advertising and marketing initiatives. Reynolds Consumer Products focuses on developing innovative products to address consumers' unmet needs as well as introducing store branded products that emulate other popular branded consumer products and may increase its expenditures for advertising and other brand-building or marketing initiatives. However, these initiatives may not deliver the desired results, which could adversely affect our business and the recoverability of the trade names recorded in the statement of financial position.

We have recorded a significant amount of goodwill in our consolidated financial statements resulting from our acquisitions. We test the carrying value of goodwill for impairment at least annually and whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The estimates and assumptions about future results of operations and cash flows made in connection with the impairment testing could differ from future actual results of operations and cash flows. While we have concluded, for each year presented in our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, that our goodwill is not impaired, future events could cause us to conclude that the goodwill associated with a given segment may have become impaired. Any resulting impairment charge, although non-cash, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.

We are dependent upon information technology for the distribution of information internally and also to our customers and suppliers. This information technology is subject to theft, damage or interruption from a variety of sources, including but not limited to malicious computer viruses, security breaches and defects in design. Various measures have been implemented to manage our risks related to information systemsystems and network disruptions, but a system failure or breach of these measures could negatively impact our operations and financial results.

Our substantial indebtedness could have significant consequences for you. For example, it could:

Despite our substantial indebtedness we may be able to incur or issue substantial additional debt in the future. Although restrictions on the incurrence of additional debt are contained in the indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes and in the terms of our Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions. Also, these restrictions do not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness as defined in such restrictions, such as certain contingent obligations incurred in the ordinary course of business.

Our ability to incur indebtedness depends, in part, upon our satisfaction of certain financial covenants in the indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes and in the terms of our Senior Secured Credit Facilities.Agreement. The indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes permit us to incur additional indebtedness either by satisfying certain incurrence tests or by incurring such additional indebtedness under certain specific categories of permitted debt. Indebtedness may be incurred under the incurrence tests if the fixed charge coverage ratio is at least 2.00 to 1.00 on a pro forma basis and, (i) under the indentures governing the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes, the liens securing first lien secured indebtedness do not exceed a 3.50 to 1.00 senior secured leverage ratio, (ii) under the indentures governing the Reynolds Senior Notes and the 2013 Senior Notes, the liens securing any secured indebtedness do not exceed a 4.50 to 1.00 secured leverage ratio and (iii) under the indenture governing the 2013 Senior Subordinated Notes, the liens secure senior indebtedness.

Under the credit agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, we may incur additional indebtedness either by satisfying certain incurrence tests or by incurring such additional indebtedness under certain specific categories of permitted debt. Incremental senior secured indebtedness under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement and senior secured notes in lieu thereof are permitted to be incurred up to an aggregate principal amount of $750 million, subject to pro forma compliance with the Senior Secured Credit Facilities’Agreement’s senior secured first lien leverage ratio covenant. In addition, we may incur incremental senior secured indebtedness under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement and senior secured notes in an unlimited amount so long as our senior secured first lien leverage ratio does not exceed 3.50 to 1.00 on a pro forma basis and (in the case of incremental senior secured indebtedness under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement only) we are in pro forma compliance with the Senior Secured Credit Facilities’ senior secured first lien leverage ratio covenant.covenant included in the Credit Agreement. The incurrence of unsecured indebtedness, including the issuance of senior notes, and unsecured subordinated indebtedness is also permitted subject to pro forma compliance with the Senior Secured Credit Facilities’Agreement's senior secured first lien leverage ratio covenant.

The amount of indebtedness that we can incur at any point in time will vary materially as a result of historical and pro forma changes in our earnings, cash flows and performance against contractual ratios and other results and factors.

The indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes contain restrictive covenants that limit our ability to, among other things:

These restrictive covenants could have an adverse effect on our business by limiting our ability to take advantage of financing, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures or other corporate opportunities. In addition, the Senior Secured Credit Facilities contain,Agreement contains, and our future indebtedness may contain, other and more restrictive covenants and also prohibitprohibits us from prepaying certain of our other indebtedness, including the 2013 Senior Notes, prior to discharge of the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement or such future indebtedness. The Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and the 2013 Intercreditor Agreement (the "2013 Intercreditor Agreement") described in "Item 10. Additional Information — Material Contracts" also contain restrictions on our ability to prepay the 2013 Notes prior to the redemption of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and, in the case of the 2013 Intercreditor Agreement, the Senior Secured Credit Facilities.Agreement. The Senior Secured Credit Facilities requireAgreement requires us to maintain a senior secured first lien leverage ratio. Our future indebtedness may contain

Our ability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance obligations under, our debt will depend on our financial and operating performance, which, in turn, will be subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to financial and business-related factors, many of which may be beyond our control. See “— Risks Related to Our Business” above.

Mr. Graeme Hart indirectly owns through Packaging Holdings Limited all of our common stock and the actions he is able to undertake as our sole ultimate shareholder may differ from or adversely affect the interests of our debt holders. Because Mr. Hart ultimately controls our voting shares and those of all of our subsidiaries, he has and will continue to have the power, among other things, to affect our legal and capital structure and our day-to-day operations, as well as to elect our directors and those of our subsidiaries, to change our management and to approve any other changes to our operations. Additionally, Mr. Hart is in the business of making investments in companies and may from time to time acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete, directly or indirectly, with us. Mr. Hart may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. Finally, because none of our securities are listed on a securities exchange in the United States, we are not subject to certain of the corporate governance requirements of a U.S. securities exchange, including any requirement to have any independent directors.

