As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 17,23, 2021.

Registration No. 333-            333-261738

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

AMENDMENT NO.1

TO

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

CinCor Pharma, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

200 Clarendon Street, 6th Floor

Boston, MA 02116

(844) 531-1834

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Marc de Garidel

Chief Executive Officer

CinCor Pharma, Inc.

200 Clarendon Street, 6th Floor

Boston, MA 02116

(844) 531-1834

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement is declared effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION DATED     , 2022

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

            Shares

CinCor Pharma, Inc.

COMMON STOCK

CinCor Pharma, Inc. is offering                  shares of common stock. This is our initial public offering and no public market exists for our common stock. We anticipate that the initial public offering price will be between $                 and $                per share.

We have applied to list our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market under the trading symbol “CINC.”

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined under U.S. federal securities laws and, as such, will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and future filings. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Smaller Reporting Company.” Investing in our common stock involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 14 of this prospectus.

At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to 5% of the shares offered by this prospectus, for sale at the initial public offering price in a directed share program, to our directors, officers, employees and business associates and other parties related to us. See the section titled “Underwriters—Directed Share Program.”

We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to an additional                shares of our common stock.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of common stock against payment in New York, New York on or about                , 2022.

Joint Book-Running Managers

The date of this prospectus is                 , 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Neither we nor the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses we have prepared. We and the underwriters take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may provide you. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the common stock.

For investors outside of the United States: we have not, and the underwriters have not, done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than the United States. Persons outside of the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside of the United States.

All trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this prospectus may be referred to without the ^® and ^™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert their rights thereto.

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our shares of common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Needs

We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. We expect to incur substantial operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate effect or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval and become commercially viable. We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, and we will continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our clinical development and ongoing operations. Since inception in 2018, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net loss was $5.0 million and $22.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and $16.5 million and $21.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2021, respectively. As of September 30, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $48.3 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. Since our inception, we have focused primarily on raising capital, organizing and staffing our company, business planning, and acquiring and progressing our lead product candidate, CIN-107, through clinical development after in-licensing the compound from F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Hoffmann La-Roche Inc., whom we collectively refer to in this prospectus as Roche, in 2019. It could be several years, if ever, before we have a commercialized drug. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we:

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To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and eventually commercializing drugs that generate significant revenue. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing clinical trials of CIN-107 for the treatment of hypertension, PA and any future indications, or product candidates that way may pursue, obtaining regulatory approval, procuring commercial-scale manufacturing, marketing and selling CIN-107 and any future products for which we may obtain regulatory approval, as well as discovering or acquiring and then developing additional product candidates. We are only in the preliminary stages of some of these activities. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability.

Our expenses could increase beyond our expectations if we are required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, or other regulatory authorities to perform studies in addition to those we currently expect, or if there are any delays in the initiation and completion of our clinical trials or the development of CIN-107 or any future product candidates.

Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our common stock could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

We have a limited operating history and no history of commercializing products, which may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

We are a clinical-stage company founded in 2018 and spun-out as a separate company from CinRx Pharma, LLC, or CinRx, in 2019. Our operations to date have been largely focused on raising capital, organizing and staffing our company, business planning, and acquiring and progressing our lead product candidate, CIN-107, through clinical development after in-licensing the compound from Roche in 2019. As an organization, we have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully complete clinical development, obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial-scale product or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful commercialization. Accordingly, you should consider our prospects in light of the costs, uncertainties, delays and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in clinical development, especially clinical-stage biopharmaceutical companies such as ours. Any predictions you make about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully developing and commercializing pharmaceutical products.

We may encounter additional and unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known or unknown factors in achieving our business objectives. We may also face additional costs of building out internal accounting, legal, compliance and other operational and administrative functions, including as a result of our termination of the management services agreement with CinRx, or the Management Services Agreement. For further information on our termination of the Management Services Agreement, please see “We delivered notice to terminate our Management Services Agreement with CinRx, a related party we have relied on to provide us with services since our inception, and we may not be able to effectively replace those services.” elsewhere in this section. We will need to transition at some point from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition.

Additionally, we expect our financial condition and operating results to continue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, you should not rely upon the results of any quarterly or annual periods as indications of future operating performance.

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Even if this offering is successful, we will require substantial additional funding to finance our operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or terminate our development of CIN-107 or other operations.

Based on our research and development plans, we expect that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will be sufficient to fund our operations through the                . However, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations and planned activities. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval and achieve product sales. In addition, CIN-107 and any future product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of drugs that we do not expect to be commercially available for several years, if at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or altogether terminate our research and development programs or future commercialization efforts. We may also need to seek collaborators for CIN-107 and any future product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms our rights to CIN-107 and any future product candidates in markets where we otherwise would seek to pursue development or commercialization ourselves. Any of the above events could significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations and cause the price of our common stock to decline. Further, our ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the continued disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital, we could be forced to curtail our planned operations and the pursuit of our growth strategy.

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Our history of recurring losses and anticipated expenditures raises substantial doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern requires that we obtain sufficient funding to finance our operations.

We have incurred operating losses to date and it is possible we may never generate a profit. Our financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital in this offering or otherwise as and when needed, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected, and we will need to significantly modify our operational plans to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets, and the values we receive for our assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our financial statements. Our lack of cash resources and our potential inability to continue as a going concern may materially adversely affect our share price and our ability to raise new capital, enter into critical contractual relations with third parties and otherwise execute our development strategy.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, including purchasers of shares of our common stock in this offering, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to CIN-107 or any future product candidates.

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our planned operations. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue from CIN-107 or any future product candidates, we expect to finance our cash needs through public or private equity or debt financings, third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements, as well as other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements, or any combination of these approaches. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Debt and equity financings, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as redeeming our shares, making investments, incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, declaring dividends or placing limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights. In addition, securing financing could require a substantial amount of time and attention from our management and may divert a disproportionate amount of their attention away from day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our management’s ability to oversee the development of CIN-107 or any future product candidates.

If we raise additional capital through future collaborations, strategic alliances or third-party licensing arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our intellectual property, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our drug development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market CIN-107 or any future product candidates that we would otherwise develop and market ourselves.

Risks Related to the Clinical Development of CIN-107 or Future Product Candidates

Our business is entirely dependent on the success of one clinical development program, CIN-107, for which we are currently pursuing clinical development in various clinical trials. Our future success is substantially dependent on the successful clinical development and regulatory approval of CIN-107. If we are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals for CIN-107 or any future product candidates, we will not be able to commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidates and our ability to generate revenue will be adversely affected.

CIN-107 is currently our only product candidate and we have not licensed, acquired, or invented any other product candidates for preclinical or clinical evaluation. This may make an investment in our company riskier

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than similar companies that have multiple product candidates in active development and that therefore may be able to better sustain a failure of a lead candidate. The success of our business, including our ability to finance our company and generate any revenue in the future, will, at this point, depend entirely on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of CIN-107, which may never occur. Neither we nor any future collaborator is permitted to market any drug product candidates in the United States or abroad until we receive regulatory approval from the FDA or applicable foreign regulatory agency. The time required to obtain approval or other marketing authorizations by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions.

Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize CIN-107 and any other product candidate in the United States or abroad, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence from well controlled clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, that such product candidates are safe and effective for their intended uses. Results from nonclinical studies and clinical trials can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we believe the nonclinical or clinical data for CIN-107 is promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. The FDA may also require us to conduct additional nonclinical studies, including human factor studies, or clinical trials for CIN-107 either prior to or post-approval, or it may object to elements of our clinical development program. In addition, the FDA typically refers applications for novel drugs, like CIN-107 and potentially any future product candidates, to an advisory committee composed of outside experts. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of the advisory committee, but it considers such recommendation when making its decision.

Of the large number of products in development, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities’ approval processes and are commercialized. The lengthy approval or marketing authorization process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval or marketing authorization to market CIN-107 or any future product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We have invested a significant portion of our time and financial resources in the development of CIN-107. Our business is dependent on our ability to successfully complete development of, obtain regulatory approval for, and, if approved, successfully commercialize CIN-107 and any future product candidates in a timely manner.

Even if we eventually complete clinical testing and receive approval of a new drug application, or NDA, or foreign marketing application for CIN-107 and any future product candidates, the FDA or the comparable foreign regulatory authorities may grant approval or other marketing authorization contingent on the performance of costly additional clinical trials, including post-market clinical trials. The FDA or the comparable foreign regulatory authorities also may approve or authorize for marketing a product candidate for a more limited indication or patient population that we originally request, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not approve or authorize the labeling that we believe is necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of CIN-107 or any future product candidate. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, applicable regulatory approval or other marketing authorization would delay or prevent commercialization of that product candidate and would materially adversely impact our business and prospects.

In addition, the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities may change their policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations or take other actions, which may prevent or delay approval of our future products under development on a timely basis. Such policy or regulatory changes could impose additional requirements upon us that could delay our ability to obtain approvals, increase the costs of compliance or restrict our ability to maintain any marketing authorizations we may have obtained.

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Interim, “top-line” and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publish interim, “top-line” or preliminary data from our clinical trials. Interim data from ongoing clinical trials are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. For example, the only Phase 2 clinical data we have is from the preliminary safety data review of 124 patients who had either completed 12 weeks of treatment in, or withdrew from, our ongoing BrigHtn trial, which represents a small sample size relative to our targeted enrollment for the overall clinical trial, may not be indicative of the clinical trial’s final results. Preliminary or “top-line” data also remain subject to that audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, interim and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects and may cause the trading price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly.

Additionally, we may utilize an “open-label” clinical trial design. For example, our HALO trial includes a four week “open-label” extension during which patients will continue to receive doses of CIN-107 but discontinue background antihypertensive therapy. An “open-label” clinical trial is one where both the patient and investigator know whether the patient is receiving the investigational product candidate or either an existing approved drug or placebo. Most open-label clinical trials test only the investigational product candidate and sometimes may do so at different dose levels. Open label clinical trials are subject to various limitations that may exaggerate any therapeutic effect as patients in open-label clinical trials are aware when they are receiving treatment. Open-label clinical trials may be subject to a “patient bias” where patients perceive their symptoms to have improved merely due to their awareness of receiving an experimental treatment. In addition, open-label clinical trials may be subject to an “investigator bias” where those assessing and reviewing the physiological outcomes of the clinical trials are aware of which patients have received treatment and may interpret the information of the treated group more favorably given this knowledge. The results from an open label trial may not be predictive of future clinical trial results with CIN-107 or any future product candidates for which we include an open-label clinical trial when studied in a controlled environment with a placebo or active control.

We may not be successful in our efforts to expand our pipeline beyond CIN-107 for hypertension, PA and CKD.

We intend to advance the development of CIN-107 across multiple cardio-renal indications and progress these indications through clinical development. We may not be able to expand the scope of cardio-renal indications for CIN-107 beyond hypertension, PA and CKD, or leverage our expertise and experience with hypertension and PA to other cardio-renal indications. We may not be able to develop CIN-107 for other indications in a manner that is safe and effective. Even if we are successful in continuing to expand CIN-107 to other indications and further build our pipeline, the potential indications that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development, including as a result of safety, tolerability, efficacy or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to receive marketing approval, achieve market acceptance or obtain reimbursements from third-party payors. If we do not successfully execute on our strategy of expanding our product pipeline, it could significantly harm our financial position and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

Success in preclinical studies or earlier clinical trials may not be indicative of results in future clinical trials and we cannot assure you that any ongoing, planned or future clinical trials will lead to results sufficient for the necessary regulatory approvals.

Success in preclinical testing and earlier clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate the same results or otherwise provide adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a product candidate. Preclinical tests and Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials are primarily designed to test safety, to study

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pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and to understand the side effects of product candidates at various doses and schedules. Success in preclinical studies and earlier clinical trials does not ensure that later efficacy trials will be successful, nor does it predict final results. For example, we have not completed a Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of CIN-107 in any indication. CIN-107 and any future product candidates may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy in clinical development despite positive results in preclinical studies or having successfully advanced through earlier clinical trials.

In addition, the design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support approval of a product, and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. As an organization, we have limited experience designing clinical trials and may be unable to design and execute a clinical trial to support regulatory approval. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials even after achieving promising results in preclinical testing and earlier clinical trials. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are subject to varying interpretations, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. In addition, we may experience regulatory delays or rejections as a result of many factors, including changes in regulatory policy during the period of our product candidate development. Any such delays could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may encounter substantial delays or difficulties in our clinical trials.

We may not commercialize, market, promote or sell any product candidate without obtaining marketing approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, and we may never receive such approvals. It is impossible to predict when or if CIN-107 or any future product candidates will prove effective or safe in humans and will receive regulatory approval. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of CIN-107 or any future product candidate, we must complete preclinical development and then conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidate in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events prior to, during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize CIN-107 and any future product candidates, including:

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Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenue from future drug sales or other sources. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our product candidates, we may need to conduct additional testing to bridge our modified product candidate to earlier versions. Clinical trial delays could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, or allow our competitors to bring competing drugs to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidates and may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Additionally, if the results of our clinical trials are inconclusive or if there are safety concerns or serious adverse events associated with our product candidates, we may:

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or obtaining marketing approvals. We do not know whether any of our preclinical studies or clinical trials will begin as planned, need to be restructured or be completed on schedule, if at all.

Further, we, the FDA or an IRB may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we or our collaborators are failing to conduct a trial in accordance with regulatory requirements, including the FDA’s current Good Clinical Practice, or GCP, regulations, that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks, or if the FDA finds deficiencies in our investigational new drug applications, or INDs, or the conduct of these trials. Therefore, we cannot predict with any certainty the schedule for commencement and completion of future clinical trials. If we experience delays in the commencement or completion of our clinical trials, or if we terminate a clinical trial prior to completion, the commercial prospects of CIN-107 or any future product

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candidates could be negatively impacted, and our ability to generate revenues from CIN-107 or any future product candidates may be delayed.

Clinical trials are very expensive, time consuming and difficult to design and implement.

CIN-107 and any future product candidates we may decide to pursue will require clinical testing before we are prepared to submit an NDA for regulatory approval. We cannot predict with any certainty if or when we might submit an NDA for regulatory approval for CIN-107 or any future product candidate or whether any such NDA will be approved by the FDA. Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. For instance, the FDA may not agree with our proposed endpoints for any future clinical trial of CIN-107 or any future product candidates, which may delay the commencement of our clinical trials. The clinical trial process is also time consuming. We estimate that the successful completion of clinical trials for CIN-107 and any future product candidates will take several years to complete. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials.

