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RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors in addition to other information in this prospectus before purchasing our CommonOffered Shares. The risks and uncertainties described below are those that we currently deem to be material and that we believe are specific to our company, our industry and this offering. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks of which we are not presently aware or that we currently believe are immaterial may also harm our business and results of operations. The trading price of our Common Sharescommon shares could decline due to the occurrence of any of these risks, and investors could lose all or part of their investment.

In evaluating the Company, its business and any investment in the Company, readers should carefully consider the following factors, together with the additional risk factors incorporated by reference from Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on March 24, 2023 (see “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference”).

Risks Related to this Offering

The sale or issuanceA substantial number of our Common Shares to Keystone may cause dilution and the sale of the Common Shares acquired by Keystone, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our Common Shares to fall.

On May 25, 2023, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with Keystone, pursuant to which Keystone has committed to purchase up to $25 million of our Common Shares. Upon the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued 7,547 Common Shares as the Initial Commitment Shares to Keystone as consideration for its commitment to purchase Common Shares under the Purchase Agreement. The 17,609 Back-End Commitment Shares will be issued in the future at 90 days and 180 days, respectively, following the Commencement Date. The remaining 1,232,629 Common Shares being registered for resale hereunder that may be issued under the Purchase Agreementcommon shares may be sold by us to Keystone at our discretion from time to time over a 24-month period commencing after the satisfaction of certain conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, including thatmarket following this offering, which may depress the SEC has declared effective the registration statement that includes this prospectus. The purchasemarket price for the Commonour Offered Shares, that we may sell to Keystone under the Purchase Agreement will fluctuate based on the price of our Common Shares. Thus the actual gross proceeds from the sale of all Common Shares by us to Keystone may be substantially less than the $25 million total purchase commitment available to us under the Purchase Agreement, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of such Common Shares may cause the trading price of our Common Shares to fall.Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants.

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any future sales of our Common Shares to Keystone. Sales of our Common Shares, if any, to Keystone will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Keystone all, some or none of the additional Common Shares that may be available for us to sell pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. Therefore, sales to Keystone by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our Common Shares. Additionally, the sale of a substantial number of Commonour common shares in the public market following this offering could cause the market price of our common shares to decline. A substantial majority of the outstanding common shares are, and the Offered Shares offered hereby or issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants offered hereby will be, freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. Because the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants are exercisable into our Offered Shares, volatility or a reduction in the market price of our common shares could have an adverse effect on the market price of the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants.

There is no public market for the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants being offered in this offering.

There is no established public trading market for the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants being offered in this offering, and we do not expect a market to Keystone,develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants on any national securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system, including Nasdaq or the anticipationTSX. Without an active market, the liquidity of such sales, could make it more difficultthe Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants will be extremely limited.

Holders of our Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants will have no rights as a holder of our common shares until they acquire our common shares.

Until you acquire our common shares upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants, you will have no rights with respect to our common shares issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants. Upon exercise of your Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants, you will be entitled to exercise the rights of a holder of our common shares only as to matters for us to sell equity or equity-related securities inwhich the future at a timerecord date occurs after the exercise date.

The Pre-Funded Warrants and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales. IfWarrants offered by this prospectus may not have any value.

The Warrants offered by this prospectus will be exercisable for five years from the date of issuance, and when we do sell Common Shares to Keystone, after Keystone has acquired the Common Shares, Keystone may resell all, some or none of those Common SharesPre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable at any time until exercised in full. There can be no assurance that the market price of our common shares will ever exceed the exercise prices of the Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants. In the event that the price of our common shares does not exceed the exercise price of the Pre-Funded Warrants and/or the Warrants during their terms, such Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants may not have any value.

Investors in this offering may experience immediate dilution in the book value per share of the Offered Shares purchased in the offering.

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The Offered Shares sold in this offering, if any, will be sold from time to time in its discretion.

If it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell to Keystoneat various prices. However, the Common Shares in excessexpected offering price of the Exchange Cap under the Purchase Agreement in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to $25 million under the Purchase Agreement, then for so long as the Exchange Cap continues to apply to issuances and sales of CommonOffered Shares under the Purchase Agreement, we must first obtain shareholder approval to issue Common Shares in excess of the Exchange Cap in accordance with applicable Nasdaq listing rules. Furthermore, if we elect to issue and sell to Keystone moremay be substantially higher than the 1,232,629 Common Shares that we may elect to issue and sell to Keystone under the Purchase Agreement that are being registered for resale by Keystone hereunder, which we have the right, but not the obligation, to do, we must first file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act for resale by Keystone such additional Common Shares we wish to sell from time to time under the Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective, in each case before we may elect to sell any additional Common Shares to Keystone under the Purchase Agreement. Any issuance and sale by us under the Purchase Agreement of a substantial amount of Common Shares in addition to the 1,232,629 Common Shares that we may elect to issue and sell to Keystone under the Purchase Agreement that are being registered for resale by Keystone hereunder could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders. The numbernet tangible book value per share of our Common Shares ultimately offered for sale by Keystone is dependent upon the number of Common Shares, if any, we ultimately sellcurrently outstanding common shares. After giving effect to Keystone under the Purchase Agreement, and the sale of Commonour Offered Shares underin the Purchase Agreement may causeaggregate amount of $10 million at an assumed offering price of $2.44 per share, the tradinglast reported sale price of our Commoncommon shares on November 30, 2023 on Nasdaq, and after deducting estimated commissions and estimated offering expenses, our as-adjusted net tangible book value as of September 30, 2023 would have been approximately $15.79 million, or approximately $1.31 per common share. While this represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value, future sales of Offered Shares in this offering may represent an immediate increase in net tangible book value to decline.our existing shareholders and an immediate dilution to new investors, depending on the market value of our common shares.

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.

In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional common shares or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for common shares at prices that may not be the same as the price per share in this offering. We may sell common shares or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our shares of common shares in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares of common shares or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common shares in the future could have rights superior to existing shareholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of common shares or other securities convertible or exchangeable into our common shares, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by investors in this offering.

Our management might apply the net proceeds from this offering in ways with which you do not agree and in ways that may impair the value of your investment.

We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. Our management has broad discretion as to the use of these proceeds and you will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the application of these proceeds. We might apply these proceeds in ways with which you do not agree, or in ways that do not yield a favorable return. If our management applies these proceeds in a manner that does not yield a significant return, if any, on our investment of these net proceeds, it could compromise our ability to pursue our growth strategy and adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares.

common shares.

It is not possibleWe expect to predictbe a “passive foreign investment company”, which may have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. investors.

We believe we were a “passive foreign investment company” (a “PFIC”) within the actual numbermeaning of Section 1297 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) for our most recently completed taxable year and based on the nature of our business, the projected composition of our gross income and the projected composition and estimated fair market values of our assets, we expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year and may be a PFIC in subsequent tax years. If we are a PFIC for any year during a U.S. taxpayer’s holding period of Common Shares, we will sellPre-Funded Warrants, Warrants, or Warrant Shares (as defined below under the Purchase Agreementheading “Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”), then such U.S. taxpayer generally will be required to treat any gain realized upon a disposition of the Selling Shareholder,Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants, or Warrant Shares or any so-called ‘‘excess distribution’’ received on its Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares as ordinary income, and to pay an interest charge on a portion of such gain or distribution. In certain circumstances, the sum of the tax and the interest charge may exceed the total amount of proceeds realized on the disposition, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales.

amount of excess distribution received, by the U.S. taxpayer. Subject to certain limitations, these tax consequences may be mitigated if a U.S. taxpayer makes a timely and effective QEF Election (as defined below) with respect to the Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrant Shares or a Mark-to-Market Election (as defined below) with respect to the Common Shares and Warrant Shares. A U.S. taxpayer generally may not make a QEF Election with respect to the Warrants or a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to the Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants. In addition, U.S. taxpayers should be aware that there can be no assurances that we will satisfy the record keeping requirements that apply to a QEF (as defined below), or that we will supply U.S. taxpayers with information that such U.S. taxpayers are required to report under the QEF rules, in the Purchase Agreementevent that we are a PFIC. Thus, U.S. Holders may not be able to make a QEF Election with respect to their Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and compliance with applicable law, we haveWarrant Shares. A U.S. taxpayer who makes a Mark-to-Market Election generally must include as ordinary income each year the discretion to deliver notices to Keystone at any time throughout the termexcess of the Purchase Agreement. The actual number of Common Shares that are sold to the Selling Shareholder may depend based on a number of factors, including the fair

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market pricevalue of the Common Shares duringor Warrant Shares over the sales period. Actual gross proceeds may be nominal, which may impact our future liquidity. Becausetaxpayer’s basis therein. Each potential investor who is a U.S. taxpayer should review the price per Common Sharediscussion below under the heading “Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” in its entirety and should consult its own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of each Common Share sold to Keystone will fluctuate during the sales period, it is not currently possible to predict the number of Common Shares that will be sold or the actual gross proceeds to be raised in connection with those sales. 

Investors who buy Common Shares at different times will likely pay different prices,PFIC rules and the saleacquisition, ownership, and disposition of the Common Shares, acquired by Keystone could causePre-Funded Warrants, Warrants, and the priceWarrant Shares.

Proposed legislation in the U.S. Congress, including changes in U.S. tax law, and the Inflation Reduction Act of our Common Shares to decline.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices,2022 may adversely impact us and numbers of Common Shares sold to Keystone. If and when we do elect to sell our Common Shares to Keystone pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, after Keystone has acquired such Common Shares, Keystone may resell all, some or none of such Common Shares at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase Common Shares from Keystone in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those Common Shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the Common Shares, they purchasePre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares.