Accordingly, repayment of the Reynolds Notes Issuers' indebtedness, including the Reynolds Notes, depends on the generation of cash flow by the RGHL Group, and (if they are not guarantors of the Reynolds Notes) the ability of RGHL Group members to make such cash available to the Reynolds Notes Issuers whether by dividend, debt repayment, investment, loan, advance or otherwise. Unless they are guarantors of the Reynolds Notes, members of the RGHL Group do not have any obligation to pay amounts due on such Reynolds Notes or to make funds available for that purpose. Our subsidiaries may not be able to make payments to each Reynolds Notes Issuer to enable it to make payments in respect of its indebtedness, including the Reynolds Notes. Each subsidiary is a distinct legal entity and, under certain circumstances, legal and contractual restrictions may limit the Reynolds Notes Issuers' ability to obtain cash from our subsidiaries. While the indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes limit the ability of our subsidiaries to incur consensual restrictions on their ability to pay dividends or make other intercompany payments to the Reynolds Notes Issuers, these limitations are subject to certain qualifications and exceptions. In the event that the Reynolds Notes Issuers do not receive payments from our subsidiaries, they may be unable to make required principal and interest payments on their indebtedness, including the Reynolds Notes.

In addition, any payment of interest, dividends, distributions, debt repayments, investments, loans or advances by our subsidiaries to the Reynolds Notes Issuers could be subject to restrictions on such payments under applicable local law, monetary transfer restrictions, withholding taxes and foreign currency exchange regulations in the jurisdictions in which the subsidiaries operate or under arrangements with local partners.

The agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, the indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes and the terms of our other indebtedness, require us, and the terms of our future indebtedness are also likely to require us, to meet certain covenants. A default under any of our debt instruments could result in the accelerated repayment of our debt and possibly bankruptcy. This will negatively impact our ability to fulfill our obligations under the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes, including our obligation to pay interest and principal thereon.

The RGHL Group is subject to covenants under its various debt agreements, such as the indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes and the credit agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities.Agreement. These covenants may be subject to multiple interpretations, and, from time to time, parties to our debt agreements may disagree with our interpretation of these covenants. Disagreements with respect to the interpretation of these covenants may result in allegations of non-compliance which could result in a default or event of default under our indebtedness, either of which could materially adversely affect our financial condition.

If our operating performance declines, and we breach our covenants under the agreements governing such indebtedness, we may need to seek waivers from the noteholders and the lenders under the Credit Agreement, or holders of our other indebtedness to avoid being in default. We may not be able to obtain a waiver from the required number of lenders or noteholders. If this occurs, we would be in default under such indebtedness. Any default under the agreements governing our indebtedness that is not cured or waived, as applicable, by the required lenders or noteholders thereunder, and the remedies sought by the holders of such indebtedness, could prevent us from making payments of principal, premium, if any, or interest on the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes and could substantially decrease the market value of the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes. In the event of any such default, the holders of such indebtedness could elect to declare all outstanding amounts thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest, and this may also cause a cross default in our other indebtedness. If our operating performance declines, and we breach our covenants under the agreements governing such indebtedness we may need to seek waivers from the noteholders and the lenders under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, or holders of our other indebtedness to avoid being in default. We may not be able to obtain a waiver from the required number of lenders or noteholders. If this occurs, we would be in default under such indebtedness, the lenders or noteholders could exercise their rights as described above, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. See "Item 10. Additional Information — Material Contracts."

If a specified change of control occurs in relation to us, the Reynolds Notes Issuers and the 2013 Notes Issuers would be required to make an offer to purchase all of the outstanding Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes (as applicable), at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of purchase. The occurrence of a change of control under the indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes would require that the Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, and may require that any of our future indebtedness, be immediately repaid or that we make an offer to repurchase it, possibly at a premium or subject to penalties. The Reynolds Notes Issuers and the 2013 Notes Issuers may be dependent on RGHL and its subsidiaries for the funds necessary to cure the events of default, or fund any mandatory prepayment or redemption caused by such change of control event. RGHL and its subsidiaries may not have sufficient financial resources to purchase all of the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes that are tendered upon a change of control offer or to redeem such notes. A failure by the Reynolds Notes Issuers or the 2013 Notes Issuers to purchase the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes after a change of control in accordance with the terms of the applicable indentures requiring such purchases would result in a default under the agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement and the indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes and may result in a default under any future indebtedness.

The occurrence of a change of control may not be under our control and may occur at any time. For example, Packaging Finance Limited, the direct parent of RGHL, has pledged 100% of its shares in RGHL to certain lenders in connection with a financing arrangement. Consequently, it is possible that such lenders may enforce the pledge against Packaging Finance Limited and foreclose on the RGHL shares for reasons outside of our control. Such foreclosure may result in a change of control under the terms of the indentures governing the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes. In the event of a change of control, we cannot assure you that we will have sufficient assets to satisfy all of our obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, the Reynolds Notes, the 2013 Notes, any future indebtedness and any other debt requiring repayment upon such event.

The terms of the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement limit, and our future indebtedness may limit, our right to purchase or redeem certain indebtedness. In the event any purchase or redemption is prohibited, we may seek to obtain waivers from the required lenders under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement or our future lenders to permit the required repurchase or redemption, but the required lenders do not have, and our future lenders are unlikely to have, any obligation to grant, and may refuse to grant, such a waiver.

Our obligations under the Reynolds Notes, the 2013 Notes, certain series of the Pactiv Notes and the term loans under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement mature between December 15, 2016 and August 15, 2021, and some of the maturity dates are in close proximity to each other. Based on outstanding balances as of December 31, 2014,2015, principal amounts of $650$642 million mature in 2016, $903$890 million mature in 2017, $3,487

Our Securitization Facility matures in 2017. However, amounts drawn under the Securitization Facility are presented as current borrowings, as amounts drawn are required to be repaid when the receivables are collected. As of December 31, 2014, $4052015, $316 million has been drawn under the Securitization Facility.