Certain of the indications we seek to treat are often underdiagnosed and it may be difficult to identify and enroll patients with these indications. If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment and/or maintenance of patients in clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.

Successful and timely completion of clinical trials will require that we enroll a sufficient number of patients. Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors, including the size and nature of the patient population and competition for patients with other trials. Certain of the indications we are pursuing are often underdiagnosed, which may further limit the number of patients available to participate in our clinical trials. For example, despite being one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension, PA continues to be underdiagnosed due to the complexity of the current diagnostic guidelines recommended by the Endocrine Society.

Clinical trials may be subject to delays as a result of patient enrollment taking longer than anticipated or patient withdrawal. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA, EMA or foreign regulatory authorities. We cannot predict how successful we will be at enrolling subjects in future clinical trials. Subject enrollment is affected by other factors including:

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Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for clinical trials would result in significant delays and could require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in these clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidates, which would cause the value of our company to decline and limit our ability to obtain additional financing. Furthermore, we currently rely and expect to rely in the future on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and we will have limited influence over their performance.

Furthermore, even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials, we may have difficulty maintaining enrollment of such patients in our clinical trials.

Enrollment and retention of patients in clinical trials is an expensive and time-consuming process and could be delayed, made more difficult or rendered impossible by multiple factors outside our control. We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our Phase 2 spark-PA clinical trial of CIN-107 in PA.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in our clinical trials is critical to our success. If the actual number of patients with rHTN, uHTN, PA, CKD, or any other indications that we may pursue for CIN-107 or future product candidates, is smaller than we anticipate, we may encounter difficulties in enrolling patients in our clinical trials, thereby delaying or preventing development and approval of CIN-107 and any future product candidates. Furthermore, certain of the indications we are pursuing may be underdiagnosed, which may further limit the number of patients available to participate in our clinical trials. For example, despite being one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension, PA continues to be underdiagnosed due to the complexity of the current diagnostic guidelines recommended by the Endocrine Society. Even once enrolled we may be unable to retain a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our trials. Patient enrollment and retention in clinical trials depends on many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the trial protocol, the existing body of safety and efficacy data, the number and nature of competing treatments and ongoing clinical trials of competing therapies for the same indication, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the experience and capabilities of the clinical sites to recruit the correct patients, and the eligibility criteria for the trial. Patient enrollment may also continue to be affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which could be due to the prioritization of hospitalization resources toward this pandemic, exposure of healthcare providers to COVID-19 and difficulties for patients to access clinical trial sites and comply with clinical trial protocols.

Furthermore, our efforts to build relationships with patient communities may not succeed, which could result in delays in patient enrollment in our clinical trials. In addition, any negative results we may report in clinical trials of CIN-107 and any future product candidate may make it difficult or impossible to recruit and retain patients in other clinical trials of that same product candidate. Delays or failures in planned patient enrollment or retention may result in increased costs, program delays or both, which could have a harmful effect on our ability to develop CIN-107 or any future product candidates or could render further development impossible. In addition, we expect to rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure proper and timely conduct of our future clinical trials and, while we intend to enter into agreements governing their services, we will be limited in our ability to compel their actual performance.

Changes in methods of product candidate manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.

As product candidates proceed through preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials towards potential approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development activities, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize processes and results. Any of these changes could cause CIN-107 or any future product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the materials manufactured using altered processes. Such changes may also require additional testing, including comparability testing to bridge earlier clinical data obtained from CIN-107 produced under earlier manufacturing methods or formulations, and regulatory authorities may disagree on the interpretation of results from this testing. This could delay completion

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of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of CIN-107 or any future product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commence sales and generate revenue.

Our business, operations and clinical development timelines and plans may be adversely affected by the evolving and ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Our business and operations may be adversely affected by the effects of the recent and evolving COVID-19 virus, which was declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in travel and other restrictions in order to reduce the spread of the disease, including public health directives and orders in the United States and the European Union that, among other things and for various periods of time, directed individuals to shelter at their places of residence, directed businesses and governmental agencies to cease non-essential operations at physical locations, prohibited certain non-essential gatherings and events and ordered cessation of non-essential travel. Future remote work policies and similar government orders or other restrictions on the conduct of business operations related to the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively impact productivity and may disrupt our ongoing research and development activities and our clinical programs and timelines, the magnitude of which will depend, in part, on the length and severity of the restrictions and other limitations on our ability to conduct our business in the ordinary course. Further, such orders also may impact the availability or cost of materials, which would disrupt our supply chain and manufacturing efforts and could affect our ability to conduct ongoing and planned clinical trials and preparatory activities.

Although our current and planned clinical trials have not been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic to date, we may experience related disruptions in the future that could severely impact our clinical trials, including:

The spread of COVID-19, which has caused a broad impact globally, may materially affect us economically. While the potential economic impact brought by, and the duration of, COVID-19 may be difficult to assess or predict, it could result in significant disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity. In addition, a recession or market correction resulting from the spread of COVID-19 could materially affect our business and the value of our common stock.

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The COVID-19 pandemic continues to rapidly evolve. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business and operations, including our clinical development and regulatory efforts, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence at the time of this prospectus, such as the duration of the outbreak, the duration and effect of business disruptions and the short-term effects and ultimate effectiveness of the travel restrictions, quarantines, social distancing requirements and business closures in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease and the availability, timing and effectiveness of a vaccine, both domestically and globally. Accordingly, we do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical and regulatory activities, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. However, these impacts could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition, to the extent the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks and uncertainties described in this “Risk Factors” section.

CIN-107 or any future product candidate may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences following any potential marketing approval.

During the conduct of clinical trials, patients report changes in their health, including illnesses, injuries and discomforts, to their doctor. Often, it is not possible to determine whether or not the product candidate being studied caused these conditions. Regulatory authorities may draw different conclusions or require additional testing to confirm these determinations, if they occur. For example, patients participating in our clinical trials have reported urinary tract infection, fatigue, hyperkalemia, headache, renal impairment, hyponatremia, nausea, and dizziness.

In addition, it is possible that as we test CIN-107 or any future product candidates in larger, longer and more extensive clinical trials on larger more diverse groups of patients, or as use of CIN-107 or any future product candidates becomes more widespread if they receive regulatory approval, illnesses, injuries, discomforts and other adverse events that were observed in earlier trials, as well as conditions that did not occur or went undetected in previous trials, will be reported by subjects or patients. Many times, side effects are only detectable after investigational drugs are tested in large-scale pivotal trials, which we as an organization have never conducted, or in some cases, after they are made available to patients on a commercial scale after approval. Any adverse effects encountered in our preclinical studies or clinical trials, whether or not drug-related, could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. If additional clinical experience indicates that CIN-107 or any future product candidates have side effects or causes serious or life-threatening side effects, the development of the product candidate may fail or be delayed, or, if the product candidate has received regulatory approval, such approval may be revoked, which would harm our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

As an organization, we have never completed pivotal clinical trials, and we may be unable to do so for CIN-107 or any product candidates we may develop.

We will need to successfully complete pivotal clinical trials in order to obtain the approval of the FDA and other regulatory agencies to market CIN-107 or any future product candidates. Carrying out later-stage clinical trials and the submission of a successful NDA is a complicated process. As an organization, we have not previously completed any later stage or pivotal clinical trials and have limited experience in preparing, submitting and prosecuting regulatory filings. Consequently, we may be unable to successfully and efficiently execute and complete necessary clinical trials in a way that leads to NDA submission and approval of CIN-107 for treatment resistant hypertension. We may require more time and incur greater costs than our competitors and may not succeed in obtaining regulatory approvals of product candidates that we develop. Failure to commence or complete, or delays in, our planned clinical trials could prevent us from or delay us in commercializing CIN-107.

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We may explore strategic collaborations that may never materialize, or we may be required to relinquish important rights to and control over the development of CIN-107 or any future product candidate to any future collaborators.

We intend to periodically explore a variety of possible strategic collaborations in an effort to gain access to additional product candidates or resources. At the current time, we cannot predict what form such a strategic collaboration might take. We are likely to face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic collaborators, and strategic collaborations can be complicated and time consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate strategic collaborations on acceptable terms, or at all. We are unable to predict when, if ever, we will enter into any strategic collaborations because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with establishing them.

Future collaborations could subject us to a number of risks, including:

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Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

We have, and intend to continue to, rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our existing clinical trials and potential future clinical trials for product candidates, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials.

We have engaged CROs to conduct all three of our Phase 2 clinical trials in patients with rHTN, uHTN and PA, and we expect to engage CROs for future clinical trials of CIN-107 and any future product candidates. We expect to continue to rely on third parties, including clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to conduct those clinical trials, and we do not currently have the ability to independently conduct any clinical trials ourselves. Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us, some in the event of an uncured material breach and some at any time for convenience. If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we may not be able to timely enter into arrangements with alternative third parties or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Switching or adding CROs involves substantial cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we intend to carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects. Further, the performance of our CROs may also be interrupted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including due to travel or quarantine policies, heightened exposure of CRO staff who are healthcare providers to COVID-19 or prioritization of resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic.

We rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials, and we expect to have limited influence over their actual performance. We rely upon CROs to monitor and manage data for our clinical programs. We expect to control only certain aspects of the activities of our CROs. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our preclinical studies and clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

We and our CROs are required to comply with the good laboratory practices, or GLPs, and GCPs, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities in the form of International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for CIN-107 or any future product candidates that are in preclinical and clinical development. The regulatory authorities enforce GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. Although we rely on CROs to conduct GCP-compliant clinical trials, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our GLP preclinical studies and clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its investigational plan and protocol and applicable laws and regulations, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. If we or our CROs fail to comply with GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or fail to recruit a sufficient number of subjects, we may be required to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. We are also required to register certain clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within certain timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.

Our reliance on third parties to conduct clinical trials will result in less direct control over the management of data developed through clinical trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Communicating with CROs and other third parties can be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties in coordinating activities. Such parties may:

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These factors may materially adversely affect the willingness or ability of third parties to conduct our clinical trials and may subject us to unexpected cost increases that are beyond our control. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, fail to comply with regulatory requirements, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, any product candidate that we develop. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for any product candidate that we develop would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.

While we will have agreements governing their activities, our CROs will not be our employees, and we will not control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials, or other drug development activities. If these CROs, do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we may not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, regulatory approvals for CIN-107 or any future product candidates. If that occurs, we will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidates. In such an event, our financial results and the commercial prospects for CIN-107 or any future product candidates that we seek to develop could be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed, impaired or foreclosed.

In addition, quarantines, shelter-in-place, and similar government orders, or the perception that such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions on the conduct of business operations could occur, related to the COVID-19 pandemic or other infectious diseases could impact personnel at our CROs, which could disrupt our clinical timelines, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

We face the risk of potential unauthorized disclosure or misappropriation of our intellectual property by CROs, which may reduce our trade secret protection and allow our potential competitors to access and exploit our proprietary technology.

In addition, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and receive compensation in connection with such services. Under certain circumstances, we may be required to report some of these relationships to the FDA. The FDA may conclude that a financial relationship between us and a principal investigator has created a conflict of interest or otherwise affected interpretation of the trial. The FDA may therefore question the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. This could result in a delay in approval, or rejection, of our marketing applications by the FDA and may ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of CIN-107 and any future product candidates.

We have, and intend to continue to, rely on third parties to produce clinical and commercial supplies of CIN-107 and any future product candidates.

We do not own or operate facilities for drug manufacturing, storage and distribution, or testing. We are, and will continue to be, dependent on third parties to manufacture the clinical supplies of CIN-107 and any future

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product candidates. The facilities used by our CMOs to manufacture CIN-107 and any future product candidates must be approved by the FDA pursuant to inspections that will be conducted after we submit our NDA to the FDA. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with the regulatory requirements, known as cGMPs for manufacture of active drug substances and finished product candidates. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or others, we will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for CIN-107 or any future product candidates. In addition, we have no control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. We intend to use multiple third parties to produce, store and distribute clinical and commercial supply of our drug product and drug substance. As such, we will need to demonstrate to the FDA that the drug product and drug substance from these contract manufacturers are comparable, which may include conducting additional equivalence studies. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of CIN-107 or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market CIN-107, if approved. Any significant delay in the supply of a product candidate, or the raw material components thereof, for an ongoing clinical trial due to the need to replace a third-party manufacturer could considerably delay completion of our clinical trials, product testing and potential regulatory approval of CIN-107 or any future product candidates.

Further, we also will rely on third-party manufacturers to supply us with sufficient quantities of CIN-107 and any future product candidates, if approved, for commercialization. We do not yet have a commercial supply agreement for commercial quantities of drug substance or drug product. If we are not able to meet market demand for any approved product, it would negatively affect our ability to generate revenue, harm our reputation, and could have a material and adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Increasing the scale of production inherently creates increased risk of manufacturing errors, and we may not be able to adequately inspect every device that is produced, and it is possible that individual devices may fail to perform as designed. Manufacturing errors could negatively impact market acceptance of any of CIN-107 or any future product candidates that receive approval, result in negative press coverage, or increase our liability.

Further, our reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured CIN-107 ourselves, including:

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In addition, if we enter into a strategic collaboration with a third party for the commercialization of CIN-107 or any future product candidate, we will not be able to control the amount of time or resources that they devote to such efforts. If any strategic collaborator does not commit adequate resources to the marketing and distribution of CIN-107 or any future product candidate, it could limit our potential revenues.

Any of these events could lead to clinical trial delays, failure to obtain regulatory approval or affect our ability to successfully commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidates once approved. Some of these events could be the basis for FDA action, including injunction, request for recall, seizure, or total or partial suspension of production.

We are subject to a multitude of manufacturing risks, any of which could substantially increase our costs, delay our programs or limit supply of CIN-107.

Developing commercially viable manufacturing processes for CIN-107 is a difficult and uncertain task and requires significant expertise and capital investment. We are still in the early stages of developing and implementing manufacturing processes for CIN-107. Our ability to consistently and reliably manufacture CIN-107 is essential to our success, and there are risks associated with scaling to the level required for advanced clinical trials or commercialization, including cost overruns, potential problems with process scale-up, process reproducibility, stability issues, consistency and timely availability of reagents or raw materials. Furthermore, we have significant dependence on CMOs for our manufacturing processes, which adds additional risks to our manufacturing capabilities. Additionally, we do not yet have sufficient information to reliably estimate the cost of the commercial manufacturing and processing of our product candidate, and the actual cost to manufacture and process our product candidate could materially and adversely affect the commercial viability of our product candidate. As a result, we may never be able to develop a commercially viable product.