Changes to U.S. tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect us or holders of the Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares. In recent years, many changes to U.S. federal income tax laws have been proposed and made, and additional changes to U.S. federal income tax laws are likely to continue to occur in the future.

The U.S. Congress is currently considering numerous items of legislation which may be enacted prospectively or with retroactive effect, which legislation could adversely impact our financial performance and the value of the Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares. Additionally, states in which we operate or own assets may impose new or increased taxes. If enacted, most of the proposals would be effective for the current or later years. The proposed legislation remains subject to change, and its impact on us and purchasers of the Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares is uncertain.

In addition, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 includes provisions that impact the U.S. federal income taxation of corporations. Among other items, this legislation includes provisions that impose a minimum tax on the book income of certain large corporations and an excise tax on certain corporate stock repurchases that are imposed on the corporation repurchasing such stock. It is unclear how this legislation will be implemented by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and we cannot predict how this legislation or any future changes in tax laws might affect us or purchasers of the Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds from Keystonethis offering will be approximately $9.1 million, assuming a public offering price of $2.44 per Offered Share and accompanying Warrant, which was the last reported sale price per common share on Nasdaq on November 30, 2023, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming no sale of Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering as a resultand no exercise of future sales made by us to Keystone at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their Common SharesWarrants being issued in this offering.

USE OF PROCEEDS

This prospectus relates to our Common Shares that may be offered and sold from time to time by Keystone pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. We will not receive any proceeds from the resale of Common Shares by Keystone.

Assuming our average sales price is $5.97 (our closing price on June 14, 2023), we will receive approximately $7.4 million in gross proceeds pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. See “Plan of Distribution” elsewhere in this prospectus for more information.

We intend to use any proceeds from the Selling Shareholder that we receive under the Purchase Agreementthis offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. We cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds that we will have from the sale of our Common Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.this offering. Therefore, our management will have broad discretion to determine the specific use for the net proceeds and we may use the proceeds for purposes that are not contemplated at the time of this offering.

We will incur all costs associated with this prospectus and the registration statement of which it is a part.

DILUTIONBased on our planned use of the net proceeds from this offering and our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term restricted bank deposits, an expected second tranche of $4 million from Hanmi pursuant to a subscription agreement, a committed equity facility, and ATM, we estimate that such funds will be sufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 10 months from the date of this prospectus. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. In any event, we will require additional funding to complete the clinical development of, and commercialize, our product candidates. We may satisfy our future cash needs through the sale of equity securities, debt financings, working capital lines of credit, corporate collaborations or license agreements, grant funding, interest income earned on invested cash balances or a combination of one or more of these sources.

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This expected use of the net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions, which could change in the future as our plans and business conditions evolve. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to fund or clinical plans. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot predict with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds received by us in this offering. Predicting the cost necessary to develop product candidates can be difficult and we anticipate that we will need additional funds to complete the development of our existing product candidates and to develop any future product candidates. The saleamounts and timing of Common Sharesour actual expenditures and the extent of clinical development may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including the progress of our development efforts, the status of and results from preclinical studies and any ongoing clinical trials or clinical trials we may commence in the future, as well as any collaborations that we may enter into with third parties for our product candidates and any unforeseen cash needs. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering.

DILUTION

If you invest in our securities, your ownership interest will be diluted to the Selling Shareholder pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will have a dilutive impact on our shareholders. In addition, the lower the priceextent of our Common Shares is at the time we exercise our right to issue and sell Common Shares to Selling Shareholder, the more of our Common Shares we will issue to raise our desired amount of proceeds from the sale, and the greater the dilution to our existing shareholders.

The price that the Selling Shareholder will receive for our Common Shares when resold pursuant to this prospectus will depend upon the timing of sales and will fluctuate based on the trading price of our Common Shares.

We calculate net tangible book value per Common Share by dividing our net tangible book value, which is tangible assets less total liabilities, by the number of our outstanding Common Shares. Dilution represents the difference between the portion of the amountpublic offering price per CommonOffered Share paid by purchasers of Common Shares in this offering and the as adjusted net tangible book value per Common Sharecommon share immediately after giving effect tothe closing of this offering. As of March 31, 2023, we had a

Our historical net tangible book value as of $24,775,000,September 30, 2023 was $6.7 million, or $4.00$0.89 per Common Share. 

common share. Our historical net tangible book value is the amount of our total tangible assets less our liabilities. Historical net tangible book value per common share is our historical net tangible book value divided by the number of common shares outstanding as of September 30, 2023.

After giving effect to (i) the sale of 1,232,629 CommonOffered Shares toand the Selling Shareholder for which we will receive cash proceeds pursuant to the Purchase AgreementWarrants in this offering at an assumed combined public offering price of $5.97$2.44 per CommonOffered Share and Warrant, which was the closinglast reported sale price of our Common Sharescommon shares on Nasdaq on June 14,November 30, 2023, (ii) the issuance of 25,156 Commitment Shares, and (iii)after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses of approximately $150,000 payable by us, assuming no sale of Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering and without giving effect toexcluding the Beneficial Ownership Cap underproceeds, if any, from the Purchase Agreement,exercise of the Warrants issued in this offering, our as adjusted net tangible book value (deficit) as of March 31,September 30, 2023 would have been approximately $31,984,000,be $15.79 million, or $4.29$1.31 per Common Share.common share. This amount represents an immediate decreaseincrease in as adjusted net tangible book value of $0.29$0.42 per Common Sharecommon share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $1.68$1.13 per Commoncommon share to investors participating in this offering. We determine dilution per Offered Share to new investors.

investors participating in this offering by subtracting as adjusted net tangible book value per common share after this offering from the assumed public offering price per Offered Share paid by investors participating in this offering.

The following table illustrates this dilution on a per CommonOffered Share basis:basis to new investors:

Each $0.10 increase or decrease in the assumed public offering price of $2.44 per Offered Share and Warrant, which was the last reported sale price of our common share on Nasdaq on November 30, 2023, would increase or decrease the as-adjusted net tangible book value per common share by $0.02 per common share and the dilution per Offered Share to investors participating in this offering by $0.08 per Offered Share, assuming that the number of Offered Shares and Warrants offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Warrants issued in this offering.

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We may also increase or decrease the number of Offered Shares we are offering. A 1.0 million share increase in the number of Offered Shares and Warrants offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase the as adjusted net tangible book value per common share by approximately $0.09 and decrease the dilution per Offered Share to new investors participating in this offering by approximately $0.08, based on an assumed combined public offering price of $2.44 per Offered Share and Warrant, which was the last reported sale price of our Commoncommon shares on Nasdaq on November 30, 2023, remaining the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Warrants issued in this offering. A 1.0 million share decrease in the number of Offered Shares outstanding referencedand Warrants offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would decrease the as adjusted net tangible book value per Offered Share after this offering by approximately $0.09 and increase the dilution per Offered Share to new investors participating in this offering by approximately $0.09, based on an assumed combined public offering price of $2.44 per Offered Share and Warrant, which was the last reported sale price of our common shares on Nasdaq on November 30, 2023, remaining the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Warrants issued in this offering.

The information discussed above is illustrative only and will adjust based on 6,200,352 Commonthe actual public offering price, the actual number of Offered Shares outstanding as of March 31, 2023, and excludes the following as of March 31, 2023:

Unless otherwise indicated, all information containedWarrants that we offer in this prospectus assumes or gives effect tooffering, and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. The discussion and table above assume (i) no sale of Pre-Funded Warrants, which, if sold, would reduce the number of Offered Shares that we are offering on a one-for-one basis and (ii) no exercise of the outstanding options described above. Warrants sold in this offering.

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Rules of the Purchase Agreement orSEC may limit the Registration Rights Agreement may be modified or waived by the parties from and after the date that is one (1) trading day immediately preceding the date on which a registration statement is initially filed with the SEC pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement.

The net proceeds under the Purchase Agreement to the Company will depend on the frequency of sales and the number of Common Shares sold to Keystone and prices at which the Company sells Common Shares to Keystone. The Company expects that any net proceeds received by the Company from such sales to Keystone will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. Managementability of the Company believes that it is inunderwriters to bid for or purchase Offered Shares before the Company’s best interests to havedistribution of the flexibility to sell CommonOffered Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement,offering is completed. However, the underwriters may engage in the following activities in accordance with the rules:

Canada

Any distribution of securities in Canada will be made only on a private placement basis exempt from the requirement that we prepare and file a prospectus with the securities regulatory authorities in any province where distributions of the securities are made. Any offering in Canada will be done by way of a separate Canadian offering memorandum that will be attached to and incorporate this prospectus supplement.

France

Neither this prospectus nor any other offering material relating to the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants has been submitted to the clearance procedures of the Autorité des marchés financiers in France. The Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in France. Neither this prospectus nor any other offering material relating to the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants has been or will be: (a) released, issued, distributed or caused to be released, issued or distributed to the public in France; or (b) used in connection with any offer for subscription or sale of the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants to the public in France. Such offers, sales and distributions will be made in France only: (i) to qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) and/or to a restricted circle of investors (cercle restreint d’investisseurs), in each case investing for their own account, all as defined in and in accordance with Articles L.411-2, D.411-1, D.411-2, D.734-1, D.744-1, D.754-1 and D.764-1 of the French Code monétaire et financier; (ii) to investment services providers authorised to engage in portfolio management on behalf of third parties; or (iii) in a transaction that, in accordance with article L.411-2-II-1°-or-2°-or3° of the French Code monétaire et financier and article 211-2 of the General Regulations (Règlement Général) of the Autorité des marchés financiers, does not constitute a public offer (appel public à l’épargne). Such Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants may be resold only in compliance with Articles L.411-1, L.411-2, L.412-1 and L.621-8 through L.621-8-3 of the French Code monétaire et financier.