Although laws differ significantly among jurisdictions, in general, under fraudulent conveyance and similar laws, a court could subordinate or void any note obligation, guarantee or security obligation if it found that at the time any issuer, guarantor or security provider, as applicable, issued the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes or incurred obligations under a related guarantee or any security, such issuer, guarantor or security provider did so with the intent of preferring, hindering, as applicable, delaying or defrauding, as applicable, current or future creditors, or received less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration for issuing the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes, incurring the guarantee or providing the security, as applicable, and:

The measure of insolvency for purposes of the foregoing considerations will vary depending upon the law of the jurisdiction that is being applied in the relevant legal proceeding. Generally, however, an issuer, a guarantor or a security provider could be considered insolvent if:

We cannot give you any assurance as to what standards a court would use to determine whether any issuer, guarantor or security provider was solvent at the relevant time, or whether, notwithstanding the standard used, the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes or the applicable guarantee or security would not be avoided on other grounds, including those described above.

A company's guarantee of the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes could be subject to the claim that, since the guarantor incurred its guarantee for the benefit of its affiliate or affiliates that incurred such indebtedness, and only indirectly for the benefit of the guarantor, its obligations under its guarantee were incurred for less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration. If a court held that the guarantee should be avoided as a fraudulent conveyance, the court could avoid, or hold unenforceable, the guarantee, which would mean that noteholders would not receive any payments under such guarantee, and the court could direct holders of the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes, as applicable, to return any amounts that they had already received from the applicable guarantor.

Each guarantee of the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes contains a provision, referred to as the “savings clause,” intended to limit the guarantor's liability to the maximum amount that it could incur without causing its guarantee to be a fraudulent transfer. However, this provision may automatically reduce the guarantor's obligations to an amount that effectively makes the guarantee worthless and, in any case, this provision may not be effective to protect a guarantee from being avoided under fraudulent transfer laws. For example, in 2009, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in the Southern District of Florida in Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of TOUSA, Inc. v. Citicorp N. Am., Inc. found a “savings clause” provision in that case to be ineffective and held these guarantees to be fraudulent transfers and voided them in their entirety.

Laws or judicial determinations similar to those described above may also apply to any future guarantee or security granted by one of our subsidiaries.

Any insolvency proceedings with regard to any issuer, guarantor or security provider would most likely be based on and governed by the insolvency laws of the jurisdiction under which the relevant entity is organized. As a result, in the event of insolvency with regard to any of these entities, the claims of holders of the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes against any applicable issuer, guarantor or security provider may be subject to the insolvency laws of its jurisdiction of organization. The provisions of such insolvency laws differ substantially from each other, including with respect to rights of creditors, priority of claims and procedure and may contain provisions that are unfavorable to holders of the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes. In addition, there can be no assurance as to how the insolvency laws of these jurisdictions will be applied in cross-border insolvency proceedings.

As a general matter, under insolvency law, any issuer's, any guarantor's or any security provider's liabilities in respect of the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes, the related guarantees and, if applicable, security, may, in the event of insolvency or similar proceedings, rank junior to certain of such issuer's, guarantor's or security provider's debts that are entitled to priority under the laws of such jurisdiction. Debts entitled to priority may include (i) amounts owed in respect of employee pension schemes, (ii) certain amounts owed to employees, (iii) amounts owed to governmental agencies, including tax authorities and (iv) expenses of an insolvency practitioner. In addition, in some jurisdictions, an examiner or administrator or similar party may be legally required to consider the interest of third parties (including, for example, employees) or the best interests of the relevant company in connection with the proceedings. In certain cases, the ability of a holder to collect interest accruing on the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes in respect of any period after the commencement of liquidation proceedings and a holder's rights in respect of the guarantees may be limited.

In particular, Lux Issuer and BP II are public limited liability companies (société anonyme) organized under the laws of Luxembourg. Certain of their officers and directors are residents of various jurisdictions outside the United States. All or a substantial portion of their assets may be located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon such persons or to enforce judgments obtained against such persons in U.S. courts and predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws.

Non-U.S. subsidiaries of our U.S. subsidiaries have not and will not guarantee the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes, and the Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes are and will be structurally subordinated to all claims of creditors, including trade creditors, of such non-U.S. subsidiaries.

In addition, any pledge of the securities of any first tier non-U.S. subsidiaries of our U.S. subsidiaries is limited to 100% of their non-voting capital stock and 65% of their voting capital stock. There is no pledge of the capital stock of any non-U.S. subsidiaries of our U.S. subsidiaries other than with respect to certain of our first-tier non-U.S. subsidiaries. The Reynolds Senior Secured Notes have not and will not be secured by a pledge of the assets of any non-U.S. subsidiary of our U.S. subsidiaries. Accordingly, the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes are and will be effectively subordinated to such non-U.S. subsidiaries' secured liabilities and obligations to the extent of the value of any assets that secure such liabilities and obligations.

We are not required to reorganize our corporate structure such that any non-U.S. subsidiaries of our U.S. subsidiaries will provide a guarantee or a pledge of their assets or such that a pledge of 100% of their voting capital stock can be granted.

Payments made under the Reynolds Notes, the 2013 Notes and any related guarantees or security granted by guarantors, security providers and the issuers in certain jurisdictions may be subject to withholding tax, the amount of which will vary depending on the residency of the recipient, the availability of double-tax treaty relief and yourthe recipient's legal relationship with the relevant guarantor, issuer or security provider. In certain circumstances holders may be entitled to receive additional amounts in respect of such withholding tax, other than withholding tax imposed or levied by or on behalf of the United States or any political subdivision or governmental authority thereof or therein having power to tax. In addition, government or central bank approvals may be required in order for a guarantor, Issuerissuer or security provider organized under the laws of certain jurisdictions such as Thailand, to remit payments outside that jurisdiction under its guarantee or security.