The process of successfully manufacturing products for clinical testing and commercialization may be particularly challenging, even if such products otherwise prove to be safe and effective. The manufacture of our product candidates involves complex processes. Some of these processes require specialized equipment and highly skilled and trained personnel. For example, one of the raw materials we use in the manufacture of our clinical supply requires the use of a high pressure reactor which is a very specialized piece of equipment, and limits our choice of a supplier or suppliers.

Any adverse developments affecting manufacturing operations for our product candidate may result in lot failures, inventory shortages, shipment delays, product withdrawals or recalls or other interruptions in supply which could delay the development of our product candidate. If we are unable to obtain sufficient supply of our product candidate, whether due to production shortages or other supply interruptions resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, our clinical trials or regulatory approval may be delayed. We may also have to write off inventory, incur other charges and expenses for supply of product that fails to meet specifications, undertake costly remediation efforts, or seek more costly manufacturing alternatives. In addition, parts of the supply chain may have long lead times or may come from a small number of suppliers. If we are not able to appropriately manage our supply chain our ability to successfully produce our product candidate could be delayed or harmed. Inability to meet the demand for our product candidate could damage our reputation and the reputation of our product candidate among physicians, healthcare payors, patients or the medical community that supports our product candidate development efforts, including hospitals and outpatient clinics.

Furthermore, the manufacturing facilities in which our product candidate will be made could be adversely affected by earthquakes and other natural disasters, equipment failures, labor shortages, power failures, health epidemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic and numerous other factors. If any of these events were to occur and impact our manufacturing facilities, our business would be materially and adversely affected.

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We have delivered notice to terminate our Management Services Agreement with CinRx, a related party we have relied on to provide us with services since our inception, and we may not be able to effectively replace those services.

We were spun out of CinRx in May 2019. Since our spinout from CinRx, we have relied on the services provided by CinRx pursuant to the terms of the Management Services Agreement, as described in “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—CinRx Pharma, LLC.” With the support of August J. Troendle, M.D., M.B.A., we provided notice to terminate the Management Services Agreement on November 4, 2021. Pursuant to the terms of the Master Services Agreement, the termination shall become effective no later than February 2, 2022.

The transition away from relying upon the services provided by CinRx has resulted in some disruption to the operations of our company. We, two of our employees (including Catherine Pearce, M.B.A., D.H.Sc., our Chief Operating Officer) and certain of our investors were involved in a dispute with CinRx, and two former members of our board of directors, August J. Troendle, M.D., M.B.A. and Jonathan Isaacsohn, M.D., FACC. Dr. Troendle is the majority owner and the chairman of the board of managers of CinRx, and also serves as the president, chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors of Medpace Holdings, Inc., a related party we have engaged to assist us with certain of our clinical trials, as described in “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Medpace Holdings, Inc.” Dr. Isaacsohn is CinRx’s chief executive officer and previously served as our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer. This dispute has resulted in significant expense and management distraction.

On December 22, 2021, we entered into a settlement agreement and release, or the Settlement Agreement, with CinRx, Dr. Troendle, Dr. Isaacsohn, other employees of CinRx, two of our employees (including Ms. Pearce), and certain investors in our Series A preferred stock financing relating to, among other things, the release of claims asserted in proceedings brought by CinRx against certain of our employees (including Ms. Pearce) in Ohio state court and against us and certain of our Series A preferred stock investors in Superior Court of the State of Delaware. Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, we agreed to, among other things, issue 2,600,000 shares of our common stock to CinRx. We also agreed to reimburse CinRx’s legal fees relating to the dispute for up to an aggregate total of $500,000. CinRx, under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, has agreed to dismiss with prejudice all litigation against us, two of our employees (including Ms. Pearce) and certain investors in our Series A preferred stock financing, and to enter into a voting agreement and proxy, or the Voting Agreement and Proxy, regarding the voting of shares of our capital stock held by CinRx, including any vote concerning matters related to this offering, any merger, sale or change of control, adoption of equity incentive or similar plans, debt financings and certain equity financings, that terminates upon the earlier to occur of 15 months after the date of the Settlement Agreement and expiration of the lockup agreement related to this offering. For further information on our relationship with CinRx, including the Settlement Agreement and Voting Agreement and Proxy, please see the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—CinRx Pharma, LLC.”

In the past months we have made several new hires, including Mary Theresa Coelho, M.B.A. as our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Business Development Officer and Mason Freeman, M.D. as our Executive Vice President, Clinical Development. However, these employees are new to our company, and there can be no guarantee that we will be able to effectively replace the services provided by CinRx. We have no history of operating our business without the services provided by CinRx pursuant to the terms of the Management Services Agreement, and the termination of our relationship with CinRx, including our relationship with JonathanDr. Isaacsohn, M.D., FACC, who previously held the titles of Chief Executive Officer, Chief Scientific Officer and served as a member of our board of directors, could make it difficult for us to operate our business, including the management of our clinical trials and associated timelines. Any failure by us to successfully integrate our new employees and effectively replace the services CinRx previously provided to us under the Management Services Agreement could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, if we do not have adequate financial resources or personnel and systems in place by the time the Management Services Agreement is fully terminated, which will become effective no later than February 2, 2022, we may not be successful in effectively or efficiently assuming these services from CinRx, which could disrupt our business and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Even if we are able to successfully assume these services, there may be increased transition and other costs or reduced efficiency levels of when compared with the services we previously received from CinRx.

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We have engaged Medpace Holdings, Inc., a related party, to assist us with certain of our clinical trials which may expose us to significant regulatory risks. If there are any data integrity issues, we may be required to repeat such studies or required to contract with other CROs, and our clinical development plans will be significantly delayed.

Dr. Troendle a former member of our board of directors, is the president, chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors of Medpace Holdings, Inc., or Medpace, and Jonathan Isaacsohn, M.D., FACC, our former Chief Scientific Officer and former member of our board of directors, is an officer of Medpace. We have engaged Medpace to provide us with certain clinical trial related services pursuant to a master services agreement, as described in “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Medpace Holdings, Inc.” Relying on a related party CRO to assist us with our clinical development plans and with the development of data that is used as the basis to support regulatory approval can expose us to significant regulatory risks.

If we are unable to continue receiving clinical trial services from Medpace on acceptable terms, or should we or Medpace cease to continue to work together for any reason, a transition to an alternative CRO could result in delays and increased costs, and may impact our clinical development timelines during such a transition period, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may seek collaborations with third parties for the development or commercialization of CIN-107 and any future product candidates. If those collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of these product candidates.

We may seek third-party collaborators for the development and commercialization of CIN-107 or any future product candidates, including for the commercialization of any of our product candidates that are approved for marketing outside the United States. Our likely collaborators for any such arrangements include regional and national pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies. If we enter into any additional such arrangements with any third parties, we will likely have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenue from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements.

Collaborations involving our product candidates would pose the following risks to us:

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Collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all. If any future collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program could be delayed, diminished or terminated.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for any collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our product candidate. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators.

We may not be able to negotiate additional collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of such product candidate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market and generate revenue.

Risks Related to the Commercialization of CIN-107 or Future Product Candidates

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell CIN-107 or any future product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing CIN-107 or any future product candidates, if and when they are approved.

To successfully commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidate that may result from our development programs, we will need to build out our sales and marketing capabilities, either on our own or with others. The establishment and development of our own commercial team or the establishment of a contract field force to market any product candidate we may develop will be expensive and time-consuming and could delay any drug launch. Moreover, we cannot be certain that we will be able to successfully develop this capability. We

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may seek to enter into collaborations with other entities to use their established marketing and distribution capabilities, but we may be unable to enter into such agreements on favorable terms, if at all. If any current or future collaborators do not commit sufficient resources to commercialize CIN-107, or we are unable to develop the necessary capabilities on our own, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenue to sustain our business. We may compete with many companies that currently have extensive, experienced and well-funded marketing and sales operations to recruit, hire, train and retain marketing and sales personnel. We will likely also face competition if we seek third parties to assist us with the sales and marketing efforts of CIN-107 and any future product candidates. Without an internal team or the support of a third party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.

Even if CIN-107 or any future product candidates receive marketing approval, they may fail to achieve market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors or others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

Even if CIN-107 or any future product candidates receive marketing approval, they may fail to gain market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community. If such product candidates do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant drug revenue and may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of CIN-107 or any future product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to:

Our efforts to educate physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community on the benefits of CIN-107 or any future product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful. Because we expect sales of CIN-107 or any future product candidates, if approved, to generate substantially all of our revenues for the foreseeable future, the failure of these product candidates to find market acceptance would harm our business.

If the market opportunities for CIN-107 are smaller than we estimate, our business may suffer.

Our eligible patient population may differ significantly from the actual market addressable by CIN-107. Our projections of both the number of people who have these conditions, as well as the subset of people with these diseases who have the potential to benefit from treatment with CIN-107, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including the scientific literature, insurance claims databases or market research, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these diseases. The number of patients may turn out to be lower than expected. Furthermore, certain of the indications we are pursuing may be underdiagnosed, which may further limit the

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eligible patient population. For example, PA continues to be underdiagnosed despite being one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension due to the complexity of the current diagnostic guidelines recommended by the Endocrine Society. Likewise, the potentially addressable patient population for CIN-107 may be limited or may not be amenable to treatment with CIN-107, and new patients may become increasingly difficult to identify or access. If the market opportunities for CIN-107 are smaller than we estimate, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may face substantial competition, which may result in others developing or commercializing drugs before or more successfully than us.

The development and commercialization of new drugs is highly competitive. We may face competition from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization.

In particular, we face competition from companies in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other related markets that are pursuing the development of treatments for hypertension, PA and CKD. Our competitors include Mineralys Therapeutics, Damian Pharma AG, Idorsia Ltd., Quantum Genomics, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sihuan Pharmaceutical and KBP BioSciences. More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their greater size, resources and institutional experience. In particular, these companies have greater experience and expertise in securing reimbursement, government contracts and relationships with key opinion leaders, conducting testing and clinical trials, obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals and distribution relationships to market products and marketing approved drugs. These companies also have significantly greater research and marketing capabilities than we do. If we are not able to compete effectively against existing and potential competitors, our business and financial condition may be harmed.

As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their drugs before we are able to, which may limit our ability to develop or commercialize CIN-107 and any future product candidates. Our competitors may also develop therapies that are safer, more effective, more widely accepted or less expensive than ours, and may also be more successful than we in manufacturing and marketing their drugs. These advantages could render CIN-107 obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the costs of such product candidates’ development and commercialization.

Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, management and commercial personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and subject registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

If we commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidates outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could harm our business.

We intend to seek approval to market CIN-107 outside of the United States, and may do so for future product candidates. If we market approved products outside of the United States, we expect that we will be subject to additional risks in commercialization including:

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We have no prior experience in these areas. In addition, there are complex regulatory, tax, labor and other legal requirements imposed by many of the individual countries in and outside of Europe with which we will need to comply. Many biopharmaceutical companies have found the process of marketing their own products in foreign countries to be very challenging.

Healthcare insurance coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available for CIN-107 or any future product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to gain market acceptance.

Market acceptance and sales of CIN-107 or any product candidates that we commercialize, if approved, will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these drugs and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, including government health administration authorities, managed care organizations and other private health insurers. Third-party payors decide for which therapies reimbursement is available, and establish reimbursement levels. While no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement exists in the United States, third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own coverage and reimbursement policies. However, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided for any product candidates that we develop will be made on a payor-by-payor basis. Therefore, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a drug does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage, and adequate reimbursement, for the drug. Additionally, a third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a therapy does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Each payor determines whether or not it will provide coverage for a therapy, what amount it will pay the manufacturer for the therapy, and on what tier of its formulary it will be placed. The position on a payor’s list of covered drugs, or formulary, generally determines the co-payment that a patient will need to make to obtain the therapy and can strongly influence the adoption of such therapy by patients and physicians. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers prescribing such services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products.

Third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug manufacturers provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Further, such payors are increasingly challenging the price, examining the medical necessity, and reviewing the cost effectiveness of medical product candidates. There may be especially significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific product candidates on a formulary, which might not include all FDA-approved drugs for a particular indication. We may need to conduct expensive pharmaco-economic studies to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost effectiveness of our products. Nonetheless, CIN-107 or any future product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost effective. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any drug that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Inadequate coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any drug for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available, or are available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidates that we develop.

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Outside the United States, the commercialization of therapeutics is generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other market regulations, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost containment initiatives in Europe, Canada and other countries has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of therapeutics such as CIN-107. In many countries, particularly the countries of the European Union, medical product prices are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after a product receives marketing approval. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. In general, product prices under such systems are substantially lower than in the United States. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for products but monitor and control company profits. Additional foreign price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for CIN-107 or any future product candidates. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the reimbursement for our products may be reduced compared with the United States and may be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenue and profits.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit commercialization of CIN-107.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of CIN-107 or any future product candidates in clinical trials and may face an even greater risk if we commercialize any product candidate that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that any such product candidates caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

Although we maintain product liability insurance coverage with maximum coverage of $5.0 million per incident and an aggregate loss limit of $5.0 million, such insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We anticipate that we will need to increase our insurance coverage each time we commence a clinical trial and if we successfully commercialize any product candidate. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

Risks Related to Regulatory Matters

Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, the regulatory approval process is expensive, time-consuming and uncertain and may prevent us from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of CIN-107 or any future product candidates. If we or any future collaborators are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we or they will not be able to commercialize our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

The activities associated with its development and commercialization, including its design, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, record keeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and

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distribution, export and import, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable regulatory authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain marketing approval for CIN-107 or any future product candidates will prevent us from commercializing them. We have not received approval to market any product candidates from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction. We have only limited experience in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain marketing approvals and expect to rely on third-party CROs to assist us in this process.

Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information, including manufacturing information, to the various regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. CIN-107 or any future product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use.

The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive, may take many years if additional clinical trials are required, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA and comparable authorities in other countries have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent marketing approval of CIN-107 or any future product candidates. Any marketing approval we or our collaborators ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.

Finally, disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may prolong the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the United States government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Accordingly, if we or any future collaborators experience delays in obtaining approval or if we or they fail to obtain approval of CIN-107 or any future product candidates, the commercial prospects for them may be harmed, and our ability to generate revenues will be materially impaired.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for CIN-107 or any future product candidates, they will remain subject to ongoing regulatory oversight.