Israel

This prospectus does not constitute a prospectus under the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, or the Securities Law, and has not been filed with or approved by the Israel Securities Authority. In the State of Israel, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer of the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants is directed only at, investors listed in the first addendum to the Israeli Securities Law, or the Addendum, consisting primarily of joint investment in trust funds, provident funds, insurance companies, banks, portfolio managers, investment advisors, members of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, underwriters, venture capital funds, entities with equity in excess of NIS 50 million and “qualified individuals”, each as defined in the Addendum (as it may be amended from time to time), collectively referred to as qualified investors (in each case purchasing for their own account or, where permitted under the Addendum, for the accounts of their clients who are investors listed in the Addendum). Qualified investors will be required to submit written confirmation that they fall within the scope of the Addendum, are aware of the meaning of same and agree to it.

Italy

The offering of the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants offered hereby in Italy has not been registered with the Commissione Nazionale per la Società e la Borsa, or CONSOB, pursuant to Italian securities legislation and, accordingly, the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants offered hereby cannot be offered, sold or delivered in the Republic of Italy, or Italy, nor may any copy of this prospectus or any other document relating to the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants offered hereby be distributed in Italy other than to professional investors (operatori qualificati) as defined in Article 31, second paragraph, of CONSOB Regulation No. 11522 of 1 July, 1998 as subsequently amended. Any offer, sale or delivery of the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants offered hereby or distribution of copies of this prospectus or any other document relating to the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants offered hereby in Italy must be made:

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Sweden

This prospectus has not been nor will it be registered with or approved by Finansinspektionen (the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority). Accordingly, this prospectus may not be made available, nor may the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants offered hereunder be marketed and offered for sale in Sweden, other than under circumstances which are deemed not to require a prospectus under the Financial Instruments Trading Act (1991: 980).

Switzerland

The Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants offered pursuant to this prospectus will not be offered, directly or indirectly, to the public in Switzerland and this prospectus does not constitute a public offering prospectus as that term is understood pursuant to art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Federal Code of Obligations. The company has not applied for a listing of the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants being offered pursuant to this prospectus on the SWX Swiss Exchange or on any other regulated securities market, and consequently, the information containedpresented in this prospectus including, ifdoes not necessarily comply with the information standards set out in the relevant listing rules. The Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and when requiredWarrants being offered pursuant to this prospectus have not been registered with the Swiss Federal Banking Commission as foreign investment funds, and the investor protection afforded to acquirers of investment fund certificates does not extend to acquirers of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants.

Investors are advised to contact their legal, financial or tax advisers to obtain an independent assessment of the financial and tax consequences of an investment in Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants.

European Economic Area and the United Kingdom

In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area and the United Kingdom, each referred to as a Relevant State, no Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants have been offered or will be offered pursuant to the offering to the public in that Relevant State prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants which has been approved by the competent authority in that Relevant State or, where appropriate, approved in another Relevant State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Regulation), except that offers of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants may be made to the public in that Relevant State at any time under the Securities Act,following exemptions under the Prospectus Regulation:

provided that no such offer of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants shall require us or any of underwriters to disclose certain information relatingpublish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Regulation or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the Prospectus Regulation.

Each person in a Relevant State who initially acquires any Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants or to whom any offer is made will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed to and with us and the underwriters that it is a qualified investor within the meaning of the Prospectus Regulation.

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In the case of any Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrants being offered to a particular salefinancial intermediary as that term is used in Article 5(1) of Commonthe Prospectus Regulation, each such financial intermediary will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed that the Offered Shares, offeredPre-Funded Warrants or Warrants acquired by this prospectus by the Selling Shareholder, including the names of any brokers, dealers, underwriters or agents participatingit in the distributionoffer have not been acquired on a non-discretionary basis on behalf of, nor have they been acquired with a view to their offer or resale to, persons in circumstances which may give rise to an offer to the public other than their offer or resale in a Relevant State to qualified investors, in circumstances in which the prior consent of the underwriters has been obtained to each such Common Shares byproposed offer or resale.

We, the Selling Shareholder, any compensation paid byunderwriters and their affiliates will rely upon the Selling Shareholdertruth and accuracy of the foregoing representations, acknowledgements and agreements.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to any such brokers, dealers, underwritersOffered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or agents,Warrants in any Relevant State means the communication in any form and by any other required information.

We will paymeans of sufficient information on the expenses incident to the registration under the Securities Actterms of the offer and sale of our Commonany Offered Shares, covered by this prospectus by the Selling Shareholder. As consideration for its irrevocable commitmentPre-Funded Warrants or Warrants to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase our Commonor subscribe for any Offered Shares, underPre-Funded Warrants or Warrants, and the Purchase Agreement, we have issuedexpression “Prospectus Regulation” means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129.

References to Keystone Capital Partners 7,547 Common Sharesthe Prospectus Regulation includes, in relation to the United Kingdom, the Prospectus Regulation as the Initial Commitment Shares in accordance with the Purchase Agreement and have agreed to issue to Keystone Capital Partners an additional 17,609 Common Shares as the Back-End Commitment Shares. We have also paid to Keystone Capital Partners $25,000 in cash as reimbursement for the reasonable, out-of-pocket expenses incurredit forms part of UK domestic law by Keystone Capital Partners, including the legal fees and disbursements of Keystone Capital Partners’ legal counsel, in connection with its due diligence investigationvirtue of the CompanyEuropean Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.

The above selling restriction is in addition to any other selling restrictions set out below.

United Kingdom

This document is for distribution only to persons who (i) have professional experience in matters relating to investments and who qualify as investment professionals within the meaning of Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (as amended, the Financial Promotion Order), (ii) are persons falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d), or high net worth companies, unincorporated associations etc., of the Financial Promotion Order, (iii) are outside the United Kingdom, or (iv) are persons to whom an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, as amended, or FSMA,) in connection with the preparation, negotiationissue or sale of any securities may otherwise lawfully be communicated or caused to be communicated (all such persons together being referred to as “relevant persons”). This document is directed only at relevant persons and executionmust not be acted on or relied on by persons who are not relevant persons. Any investment or investment activity to which this document relates is available only to relevant persons and will be engaged in only with relevant persons.

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CERTAIN MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a general summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to a U.S. Holder (as defined below) arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Shares and Warrants (one Offered Share and one Warrant acquired together pursuant to this offering is referred to in this summary as a “Offered Share Unit”) or Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants (one Pre-Funded Warrant and one Warrant acquired together pursuant to this offering is referred to in this summary as a “Pre-Funded Warrant Unit”), the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Offered Shares acquired as part of the Purchase Agreement.Offered Share Units, the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Pre-Funded Warrants acquired as part of the Pre-Funded Warrant Units, the exercise, disposition, and lapse of Warrants acquired as part of the Offered Share Units or the Pre-Funded Warrant Units, the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Offered Shares received upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants, and the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Shares received upon exercise of the Warrants (as used in this summary, the “Warrant Shares”), all as acquired pursuant to this offering. This summary is for general information purposes only and does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential U.S. federal income tax considerations that may apply to a U.S. Holder arising from or relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Share Units or Pre-Funded Warrant Units acquired pursuant to this offering. In addition, this summary does not take into account the individual facts and circumstances of any particular U.S. Holder that may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such U.S. Holder, including, without limitation, specific tax consequences to a U.S. Holder under an applicable income tax treaty. Accordingly, this summary is not intended to be, and should not be construed as, legal or U.S. federal income tax advice with respect to any particular U.S. Holder. This summary does not address the U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal net investment income, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences to U.S. Holders of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares. In addition, except as specifically set forth below, this summary does not discuss applicable income tax reporting requirements. Each prospective U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal net investment income, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares.

No ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) has been requested, or will be obtained, regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares. This summary is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS is not precluded from taking a position that is different from, or contrary to, the positions taken in this summary. In addition, because the authorities on which this summary is based are subject to various interpretations, the IRS and the U.S. courts could disagree with one or more of the conclusions described in this summary.

Scope of this Summary

Authorities

This summary is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), Treasury Regulations (whether final, temporary, or proposed) promulgated thereunder, published rulings of the IRS, published administrative positions of the IRS, the current provisions of the Convention Between Canada and the United States of America with respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital of 1980, as amended (the “Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty”), and U.S. court decisions that are applicable, and, in each case, as in effect and available, as of the date of this document. Any of the authorities on which this summary is based could be changed in a material and adverse manner at any time, and any such change could be applied on a retroactive or prospective basis, which could affect the U.S. federal income tax considerations described in this summary. Except as provided herein, this summary does not discuss the potential effects, whether adverse or beneficial, of any proposed legislation that, if enacted, could be applied on a retroactive or prospective basis.

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U.S. Holders

For purposes of this summary, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of Offered Share Units, Pre-Warrant Funded Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares as acquired pursuant to this offering, that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

Non-U.S. Holders

For purposes of this summary, a “non-U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares that is not a U.S. Holder or an entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This summary does not address the U.S. federal, state or local tax consequences to non-U.S. Holders arising from or relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares. Accordingly, a non-U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state or local and non-U.S. tax consequences (including the potential application of and operation of any income tax treaties) relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares.