In addition, foreign exchange controls applicable in certain jurisdictions may limit the amount of local currency that can be converted into other currencies, including U.S. dollars, upon enforcement of a guarantee or security interest.

The Reynolds Notes and the 2013 Notes are denominated and payable in U.S. dollars. If you measure your investment returns by reference to a currency other than U.S. dollars, investment in the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes entails foreign currency exchange-related risks due to, among other factors, possible significant changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the currency you use to measure your investment returns, caused by economic, political and other factors which affect exchange rates and over which we have no control. Depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the currency in which you measure your investment returns would cause a decrease in the effective yield of the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes below their stated coupon rates and could result in a loss to you when the return on such notes is translated into the currency in which you measure your investment returns. There may be tax consequences for you as a result of any foreign currency exchange gains or losses resulting from your investment in the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes. You should consult your tax advisor concerning the tax consequences to you of acquiring, holding and disposing of the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes.

Downgrades in our credit ratings could adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets and/or lead to increased borrowing costs in the future, although the interest rates on our current indebtedness would not be affected. Some rating agencies that provide corporate ratings on us or provide ratings on our debt may downgrade their corporate or debt ratings with respect to us. In addition, perceptions of us by investors, producers, other businesses and consumers could also be significantly impaired.

Furthermore, in 2013 we made certain amendments to our Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement which had the effect of providing us with greater flexibility to exclude certain non-U.S. subsidiaries from the collateral and guarantee requirements under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, subject to certain conditions. At such time we also released certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in Australia, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, Hungary, Japan and England and Walesthe United Kingdom from the collateral and guarantee requirements under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, and as a result, such subsidiaries no longer guarantee the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement and were also released from their respective guarantee of the Reynolds Notes. The Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, as modified, requirerequires that our guarantor subsidiaries collectively continue to maintain combined gross assets of at least 75% of our consolidated total assets and combined EBITDA of at least 75% of our consolidated EBITDA. If we are unable to meet these minimum guarantee requirements at the end of a fiscal quarter, we would be required to add additional subsidiary guarantors as necessary to satisfy such requirements. See “Item 10. Additional Information — Material Contracts.”

The trustee and collateral agents for the holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and the administrative agent under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement have entered into the First Lien Intercreditor Agreement, which provides, among other things, that the lenders under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement will control substantially all matters related to the collateral that secures the Senior Secured Credit Facilities,Agreement, which collateral also secures the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes, and the lenders under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement may direct the collateral agents to foreclose on or take other actions with respect to such collateral with which holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes may disagree or that may be contrary to the interests of holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes. In addition, the First Lien Intercreditor Agreement provides that, to the extent any collateral securing our obligations under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement is released to satisfy such creditor's claims in connection with such a foreclosure, the liens on such collateral securing the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes will also automatically be released without any further action by the trustee, collateral agents or the holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and the holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes will agree to waive certain of their rights relating to such collateral in connection with a bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding involving us or any guarantor of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes. The First Lien Intercreditor Agreement provides that the holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes may not take any actions to direct foreclosures or take other remedial actions following an event of default under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement or the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes for at least 90 days and longer if the administrative agent under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement takes action to direct foreclosures or other actions following such event of default.

After the discharge of the obligations with respect to the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement whether on enforcement or repayment (other than repayment with indebtedness incurred under an agreement designated as a “Credit Agreement” for the purposes of the First Lien Intercreditor Agreement), at which time the parties to the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement will no longer have the right to direct the actions of any collateral agent

In addition, subject to certain conditions, the security documents generally allow us and our subsidiaries to remain in possession of, retain exclusive control over, freely operate, and collect, invest and dispose of any income from, the collateral. This may impact the type and quality of

In the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or similar proceeding against any issuer, guarantor or security provider located in the United States, holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes will only be entitled to post-petition interest under the U.S. federal bankruptcy code to the extent that the value of their security interest in the collateral is greater than their pre-bankruptcy claim. Holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes may be deemed to have an unsecured claim to the extent that our obligations in respect of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes exceed the fair market value of the collateral securing the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes. As a result, holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes that have a security interest in collateral with a value equal to or less than their pre-bankruptcy claim will not be entitled to post-petition interest under the bankruptcy code. In addition, it is possible that the bankruptcy trustee, the debtor-in-possession or competing creditors will assert that the fair market value of the collateral with respect to the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes on the date of the bankruptcy filing was less than the then-current principal amount of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes. Upon a finding by a bankruptcy court that the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes are under-collateralized, the claims in the bankruptcy proceeding with respect to the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes would be bifurcated between a secured claim and an unsecured claim, and the unsecured claim would not be entitled to the benefits of security in the collateral. Other consequences of a finding of under-collateralization would be, among other things, a lack of entitlement for holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes to receive post-petition interest and a lack of entitlement for holders of the unsecured portion of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes to receive other “adequate protection” under U.S. federal bankruptcy laws. In addition, if any payments of post-petition interest had been made at the time of such a finding of under-collateralization, those payments could be re-characterized by the bankruptcy court as a reduction of the principal amount of the secured claim with respect to the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes. No appraisals of the fair market value of the collateral were prepared in connection with the offerings of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and we therefore cannot assure you that the value of the noteholders' interest in the collateral equals or exceeds the principal amount of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes. See “— There may not be sufficient collateral to satisfy our obligations under all or any of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes.” In addition, in certain other jurisdictions, holders of Reynolds Senior Secured Notes may not be entitled to post-petition interest.