Even if we obtain regulatory approvals for CIN-107 or any future product candidates, such approvals will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information. Any regulatory approvals that we receive for CIN-107 or any future product candidates may also be subject to a REMS, limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the drug may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 trials, and surveillance to monitor the quality, safety and efficacy of the drug. Such regulatory requirements may differ from country to country depending on where we have received regulatory approval.

In addition, drug manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP requirements

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and adherence to commitments made in the NDA or foreign marketing application. If we, or a regulatory authority, discover previously unknown problems with a drug, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the drug is manufactured or if a regulatory authority disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling of that drug, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions relative to that drug, the manufacturing facility or us, including requesting a recall or requiring withdrawal of the drug from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

CIN-107 or any future product candidates could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to substantial penalties, if we or our collaborators fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we or they experience unanticipated problems with such product candidates, when and if it is approved.

CIN-107 or any future product candidate for which we or our collaborators obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, cGMP requirements relating to quality control and manufacturing, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, and requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the medicine, including the requirement to implement a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy.

The FDA and other agencies, including the Department of Justice, or the DOJ, closely regulate and monitor the post-approval marketing and promotion of products to ensure that they are marketed and distributed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA and DOJ impose stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we do not market our products for their approved indications, we may be subject to enforcement action for off-label marketing. Violations of the FDCA and other statutes, including the False Claims Act, relating to the promotion and advertising of prescription drugs may lead to investigations and enforcement actions alleging violations of federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, as well as state consumer protection laws.

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including:

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Non-compliance with European Union requirements regarding safety monitoring or pharmacovigilance, and with requirements related to the development of products for the pediatric population, can also result in significant financial penalties. Similarly, failure to comply with the European Union’s requirements regarding the protection of personal information can also lead to significant penalties and sanctions.

Failure to obtain marketing approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent CIN-107 or any future product candidate product candidates from being marketed in such jurisdictions.

In order to market and sell our medicines in the European Union and many other jurisdictions, we or our third-party collaborators must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process outside the United States generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, a product must be approved for reimbursement before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We or any future third-party collaborators may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We may not be able to file for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidate in any market.

Additionally, we could face heightened risks with respect to seeking marketing approval in the United Kingdom, should we choose to do so, as a result of the recent withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, commonly referred to as Brexit. Pursuant to the formal withdrawal arrangements agreed between the United Kingdom and the European Union, the United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union, effective December 31, 2020. On December 24, 2020, the United Kingdom and European Union entered into a Trade and Cooperation Agreement. The agreement sets out certain procedures for approval and recognition of medical products in each jurisdiction. Since the regulatory framework for pharmaceutical products in the United Kingdom covering the quality, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales, and distribution of pharmaceutical products is derived from European Union directives and regulations, Brexit could materially impact the future regulatory regime that applies to products and the approval of product candidates in the United Kingdom. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, any marketing approvals, as a result of Brexit or otherwise, would prevent us from commercializing any product candidates in the United Kingdom and/or the European Union and restrict our ability to generate revenue and achieve and sustain profitability. If any of these outcomes occur, we may be forced to restrict or delay efforts to seek regulatory approval in the United Kingdom and/or European Union for any product candidates, which could significantly and materially harm our business

Our relationships with customers, physicians, and third-party payors are subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, health information privacy and security laws, and other healthcare laws and regulations. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing

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approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers and third-party payors subject us to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, data privacy and security laws, transparency laws and other healthcare laws that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research, sell, market, and distribute our products, if we obtain marketing approval. We will also be subject to healthcare regulation and enforcement by the U.S. federal government and the states and any other countries in which we conduct our business, including our research, and the sales, marketing and distribution of CIN-107 or any future products once they have obtained marketing authorization. For additional information on the healthcare laws and regulations that we may be subject to, see “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approval.”

Ensuring that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will likely be costly. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participating in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

If the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to significant criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to healthcare laws and regulations may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development, manufacturing, sales, marketing or distribution activities. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of litigation or other proceedings relating to applicable healthcare laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and continue to be, several legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare. For example, on June 17, 2021 the United States Supreme Court dismissed a challenge on procedural grounds that argued the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the PPACA, is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress. Thus, the PPACA will remain in effect in its current form.

Further, in the United States there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under government payor programs, and review the relationship

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between pricing and manufacturer patient programs. At the federal level, the Trump administration used several means to propose or implement drug pricing reform, including through federal budget proposals, executive orders, and policy initiatives. It is unclear whether the Biden administration will work to reverse these measures or pursue similar policy initiatives. Nonetheless, we expect that additional U.S. federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that the U.S. federal government will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for CIN-107 or any future product candidates or additional pricing pressures.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action in the United States or any other jurisdiction. If we or any third parties we may engage are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing or new requirements or policies, or if we or such third parties are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, CIN-107 or any future product candidates we may develop may lose any regulatory approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability. For additional information on the healthcare reform, see “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approval.”

The prices of prescription pharmaceuticals in the United States and foreign jurisdictions is subject to considerable legislative and executive actions and could impact the prices we obtain for our products, if and when licensed.

The prices of prescription pharmaceuticals have also been the subject of considerable discussion in the United States. To date, there have been several recent U.S. congressional inquiries, as well as proposed and enacted state and federal legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the costs of drugs under Medicare and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. To those ends, President Trump issued several executive orders intended to lower the costs of prescription drug products. Certain of these orders are reflected in recently promulgated regulations, including an interim final rule implementing President Trump’s most favored nation model, but such final rule is currently subject to a nationwide preliminary injunction. It remains to be seen whether these orders and resulting regulations will remain in force during the Biden Administration. Further, on September 24, 2020, the Trump Administration finalized a rulemaking allowing states or certain other non-federal government entities to submit importation program proposals to the FDA for review and approval. Applicants are required to demonstrate that their importation plans pose no additional risk to public health and safety and will result in significant cost savings for consumers. The FDA has issued draft guidance that would allow manufacturers to import their own FDA-approved drugs that are authorized for sale in other countries (multi-market approved products).

At the state level, individual states are increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. In addition, regional health care organizations and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other health care programs. These measures could reduce the ultimate demand for CIN-107 or any future product candidates, once approved, or put pressure on our product pricing. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for CIN-107 or any future product candidates or additional pricing pressures.

In markets outside of the United States, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country, and many countries have instituted price ceilings on specific products and therapies. In some countries, particularly the countries of the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take

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considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of CIN-107 or any future product candidates to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed, possibly materially.

Even if we obtain and maintain approval for CIN-107 or any future product candidates from the FDA, we may never obtain approval of CIN-107 or any future product candidates outside of the United States, which would limit our market opportunities and could harm our business.

Approval of a product candidate in the United States by the FDA does not ensure approval of such product candidate by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. Sales of CIN-107 or any future product candidates outside of the United States will be subject to foreign regulatory requirements governing clinical trials and marketing approval. Even if the FDA grants marketing approval for a product candidate, comparable foreign regulatory authorities also must approve the manufacturing and marketing of the product candidate in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and more onerous than, those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials. In many countries outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that country. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for any product candidates, if approved, is also subject to approval. Obtaining approval for CIN-107 or any future product candidates in the European Union from the European Commission following the opinion of the European Medicines Agency, if we choose to submit a marketing authorization application there, would be a lengthy and expensive process. Even if a product candidate is approved, the FDA or the European Commission, as the case may be, may limit the indications for which the drug may be marketed, require extensive warnings on the drug labeling or require expensive and time-consuming additional clinical trials or reporting as conditions of approval. Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of CIN-107 or any future product candidates in certain countries.

Further, clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries. Also, regulatory approval for CIN-107 may be withdrawn. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of CIN-107 or any future product candidates will be harmed and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be harmed.

We, any future collaborators and our service providers may be subject to a variety of privacy and data security laws and contractual obligations, which could increase compliance costs and our failure to comply with them could subject us to potentially significant fines or penalties and otherwise harm our business.

We may maintain a large quantity of sensitive information, including confidential business, patient health and other personally identifiable information in connection with our preclinical studies, and we may be subject to laws, orders, regulations, or regulatory guidance governing the privacy and security of such information. The regulatory framework for privacy, information security, data protection and data processing worldwide is, and is likely to remain, uncertain for the foreseeable future, and it is possible that these or other actual or alleged obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. Any significant change in data protection laws or data protection obligations could increase our costs and could require us to modify our products or operations, possibly in a material manner, and may limit our ability to develop CIN-107 or any future product candidates.

In the United States, there are numerous federal and state privacy and data security laws and regulations governing the collection, use, disclosure and protection of personal information, including federal and state

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health information privacy laws, security breach notification laws and consumer protection laws. Each of these laws is subject to varying interpretations and constantly evolving. By way of example, HIPAA imposes privacy and security requirements and breach reporting obligations with respect to individually identifiable health information upon “covered entities” (health plans, health care clearinghouses and certain health care providers), and their respective business associates, individuals or entities that create, receive, maintain or transmit protected health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity, and their covered subcontractors. HIPAA mandates the reporting of certain breaches of health information to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, affected individuals and if the breach is large enough, the media. Entities that are found to be in violation of HIPAA as the result of a breach of unsecured protected health information, a complaint about privacy practices or an audit by HHS, may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative fines and penalties and/or additional reporting and oversight obligations if required to enter into a resolution agreement and corrective action plan with HHS to settle allegations of HIPAA non-compliance. When HIPAA is not applicable, failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure may constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, or FTCA, 15 U.S.C § 45(a). The Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities. Individually identifiable health information is considered sensitive data that may merit stronger safeguards.

In addition, and when applicable, certain state laws govern the privacy and security of health and other personal information, some of which are more stringent than HIPAA. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. If applicable to our operations, the CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Some observers have noted that the CCPA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States, which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business.

In the European Union, in May 2018, a new privacy regime, the General Data Protection Regulation, the GDPR, took effect in the European Economic Area, or the EEA. We may elect to conduct other Phase 1 or Phase 2 clinical trials for CIN-107 in countries outside of the United States, including in the European Union, which could subject us to European data protection laws, including GDPR. We may also elect to do so for future product candidates. When applicable, the GDPR governs the collection, use, disclosure, transfer or other processing of personal data of European persons. Among other things, the GDPR may impose new requirements regarding the security of personal data. We may be subject to new requirements related to the notification of data processing obligations, the lawful bases on which personal data can be processed, expanded definitions of personal data, informed consent practices, and notices for clinical trial subjects and investigators. In addition, the GDPR may increase the scrutiny of transfers of personal data from clinical trial sites located in the EEA to the United States and other jurisdictions that the European Commission does not recognize as having “adequate” data protection laws, and imposes substantial fines for breaches and violations (up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of our consolidated annual worldwide gross revenue). The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR. Further, the United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union has created uncertainty with regard to data protection regulation in the United Kingdom. In particular, while the Data Protection Act of 2018, which “implements” and complements the GDPR, achieved Royal Assent on May 23, 2018 and is now effective in the United Kingdom, the relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union in relation to certain aspects of data protection law remains unclear, for example, how data transfers between EU member states and the United Kingdom will be treated and the role of the United Kingdom’s Information Commissioner’s Office with respect to the European Union. Compliance with these and any other applicable privacy and data security laws and regulations is a

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rigorous and time-intensive process, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with new data protection rules. If we fail to comply with any applicable laws or regulations, we may face significant fines and penalties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We strive to comply with applicable data protection laws to the extent possible, but we may at times fail, or may be perceived to have failed, to do so. Data protection laws and data protection worldwide are, and are likely to remain, uncertain for the foreseeable future, and our actual or perceived failure to address or comply with these laws could: increase our compliance and operational costs; limit our ability to produce our products; expose us to regulatory scrutiny, actions, investigations, fines and penalties; result in reputational harm; result in litigation and liability, including class action litigation; cause to incur significant costs, expenses and fees (including attorney fees); cause a material adverse impact to business operations or financial results, and; otherwise result in other material harm to our business. In addition, any such failure or perceived failure could result in public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups, the media or others, which may cause us material reputational harm.

We are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws with respect to our operations and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal and/or civil liability and harm our business.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and possibly other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, third-party intermediaries, joint venture partners and collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. We may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. In addition, we may engage third-party intermediaries to promote our clinical research activities abroad and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities.

Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. The FCPA presents particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees are considered foreign officials. Certain payments to hospitals in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions.

We cannot ensure that our employees and third-party intermediaries will comply with such anti-corruption laws. Noncompliance with anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas, investigations, or other enforcement actions are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense and compliance costs and other professional fees. In certain cases, enforcement authorities may even cause us to appoint an independent compliance monitor which can result in added costs and administrative burdens.

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Further, the provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order, or use of medicinal products is prohibited in the European Union. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians is also governed by the national anti-bribery laws of European Union Member States, such as the UK Bribery Act 2010. Infringement of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment. Payments made to physicians in certain European Union Member States must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians often must be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his or her competent professional organization, and/or the regulatory authorities of the individual European Union Member States. These requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes, or professional codes of conduct applicable in the European Union Member States. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines, or imprisonment.

Our business involves the use of hazardous materials and we and our third-party manufacturers and suppliers must comply with environmental laws and regulations, which can be expensive and restrict how we do business.

Our research and development activities and our third-party manufacturers’ and suppliers’ activities involve the controlled storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials owned by us, including the components of CIN-107 and any future product candidates and other hazardous compounds. We and our manufacturers and suppliers are subject to laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials. In some cases, these hazardous materials and various wastes resulting from their use are stored at our and our manufacturers’ facilities pending their use and disposal. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts and business operations, environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages and such liability could exceed our resources and state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of certain materials and/or interrupt our business operations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. We do not currently carry hazardous waste insurance coverage.

We may seek and fail to obtain Breakthrough Therapy Designation or Fast Track Designation from the FDA for CIN-107 for the treatment of PA or future product candidates. Even if granted for any of our current or future product candidates, these programs may not lead to a faster development, regulatory review or approval process, and such designations do not increase the likelihood that any of our product candidates will receive marketing approval in the United States.