U.S. Holders Subject to Special U.S. Federal Income Tax Rules Not Addressed

This summary does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Holders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including, but not limited to U.S. Holders that: (a) are tax-exempt organizations, qualified retirement plans, individual retirement accounts, or other tax-deferred accounts; (b) are financial institutions, underwriters, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts, or regulated investment companies; (c) are broker-dealers, dealers, or traders in securities or currencies that elect to apply a mark-to-market accounting method; (d) have agreed to indemnify Keystone Capital Partnersa “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar; (e) own Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and certainWarrant Shares as part of a straddle, hedging transaction, conversion transaction, constructive sale, or other persons against certain liabilitiesintegrated transaction; (f) acquire Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares in connection with the offeringexercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation for services; (g) hold Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares other than as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment purposes); (h) are subject to the alternative minimum tax; (i) are subject to special tax accounting rules with respect to the Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares; (j) are partnerships or other “pass-through” entities (and partners or other owners thereof); (k) are S corporations (and shareholders thereof); (l) are U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States subject to Section 877 or 877A of the Code; (m) hold Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares in connection with a trade or business, permanent establishment, or fixed base outside the United States; or (n) own or have owned or will own (directly, indirectly, or by attribution) 10% or more of the total combined voting power or value of our Common Shares offered hereby, including liabilities arisingoutstanding shares. U.S. Holders that are subject to special provisions under the SecuritiesCode, including, but not limited to, U.S. Holders described immediately above, should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal net investment income, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares.

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If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership (or other “pass-through” entity) for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such entity or arrangement and the partners (or other owners or participants) of such entity or arrangement generally will depend on the activities of the entity or arrangement and the status of such partners (or owners or participants). This summary does not address the tax consequences to any such partner (or owner or participant). Partners (or other owners or participants) of entities or arrangements that are classified as partnerships or as “pass-through” entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Acquisition of Offered Share Units or Pre-Funded Warrant Units

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the acquisition by a U.S. Holder of an Offered Share Unit will be treated as the acquisition of one Offered Share and one Warrant. The purchase price for each Offered Share Unit will be allocated between these two components in proportion to their relative fair market values at the time the Offered Share Unit is purchased by the U.S. Holder. This allocation of the purchase price for each Offered Share Unit will establish a U.S. Holder’s initial tax basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the Offered Share and one Warrant that comprise each Offered Share Unit.

For this purpose, we will allocate US$2.43 of the purchase price for the Offered Share Unit to the Offered Share and US$0.01 of the purchase price for each Offered Share Unit to the Warrant. However, the IRS will not be bound by such allocation of the purchase price for the Offered Share Units, and therefore, the IRS or a U.S. court may not respect the allocation set forth above. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the allocation of the purchase price for the Offered Share Units.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the acquisition by a U.S. Holder of a Pre-Funded Warrant Unit will be treated as the acquisition of one Pre-Funded Warrant and one Warrant. The purchase price for each Pre-Funded Warrant Unit will be allocated between these two components in proportion to their relative fair market values at the time the Pre-Funded Warrant Unit is purchased by the U.S. Holder. This allocation of the purchase price for each Pre-Funded Warrant Unit will establish a U.S. Holder’s initial tax basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the Pre-Funded Warrant and one Warrant that comprise each Pre-Funded Warrant Unit.

For this purpose, we will allocate US$2.43 of the purchase price for the Pre-Funded Warrant Unit to the Pre-Funded Warrant and US$0.01 of the purchase price for each Pre-Funded Warrant Unit to the Warrant. However, the IRS will not be bound by such allocation of the purchase price for the Pre-Funded Warrant Units, and therefore, the IRS or a U.S. court may not respect the allocation set forth above. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the allocation of the purchase price for the Pre-Funded Warrant Units.

Treatment of Pre-Funded Warrants

Although it is not entirely free from doubt, we believe that a Pre-Funded Warrant should be treated as a separate class of our common shares for U.S. federal income tax purposes and a U.S. Holder of Pre-Funded Warrants should generally be taxed in the same manner as a holder of Offered Shares except as described below. Accordingly, no gain or loss should be recognized upon the exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant and, upon exercise, the holding period of a Pre-Funded Warrant should carry over to the Offered Shares received. Similarly, the tax basis of the Pre-Funded Warrant should carry over to the Offered Shares received upon exercise, increased by the exercise price of $0.01 per Offered Share. However, such characterization is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS may treat the Pre-Funded Warrants as warrants to acquire Offered Shares. If so, the amount and character of a U.S. Holder’s gain with respect to an investment in Pre-Funded Warrants could change, and a U.S. Holder may not be entitled to make the “QEF Election” described below with respect to the Pre-Funded Warrants to mitigate PFIC consequences in the event that

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we are classified as a PFIC. A U.S. Holder generally may not make a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to the Pre-Funded Warrants. Accordingly, each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the risks associated with the acquisition of a Pre-Funded Warrant pursuant to this offering (including potential alternative characterizations). The balance of this discussion generally assumes that the characterization described above is respected for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

If we were to constitute a “passive foreign investment company” or “PFIC” for any year during a U.S. Holder’s holding period, then certain potentially adverse rules would affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder resulting from the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares. We believe we were a “passive foreign investment company” (a “PFIC”) within the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code for our most recently completed taxable year and based on the nature of our business, the projected composition of our gross income and the projected composition and estimated fair market values of our assets, we expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year and may be a PFIC in subsequent tax years. No opinion of legal counsel or ruling from the IRS concerning our status as a PFIC has been obtained or is currently planned to be requested. The determination of whether any corporation was, or will be, a PFIC for a tax year depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. In addition, whether any corporation will be a PFIC for any tax year depends on the assets and income of such corporation over the course of each such tax year and, as a result, cannot be predicted with certainty as of the date of this document. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge any determination made by us (or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries) concerning our (or its) PFIC status. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding our PFIC status of the PFIC status of each of our non-U.S. subsidiaries.

In any year in which we are classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder will be required to file an annual report with the IRS containing such information as Treasury Regulations and/or other IRS guidance may require. In addition to penalties, a failure to satisfy such reporting requirements may result in an extension of the time period during which the IRS can assess a tax. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing such information returns under these rules, including the requirement to file an IRS Form 8621 annually.

We generally will be a PFIC if, for a tax year, (a) 75% or more of our gross income in such tax year is passive income (the “PFIC income test”) or (b) 50% or more of the value of our assets either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, based on the quarterly average of the fair market value of such assets (the “PFIC asset test”). “Gross income” generally includes all sales revenues less the cost of goods sold, plus income from investments and from incidental or outside operations or sources, and “passive income” generally includes, for example, dividends, interest, certain rents and royalties, certain gains from the sale of stock and securities, and certain gains from commodities transactions. Active business gains arising from the sale of commodities generally are excluded from passive income if substantially all of a foreign corporation’s commodities are stock in trade or inventory, depreciable property used in a trade or business, or supplies regularly used or consumed in the ordinary course of its trade or business, and certain other requirements are satisfied.

For purposes of the PFIC income test and PFIC asset test described above, if we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of the total value of the outstanding shares of another corporation, we will be treated as if we (a) held a proportionate share of the assets of such other corporation and (b) received directly a proportionate share of the income of such other corporation. In addition, for purposes of the PFIC income test and PFIC asset test described above, and assuming certain other requirements are met, “passive income” does not include certain interest, dividends, rents, or royalties that are received or accrued by us from certain “related persons” (as defined in Section 954(d)(3) of the Code) also organized in Canada, to the extent such items are properly allocable to the income of such related person that is not passive income.

Under certain attribution rules, if we are a PFIC, U.S. Holders will generally be deemed to own their proportionate share of our direct or indirect equity interest in any company that is also a PFIC (a “Subsidiary PFIC”), and will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax as described below under “Default PFIC Rules Under Section 1291 of the Code” on their proportionate share of (a) any “excess distributions,” as described below, on the stock of a Subsidiary PFIC and (b) a disposition or deemed disposition of the stock of a Subsidiary PFIC by us or another

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Subsidiary PFIC, both as if such U.S. Holders directly held the shares of such Subsidiary PFIC. In addition, U.S. Holders may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any indirect gain realized on the stock of a Subsidiary PFIC on the sale or disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should be aware that they could be subject to tax under the PFIC rules even if no distributions are received and no redemptions or other dispositions of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares are made.

Default PFIC Rules Under Section 1291 of the Code

If we are a PFIC for any tax year during which a U.S. Holder owns Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such U.S. Holder of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Offered Share Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares will depend on whether such U.S. Holder makes a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF” election (a “QEF Election”) with respect to the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares or makes a mark-to-market election under Section 1296 of the Code (a “Mark-to-Market Election”) with respect to Offered Shares or Warrant Shares. A U.S. Holder that does not make either a QEF Election or a Mark-to-Market Election (a “Non-Electing U.S. Holder”) will be taxable as described below.

A Non-Electing U.S. Holder will be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code (described below) with respect to: (a) any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares; and (b) any “excess distribution” received on the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares. A distribution generally will be an “excess distribution” to the extent that such distribution (together with all other distributions received in the current tax year) exceeds 125% of the average distributions received during the three preceding tax years (or during a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares, if shorter).

Under Section 1291 of the Code, any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares of a PFIC (including an indirect disposition of the stock of any Subsidiary PFIC), and any “excess distribution” received on Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrant Shares or a distribution by a Subsidiary PFIC to its shareholder that is deemed to be received by a U.S. Holder (including a constructive distribution on the Warrants), must be ratably allocated to each day in a Non-Electing U.S. Holder’s holding period for the respective Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares. The amount of any such gain or excess distribution allocated to the tax year of disposition or distribution of the excess distribution and to years before the entity became a PFIC, if any, would be taxed as ordinary income (and not eligible for certain preferential tax rates, as discussed below). The amounts allocated to any other tax year would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the highest tax rate applicable to ordinary income in each such year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the tax liability for each such year, calculated as if such tax liability had been due in each such year. A Non-Electing U.S. Holder that is not a corporation must treat any such interest paid as “personal interest,” which is not deductible.