The Reynolds Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the stock and other securities of certain of our subsidiaries held by the Reynolds Notes Issuers or the guarantors of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes. Under the SEC regulations in effect as of the issue datedates of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes, if the par value, book value as carried by us or market value, whichever is greatest, of the capital stock, other securities or similar items of a subsidiary pledged as part of the collateral is greater than or equal to 20% of the aggregate principal amount of any

The collateral that secures the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes, subject to certain limited exceptions, also secures obligations under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities.Agreement. In addition, this collateral may secure additional senior indebtedness that we or our restricted subsidiaries incur in the future, subject to restrictions on our or their ability to incur debt and liens under the indentures governing the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and other agreements governing our indebtedness. Your rights would be diluted by any increase in the amount of indebtedness secured by this collateral.

Even if we maintain insurance, there are certain losses that may be either uninsurable or not economically insurable, in whole or part. Insurance proceeds may not compensate us fully for our losses. If there is a complete or partial loss of any collateral, the insurance proceeds may not be sufficient to satisfy all of our obligations, including the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and related guarantees.

Any security granted over collateral in favor of any collateral agents, including pursuant to security documents delivered after the date of the indentures governing the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes, might be avoided by the grantor, as debtor-in-possession, or by its trustee in bankruptcy if certain events or circumstances exist or occur, including, among others, if the grantor is insolvent at the time of granting the security or becomes insolvent as a result of entering into the security or associated documentation, including a guarantee, or a bankruptcy proceeding in respect of the security provider is commenced within a specified number of days following the granting of the security.

The security interest in the collateral securing the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes includes assets now owned or, to the extent permitted by applicable laws, acquired or arising in the future. Applicable law requires that certain property and rights acquired after the grant of a general security interest can only be perfected at the time such property and rights are acquired and identified. There can be no assurance that the trustee or any collateral agent will monitor, or that we will inform the relevant trustee or any collateral agent of, the future acquisition of property and rights that constitute collateral, and that the necessary action will be taken to properly create or perfect the security interest in such after-acquired collateral. Such failure may result in the loss of the security interest therein or the priority of the security interest in favor of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes against third parties. In addition, we are not required to take certain perfection steps in respect of particular assets, whether owned now or acquired in the future, in certain jurisdictions for cost or commercial reasons or such perfection steps may only occur at the time of enforcement. For example, although certain of our trade receivables may be assigned by way of security, we are not required, and do not intend, to notify the obligor of such receivables of the existence of such security, which may impair the effectiveness of the security interest.

In addition, in certain jurisdictions security interests created over particular assets can only be perfected by possession of the asset by the secured party. The terms of the security documents may not require possession to be granted to the secured party until enforcement, meaning that the security interest will remain unperfected until possession is granted.

The right of the collateral agents to repossess and dispose of the collateral securing the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes upon acceleration is likely to be significantly impaired by U.S. federal bankruptcy law if bankruptcy proceedings are commenced by or against us prior to or possibly even after any collateral agent has repossessed and disposed of the collateral. Under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, a secured creditor, such as any collateral agent, is prohibited from repossessing its security from a debtor in a bankruptcy case, or from disposing of security repossessed from a debtor, without bankruptcy court approval. Moreover, U.S. bankruptcy law permits the debtor to continue to retain and to use collateral, and the proceeds, products, rents or profits of the collateral, even though the debtor is in default under the applicable debt instruments, provided that the secured creditor is given “adequate protection.” The meaning of the term “adequate protection” may vary according to circumstances, but it is intended in general to protect the value of the secured creditor's interest in the collateral and may include cash payments or the granting of additional security, if and at such time as the court in its discretion determines, for any diminution in the value of the collateral as a result of the stay of repossession or disposition or any use of the collateral by the debtor during the pendency of the bankruptcy case. In view of the broad discretionary powers of a bankruptcy court, it is impossible to predict how long payments under the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes could be delayed following commencement of a bankruptcy case, whether or when any collateral agent would repossess or dispose of the collateral, or whether or to what extent holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes would be compensated for any delay in payment of loss of value of the collateral through the requirements of “adequate protection.” Furthermore, in the event the bankruptcy court determines that the value of the collateral is not sufficient to repay all amounts due on the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes, the holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes would have “undersecured claims” as to the difference. U.S. federal bankruptcy laws do not permit the payment or accrual of interest, costs and attorneys' fees for “undersecured claims” during the debtor's bankruptcy case.

The guarantors, security providers and issuers granting security in respect of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes may own collateral located outside the respective jurisdictions in which such guarantors, security providers or issuers were formed. Where this is the case, the relevant security documents may not purport to create security interests over such collateral. In circumstances where the security documents purport to create security interests over such collateral, such security interests may not be effective, or the enforcement of such security interests in the jurisdiction in which the collateral is located may not be possible.

In most cases, the collateral will be taken in the name of a collateral agent for the benefit of the holders of the relevant Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and the relevant trustee. As a result, any collateral agent may effectively control actions with respect to collateral which may impair the rights that a noteholder would otherwise have as a secured creditor. Any collateral agent may take actions that a noteholder disagrees with or may fail to take actions that a noteholder wishes to pursue. For example, a collateral agent could decide to credit bid using the value of a noteholder's secured claim even if such noteholder would not individually have done so.

Furthermore, any collateral agent may fail to act in a timely manner which could impair the recovery of the noteholders.