We may seek a Breakthrough Therapy Designation for CIN-107 for the treatment of PA or one or more of our or future product candidates. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For drugs that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Product candidates designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA may also be eligible for priority review and accelerated approval. Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our current or future product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event,

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the receipt of a Breakthrough Therapy Designation for CIN-107 or a future product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if CIN-107 or one or more of our future product candidates qualify as breakthrough therapies, the FDA may later decide that such product candidates no longer meet the conditions for qualification and rescind the designation or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

We may also seek Fast Track Designation for CIN-107 for the treatment of PA or for future product candidates. If a product candidate is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and preclinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address an unmet medical need for this condition, the product sponsor may apply for Fast Track Designation. The sponsor of a product candidate with Fast Track Designation has opportunities for more frequent interactions with the applicable FDA review team during product development and, once an NDA is submitted, the product candidate may be eligible for priority review. Such product candidate may also be eligible for rolling review, where the FDA may consider to review sections of the NDA on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the NDA, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the NDA and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the NDA. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation, so even if we believe a particular current or future product candidate is eligible for this designation, we cannot assure you that the FDA would decide to grant it. Even if we do receive Fast Track Designation for CIN-107 for the treatment of PA or future product candidates, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may rescind Fast Track Designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Fast Track Designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures.

We are subject to U.S. export and import controls, and sanctions laws and regulations. Compliance with these legal standards could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets. We could face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which could harm our business.

We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export of our products may create delays in the introduction of our products in international markets or, in some cases, prevent the export of our products to some countries altogether. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions.

Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences

Risks Related to Intellectual Property Matters

Our success depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property. It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights and technology, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.

Our commercial success will depend in large part on obtaining and maintaining patent protection of our proprietary technologies and CIN-107 or any future product candidates, their respective components, formulations, combination therapies, methods used to manufacture them, methods of treatment, and any other proprietary technologies we develop, as well as successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges. Our ability to stop unauthorized third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing

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CIN-107 and any future product candidates is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents that cover these activities. If we are unable to secure and maintain patent protection for any product or technology we develop, or if the scope of the patent protection secured is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours, and our ability to commercialize any product candidates may be adversely affected.

The patenting process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. In addition, we may not pursue or obtain patent protection in all relevant markets. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from third parties and are reliant on our licensors.

The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover CIN-107 or any future product candidates or uses thereof in the United States or in other foreign countries. Even if the patents do issue, third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope thereof, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from designing around our issued patent claims. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patent applications we hold with respect to CIN-107 or any future product candidates is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop, and threaten our ability to commercialize, CIN-107 or any future product candidates. Further, if we encounter delays in our clinical trials, the period of time during which we could market CIN-107 or any future product candidates under patent protection would be reduced.

Because patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain that we or our licensor was the first to file any patent applications related to CIN-107 or any future product candidates. Furthermore, publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all.

We may be required to disclaim part or all of the term of certain patents or all of the term of certain patent applications. There may be prior art of which we are not aware that may affect the validity or enforceability of a patent claim. There also may be prior art of which we are aware, but which we do not believe affects the validity or enforceability of a claim, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to affect the validity or enforceability of a claim. No assurance can be given that if challenged, our patents would be declared by a court to be valid or enforceable or that even if found valid and enforceable, a competitor’s technology or product would be found by a court to infringe our patents. We may analyze the claims of issued patents or pending patent applications of our competitors that we believe are relevant to our commercial activities, and consider that we are free to operate in relation to CIN-107 or any future product candidates, but our competitors may achieve issued claims, including in patents we consider to be unrelated, which block our commercial efforts or may potentially result in CIN-107 or our future product candidates infringing such claims. The possibility exists that others will develop products which have the same effect as our products on an independent basis which do not infringe our patents or other intellectual property rights, or will design around the claims of patents that we have had issued that cover our products.

Recent or future patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. Under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or America Invents Act, enacted in 2013, the United States moved from a “first to invent” to a “first-to-file” system. Under a “first-to-file” system, assuming the other requirements for

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patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to a patent on the invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. A third party that files a patent application in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, after March 2013, but before us, could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Because patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we were the first to either (i) file any patent application related to CIN-107, any future product candidates or other proprietary technologies we may develop or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our patent applications.

The America Invents Act includes a number of other significant changes to U.S. patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and establish a new post-grant review system. These include allowing third party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO-administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review and derivation proceedings. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal district courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO post-grant proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a federal district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a federal district court action. Therefore, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of patents issuing from those patent applications, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The effects of these changes are uncertain as the USPTO recently developed new regulations and procedures in connection with the America Invents Act and many of the substantive changes to patent law, including the “first-to-file” provisions, became effective in March 2013. In addition, the courts have yet to address many of these provisions and the applicability of the act and new regulations on specific patents discussed herein have not been determined and would need to be reviewed. However, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:

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Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by government patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. In addition, periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other government fees on patents and/or applications will have to be paid to the USPTO and various government patent agencies outside of the United States over the lifetime of our owned patents and/or applications and any patent rights we may own or license in the future. We rely on outside counsel to pay these fees due to non-U.S. patent agencies. The USPTO and various non-U.S. government patent agencies require compliance with several procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We engage reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our products or technologies, we may not be able to stop a competitor from marketing products that are the same as or similar to CIN-107 or any future product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. There are situations, however, in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, potential competitors might be able to enter the market and this circumstance could harm our business.

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Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on CIN-107 or any future product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized.

Patents have a limited term. In most countries, including the United States, the expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after its first effective non-provisional filing date. However, depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of CIN-107, the back-up compound to CIN-107, or any future product candidates, one or more of any U.S. patents we may be issued or have licensed may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments.

The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. The Hatch-Waxman Act allows a maximum of one patent to be extended per FDA-approved product as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only those claims covering such approved drug product, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. Patent term extension may also be available in certain foreign countries upon regulatory approval of CIN-107 or any future product candidates. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be harmed, possibly materially.

If there are delays in obtaining regulatory approvals or other additional delays, the period of time during which we can market CIN-107 or any future product candidates under patent protection could be further reduced. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such product candidates might expire before or shortly after such product candidates are commercialized. Once the patent term has expired, we may be open to competition from similar or generic products. The launch of a generic version of one of our products in particular would be likely to result in an immediate and substantial reduction in the demand for that product, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We expect to seek extensions of patent terms in the United States and, if available, in other countries where we are prosecuting patents. However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA and the USPTO in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we request. If this occurs, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our investment in development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and preclinical data and launch their drug earlier than might otherwise be the case, which could result in material harm to our business.

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Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our business.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business. The following examples are illustrative:

Should any of these events occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our issued patents, future trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming and divert the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, there is a risk that a court will decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, and that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may raise claims challenging the validity or enforceability of a patent before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, derivation proceedings, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). Such proceedings could result in the revocation of, cancellation of or amendment to our patents in

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such a way that they no longer cover CIN-107, any future product candidates or other proprietary technologies we may develop. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we or our licensing partners and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a third party were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on CIN-107, any future product candidates or other proprietary technologies we may develop.

There is also a risk that, even if the validity of such patents is upheld, the court will construe the patent’s claims narrowly or decide that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the invention. An adverse outcome in a litigation or proceeding involving our patents could limit our ability to assert our patents against those parties or other competitors, and may curtail or preclude our ability to exclude third parties from making and selling similar or competitive products. Similarly, if we assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such trademarks.

In any infringement litigation, any award of monetary damages we receive may not be commercially valuable. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Moreover, there can be no assurance that we will have sufficient financial or other resources to file and pursue such infringement claims, which typically last for years before they are concluded. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Even if we ultimately prevail in such claims, the monetary cost of such litigation and the diversion of the attention of our management and scientific personnel could outweigh any benefit we receive as a result of the proceedings. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, misappropriating or successfully challenging our intellectual property rights. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a negative impact on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a negative impact on the success of our business.

Our commercial success depends, in part, upon our ability and the ability of future collaborators, if any, to develop, manufacture, market and sell CIN-107 or any future product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights and intellectual property of third parties. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive and complex litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. We may in the future become party to, or be threatened with, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to CIN-107 or any future product candidates and technology, including interference proceedings, postgrant review and inter partes review before the USPTO. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future, regardless of their merit. There is a risk that third parties may choose to engage in litigation with us to enforce or to otherwise assert their patent rights against us. Even if we believe such claims are without merit, a court of competent jurisdiction could hold that these third-party patents are valid, enforceable and infringed, which could have a negative impact on our ability to commercialize our current and any future product candidates. In order to successfully challenge the validity of any such U.S. patent in federal district court, we would need to overcome a presumption of validity. As this burden is a high one requiring us to present clear and

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convincing evidence as to the invalidity of any such U.S. patent claim, there is no assurance that a court of competent jurisdiction would invalidate the claims of any such U.S. patent. If we are found to infringe a third party’s valid and enforceable intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing, manufacturing and marketing our product candidate(s) and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing and commercializing the infringing technology or product candidate. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent or other intellectual property right. A finding of infringement could prevent us from manufacturing and commercializing CIN-107 or any future product candidates or force us to cease some or all of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may in the future pursue invalidity proceedings with respect to third-party patents. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity is unpredictable. Even if resolved in our favor, these legal proceedings may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. Such proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such proceedings adequately. Some of these third parties may be able to sustain the costs of such proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. If we do not prevail in the patent proceedings, the third parties may assert a claim of patent infringement directed at CIN-107 or any future product candidates.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our patent rights, trade secrets, or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing CIN-107, any future product candidates or other proprietary technologies we may develop. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or our patent rights, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, intellectual property that is important to CIN-107, any future product candidates or other proprietary technologies we may develop. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may need to license intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

A third party may hold intellectual property rights, including patent rights, that are important or necessary to the development of CIN-107 or any future product candidates. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of third parties to commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidates, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from these third parties. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and we could be forced to accept unfavorable contractual terms. If we are unable to obtain such licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our business could be harmed.

The growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use third-party proprietary rights. For example, CIN-107 or any future product candidates may require specific formulations to

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work effectively and efficiently, we may develop product candidates containing our compounds and pre-existing pharmaceutical compounds, or we may be required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to provide a companion diagnostic test or tests with CIN-107 or any future product candidates, any of which could require us to obtain rights to use intellectual property held by third parties. In addition, with respect to any patents we may co-own with third parties, we may require licenses to such co-owner’s interest to such patents. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary or important to our business operations. In addition, we may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. Were that to happen, we may need to cease use of the compositions or methods covered by those third-party intellectual property rights, and may need to seek to develop alternative approaches that do not infringe on those intellectual property rights, which may entail additional costs and development delays, even if we were able to develop such alternatives, which may not be feasible. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, which means that our competitors may also receive access to the same technologies licensed to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology.

We rely on intellectual property licensed from third parties. We face risks with respect to such reliance, including the risk that we could lose these rights that are important to our business if we fail to comply with our obligations under these licenses.

We rely on a license agreement with Roche, or the Roche Agreement, pursuant to which we received exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license under certain patents and specified know-how owned or controlled by Roche and Roche’s interest in joint patents and covering certain specified small molecule aldosterone synthase inhibitors, including our product candidate, CIN-107. The Roche Agreement imposes diligence, milestone payment, royalty payment and other obligations on us. We may in the future in-license additional third-party intellectual property rights on which we may similarly rely. Such licenses may impose diligence, milestone payment, royalty payment and other obligations on us. Any termination of the Roche Agreement or any future licenses could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to commercialize CIN-107 or any future product candidates. See “Business—License Agreement with Roche” for additional information regarding the Roche Agreement.

Disputes may also arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including:

If disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates.

We are generally also subject to all of the same risks with respect to protection of intellectual property that we license, as we are for intellectual property that we own, which are described below. If we or our licensors fail to adequately protect this intellectual property, our ability to commercialize products could suffer.

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Our current and any potential future licensors might conclude that we have materially breached our license agreements and might therefore terminate the relevant license agreements, thereby removing our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by such license agreements. If any of our current or future inbound license agreements are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products that are covered by such license agreements and underlying patents, which might be identical to our products or product candidates. This could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and growth prospects. Our business also would suffer if any current or future licensors fail to abide by the terms of the license or fail to enforce licensed patents against infringing third parties, if the licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable, or if we are unable to enter into necessary licenses on acceptable terms. Moreover, our licensors may own or control intellectual property that has not been licensed to us and, as a result, we may be subject to claims, regardless of their merit, that we are infringing or otherwise violating the licensor’s rights.

Any licensor of ours may have relied on third-party consultants or collaborators or on funds from third parties, such as the United States government, such that such licensor is not the sole and exclusive owners of the patents we in-licensed. If other third parties have ownership rights or other rights to our in-licensed patents, they may be able to license such patents to our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. This could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, while we cannot currently determine the amount of the royalty obligations we would be required to pay on sales of future products, if any, the amounts may be significant. The amount of our future royalty obligations will depend on the technology and intellectual property we use in products that we successfully develop and commercialize, if any. Therefore, even if we successfully develop and commercialize products, we may be unable to achieve or maintain profitability.

We may be subject to claims asserting that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employers or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Many of our employees, consultants or advisors are currently, or were previously, employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these individuals or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s current or former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

In addition, we may in the future be subject to claims by our former employees or consultants asserting an ownership right in our patents or patent applications, as a result of the work they performed on our behalf. Although it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own, and we cannot be certain that our agreements with such parties will be upheld in the face of a potential challenge or that they will not be breached, for which we may not have an adequate remedy. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Such claims are likely to be expensive to pursue and there can be no assurance that we would prevail in any event. Failure to secure

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ownership of intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

Changes in U.S. patent law or the patent law of other countries or jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our future product candidates.

The United States enacted and implemented wide ranging patent reform legislation in 2013. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we might obtain in the future. Similarly, changes in patent law and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions, changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we may obtain in the future.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world, which could negatively impact our business.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States could be less extensive than those in the United States. In some cases, we may not be able to obtain patent protection for certain technology outside the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States, even in jurisdictions where we do pursue patent protection. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, even in jurisdictions where we do pursue patent protection or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents, if pursued and obtained, or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. In addition, some jurisdictions, such as Europe, Japan and China, may have a higher standard for patentability than in the United States, including, for example, the requirement of claims having literal support in the original patent filing and the limitation on using supporting data that is not in the original patent filing. Under those heightened patentability requirements, we may not be able to obtain sufficient patent protection in certain jurisdictions even though the same or similar patent protection can be secured in the United States and other jurisdictions.

Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

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Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

Reliance on third parties requires us to share our proprietary information, which increases the possibility that such information will be misappropriated or disclosed.