If we are a PFIC for any tax year during which a Non-Electing U.S. Holder holds Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such Non-Electing U.S. Holder, regardless of whether we cease to be a PFIC in one or more subsequent tax years. If we cease to be a PFIC, a Non-Electing U.S. Holder may terminate this deemed PFIC status with respect to Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrant Shares by electing to recognize gain (which will be taxed under the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above), but not loss, as if such Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrant Shares were sold on the last day of the last tax year for which we were a PFIC. No such election, however, may be made with respect to the Warrants

Under proposed Treasury Regulations, if a U.S. Holder has an option, warrant, or other right to acquire stock of a PFIC (such as the Warrants), such option, warrant or right is considered to be PFIC stock subject to the default rules of Section 1291 of the Code. Under rules described below, the holding period for the Warrant Shares will begin on the date a U.S. Holder acquires the Offered Share Units or Pre-Funded Warrant Unit, as applicable. This will impact the availability of the QEF Election and Mark-to-Market Election with respect to the Warrant Shares. Thus, a U.S. Holder will have to account for Warrant Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Offered Shares under the PFIC rules and the applicable elections differently.

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QEF Election

A U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective QEF Election for the first tax year in which the holding period of its Offered Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants begins generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above with respect to its Offered Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants. However, a U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of (a) our net capital gain, which will be taxed as long-term capital gain to such U.S. Holder, and (b) our ordinary earnings, which will be taxed as ordinary income to such U.S. Holder. Generally, “net capital gain” is the excess of (a) net long-term capital gain over (b) net short-term capital loss, and “ordinary earnings” are the excess of (a) “earnings and profits” over (b) net capital gain. A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such amounts for each tax year in which we are a PFIC, regardless of whether such amounts are actually distributed to such U.S. Holder by us. However, for any tax year in which we are a PFIC and have no net income or gain, U.S. Holders that have made a QEF Election would not have any income inclusions as a result of the QEF Election. If a U.S. Holder that made a QEF Election has an income inclusion, such a U.S. Holder may, subject to certain limitations, elect to defer payment of current U.S. federal income tax on such amounts, subject to an interest charge. If such U.S. Holder is not a corporation, any such interest paid will be treated as “personal interest,” which is not deductible.

A U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective QEF Election with respect to us generally (a) may receive a tax-free distribution from us to the extent that such distribution represents our “earnings and profits” that were previously included in income by the U.S. Holder because of such QEF Election and (b) will adjust such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Offered Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants to reflect the amount included in income or allowed as a tax-free distribution because of such QEF Election. In addition, a U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of Offered Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants.

The procedure for making a QEF Election, and the U.S. federal income tax consequences of making a QEF Election, will depend on whether such QEF Election is timely. A QEF Election will be treated as “timely” for purposes of avoiding the default PFIC rules discussed above if such QEF Election is made for the first year in the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Offered Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants in which we are a PFIC. A U.S. Holder may make a timely QEF Election by filing the appropriate QEF Election documents at the time such U.S. Holder files a U.S. federal income tax return for such year.

A QEF Election will apply to the tax year for which such QEF Election is timely made and to all subsequent tax years, unless such QEF Election is invalidated or terminated or the IRS consents to revocation of such QEF Election. If a U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election and, in a subsequent tax year, we cease to be a PFIC, the QEF Election will remain in effect (although it will not be applicable) during those tax years in which we are not a PFIC. Accordingly, if we become a PFIC in another subsequent tax year, the QEF Election will be effective and the U.S. Holder will be subject to the QEF rules described above during any subsequent tax year in which we qualify as a PFIC.

As discussed above, under proposed Treasury Regulations, if a U.S. Holder has an option, warrant or other right to acquire stock of a PFIC (such as the Warrants), such option, warrant or right is considered to be PFIC stock subject to the default rules of Section 1291 of the Code. However, a U.S. Holder of an option, warrant or other right to acquire stock of a PFIC may not make a QEF Election that will apply to the option, warrant or other right to acquire PFIC stock. In addition, under proposed Treasury Regulations, if a U.S. Holder holds an option, warrant or other right to acquire stock of a PFIC, the holding period with respect to shares of stock of the PFIC acquired upon exercise of such option, warrant or other right will include the period that the option, warrant or other right was held.

Consequently, under the proposed Treasury Regulations, if a U.S. Holder of Offered Shares makes a QEF Election, such election generally will not be treated as a timely QEF Election with respect to Warrant Shares and the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above will continue to apply with respect to such U.S. Holder’s Warrant Shares. However, a U.S. Holder of Warrant Shares should be eligible to make a timely QEF Election if such U.S. Holder makes a “purging” or “deemed sale” election to recognize gain (which will be taxed under the default rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above) as if such Warrant Shares were sold for fair market value. As a result of the “purging” or “deemed sale” election, the U.S. Holder will have a new basis and holding period in the Warrant

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Shares acquired upon the exercise of the Warrants for purposes of the PFIC rules. In addition, gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition (other than by exercise) of the Warrants by a U.S. Holder will be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the application of the PFIC rules to the Offered Share Purchase Units, Pre-Funded Warrant Units, Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants, and Warrant Shares.

U.S. Holders should be aware that there can be no assurances that we will satisfy the record keeping requirements that apply to a QEF, or that we will supply U.S. Holders with information that such U.S. Holders are required to report under the QEF rules, in the event that we are a PFIC. Thus, U.S. Holders may not be able to make a QEF Election with respect to their Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a QEF Election with respect to us and any Subsidiary PFIC.

A U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621, including a PFIC Annual Information Statement, to a timely filed United States federal income tax return. However, if we do not provide the required information with regard to us or any of our Subsidiary PFICs, U.S. Holders will not be able to make a QEF Election for such entity and will continue to be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above that apply to Non-Electing U.S. Holders with respect to the taxation of gains and excess distributions.

Mark-to-Market Election

A U.S. Holder may make a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to Offered Shares and Warrant Shares only if the Offered Shares and Warrant Shares are marketable stock. The Offered Shares and Warrant Shares generally will be “marketable stock” if the Offered Shares and Warrant Shares are regularly traded on (a) a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, (b) the national market system established pursuant to section 11A of the Exchange Act, or (c) a foreign securities exchange that is regulated or supervised by a governmental authority of the country in which the market is located, provided that (i) such foreign exchange has trading volume, listing, financial disclosure, and surveillance requirements, and meets other requirements and the laws of the country in which such foreign exchange is located, together with the rules of such foreign exchange, ensure that such requirements are actually enforced and (ii) the rules of such foreign exchange effectively promote active trading of listed stocks. If such stock is traded on such a qualified exchange or other market, such stock generally will be “regularly traded” for any calendar year during which such stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor in this matter.

A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to its Offered Shares generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above with respect to such Offered Shares. However, if a U.S. Holder does not make a Mark-to-Market Election beginning in the first tax year of such indemnityU.S. Holder’s holding period for the Offered Shares for which we are a PFIC and such U.S. Holder has not made a timely QEF Election, the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above will apply to certain dispositions of, and distributions on, the Offered Shares.

Any Mark-to-Market Election made by a U.S. Holder for the Offered Shares will also apply to such U.S. Holder’s Warrant Shares. As a result, if a Mark-to-Market Election has been made by a U.S. Holder with respect to Offered Shares, any Warrant Shares received will automatically be marked-to-market in the year of exercise. Because, under the proposed Treasury Regulations, a U.S. Holder’s holding period for Warrant Shares includes the period during which such U.S. Holder held the Warrants, a U.S. Holder will be treated as making a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to its Warrant Shares after the beginning of such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Warrant Shares unless the Warrant Shares are acquired in the same tax year as the year in which the U.S. Holder acquired its Offered Share Units or Pre-Funded Warrant Units, as applicable. Consequently, the default rules under Section 1291 described above generally will apply to the mark-to-market gain realized in the tax year in which Warrant Shares are received upon the exercise of the Warrants. However, the general mark-to-market rules will apply to subsequent tax years.

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Any Mark-to-Market Election made by a U.S. Holder for the Offered Shares will also apply to such U.S. Holder’s Offered Shares received upon exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant. As a result, if a Mark-to-Market Election has been made by a U.S. Holder with respect to Offered Shares, any Offered Shares received upon exercise of a Pre- Funded Warrant will automatically be marked-to-market in the year of exercise. Because a U.S. Holder’s holding period for Offered Shares received upon exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant should include the period during which such U.S. Holder held the Pre-Funded Warrant, a U.S. Holder will be treated as making a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to such Offered Shares after the beginning of such U.S. Holder’s holding period for such Offered Shares unless such Offered Shares are acquired in the same tax year as the year in which the U.S. Holder acquired its Pre-Funded Warrant Units. Consequently, the default rules under Section 1291 described above generally will apply to the mark-to-market gain realized in the tax year in which such Offered Shares are received upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants. However, the general mark-to-market rules will apply to subsequent tax years.

A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will include in ordinary income, for each tax year in which we are a PFIC, an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (a) the fair market value of the Offered Shares and any Warrant Shares, as of the close of such tax year over (b) such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such Offered Shares and any Warrant Shares. A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will be allowed a deduction in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (a) such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Offered Shares and any Warrant Shares, over (b) the fair market value of such Offered Shares and any Warrant Shares (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years).

A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election generally also will adjust such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Offered Shares and Warrant Shares to reflect the amount included in gross income or allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election. In addition, upon a sale or other taxable disposition of Offered Shares and Warrant Shares, a U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will recognize ordinary income or ordinary loss (not to exceed the excess, if any, of (a) the amount included in ordinary income because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years over (b) the amount allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years). Losses that exceed this limitation are subject to the rules generally applicable to losses provided in the Code and Treasury Regulations.