In addition, in instances where any collateral agent cannot, or it is impractical for it to, hold a security interest, a gratuitous bailee may hold the security interest for the benefit of the noteholders. The holders will have no rights against any such gratuitous bailee.

Applicable laws may restrict the ability of a foreign entity that holds a security interest in particular collateral from taking possession of that collateral on enforcement. In addition, certain jurisdictions restrict the ability of foreign entities to hold the benefit of security interests over certain assets. This may mean that any collateral agent may be unable to benefit from security interests in certain collateral and may also restrict the ability of such collateral agent to transfer collateral into its name on enforcement.

We are generally permitted to freely move assets within the RGHL Group subject to certain restrictions. However, not all members of the RGHL Group are or will be guarantors, security providers or issuers or grant security over the same type of assets. If collateral is transferred to an entity that is not a guarantor, security provider, or issuer, the interests of the noteholders will cease to be secured by such assets.

If collateral is moved to another entity that is a guarantor, security provider or issuer, the asset may cease to be collateral or your priority in the asset may be impaired. If a type of collateral is transferred to a guarantor that does not grant security interests or does not grant security interests with respect to that particular type of asset, then the noteholders will lose the benefit of such collateral. Even if the asset continues as collateral in the hands of the recipient entity, there may be hardening periods or notification requirements before the security interest becomes effective or the security interest might not be as beneficial to noteholders as it was in the possession of the transferring entity.

The relationship among the holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and the 2013 Notes and our other creditors is governed by two intercreditor agreements. The relationship among the holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes, the lenders and other secured parties under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement and creditors under any other series of future first lien indebtedness is governed by the First Lien Intercreditor Agreement which is governed by New York law. The relationship among the holders of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and the lenders and other secured parties under the Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesAgreement on the one hand and the holders of the 2013 Notes on the other hand is subject to the 2013 Intercreditor Agreement, which is governed by English law.

These intercreditor agreements and the indentures governing the respective notes collectively govern the relationship among certain of our creditors which are located in several countries and have disparate interests. In addition, they govern creditor rights with respect to payment obligations from members of the RGHL Group and collateral located in different countries. Due to the complexity of the agreements, there is no certainty how a court would interpret the interaction among the parties. The complexity may also increase the time required to resolve any disputes among creditors and may impair or delay any recovery under the Reynolds Notes or the 2013 Notes, as applicable, and related guarantees. Also, given that the agreements govern matters in several countries, there is no certainty to what extent, if at all, any court would enforce the provisions.

Furthermore, no enforcement action under the guarantees of the 2013 Notes may be taken unless:

The guarantees of the 2013 Notes are subject to release in a variety of circumstances on the terms provided for in the 2013 Intercreditor Agreement and the indentures governing the 2013 Notes, including in the event of certain enforcement actions taken by the creditors in respect of the Reynolds Senior Secured Notes and the Senior Secured Credit Facilities.Agreement.

We are a leading global manufacturer and supplier of consumer food, beverage and foodservice packaging products. We are one of the largest consumer food, beverage and foodservice packaging companies in the United States, as measured by revenue, with leading market positions in many of our product lines based on management’s analysis of industry data. We sell our products to customers globally, including to a diversified mix of leading multinational companies, large national and regional companies, and small local businesses. We primarily serve the consumer food, beverage and foodservice market segments.

For a discussion of financial results by segment for each of the last three financial years, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Results of Operations” and for a discussion of our capital expenditures for each of the last three financial years, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Capital Expenditures.”

Evergreen's predecessor was established in 1946 when International Paper Company ("IP") entered the beverage packaging business by acquiring Single Service, Inc. Over the years, the business was responsible for many breakthroughs in beverage carton packaging, including the introduction of PE coated cartons and barrier board technology. IP's Bev Pack Businessbeverage packaging business included fresh beverage converting facilities, a fresh filling machine manufacturing facility and the Pine Bluff, Arkansas mill. In January 2007, IP's Bev Pack Businessbeverage packaging business was acquired indirectly by Mr. Graeme Hart, our strategic owner, and renamed Evergreen. In July 2007, Evergreen acquired Blue Ridge Paper Products, Inc., an independent manufacturer of beverage packaging products. The Blue Ridge business included fresh beverage converting facilities and the Canton, North Carolina mill.

Evergreen produces and sells fresh carton sleeves and supplies spouts, caps and closures. During the filling process, the sleeve is opened, sealed at the base, filled with the beverage products and then sealed at the top of the carton. Fresh carton sleeves can be used for a variety of beverages including liquid dairy drinks, such as regular and flavored milk, and non-carbonated soft drinks, such as fresh juice, fruit-based drinks and iced tea. Fresh cartons are also used for food items, such as liquid eggs, and for non-food items, such as liquid detergents and softeners.

Evergreen has developed a variety of packaging solutions to help beverage manufacturers differentiate their products and generate stronger brand recognition. The application of high-definition, multi-color, printed designs to the cartons gives customers the ability to differentiate their products. Furthermore, Evergreen's barrier board technology allows its customers to achieve longer shelf life for their products as well as protect against the loss of vitamins and other nutrients.

Evergreen’s fresh filling machines use fresh carton sleeves to produce and fill fresh carton packaging. Evergreen offers its customers a variety of filling machine models with different capabilities, which can be reconfigured for different package volumes, providing its customers with flexibility in their manufacturing processes. Evergreen’s fresh filling machines may be sold directly to customers or sold to a third-party finance company, which then leases the filling machines to customers.