We rely on third parties to develop and manufacture CIN-107, and we intend to continue to rely on third parties for the development or commercialization of CIN-107 or any future product candidate. Since we must, at times, share proprietary information with these parties, we seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share confidential information increases the risk that such information become known by our competitors, is inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or is disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how, a competitor’s discovery of our know-how or other unauthorized use or disclosure could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our know-how. Despite our efforts to protect our know-how, we may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical know-how by the parties to these agreements. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our confidential information or proprietary technology and processes. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary technologies will be effective. If any of the collaborators, scientific advisors, employees, contractors and consultants who are parties to these agreements breaches or violates the terms of any of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation. Moreover, if confidential information that is licensed or disclosed to us by our partners, collaborators, or others is inadvertently disclosed or subject to a breach or violation, we may be exposed to liability to the owner of that confidential information. Enforcing a claim that a third-party illegally obtained and is using our proprietary information, like patent litigation, is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect proprietary information.

Any trademarks we may obtain may be infringed or successfully challenged, resulting in harm to our business.

We expect to rely on trademarks as one means to distinguish any of CIN-107 or any future product candidates that are approved for marketing from the products of our competitors. We have sought U.S. federal trademark registration of our house mark CinCor, which has not yet been granted. We have not yet selected trademarks for CIN-107 or any future product candidate and have not yet begun the process of applying to register trademarks for CIN-107 or any other product candidate. The pending application for our house mark CinCor, and for any subsequent trademarks we apply to register, may not be approved. Third parties may oppose our trademark applications or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products or our company, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Our competitors may infringe our trademarks, and we may not have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

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In addition, any proprietary name we propose to use with CIN-107 or any future product candidate in the United States must be approved by the FDA, regardless of whether we have registered it, or applied to register it, as a trademark. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed product names, including an evaluation of the potential for confusion with other product names. If the FDA objects to any of our proposed proprietary product names, we may be required to expend significant additional resources in an effort to identify a suitable proprietary product name that would qualify under applicable trademark laws, not infringe the existing rights of third parties and be acceptable to the FDA. Furthermore, in many countries, owning and maintaining a trademark registration may not provide an adequate defense against a subsequent infringement claim asserted by the owner of a senior trademark.

We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors or other third parties may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade names, domain name or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patent and trademark protection for CIN-107, we also rely on confidentiality agreements to protect our unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. In particular, the trade secrets and know-how in connection with our development programs and other proprietary technology we may develop may over time be disseminated within the industry through independent development, the publication of journal articles describing the methodology and the movement of personnel with scientific positions in academic and industry.

We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures of our intellectual property is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property will be effective. In addition, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated proprietary information is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or are unwilling to protect trade secrets.

We may be subject to claims that third parties have an ownership interest in our trade secrets. For example, we may have disputes arise from conflicting obligations of our employees, consultants or others who are involved in developing CIN-107 or any future product candidate. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging ownership of our trade secrets. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable trade secret rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, trade secrets that are important to CIN-107, any future product candidates or other proprietary technologies we may develop. Such an outcome could have a materially adverse effect on our business. Even if

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we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management and other employees.

Moreover, our competitors may independently develop knowledge, methods and know-how equivalent to our proprietary information. Competitors could purchase our products and replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts for technologies on which we do not have patent protection. If any of our proprietary information were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our proprietary information were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and other confidential information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached and detecting the disclosure or misappropriation of confidential information and enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated confidential information is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Further, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our confidential information may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors, in which case we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations, Employee Matters and Managing Growth

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on the research and development, clinical and business expertise of Marc de Garidel, our Chief Executive Officer, as well as other members of our senior management, scientific and clinical team. Although we have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers, each of them may currently terminate their employment with us at any time and will continue to be able to do so after the closing of this offering. We currently maintain “key person” life insurance for Mr. de Garidel. The loss of the services of any of these persons could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and clinical personnel and, if we progress the development of CIN-107, commercialization, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel, will be critical to our success. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize CIN-107. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions.

We have in the past hired part-time employees or used consultants, and anticipate we will continue to do so in the future. As a result, certain of our employees, officers, directors or consultants may not devote all of their time to our business, and may from time to time serve as employees, officers, directors and consultants of other companies. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may

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have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. If we are unable to retain and recruit qualified scientists and advisors, or if any of our key executives, key employees or key consultants discontinues his or her employment or consulting relationship with us, it may delay our growth strategy, development efforts or otherwise harm our business.

We expect to expand our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of November 15, 2021, we had 10 full-time employees and no part-time employees. As the clinical development of CIN-107 progresses and as we move towards submission of a NDA, we expect to experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of research, drug development, regulatory affairs and, if CIN-107 or any future product candidates receives marketing approval, we may add sales, marketing and distribution functions. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a company with such anticipated growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

In preparation for this offering, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we identify additional material weaknesses in the future or if we otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial statements in a timely manner, which may adversely affect our business, investor confidence in our company and the market value of our common stock.

Although we are not yet subject to the certification or attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, in the course of reviewing our annual financial statements for this offering, management and our independent registered public accounting firm identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting with respect to the accumulation, tracking, and disclosure of our outstanding common stock that was deemed to be remediated as of the date of this filing. As a result, there were adjustments to the disclosure of common stock and resulting impact on our net loss per share required in our 2020 and 2019 financial statements and the material weakness was remediated.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of control deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

We have hired experienced accounting and finance personnel, including Mary Theresa Coelho, M.B.A. as our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Business Development Officer, and insourced our accounting function, as of the date of this filing. However, there can be no assurance that we will not have material weaknesses in the future. If we fail to meet the demands that will be placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, or report them within the timeframes required by law or Nasdaq. Failure to comply with Section 404 could also potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. There is no assurance that we will be able to remediate a material weakness in a timely manner, or at all, or that in the future, additional material weaknesses will not exist or otherwise be discovered. If other material weaknesses or other deficiencies occur, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial position could be impaired, which could result in late filings of our required reports under the Exchange Act, restatements of our financial statements, a decline in the price of our common stock, suspension or delisting of our common stock from Nasdaq, and could adversely affect our reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

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Our internal computer systems, or those of our collaborators or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a significant disruption of our product development programs and our ability to operate our business effectively.

Our internal computer systems and those of our current and future collaborators, contractors or consultants may be vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. Cyberattacks are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity, and have become increasingly difficult to detect. Cyberattacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. Cyberattacks also could include phishing attempts or e-mail fraud to cause payments or information to be transmitted to an unintended recipient.

Despite our efforts to ensure the security, privacy, integrity, confidentiality, availability, and authenticity information technology networks and systems, processing and information, we may not be able to anticipate or to implement effective preventive and remedial measures against all data security and privacy threats. The recovery systems, security protocols, network protection mechanisms and other security measures that we have integrated into our systems, networks and physical facilities, which are designed to protect against, detect and minimize security breaches, may not be adequate to prevent or detect service interruption, system failure data loss or theft, or other material adverse consequences. No security solution, strategy, or measures can address all possible security threats or block all methods of penetrating a network or otherwise perpetrating a security incident. The risk of unauthorized circumvention of our security measures or those of our third-party providers, clients and partners has been heightened by advances in computer and software capabilities and the increasing sophistication of hackers who employ complex techniques, including without limitation, the theft or misuse of personal and financial information, counterfeiting, “phishing” or social engineering incidents, ransomware, extortion, publicly announcing security breaches, account takeover attacks, denial or degradation of service attacks, malware, fraudulent payment and identity theft. Because the techniques used by hackers change frequently, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures. Our applications, systems, networks, software and physical facilities could have material vulnerabilities, be breached or personal or confidential information could be otherwise compromised due to employee error or malfeasance, if, for example, third parties attempt to fraudulently induce our personnel or our customers to disclose information or user names and/or passwords, or otherwise compromise the security of our networks, systems and/or physical facilities. Third parties may also exploit vulnerabilities in, or obtain unauthorized access to, platforms, software, applications, systems, networks, sensitive information, and/or physical facilities utilized by our vendors. Improper access to our systems or databases could result in the theft, publication, deletion or modification of personal information, confidential or proprietary information, financial information and other information. An actual or perceived breach of our security systems or those of our third-party service providers may require notification under applicable data privacy regulations or contractual obligations, or for customer relations or publicity purposes, which could result in reputational harm, costly litigation (including class action litigation), material contract breaches, liability, settlement costs, loss of sales, regulatory scrutiny, actions or investigations, a loss of confidence in our business, systems and processing, a diversion of management’s time and attention, and significant fines, penalties, assessments, fees and expenses.

The costs to respond to a security breach and/or to mitigate any security vulnerabilities that may be identified could be significant, our efforts to address these problems may not be successful, and these problems could result in unexpected interruptions, delays, cessation of service, negative publicity, and other harm to our business and our competitive position. We could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices in response to a security breach or related regulatory actions or litigation, which could have an adverse effect on our business.

We may have contractual and other legal obligations to notify relevant stakeholders of security breaches. Most jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities, and others of security breaches involving certain types of data. In addition, our agreements with certain customers and

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partners may require us to notify them in the event of a security breach. Such mandatory disclosures are costly, could lead to negative publicity, may cause our customers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to and/or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security breach, and may cause us to breach customer contracts. Our agreements with certain customers, our representations, or industry standards, may require us to use industry-standard or reasonable measures to safeguard sensitive personal information or confidential information. A security breach could lead to claims by our customers, or other relevant stakeholders that we have failed to comply with such legal or contractual obligations. As a result, we could be subject to legal action or our customers could end their relationships with us. There can be no assurance that any limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages.

While we have not to our knowledge experienced any significant system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a disruption of our development programs and our business operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials by us or our CROs could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Additionally, any such event that leads to unauthorized access, use or disclosure of personal information, including personal information regarding our patients or employees, could harm our reputation, cause us not to comply with federal and/or state breach notification laws and foreign law equivalents or otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy and security of personal information. Security breaches and other unauthorized access can be difficult to detect, and any delay in identifying them may lead to increased harm of the type described above. While we have implemented security measures designed to protect our information technology systems and infrastructure, such measures may not prevent service interruptions or security breaches that could adversely affect our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or unauthorized disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, our competitive position could be harmed and the further development and commercialization of CIN-107 or any future product candidates could be delayed.

We may be unable in the future to detect, anticipate, measure or prevent threats or techniques used to detect or exploit vulnerabilities in our (or our third parties’) information technology, services, processing, communications or software, or cause security breaches, because such threats and techniques change frequently, are often sophisticated in nature, and may not be detected until after an incident has occurred. In addition, security researchers and other individuals have in the past and will continue in the future to actively search for and exploit actual and potential vulnerabilities in our (or our third parties’) information technology, services, communications or software. We cannot be certain that we will be able to address any such vulnerabilities, in whole or part, and there may be delays in developing and deploying patches and other remedial measures to adequately address vulnerabilities, and taking such remedial steps could adversely impact or disrupt our operations.

We may not have adequate insurance coverage for security incidents or breaches, including fines, judgments, settlements, penalties, costs, attorney fees and other impacts that arise out of incidents or breaches. If the impacts of a security incident or breach, or the successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage, or results in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements), it could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage, cyber coverage and coverage for errors and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to all or part of any future claim or loss. Our risks are likely to increase as we continue to expand, grow our customer base, and process, store, and transmit increasingly large amounts of proprietary and sensitive data.

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Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or the regulations applicable in other jurisdictions, provide accurate information to the FDA and other regulatory authorities, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Such misconduct also could involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials or interactions with the FDA or other regulatory authorities, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from government investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participating in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We have had a number of related party transactions with our current and former affiliates, which may result in a conflict of interest involving certain of our current and former management and directors.

Historically, we have engaged in a number and variety of transactions with our current and former affiliates, including CinRx and Medpace. While we believe that these transactions were made on terms that were not less favorable to us than those obtainable on an arm’s length basis, there was no independent determination of that fact. In the future, we may continue to enter into transactions with our former affiliates, and some of these transactions may be significant. Related party transactions present difficult conflicts of interest, could result in disadvantages to our company and may impair investor confidence, which could materially and adversely affect us. Related party transactions could also cause us to become materially dependent on related parties in the ongoing conduct of our business, and related parties may be motivated by personal interests to pursue courses of action that are not necessarily in the best interests of our company and our stockholders. For further information please see the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” elsewhere in this prospectus.

Risks Related to This Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock

No public market for our common stock currently exists, and a public market may not develop or be liquid enough for you to sell your shares quickly or at market price.

Prior to this offering, there has not been a public market for our common stock. If an active trading market for our common stock does not develop following this offering, you may not be able to sell your shares quickly or at the market price. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations by selling shares of our common stock and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using shares of our common stock as consideration. The initial public offering price of our common stock will be determined by negotiations between us and representatives of the underwriters and may not be indicative of the market prices of our common stock that will prevail in the trading market.

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The market price of shares of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for purchasers of shares of our common stock in this offering.

The market price of shares of our common stock is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical companies in particular, has experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, you may not be able to sell your common stock at or above the initial public offering price. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this prospectus, the market price for shares of our common stock may be influenced by the following:

These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for shares of our common stock to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from selling their shares at or above the price paid for the shares and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, the stock market in general, and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies, including very recently in connection with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in decreased stock prices for many companies notwithstanding the lack of a fundamental change in their underlying business models or prospects. Broad market and industry factors, including potentially worsening economic conditions and other adverse effects or developments relating to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, may negatively affect the market price of our

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common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The realization of any of the above risks or any of a broad range of other risks, including those described in this section, could have a significant and material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.

In addition, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the trading price of their shares have been the subject of securities class action litigation. Any lawsuit to which we are a party, with or without merit, may result in an unfavorable judgment. We also may decide to settle lawsuits on unfavorable terms. Any such negative outcome could result in payments of substantial damages or fines, damage to our reputation or adverse changes to our business practices. Defending against litigation is costly and time-consuming, and could divert our management’s attention and our resources. Furthermore, during the course of litigation, there could be negative public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, which could have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock.

Concentration of ownership of shares of our common stock among our existing executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.

Based upon our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2021, upon the completion of this offering, our executive officers, directors and stockholders who owned more than 5% of our outstanding common stock before this offering will, in the aggregate, beneficially own shares representing approximately    % of our outstanding common stock (assuming the number of shares offered by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus remains the same and no purchases of shares in this offering by any members of this group, including through our directed share program). If our executive officers, directors and stockholders who owned more than 5% of our outstanding common stock acted together, they may be able to significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. The concentration of voting power and transfer restrictions could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire or result in the management of our company in ways with which other stockholders disagree.

If you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of your investment.