A U.S. Holder makes a Mark-to-Market Election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 to a timely filed United States federal income tax return. A Mark-to-Market Election applies to the tax year in which such Mark-to-Market Election is unavailable,made and to contribute amounts requiredeach subsequent tax year, unless the Offered Shares and Warrant Shares cease to be “marketable stock” or the IRS consents to revocation of such election. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a Mark-to-Market Election.

Although a U.S. Holder may be eligible to make a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to the Offered Shares and Warrant Shares, no such election may be made with respect to the stock of any Subsidiary PFIC that a U.S. Holder is treated as owning, because such stock is not marketable. Hence, the Mark-to-Market Election will not be effective to eliminate the interest charge and other income inclusion rules described above with respect to deemed dispositions of Subsidiary PFIC stock or distributions from a Subsidiary PFIC to its shareholder.

Other PFIC Rules

Under Section 1291(f) of the Code, the IRS has issued proposed Treasury Regulations that, subject to certain exceptions, would cause a U.S. Holder that had not made a timely QEF Election to recognize gain (but not loss) upon certain transfers of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares that would otherwise be tax-deferred (e.g., gifts and exchanges pursuant to corporate reorganizations). However, the specific U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder may vary based on the manner in which Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants, and Warrant Shares are transferred.

If finalized in their current form, the proposed Treasury Regulations applicable to PFICs would be effective for transactions occurring on or after April 1, 1992. Because the proposed Treasury Regulations have not yet been adopted in final form, they are not currently effective, and there is no assurance that they will be adopted in the form and with the effective date proposed. Nevertheless, the IRS has announced that, in the absence of final Treasury Regulations, taxpayers may apply reasonable interpretations of the Code provisions applicable to PFICs and that it considers the rules set forth in the proposed Treasury Regulations to be reasonable interpretations of those Code provisions. The PFIC rules are complex, and the implementation of certain aspects of the PFIC rules requires the issuance of Treasury Regulations which in many instances have not been promulgated and which, when promulgated, may have retroactive effect. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors about the potential applicability of the proposed Treasury Regulations.

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Certain additional adverse rules may apply with respect to a U.S. Holder if we are a PFIC, regardless of whether such U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election. For example, under Section 1298(b)(6) of the Code, a U.S. Holder that uses Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares as security for a loan will, except as may be provided in Treasury Regulations, be treated as having made a taxable disposition of such Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares.

In addition, a U.S. Holder who acquires Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares from a decedent will not receive a “step up” in tax basis of such Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares to fair market value unless such decedent had a timely and effective QEF Election in place.

Special rules also apply to the amount of foreign tax credit that a U.S. Holder may claim on a distribution from a PFIC. Subject to such special rules, foreign taxes paid with respect to any distribution in respect of such liabilities. Keystone Capital Partners has agreedstock in a PFIC are generally eligible for the foreign tax credit. The rules relating to indemnify us against liabilities underdistributions by a PFIC and their eligibility for the Securities Actforeign tax credit are complicated, and a U.S. Holder should consult with its own tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit with respect to distributions by a PFIC.

The PFIC rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the PFIC rules (including the availability and advisability of making a QEF Election or Mark-to-Market Election) and how the PFIC rules may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares.

Certain additional adverse rules may apply with respect to a U.S. Holder if we are a PFIC, regardless of whether the U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election. These rules include special rules that apply to the amount of foreign tax credit that a U.S. Holder may ariseclaim on a distribution from certain written information furnisheda PFIC. Subject to us by Keystone Capital Partners specifically for use in this prospectus or, if such indemnity is unavailable,these special rules, foreign taxes paid with respect to contribute amounts required to be paidany distribution in respect of such liabilities. Insofar as indemnificationstock in a PFIC are generally eligible for liabilities arisingthe foreign tax credit. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to the ownership and disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares, and the availability of certain U.S. tax elections under the Securities ActPFIC rules.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Exercise and Disposition of Warrants

The following discussion describes the general rules applicable to the ownership and disposition of the Warrants but is subject in its entirety to the special rules described above under the heading “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Exercise of Warrants

A U.S. Holder should not recognize gain or loss on the exercise of a Warrant and related receipt of a Warrant Share (unless cash is received in lieu of the issuance of a fractional Warrant Share). A U.S. Holder’s initial tax basis in the Warrant Share received on the exercise of a Warrant should be equal to the sum of (a) such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such Warrant plus (b) the exercise price paid by such U.S. Holder on the exercise of such Warrant. It is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Warrant Share received on the exercise of a Warrant would commence on the date of exercise of the Warrant or the day following the date of exercise of the Warrant. If we are a PFIC, a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Warrant Share for PFIC purposes will begin on the date on which such U.S. Holder acquired its Offered Share Units or Pre-Funded Warrant Units, as applicable.

In certain limited circumstances, a U.S. Holder may be permitted to undertake a cashless exercise of Warrants into Warrant Shares. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise of Warrants into Warrant Shares is unclear, and the tax consequences of a cashless exercise could differ from the consequences upon the exercise of a Warrant described in the preceding paragraph. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of a cashless exercise of Warrants.

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Disposition of Warrants

A U.S. Holder will recognize gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of a Warrant in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between (a) the amount of cash plus the fair market value of any property received and (b) such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Warrant sold or otherwise disposed of. Subject to the PFIC rules discussed above, any such gain or loss generally will be a capital gain or loss, which will be long-term capital gain or loss if the Warrant is held for more than one year. Deductions for capital losses are subject to complex limitations under the Code.

Expiration of Warrants Without Exercise

Upon the lapse or expiration of a Warrant, a U.S. Holder will recognize a loss in an amount equal to such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Warrant. Any such loss generally will be a capital loss and will be long-term capital loss if the Warrants are held for more than one year. Deductions for capital losses are subject to complex limitations under the Code.

Certain Adjustments to the Warrants

Under Section 305 of the Code, an adjustment to the number of Warrant Shares that will be issued on the exercise of the Warrants, or an adjustment to the exercise price of the Warrants, may be treated as a constructive distribution to a U.S. Holder of the Warrants if, and to the extent that, such adjustment has the effect of increasing such U.S. Holder’s proportionate interest in the “earnings and profits” or our directors, officers,assets, depending on the circumstances of such adjustment (for example, if such adjustment is to compensate for a distribution of cash or other property to the shareholders). Adjustments to the exercise price of Warrants made pursuant to a bona fide reasonable adjustment formula that has the effect of preventing dilution of the interest of the holders of the Warrants should generally not be considered to result in a constructive distribution. Any such constructive distribution would be taxable whether or not there is an actual distribution of cash or other property. (See more detailed discussion of the rules applicable to distributions made by us at “Distributions on Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and controlling persons,Warrant Shares” below).

General Rules Applicable to the Ownership and Disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrant Shares

The following discussion is subject, in its entirety, to the rules described above under the heading “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”.

Distributions on Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrant Shares

A U.S. Holder that receives a distribution, including a constructive distribution, with respect to an Offered Share, Pre-Funded Warrant or Warrant Share (as well as any constructive distribution on a Warrant) will be required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend (without reduction for any Canadian income tax withheld from such distribution) to the extent of our current or accumulated “earnings and profits”, as computed for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A dividend generally will be taxed to a U.S. Holder at ordinary income tax rates if we are a PFIC for the tax year of such distribution or were a PFIC for the preceding tax year. To the extent that a distribution exceeds our current and accumulated “earnings and profits”, such distribution will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares and thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of such Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares. (See “Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and/or Warrant Shares” below). However, we do not intend to maintain the calculations of our earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles, and each U.S. Holder therefore should assume that any distribution by us with respect to Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares will constitute ordinary dividend income. Dividends received on Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares by corporate U.S. Holders generally will not be eligible for the “dividends received deduction” generally applicable to corporations. Subject to applicable limitations and provided we are eligible for the benefits of the Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty or the Offered Shares are readily tradable on a United States securities market, dividends paid by us to non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individuals, in respect of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares generally will be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains for dividends, provided certain holding period and other conditions are satisfied, including that we not be classified as a PFIC in the tax year of distribution or in the preceding tax year. The dividend rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the application of such rules.

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Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and/or Warrant Shares

Upon the sale or other taxable disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of cash received plus the fair market value of any property received and such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares sold or otherwise disposed of. Gain or loss recognized on such sale or other taxable disposition generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale or other taxable disposition, the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares have been advisedheld for more than one year.

Preferential tax rates may apply to long-term capital gain of a U.S. Holder that is an individual, estate, or trust. There are currently no preferential tax rates for long-term capital gain of a U.S. Holder that is a corporation. Deductions for capital losses are subject to significant limitations under the Code.

Additional Considerations

Receipt of Foreign Currency

The amount of any distribution paid to a U.S. Holder in foreign currency, or on the opinionsale, exchange or other taxable disposition of the SEC this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore, unenforceable.

We estimate that the total expenses for the offeringOffered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares generally will be approximately $150,000.

Keystone Capital Partners has representedequal to us that at no time prior tothe U.S. dollar value of such foreign currency based on the exchange rate applicable on the date of receipt (regardless of whether such foreign currency is converted into U.S. dollars at that time). A U.S. Holder will have a tax basis in the Purchase Agreementforeign currency equal to its U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any U.S. Holder who converts or otherwise disposes of the foreign currency after the date of receipt may have a foreign currency exchange gain or loss that would be treated as ordinary income or loss, and generally will be U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. Different rules apply to U.S. Holders who use the accrual method of tax accounting. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own U.S. tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of receiving, owning, and disposing of foreign currency.