The production of liquid packaging board at Evergreen's mills in Pine Bluff, Arkansas and Canton, North Carolina allows Evergreen to be a vertically integrated producer of fresh cartons. Evergreen's Pine Bluff and Canton mills produce multiple grades of liquid packaging board, both PE coated and uncoated, for fresh cartons. Evergreen's liquid packaging board products can be broadly grouped into three categories: PE coated liquid packaging board; PE coated / co-extruded liquid packaging board (also known as barrier board); and uncoated liquid packaging board. In addition, Evergreen's mill in Canton produces cupstock for the manufacture of hot and cold cups as well as ovenable trays for the frozen food market as an alternative to plastic trays.

Evergreen also offers a range of paper products, including coated groundwood, which is used in catalogs, inserts, magazine and commercial printing, and uncoated freesheet primarily for envelope, specialty and offset printing paper.

The Pine Bluff and Canton mills' aggregate liquid packaging board production is used by Evergreen's fresh carton packaging business and is also sold to external fresh carton converting customers, with whom Evergreen generally has long-standing relationships. In addition, Evergreen sells liquid packaging board to Pactiv Foodservice and other customers, who produce ovenable trays and cupstock.

Evergreen's coated groundwood customers consist primarily of catalog and magazine publishers. Evergreen's uncoated freesheet customers consist primarily of envelope converters, specialty paper producers and commercial printers. Evergreen sells both directly and through paper brokers in the coated groundwood and uncoated freesheet markets.

Evergreen operates primarily in markets with a limited number of key global competitors. These competitors include Tetra Pak International S.A., Domtar Corporation, Catalyst Paper Corporation and Stora Enso Oyj. The fresh carton market is fairly consolidated. We believe Evergreen is the only major market participant that provides vertically integrated liquid packaging board as well as complete fresh carton packaging systems consisting of cartons, filling machines and spouts. We believe Evergreen is the largest participant in the fresh carton packaging market measured by volume based on our analysis of industry data.

We believe Evergreen is the largest producer of liquid packaging board for fresh cartons based on our analysis of industry data. Evergreen is a relatively small producer of coated groundwood within a concentrated North American coated papers market. Evergreen is also a small producer of uncoated freesheet within a concentrated market. Evergreen also competes in the cupstock and ovenable packaging board markets.

Changes within the paper industry have occurred and may continue to occur that may adversely affect ourEvergreen's business and financial performance. These changes include the consolidation of producers of products that compete with us, consolidation within the distribution channels for our products, and the reduced demand for productsend-products made byfrom some of our products, including magazines, catalogs and envelopes.

Evergreen's sales and marketing staff coordinates and performs all customer interaction activities, including sales, marketing and technical services. Evergreen reaches its large and diversified customer base primarily through a direct field sales force.

Evergreen's customer service representatives are responsible for processing sales orders, expediting production and liaising with customers on order status. Machine service technicians, paper technicians and field service engineers work closely with key account managers to satisfy customers' needs.

Evergreen has a marketing and new product development team focused on leveraging its Total Packaging Solution model and creating new, value-added products in current and adjacent markets.

Evergreen's operations are moderately seasonal. Evergreen's customers are principally engaged in providing products that are generally less sensitive to seasonal effects, although Evergreen does experience some seasonality as a result of increased consumption of milk by school children during the North American academic year. Evergreen therefore typically experiences a greater level of carton product sales in the first and fourth quarters when North American schools are in session.

Evergreen operates two integrated pulp and paper mills in North America and ten sleeve production plants globally, including six in the United States, three in East Asia and one in LatinCentral America. Evergreen also jointly controls three joint ventures in the Middle East/North Africa. Evergreen's manufacturing operations primarily consist of production of paper and packaging cartonboard, manufacturing and assembly of filling machines and parts and production of fresh carton sleeves that are used with itsEvergreen's machines to create fresh carton containers for its customers' beverage products. Fresh carton sleeves are also shipped to Evergreen's customers for filling.

Evergreen outsources to Closures and to external manufacturers its production of spouts, caps and closures, which are manufactured to Evergreen's design and specifications. Evergreen has exclusive supply contracts with Closures and external manufacturers.

ManufactureThe manufacture and assembly of fresh filling machines takes place at Evergreen’s manufacturing facilities in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Shanghai, China. Evergreen’s filling machines are mainly utilized to fill cartons of non-carbonated soft drinks, such as juice and juice drinks, and liquid dairy products. Evergreen both manufactures and outsources components used in the production of its fresh filling machines. The majority of Evergreen’s manufacturingcomponent suppliers are located near the Cedar Rapids facility. In addition, Evergreen sources some components from China.

Evergreen’s mills are vertically integrated pulp and paper manufacturing facilities that have their own power generation plant, bleached hardwood and softwood “kraft” pulp lines and extrusion capabilities. The Pine Bluff mill houses one liquid packaging board machine and one coated groundwood machine. In addition, the Pine Bluff mill has a groundwood pulp line to supply the coated groundwood machine. The Canton mill houses one liquid packaging board machine and three uncoated freesheet machines.

Evergreen internally sources its liquid packaging board requirements from its paper mills in Pine Bluff and Canton. To produce cartonboard at its mills, Evergreen sources wood and resin from a variety of North American suppliers. We believe Evergreen's relationships with its suppliers are satisfactory.

The prices of Evergreen’s raw materials fluctuate in conjunction with market movements in commodities. Raw wood and wood chips are typically purchased from sources close to the mills, and as a result, prices are established based on local conditions. Potential price fluctuations can occur due to poor weather conditions or insect infestation, but are infrequent due to the techniques and practices of lumber extractors. Resin prices can fluctuate significantly with fluctuations in crude oil and natural gas prices, as well as changes in refining capacity and the demand for other petroleum-based products. In order to minimize the impact of price fluctuations, Evergreen uses price hedging arrangements for purchases of energy and single and multi-year agreements that provide for fixed prices or prices that escalate based on inflation or published index movements.