The initial public offering price of our common stock will be substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our net tangible book value per share after this offering. Based on an assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, you will experience immediate dilution of $                per share, representing the difference between our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering and the initial public offering price per share. After this offering, we will also have outstanding options to purchase shares of our common stock with exercise prices lower than the initial public offering price. To the extent these outstanding options are exercised, there will be further dilution to investors in this offering. See the section titled “Dilution” for additional information.

We have broad discretion in the use of our cash and cash equivalents, including the net proceeds from this offering, and may use them ineffectively, in ways in which you do not agree or in ways that do not increase the value of your investment.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of our cash and cash equivalents, including the net proceeds from this offering, and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a negative impact on our business, cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of CIN-107. Pending their use, we may invest our cash

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and cash equivalents, including the net proceeds from this offering, in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. See the section titled “Use of Proceeds” for additional information.

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future, which could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

Sales of a substantial number of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time, subject to certain restrictions described below. These sales, or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. After this offering, we will have outstanding share of our common stock based on the number of shares outstanding as of September 30, 2021 assuming no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional common stock. This includes the shares that we are selling in this offering, which may be resold in the public market immediately without restriction, unless purchased by our affiliates. The remaining shares are currently restricted as a result of securities laws or lock-up agreements but will be able to be sold after the offering as described in the sections titled “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” and “Underwriting.” Moreover, upon the completion of this offering, holders of an aggregate of approximately shares of our common stock will have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. We intend to register all of the shares of our common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plans. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates and the lock-up agreements described in the section titled “Underwriting.”

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to change our management and hinder efforts to acquire a controlling interest in us, and the market price of our common stock may be lower as a result.

There are provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws to be in effect upon the closing of this offering that may make it difficult for a third party to acquire, or attempt to acquire, control of our company, even if a change of control was considered favorable by you and other stockholders. For example, our board of directors will have the authority to issue up to              shares of preferred stock. The board of directors can fix the price, rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions of the preferred stock without any further vote or action by our stockholders. The issuance of shares of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change of control transaction. As a result, the market price of our common stock and the voting and other rights of our stockholders may be adversely affected. An issuance of shares of preferred stock may result in the loss of voting control to other stockholders.

Our charter documents will also contain other provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect, including:

In addition, we are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which regulates corporate acquisitions by prohibiting Delaware corporations from engaging in specified business combinations with particular stockholders of those companies. These provisions could discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change of control transaction. They could

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also have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our common stock, including transactions that may be in your best interests. These provisions may also prevent changes in our management or limit the price that investors are willing to pay for our stock.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gains and you may never receive a return on your investment.

You should not rely on an investment in our common stock to provide dividend income. We have not declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock to date. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as will be in effect upon the completion of this offering, will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law:

The provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will further provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause or causes of action arising under the Securities Act, including all causes of action asserted against any defendant to such complaint. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.

These exclusive forum provisions may result in increased costs for investors to bring a claim. Further, these exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur further significant additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, all of which could seriously harm our business.

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General Risk Factors

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We have incurred substantial losses during our history and do not expect to become profitable in the near future, and we may never achieve profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset a portion of future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire, if ever. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in its equity ownership by certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research and development tax credits) to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. We have not performed an analysis to assess whether an ownership change has occurred. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise become unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the TCJA, as modified by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, the CARES Act, NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such NOLs generally will be limited in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020 to 80% of current year taxable income. The TCJA, as modified by the CARES Act, generally eliminates the ability to carry back any NOLs to prior taxable years for tax years beginning after December 31, 2020. Additionally, state NOLs generated in one state cannot be used to offset income generated in another state. For these reasons, even if we attain profitability, we may be unable to use a material portion of our NOLs and other tax attributes.

If we engage in future acquisitions or strategic collaborations, this may increase our capital requirements, dilute our stockholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities and subject us to other risks.

From time to time, we may evaluate various acquisitions and strategic collaborations, including licensing or acquiring complementary drugs, intellectual property rights, technologies or businesses, as deemed appropriate to carry out our business plan. Any potential acquisition or strategic partnership may entail numerous risks,

including:

In addition, if we engage in future acquisitions or strategic partnerships, we may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense. Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable acquisition opportunities, and this inability could impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technology or drugs that may be important to the development of our business.

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If research analysts do not publish research or reports, or publish unfavorable research or reports, about us, our business or our market, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We do not currently have, and may never obtain, research coverage by industry or financial analysts. Equity research analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our common stock after the completion of this offering, and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In the event we do have equity research analyst coverage, we will not have any control over the analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. The price of our shares could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our shares or issue other unfavorable commentary or research about us. If one or more equity research analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our shares could decrease, which in turn could cause the trading price or trading volume of our common stock to decline.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” or EGC, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of some of the exemptions from reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including:

We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our share price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of some or all of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an EGC. We will remain an EGC until the earlier of (i) five years following the completion of this offering, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (iii) the last day of the first fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

Under Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act, EGCs can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not EGCs.

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We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an EGC, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, have imposed various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, we will be required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However, while we remain an EGC, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude within the prescribed timeframe that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections titled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business” and elsewhere in this prospectus. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “estimate,” “believe,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions intended to identify statements about the future. These statements speak only as of the date of this prospectus and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements about the following:

The foregoing list of forward-looking statements is not exhaustive. You should refer to the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ

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materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. Other sections of this prospectus may include additional factors that could harm our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be accurate. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise. You should, however, review the factors and risks and other information we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the SEC after the date of this prospectus.

Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this prospectus, the events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

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MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

We are responsible for the disclosure contained in this prospectus. However, this prospectus contains industry, statistical and market data derived from our own internal estimates and research as well as from industry and general publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. All of the market data used in this prospectus involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and the sources of such data cannot guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the third-party information and we believe that each of these studies and publications is reliable, the industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of important factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by third parties and by us.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $                million, or approximately $                million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares from us, in each case after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and based on an assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $                million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us. We may also increase or decrease the number of shares we are offering. Each 1,000,000 share increase or decrease in the number of shares offered by us would increase or decrease the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $                million, assuming that the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions payable by us.

We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

Based on our planned use of the net proceeds from this offering and our existing cash and cash equivalents, we estimate that such funds will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through             . We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we expect. The expected net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will not be sufficient for us to fund CIN-107 through regulatory approval in any indication, and we will need to raise additional capital to complete the development and commercialization, if approved, of CIN-107 for hypertension as well as any indication expansion opportunities.

This expected use of net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions, which could change in the future as our plans and business conditions evolve. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to in-license, acquire or invest in additional businesses, technologies, products or assets. We cannot predict with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to be received upon the completion of this offering or the amounts that we will actually spend on the uses set forth above. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to This Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock—We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.”

Pending our use of proceeds from this offering, we plan to invest these net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation instruments, including short term, interest bearing obligations and investment grade instruments.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for the operation and expansion of our business and, therefore, we do not anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our results of operations, capital requirements, financial condition, prospects, contractual arrangements, any limitations on payment of dividends present in any future debt agreements and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of September 30, 2021:

Our capitalization following the closing of this offering will depend on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this information in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus, the section of this prospectus titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and other financial information contained in this prospectus.

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The number of shares of our common stock outstanding in the table above excludes:

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DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering.

As of September 30, 2021, we had a historical net tangible book value (deficit) of $(44,806) million, or $(7.60) per share of common stock. Our historical net tangible book value (deficit) per share represents total tangible assets less total liabilities and preferred stock, divided by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2021.

Our pro forma net tangible book value as of September 30, 2021 was $                million, or $                per share of our common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value represents the amount of our total tangible assets less our total liabilities, after giving effect to (i) the conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock, including 2,013,749 shares of our Series B preferred stock issued in a subsequent closing on October 5, 2021, into an aggregate of                 shares of our common stock as if such conversion had occurred on September 30, 2021; and (ii) the automatic net exercise of the Roche Warrants for an aggregate of shares of our common stock immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part (assuming an initial public offering price of $                 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus).; and (iii) the issuance of 2,600,000 shares of our common stock under the settlement agreement and release with CinRx, for further information on our relationship with CinRx, please see the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—CinRx Pharma, LLC.” Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents pro forma net tangible book value divided by the total number of shares outstanding as of September 30, 2021, after giving effect to those pro forma adjustments.

After giving further effect to the sale of                  shares of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $                 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of September 30, 2021 would have been $                 million, or $                 per share. This amount represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $                 per share to our existing stockholders and immediate dilution of $                 per share to new investors in this offering. We determine dilution by subtracting the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering from the amount of cash that a new investor paid for a share of common stock in this offering.

The following table illustrates this dilution:

The dilution information discussed above is illustrative only and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $                 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $                , and dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors by $                , assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of

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this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. An increase of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares we are offering would increase the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $                and decrease the dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering by $                , assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price per share and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. A decrease of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares we are offering would decrease the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $                and increase the dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering by $                , assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price per share and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of our common stock in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value after this offering would be $                 per share, the increase in pro forma net tangible book value would be $                 per share and the dilution to new investors would be $                 per share, in each case assuming an initial public offering price of $                 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

The following table summarizes, as of September 30, 2021, on the pro forma as adjusted basis described above, the differences between the number of shares purchased from us, the total consideration paid to us in cash and the average price per share that existing stockholders and new investors paid for such shares. This calculation is based on an assumed initial public offering price of $                 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The foregoing tables and calculations are based on the number of                  shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2021, after giving effect to (i) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock, including 2,013,749 shares of our Series B preferred stock issued in a subsequent closing on October 5, 2021, into an aggregate of                shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering; and (ii) the automatic net exercise of the Roche Warrants for an aggregate of                shares of our common stock immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part (assuming an initial public offering price of $                per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus),; and (iii) the issuance of 2,600,000 shares of our common stock under the settlement agreement and release with CinRx, for further information on our relationship with CinRx, please see the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—CinRx Pharma, LLC,” and excludes:

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To the extent that stock options are exercised, new stock options are issued under our equity incentive plan or we issue additional shares of common stock in the future, there will be further dilution to investors participating in this offering. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital because of market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF

OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this prospectus contain forward-looking statements based upon current beliefs that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, such as statements regarding our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions and projections. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those described in or implied by these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Please also see the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing our lead clinical candidate, CIN-107, for the treatment of hypertension and other cardio-renal diseases. CIN-107 is a highly selective, oral small molecule inhibitor of aldosterone synthase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of aldosterone in the adrenal gland. CIN-107 has been designed to use a differentiated mechanism of action, direct inhibition of aldosterone synthase production, with the goal of providing an improved treatment for patients suffering from hypertension, or high blood pressure. Despite the widespread availability of multiple antihypertensive agents, there remains a significant unmet medical need as more than half of the 108 million hypertensive patients in the United States do not achieve blood pressure control. We are evaluating the efficacy and safety profile of CIN-107 as a potential treatment for a broad hypertensive population, including different subpopulations of hypertensive patients who have not achieved blood pressure control despite treatment. We are conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial, which we refer to as our BrigHtn trial, of CIN-107 in patients whose blood pressure is not controlled despite treatment with three antihypertensive agents, including a diuretic, which is referred to as treatment resistant hypertension, or rHTN, and recently initiated a separate Phase 2 clinical trial, which we refer to as our HALO trial, in patients with elevated aldosterone levels whose blood pressure is not controlled despite treatment with one antihypertensive agent, which is referred to as uncontrolled hypertension, or uHTN. In addition to hypertension, we are developing CIN-107 for the treatment of primary aldosteronism, or PA, and exploring its utility in ameliorating complications of chronic kidney disease, or CKD. Earlier this year, we initiated a Phase 2 clinical trial of CIN-107 in patients with confirmed PA, which we refer to as our spark-PA trial, and plan to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with CKD who have uncontrolled blood pressure in the first half of 2022.

We were incorporated in March 2018 as a subsidiary of CinRx Pharma, LLC, a biotechnology company focused on developing novel therapeutics, or CinRx. Since our inception, we have focused primarily on raising capital, organizing and staffing our company, business planning, and acquiring and progressing our lead product candidate, CIN-107, through clinical development after in-licensing the compound from F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Hoffmann La-Roche Inc., whom we collectively refer to in this prospectus as Roche, in 2019. We spun out as an independent company in 2019 after the closing of our Series A preferred stock financing and the execution of our in-licensing transaction with Roche.

We do not have any product candidates approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. From inception through September 30, 2021, we have funded our operations primarily through equity financings, and have raised an aggregate of approximately $186 million of gross proceeds from the sale of shares of our preferred stock. As of September 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents on hand of $141.7 million. Subsequent to September 30, 2021, we received $8.1 million in aggregate gross proceeds from the sale of 2,013,749 shares of our Series B preferred stock.

Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net losses were $5.0 million and $22.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and $16.5 million and $21.0

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million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2021, respectively. As of September 30, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $48.3 million. We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future, as we advance CIN-107 through clinical development and seek regulatory approval, pursue indication expansion of CIN-107, maintain and expand our intellectual property portfolio, as well as hire additional personnel, pay for accounting, audit, legal, regulatory and consulting services, and pay costs associated with maintaining compliance with Nasdaq listing rules and the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, director and officer liability insurance, investor and public relations activities and other expenses associated with operating as a public company. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, depending on the timing of our preclinical studies, our clinical trials and our expenditures on other research and development activities.

We will not generate revenue from product sales unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for CIN-107 or any future product candidates, if ever. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approval for CIN-107 or any future product candidates and do not enter into a third-party commercialization partnership, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution activities. As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity offerings and debt financings or other sources, such as potential collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such agreements as, and when, needed, could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are unable to obtain funding, we will be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect our business prospects, or we may be unable to continue operations. Although we continue to pursue these plans, there is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to us to fund continuing operations, if at all.

Impact of COVID-19 on Our Business

We have been actively monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. To date, we have not experienced a material financial statement impact or business disruptions, including with our vendors or third parties, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we cannot, at this time, predict the specific extent, duration or full impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our financial statements and operations, including our ongoing and planned preclinical activities and future clinical trials. The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, operations and clinical development timelines and plans remains uncertain and will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the pandemic and its impact on our contract research organizations, or CROs, third-party manufacturers, and other third parties with which we do business, as well as its impact on regulatory authorities and our key scientific and management personnel. To the extent possible, we are conducting business as usual, with necessary or advisable modifications to employee travel. We will continue to actively monitor the rapidly evolving situation related to COVID-19 pandemic and may take further actions that alter our operations, including those that may be required by federal, state or local authorities, or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees and other third parties with which we do business. If we or any of the third parties with whom we engage were to experience shutdowns or other prolonged business disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation and financial condition.