Foreign Tax Credit

Dividends paid on the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, or Warrant Shares (or constructive dividends on the Warrants) will be treated as foreign-source income, and generally will be treated as “passive category income” or “general category income” for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or other disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares generally will be United States source gain or loss. Certain U.S. Holders that are eligible for the benefits of Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty may elect to treat such gain or loss as Canadian source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. The Code applies various complex limitations on the amount of foreign taxes that may be claimed as a credit by U.S. taxpayers. In addition, Treasury Regulations that apply to foreign taxes paid or accrued (the “Foreign Tax Credit Regulations”) impose additional requirements for Canadian withholding taxes to be eligible for a foreign tax credit, and there can be no assurance that those requirements will be satisfied. The Treasury Department has Keystone Capital Partners or its agents, representatives or affiliates engaged in or effected, in any manner whatsoever,recently released guidance temporarily pausing the application of certain of the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations.

Subject to the PFIC rules and the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations, each as discussed above, a U.S. Holder that pays (whether directly or indirectly, any short sale (as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO of the Exchange Act) of our Common Shares or any hedging transaction, which establishes a net short positionthrough withholding) Canadian income tax with respect to our Common Shares. Keystone Capital Partners has agreeddividends paid on the Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Warrant Shares (or constructive dividends on the Warrants) generally will be entitled, at the election of such U.S. Holder, to receive either a deduction or a credit for such Canadian income tax. Generally, a credit will reduce a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability on a dollar-for-dollar basis, whereas a deduction will reduce a U.S. Holder’s income that during the term of the Purchase Agreement, neither Keystone Capital Partners, nor any of its agents, representatives or affiliates will enter into or effect,is subject to U.S. federal income tax. This election is made on a year-by-year basis and applies to all foreign taxes paid (whether directly or indirectly, anythrough withholding) by a U.S. Holder during a year. The foreign tax credit rules are complex and involve the application of rules that depend on a U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances. Accordingly, each U.S. Holder should consult its own U.S. tax advisor regarding the foregoing transactions.foreign tax credit rules.

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Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

Under U.S. federal income tax law and Treasury Regulations, certain categories of U.S. Holders must file information returns with respect to their investment in, or involvement in, a foreign corporation. For example, U.S. return disclosure obligations (and related penalties) are imposed on individuals who are U.S. Holders that hold certain specified foreign financial assets in excess of certain threshold amounts. The definition of specified foreign financial assets includes not only financial accounts maintained in foreign financial institutions, but also, unless held in accounts maintained by a financial institution, any stock or security issued by a non-U.S. person, any financial instrument or contract held for investment that has an issuer or counterparty other than a U.S. person and any interest in a non-U.S. entity. U.S. Holders may be subject to these reporting requirements unless their Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares are held in an account at certain financial institutions. Penalties for failure to file certain of these information returns are substantial. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the Selling Shareholderrequirements of filing information returns, including the requirement to file an IRS Form 8938.

Payments made within the U.S. or by a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman, of dividends on, and proceeds arising from the sale or other taxable disposition of Offered Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants or Warrant Shares will generally be subject to information reporting and backup withholding tax (currently at a rate of 24%) if a U.S. Holder (a) fails to furnish such U.S. Holder’s correct U.S. taxpayer identification number (generally on IRS Form W-9), (b) furnishes an incorrect U.S. taxpayer identification number, (c) is notified by the IRS that such U.S. Holder has previously failed to properly report items subject to backup withholding tax, or (d) fails to certify, under penalty of perjury, that such U.S. Holder has furnished its correct U.S. taxpayer identification number and that the IRS has not notified such U.S. Holder that it is requiredsubject to comply with Regulation M promulgatedbackup withholding tax. However, certain exempt persons generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding rules. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the Exchange Act. WithU.S. backup withholding tax rules will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or will be refunded, if such U.S. Holder furnishes required information to the IRS in a timely manner.

The discussion of reporting requirements set forth above is not intended to constitute a complete description of all reporting requirements that may apply to a U.S. Holder. A failure to satisfy certain exceptions, Regulation M precludes the Selling Shareholder, any affiliated purchasers, and any broker-dealer or other person who participatesreporting requirements may result in the distribution from bidding for or purchasing, or attempting to induce any person to bid for or purchase any security which is the subjectan extension of the distribution untiltime period during which the entire distribution is complete. Regulation M also prohibitsIRS can assess a tax, and under certain circumstances, such an extension may apply to assessments of amounts unrelated to any bids or purchases made in order to stabilizeunsatisfied reporting requirement. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the price of a security in connection with the distribution of that security. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the securities offered by this prospectus.information reporting and backup withholding rules.

THE ABOVE SUMMARY IS NOT INTENDED TO CONSTITUTE A COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF ALL TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO U.S. HOLDERS WITH RESPECT TO THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OFFERED SHARE UNITS, PRE-FUNDED UNITS, OFFERED SHARES, PRE-FUNDED WARRANTS, WARRANTS, AND WARRANT SHARES. U.S. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO THEM IN LIGHT OF THEIR OWN PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.

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DESCRIPTION OF OUR SECURITIES WE ARE OFFERING

We are offering 4,098,361 Offered Shares, together with Warrants to purchase up to 4,098,361 Offered Shares. Each Warrant has an assumed exercise price of $2.44 per Offered Share, which is the last reported sale price of our common shares on Nasdaq on November 30, 2023. The Offered Shares and the Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately, but must be purchased together in this offering. We are also offering Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase up to 4,098,361 Offered Shares to those purchasers whose purchase of Offered Shares in this offering would result in the purchaser beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding common shares following the consummation of this offering in lieu of the Offered Shares that would result in ownership in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%). Each Pre-Funded Warrant will be exercisable for one Offered Share at an exercise price of $0.01 per Offered Share. Each Pre-Funded Warrant is being issued together with the same Warrants described above being issued with each Offered Share. The Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering, but must be purchased together in this offering. For each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Warrant we sell, the number of Offered Shares and accompanying Warrants we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis.

Offered Shares

The material terms and provisions of our common shares are described under the section titled “Description of our Common Shares” on page 33.

Pre-Funded Warrants

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrants that are being issued hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrant, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of Pre-Funded Warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the Pre-Funded Warrants.

Duration and Exercise Price

Each Pre-Funded Warrant offered hereby will have an initial exercise price per Offered Share equal to $0.01. Each Pre-Funded Warrant will be exercisable immediately upon issuance until the Pre-Funded Warrant is exercised in full. We may at any time during the term of each Pre-Funded Warrant reduce the then current exercise price to any amount and for any period of time deemed appropriate by our board of directors. The exercise price and number of Offered Shares issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of stock splits and combinations affecting our Offered Shares. The Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately but must be purchased together in this offering.

Exercisability

The Pre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of Offered Shares purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Pre-Funded Warrant to the extent that the holder would beneficially own (as determined in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the rules and regulations of the SEC) more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of the outstanding Offered Shares immediately after exercise, or the maximum percentage, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase or decrease the maximum percentage, provided that the maximum percentage cannot be increased to more than 9.99% and any increase does not take effect for 61 days after such notice is delivered.

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Cashless Exercise

In lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of Offered Shares determined according to a formula set forth in the Pre-Funded Warrants.

Transferability

Subject to applicable laws, a Pre-Funded Warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Pre-Funded Warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer.

Fractional Shares

No fractional Offered Shares will be issued upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants. Rather, the number of Offered Shares to be issued will be rounded to the nearest whole number.

Trading Market

There is no trading market available for the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, and we do not expect a trading market to develop. We do not intend to list the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without a trading market, the liquidity of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be extremely limited. The Offered Shares issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants are currently listed on Nasdaq. We have applied to list the Offered Shares issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants on the TSX.

Right as a Shareholder

Except as otherwise provided in the Pre-Funded Warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of Offered Shares, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our common shares, including any voting rights, until they exercise their Pre-Funded Warrants. The Pre-Funded Warrants provide that holders have the right to participate in distributions or dividends paid on our Offered Shares.

Fundamental Transaction

In the event we are subject to a Fundamental Transaction (as such term is defined in the form of Pre-Funded Warrant), then we will not enter into or be a party to the Fundamental Transaction unless the successor entity assumes in writing all of the obligations of the Company under the Pre-Funded Warrant. If the Fundamental Transaction is a Change of Control (as such term is defined in the form of Pre-Funded Warrant), at the request of the holder delivered no later than 30 days after the closing of such Change of Control, we or the successor entity shall purchase the Pre-Funded Warrant for an amount equal to the Black Scholes Value (as defined in the Pre-Funded Warrant) of the unexercised portion of the Pre-Funded Warrant on the effective date of the Change of Control. Such purchase shall be payable in cash unless the Change of Control is not within our control, including not having been approved by our board of directors, in which case the holder shall be entitled to receive the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion) at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of the Pre-Funded Warrant, that is being offered and paid to the holders of Offered Shares.

Warrants to Purchase Offered Shares

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the Warrants is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the Warrants, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of Warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the Warrants.

Duration and Exercise Price

Each Warrant offered hereby has an assumed initial exercise price equal to $2.44 per Offered Share, which is the last reported sale price of our common shares on Nasdaq on November 30, 2023. The Warrants will be exercisable immediately upon issuance and will expire five years from the date of issuance. We may at any time during the term of each Warrant reduce the then current exercise price to any amount and for any period of time deemed appropriate by our board of directors. The exercise price and number of Offered Shares issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of stock splits and combinations affecting our Offered Shares. The Warrants will be issued separately from the Offered Shares, or the Pre-Funded Warrants, as the case may be.