Evergreen manages its relationships with suppliers through a central supply-procurement system, which ensures that Evergreen receives a continuous supply of materials using vendor-managed inventory and consignment stocking. Evergreen reviews supplier developments in regular business review meetings.

Meeting customers' complex requirements and technical specifications requires a strong commitment to quality and attention to detail. Evergreen is committed to a quality management philosophy that aims to achieve continuous improvement in all stages of the production process through the involvement of management, customers and employees. Evergreen uses a stringent technique of hazard analysis and critical control points to identify critical aspects of quality management, as well as methods and tools to identify key areas for improvement that result in a reduction of waste and downtime, at all of Evergreen's facilities and those of its customers.

Evergreen has a portfolio of several hundred registered patents and registered trademarks. Evergreen uses internal and external resources to manage its intellectual property portfolio and, where appropriate, defends its intellectual property rights throughout the world. Evergreen also relies on unpatented proprietary know-how and trade secrets and employs various methods including confidentiality agreements with employees and consultants to protect its intellectual property. Additionally, Evergreen has licensed, and may license in the future, patents, trademarks, trade secrets and similar intellectual property to third parties. Evergreen attempts to contractually ensure that its intellectual property and similar proprietary rights are protected when entering into business relationships. While in the aggregate Evergreen's patents are of material importance to Evergreen's business, Evergreen believes that its business is not dependent upon any single patent or group of related patents.

Other than licenses for commercially available software, Evergreen does not believe that any of its licenses from third parties are material to its business taken as a whole. Evergreen does not believe that any of its licenses to intellectual property rights granted to third parties are material to its business taken as a whole.

Evergreen's product innovation aims to deliver new packaging products for both customers and end-use consumers and to generate a percentage of future revenue from new products. The innovation process follows a traditional stage gate development process. One of Evergreen's primary competitive advantages in fiber-based cartons is offering a total system solution — from board manufacture to efficient filling machines. Therefore, new carton product design teams include expertise from equipment, converting, the mills and often closures. A key focus for innovation is leveraging leading board and barrier technologies to adjacent markets, such as liquid eggswater and fabric softener.dry goods.

As Evergreen's products are used in food and beverage packaging, Evergreen's business is subject to regulationregulations governing products that may contact food in virtually every country in which it has operations. Future regulatory and legislative change can affect the economics of itsEvergreen's business activities, lead to changes in operating practices, affect its customers and influence the demand for and the cost of providing products and services to its customers. Evergreen has adopted compliance programs and procedures designed to achieve compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and believes these programs and procedures are generally effective. However, because of the complexity of these laws and regulations, variance in production inputs and efficiencies, and the global scope of Evergreen's business, compliance cannot be guaranteed.

Evergreen is subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which it operates. Among other things, these requirements regulate the emission or discharge of materials into the environment, govern the use, storage, treatment, disposal and management of hazardous substances and wastes, protect the health and safety of Evergreen's employees, regulate the materials used in and the recycling of products and impose liability for the costs of investigating and remediating, and damages resulting from, present and past releases of hazardous substances, including releases by prior owners or operators of Evergreen's locations and releases at sites formerly owned or operated by Evergreen.

Moreover, as environmental issues, such as climate change, have become more prevalent, governments have responded, and are expected to continue to respond, with increased legislation and regulations, which could negatively affect Evergreen. For example, the United States Congress has considered legislation to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Similarly, the EPA is regulating certain greenhouse gas emissions under the federal Clean Air Act. These and other initiatives may cause Evergreen to incur additional direct costs in complying with any new environmental legislation or regulations, such as costs to upgrade or replace equipment, as well as increased indirect costs resulting from Evergreen's suppliers, customers, or both, incurring additional compliance costs that could get passed through to Evergreen or impact product demand.

Evergreen has been addressing issues associated with its wastewater discharges into the Pigeon River from the Canton mill. In April 2012, Evergreen entered into a settlement agreement with various parties who had challenged Evergreen's permit, which settlement agreement requires Evergreen to perform various tests on the river water. Evergreen has conducted all of the required testing to date and expects to be able to continue to comply with such settlement agreement.

In 2009, North Carolina issued an emergency change in the maximum arsenic ambient air level, which effectively allowed the state to reopen limits established in existing air permits. The biomass boiler at the Canton mill, which is partially fueled by coal, did not comply with the new level. In January 2011, Evergreen signed a Special Order by Consent issued by the North Carolina regulatory authorities, which required Evergreen

In addition, the EPA is continuing the development of other new standards and programs that may be applicable to Evergreen's operations. In December 2012, the EPA finalized its rules regulating air emissions from industrial boilers and process heaters, commonly referred to as “Boiler MACT.” Evergreen currently estimates capital costs to comply with the final Boiler MACT rules willto be between $31 million and $46approximately $56 million; approximately $29 million to $44$55 million of such costs will be spent in connection with the boiler at its Canton, North Carolina mill and $2$1 million in costs will be incurred in connection with a boiler at its Pine Bluff, Arkansas mill. As of December 31, 2015, approximately $7 million of Boiler MACT related costs had been incurred. Evergreen expects to incur the remaining Canton costs by 2019 and the Pine Bluff costs by 2016.2019. Evergreen does not expect the Boiler MACT rules to have a material adverse effect on its business or the expenditures needed to achieve compliance to significantly increase the RGHL Group's capital expenditures during these periods.

Evergreen is a party to various litigation matters, including environmental matters, arising in the ordinary course of business. We cannot estimate with certainty the ultimate legal and financial liability with respect to these litigation and environmental matters but believe, based on examination of these matters, experience to date and discussions with counsel, that any ultimate liability will not be material to Evergreen's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.