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Exercisability

The Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of Offered Shares purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Warrant to the extent that the holder would beneficially own more than the maximum percentage, except that upon prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase or decrease the maximum percentage, provided that the maximum percentage cannot be increased to more than 9.99% and any increase does not take effect for 61 days after such notice is delivered.

Cashless Exercise

If, at the time a holder exercises its Warrants, a registration statement registering the issuance of the Offered Shares underlying the Warrants or the resale of such shares under the Securities Act is not then effective or available for the issuance or resale, as applicable, of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of Offered Shares determined according to a formula set forth in the Warrants.

Fractional Shares

No fractional Offered Shares will be issued upon the exercise of the Warrants. Rather, the number of Offered Shares to be issued will be rounded to the nearest whole number.

Transferability

Subject to applicable laws, a Warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer.

Trading Market

There is no trading market available for the Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, and we do not expect a trading market to develop. We do not intend to list the Warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without a trading market, the liquidity of the Warrants will be extremely limited. Our common shares are currently listed on Nasdaq. We have applied to list the Offered Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants on the TSX.

Right as a Shareholder

Except as otherwise provided in the Warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of Offered Shares, the holders of the Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our Offered Shares, including any voting rights, until they exercise their Warrants.

Fundamental Transaction

In the event we are subject to a Fundamental Transaction (as such term is defined in the form of Warrant), then we will not enter into or be a party to the Fundamental Transaction unless the successor entity assumes in writing all of the obligations of the Company under the Warrant. If the Fundamental Transaction is a Change of Control (as such term is defined in the form of Warrant), at the request of the holder delivered no later than 30 days after the closing of such Change of Control, we or the successor entity shall purchase the Warrant for an amount equal to the Black Scholes Value (as defined in the Warrant) of the unexercised portion of the Warrant on the effective date of the Change of Control. Such purchase shall be payable in cash unless the Change of Control is not within our control, including not having been approved by our board of directors, in which case the holder shall be entitled to receive the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion) at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of the Warrant, that is being offered and paid to the holders of Offered Shares.

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U.S. Tax Consequences

In the event of an adjustment (or nonoccurrence of an adjustment) to the exercise price or the number of Offered Shares or other consideration for which a Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrant may be exercised, the holders of the Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants may, in certain circumstances, be deemed to have received a distribution subject to U.S. federal income tax as a dividend. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.” Because this deemed income would not give rise to any cash from which any applicable withholding tax could be satisfied, if withholding taxes (including backup withholding taxes) are paid on behalf of a holder, those withholding taxes may be set off against any cash or shares received pursuant to the Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants (or, in some circumstances, against any payments on the Offered Shares).

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DISCLOSURE OF COMMISSION POSITION ON INDEMNIFICATION FOR SECURITIES ACT LIABILITIES

LIABILITIES

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.

PROPERTIES

The description of our properties is incorporated by reference from Part I, Item 2 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on March 24, 2023 (see “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference”).

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The description of our legal proceedings is incorporated by reference from Part I, Item 3 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on March 24, 2023 (see “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference”).

DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The description of directors, executive officers and corporate governance is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 19, 2023 (see “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference”).

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The description of our executive compensation is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 19, 2023 (see “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference”).

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The description of our security ownership of beneficial owners and management is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 19, 2023 (see “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference”).

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The description of certain relationships and related transactions and director independence is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 19, 2023 (see “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference”).

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the securities being offered hereby is being passed upon for us by McCarthy Tétrault LLP, Toronto, Ontario, with respect to matters of Canadian law and Dorsey & Whitney LLP, Vancouver, British Columbia and Denver, Colorado with respect to matters of U.S. law. Certain legal matters will be passed upon for the underwriters by Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of Aptose Biosciences Inc. as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for each of the years then ended, have been incorporated by reference from our Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on March 24, 2023, in reliance upon the report of KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm. Such report is incorporated by reference upon the authority of said firm as an expertexperts in accounting and auditing. The audit report covering the December 31, 2022 consolidated financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph that states that the Company’s recurring losses from operations and net capital deficiency raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of that uncertainty.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We are subject to the information requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and, accordingly, we file reports with and furnish other information to the SEC. This prospectus forms part of a registration statement we have filed with the SEC relating to, among other things, the CommonOffered Shares. As permitted by SEC rules, this prospectus does not contain all of the information contained in the registration statement that we filed. For further information regarding us and the securities covered by this prospectus, you may desire to review the full registration statement, including its exhibits. The registration statement, including its exhibits, as well as the documents that we file with the SEC, may be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference room by calling 1-800-SEC-0330. Copies of such materials are also available by mail from the Public Reference Branch of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 at prescribed rates. In addition, the SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) from which interested persons can electronically access the registration statement, including the exhibits to the registration statement.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” information we file with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents.

We incorporate by reference into this prospectus the documents listed below:

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The description of our common shares set forth under the heading “Additional Information - Common Shares” contained in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year end May  31, 2014, filed with the SEC on July 30, 2014, and incorporated by reference into our Registration Statement on Form 8-A, as filed with the SEC on October 21, 2014, including any amendment or report to such Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed for the purpose of amending such description.

In addition, all documents filed by us under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, after the date of this prospectus but before the termination of the offering of the securities covered by this prospectus, are hereby incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

We have not authorized anyone to provide you with any different or additional information other than that contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any information that others may provide.

Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus or any other subsequently filed document that is deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus modifies or supersedes the statement. Any statement so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.

The documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus are available from us upon request. We will provide a copy of any and all of the information that is incorporated by reference into this prospectus to any person, including a beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, without charge, upon written or oral request. If exhibits to the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus are not themselves specifically incorporated by reference in this prospectus, then the exhibits will not be provided.

Requests for any of these documents should be directed to:

Investor Relations

Aptose Biosciences Inc.

251 Consumers Road, Suite 1105

Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2J 4R3

(647) 479-9828

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4,098,361 Common Shares

Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase up to 4,098,361 Common Shares

PROSPECTUS

Aptose Biosciences Inc.

Offering of 1,257,785Warrants to Purchase 4,098,361 Common Shares

PROSPECTUS

Sole Book-Running Manager

Oppenheimer & Co.

, 2023

reasonably incurred by him or her in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if he or she acted honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company or, as the case may be, to the best interests of the other entity for which he or she served at the Company’s request and, with respect to any criminal or administrative action or proceeding that is enforced by a monetary penalty, had reasonable grounds for believing that his or her conduct was lawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement or conviction will not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company or other entity and, with respect to any criminal or administrative action or proceeding that is enforced by a monetary penalty, had no reasonable grounds for believing that his or her conduct was lawful.

The Company has entered into indemnity agreements with its directors and certain officers pursuant to which it has agreed to indemnify its officers and directors for:

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the Company pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the Company has been informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is therefore unenforceable.

Item 15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.

WeThe Company sold the securities described below within the past three years which were not registered under the Securities Act.Act.

On May 25, 2023, wethe Company entered into Purchase Agreement with Keystone Capital Partners, LLC (“Keystone”), pursuant to which Keystone has committed to purchase from us,the Company, at ourthe Company’s direction, up to $25 million Common Shares,common shares, subject to the terms and conditions specified in such purchase agreement. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, wethe Company issued to Lincoln Park Keystone 7,547 Initial Commitment Shares concurrently with ourthe Company’s execution of the Purchase Agreement as consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase the Common Sharescommon shares thereunder, subject the terms and conditions contained therein. AsIn the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s issuance of the date hereof, other than the Commitment Shares, we have not issued and sold any Common Shares under such the Purchase Agreement. common shares to Keystone comprised 328,438 common shares. The securities were issued pursuant to an exemption from registration provided for under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. WeThe Company relied on this exemption from registration based in part on representations made by the investor.

On September 6, 2023, the Company entered into a subscription agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a corporation formed under the laws of the Republic of Korea (“Hanmi Pharmaceutical”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to Hanmi Pharmaceutical and Hanmi Pharmaceutical agreed to purchase from the Company up to $7.0 million of our common shares, at a purchase price per common share of $4.448 (the “Purchase Price”), which represents a premium to the Nasdaq “Minimum Price” as defined under Rule 5635(d)(1)(A) under Nasdaq’s Listing Rules of $4.04 per common share for aggregate gross

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proceeds to the Company of up to $7.0 million (such transaction, the “Hanmi Investment”). Hanmi Pharmaceutical is a current shareholder of the Company and holds, as of the date of this current report, approximately 884,152 common shares which represents approximately 12.07% of the Company’s issued and outstanding common shares on a non-diluted basis. The Hanmi Investment was structured in two tranches. The first tranche of $3.0 million was paid upon the signing of the Subscription Agreement for the issuance of 668,449 common shares at the Purchase Price. The second tranche of $4.0 million (the “Second Tranche”) will be priced at a premium to the Nasdaq “Minimum Price” based on a formula set forth in the Subscription Agreement and will be paid upon the Company achieving certain milestones. The securities were issued pursuant to an exemption from registration provided for under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The Company relied on this exemption from registration based in part on representations made by the investor.

Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a) See the Exhibit Index on the page immediately preceding the signature page hereto for a list of exhibits filed as part of this registration statement on Form S-1, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.

(b) No financial statement schedules are provided because the information called for is not required or is shown either in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

Item 17. Undertakings.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

(i) To include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;

(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and

(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.; provided, however, that paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission by the Company pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:

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(A) Each prospectus filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

(B) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5) or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.Provided,however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.

(5) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Company’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(6) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Company pursuant to any charter provision, by law or otherwise, the Company has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than payment by the Company of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Company in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Company will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

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+ Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

* Filed herewith.II-6