Roche License Agreement

Below is a summary of the key terms for our license agreement with Roche. For a more detailed description, see the section titled “Business—License Agreement with Roche” elsewhere in this prospectus as well as Note 4 to our audited financial statements.

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In May 2019, following the closing of the initial tranche of our Series A preferred stock financing, we entered into a license agreement, or the Roche Agreement, with Roche, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license under certain patents and specified know-how owned or controlled by Roche and Roche’s interest in joint patents and covering certain specified small molecule aldosterone synthase inhibitors, or the Roche Technology, to research, develop, register, use, make, import, export, market, distribute, sell (as well as the right to have each of the foregoing done) and otherwise exploit products containing such aldosterone synthase inhibitors, or the Licensed Products, for any and all uses, including the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of any and all diseases and medical conditions in humans and animals.

Pursuant to the Roche Agreement, we paid Roche a one-time, upfront non-refundable license fee of $2.0 million and one $1.0 million milestone payment in connection with the completion of the multiple ascending dose Phase 1 clinical trial of CIN-107. We are required to pay Roche an additional $40.0 million in aggregate payments with respect to the first Licensed Product upon the achievement of certain development and regulatory milestone events. Additionally, we are required to pay Roche, on a one-time basis, up to $175.0 million in the aggregate upon the achievement of specified net sales milestones for a Licensed Product. In addition, on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country-by-country basis, we will be obligated to pay Roche tiered royalties on net sales of Licensed Products at percentages ranging from the mid single-digits to 10%.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

To date, we have not recognized any revenue from any sources, including from product sales, and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the foreseeable future. If our development efforts for CIN-107 or any future product candidate is successful and results in regulatory approval, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales. However, there can be no assurance as to when we will generate such revenue, if at all.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including our research and discovery efforts and the development of CIN-107 or any future product candidates. We expense research and development costs as incurred, which include:

Costs for certain development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as information provided to us by our vendors and clinical sites and analyzing the progress of clinical trials or other services performed. Significant judgment and estimates are made in determining the accrued expense balances at the end of any reporting period.

We track external research and development costs on a program-by-program basis. External costs include fees paid to consultants, contractors and vendors, including CMOs and CROs, in connection with our clinical activities. We currently only have one product development program, CIN-107.

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Research and development activities will continue to be central to our business model. We anticipate that our research and development expenses will increase for the foreseeable future as we advance our product candidates through clinical trials, as well as acquire new product candidates. We also expect higher employee-related expenses, including higher stock-based compensation expenses, as well as higher consulting costs as we hire additional resources to support increasing development activity.

The successful development of CIN-107 or any future product candidate is highly uncertain. We cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete development of CIN-107 or any future product candidate due to the inherently unpredictable nature of preclinical and clinical development. Clinical and preclinical development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from expectations. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from the sale of CIN-107 or any future product candidate, if they are approved.

The duration, costs and timing of the clinical development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, the following:

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of CIN-107 or any future product candidate would significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of those product candidates. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any product candidate. We may obtain unexpected results from our clinical trials. We may elect to discontinue, delay or modify clinical trials of some product candidates or focus on other product candidates. For example, if the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently expect or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of that product candidate.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and employee-related costs for our finance, human resources and other administrative personnel, including salaries, benefits and other related costs,

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as well as expenses for outside professional services, including legal, accounting and audit services and other consulting fees, rent expense, and other general administrative expenses, and stock-based compensation, to a lesser extent.

We expect our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support our continued research activities and development of our product candidates, potential commercialization efforts, and increased costs associated with being a public company. These increases will likely include additional costs related to the hiring of new personnel, including higher stock-based compensation expenses, and fees to outside consultants, as well as other expenses. We also anticipate that we will incur significantly increased accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, compliance and director and officer insurance costs as well as investor and public relations expenses associated with operating as a public company.

Amended and Restated Management Services Agreement with CinRx Pharma

In April 2020, we entered into the Management Services Agreement, with CinRx pursuant to which CinRx provide us with certain professional services. The Management Services Agreement has a term of two years, and is automatically renewable for successive one-year periods unless terminated. In exchange for services provided to us under the Management Services Agreement, we pay CinRx monthly fees for management services calculated based on costs incurred by CinRx in the provision of services to us, plus a reasonable mark-up. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, $0.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively, and as of the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2021, $1.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of these fees are included in general and administrative expenses on our statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We provided notice to terminate the Management Services Agreement on November 4, 2021. Pursuant to the terms of the Master Services Agreement, the termination shall become effective no later than February 2, 2022. See the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—CinRx Pharma, LLC” elsewhere in this prospectus for more information.

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest income received on our cash and cash equivalents.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Derivative Liabilities

The change in fair value of warrant derivative liabilities consists of the change in fair value related to the three freestanding detachable stock purchase warrants issued to Roche in connection with the Roche Agreement, which we collectively refer to as the Roche Warrants. The first Roche Warrant, which was issued in connection with our Series A preferred stock financing, is exercisable for 1,400,000 shares of our common stock. The second Roche Warrant, issued in connection with our Series A preferred stock financing, is exercisable for 1,120,476 shares of our common stock. The third Roche Warrant, issued in connection with our Series B preferred stock financing, is exercisable for 386,271 shares of our common stock. The Roche Warrants are collectively exercisable for 2,906,747 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. The Roche Warrants will automatically net exercise in whole immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

The grant date fair value of the Roche Warrants are calculated using the Black Scholes valuation model. The valuation models used require the input of subjective assumptions, including assumptions about the expected life of the Roche Warrant, share price volatility and as a privately held company, the estimated fair value of our common stock. These assumptions used represent our best estimates at the time of issuance and in subsequent reporting periods, but the estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of our judgment.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2020

The following table summarizes our results of operations for each of the years presented:

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $18.0 million, compared to $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase of $14.1 million, or 362%, was primarily due to the initiation of several Phase 2 clinical trials including our ongoing Phase 2 BrigHtn clinical trial as well as our Phase 2 spark-PA clinical trial.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase of $2.0 million, or 167%, was the result of increased payroll and personnel related costs under our Management Services Agreement with CinRx, legal and professional fees and other costs associated with operating activities.

Interest Income

Interest income was $37 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $102 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019, reflecting interest earned on cash equivalents. The difference was attributed primarily to lower interest rates compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Derivative Liabilities

The change in the fair value of the warrant derivative liabilities was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Roche Warrants were issued in connection with the Roche Agreement and in connection with our Series A preferred stock financing in 2019, with an additional warrant issued in connection with our Series B preferred stock financing. Based on the timing of the issuance of the Roche Warrants in 2019, there was no change in fair value of warrant derivative liabilities recognized for the year ended December 31, 2019. We classify these warrants as a liability on our balance sheets which we remeasure to fair value at each reporting date. We recognize changes in the fair value of the warrant derivative liabilities as a component of other (income) expense in our statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We will continue to recognize changes in the fair value of the warrant derivative liabilities until the warrants are exercised, expire or qualify for equity classification.

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Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2021

The following table summarizes our results of operations for each of the periods presented:

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 were $10.1 million, compared to $12.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The decrease of $2.7 million, or 21%, was primarily due to the work related to several Phase 2 clinical trials.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $7.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, compared to $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase of $4.3 million, or 154%, was the result of increased payroll and personnel-related costs, legal and professional fees and other costs associated with operating activities.

Interest Income

Interest income was $8 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and $30 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, reflecting interest earned on cash equivalents. The difference was attributed primarily to a lower cash balance as well as lower interest rates compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Derivative Liabilities

The change in the fair value of the warrant derivative liabilities was $3.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase of $2.9 million or 322% increase is due to the increase in the fair value of the common stock underlying the Roche Warrants. The Roche Warrants were issued in connection with the Roche Agreement, in connection with our Series A preferred stock financing in 2019 and in connection with our Series B preferred stock financing in 2021. We classify these warrants as a liability on our balance sheets which we remeasure to fair value at each reporting date. We recognize changes in the fair value of the warrant derivative liabilities as a component of other (income) expense in our condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We will continue to recognize changes in the fair value of the warrant derivative liabilities until the warrants are exercised, expire or qualify for equity classification.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Since our inception, we have not recognized any revenue and have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. We have not yet commercialized any product and we do not expect to generate

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revenue from sales of any products for several years, if at all. From inception through September 30, 2021, we have funded our operations primarily through equity financings, and have raised an aggregate of approximately $186 million of gross proceeds from the sale of shares of our preferred stock. As of September 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents on hand of $141.7 million. Subsequent to September 30, 2021, we received $8.1 million in aggregate gross proceeds from the sale of 2,013,749 shares of our Series B preferred stock.

Cash Flows

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2020

The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the years presented:

Operating Activities

We have historically experienced negative operating cash outflows as we continue clinical development of CIN-107. Our net cash used in operating activities primarily results from our net and comprehensive loss adjusted for non-cash expenses and changes in working capital components. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are amounts due to CROs for the conduct of our clinical programs and employee-related expenditures for research and development, and general and administrative activities. Our cash flows from operating activities will continue to be affected by spending to advance and support our clinical development and other operating and general administrative activities.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash used in operating activities was $17.4 million and was primarily related to cash payments for clinical development activities and personnel-related costs under our Management Services Agreement with CinRx, legal and professional fees and other costs associated with operating activities.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash used in operating activities was $4.4 million and was primarily related to cash payments for clinical development activities and certain professional fees and other costs associated with operating activities.

Investing Activities

During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, we had no cash flows from investing activities.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $32.0 million, consisting of net proceeds from the issuance of Series A preferred stock in August 2020. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $15.9 million, consisting of net proceeds from the issuance of Series A preferred stock in May 2019.

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Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2021

The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods presented:

Operating Activities

We have historically experienced negative operating cash outflows as we continue clinical development of CIN-107. Our net cash used in operating activities primarily results from our net and comprehensive loss adjusted for non-cash expenses and changes in working capital components. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are amounts due to CROs for the conduct of our clinical programs and employee-related expenditures for research and development, and general and administrative activities. Our cash flows from operating activities will continue to be affected by spending to advance and support our clinical development and other operating and general administrative activities.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was $19.8 million and was related to cash payments for clinical development activities and personnel related costs under our Management Services Agreement with CinRx, legal and professional fees and other costs associated with operating activities.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash used in operating activities was $12.3 million and was primarily as a result of our net and comprehensive loss of $16.8 million, which includes $0.9 million of non-cash expense related to the change in fair value of warrant derivative liabilities, offset by $2.9 million from changes in working capital.

Investing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2021, we had no cash flows from investing activities.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $135.0 million, consisting of net proceeds from the issuance of Series B preferred stock in September 2021. Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $32.0 million, consisting of net proceeds from the issuance of Series A preferred stock in August 2020.

Funding Requirements

As of September 30, 2021, our cash and cash equivalents on hand was $141.7 million. We believe that the net proceeds from the October 2021 closing of our Series B financing and this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through             . We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could expend our capital resources sooner than we expect.

We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we advance our product candidates through preclinical and clinical development, seek regulatory approval and pursue commercialization of any approved product candidates. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative costs will increase in connection with our planned clinical development activities. In addition, upon the completion of this offering, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

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We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our capital resources sooner than we expect. If we receive regulatory approval for CIN-107, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution, depending on where we choose to commercialize. We may also require additional capital to pursue in-licenses or acquisitions of other product candidates.

Our future capital requirements will depend on a number of factors, including:

The net proceeds of this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will not be sufficient to complete development of CIN-107 or any other product candidate. Accordingly, we will be required to obtain further funding to achieve our long-term business objectives.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of public or private equity offerings and debt financings or other sources, such as potential collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interests may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that could adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business.

If we raise funds through potential collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise

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additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

License Agreement Obligations

License agreement obligations relate to the Roche Agreement that we entered into with Roche in May 2019. Under the terms of the Roche Agreement, we obtained an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license to the Roche Technology to research, develop, manufacture, and commercialize to a novel aldosterone synthase inhibitor compound, CIN-107. Pursuant to the Roche Agreement, we paid Roche a one-time, upfront non-refundable license fee of $2.0 million and one $1.0 million milestone payment in connection with the completion of the multiple ascending dose Phase 1 clinical trial of CIN-107. We are required to pay Roche certain tiered development event-based milestone payments, certain sales-based milestone payments, as well as a royalty from the future sales of Licensed Products. The royalty is tiered based on the combined net sales of each Licensed Product.

As of September 30, 2021, we were unable to estimate the timing or likelihood of achieving these clinical and commercial milestones or generating future product sales. See the section titled “Business—License Agreement with Roche” elsewhere in this prospectus as well as Note 4 to our audited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus for a description of our license agreement with Roche.

Purchase and Other Obligations

In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts with CROs and other third parties for conducting research and development activities, preclinical studies and clinical trials, research and development supplies and other testing and manufacturing services. The scope of the services under these contracts can be modified and provide for termination on notice, and therefore are cancellable contracts. These payments are not included in the table above as the amount and timing of such payments are not known as of September 30, 2021.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During periods presented, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined by SEC rules.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

This management’s discussion and analysis is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of the financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our estimates are based on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our judgments and estimates in light of changes in circumstances, facts, and experience. The effects of material revisions in estimates, if any, will be reflected in the financial statements prospectively from the date of change in estimates.

While our accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our audited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, we believe the following accounting policies used in the preparation of our financial statements require the most significant judgments and estimates. See Note 2 to our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for a description of our other significant accounting policies.

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Prepaid and Accrued Research and Development Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our prepaid and accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. We make estimates of our prepaid and accrued research and development expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at the time. We confirm the accuracy of estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. Examples of estimated prepaid and accrued research and development expenses include expenses for:

We base our expenses related to clinical studies on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple CROs that conduct and manage clinical studies on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. The scope of services under these contracts can be modified and some of the agreements may be cancelled by either party upon written notice. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the clinical expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of subjects and the completion of clinical study milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid accordingly.

Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, if our estimates of the status and timing of services performed differ from the actual status and timing of services performed, we may report amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, there have been no material differences between our estimates and amounts actually incurred.

Warrant Derivative Instruments including Determination of the Fair Value of Underlying Common Stock

We account for derivatives, specifically freestanding detachable stock purchase warrants, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. This guidance establishes accounting and reporting principles for derivative instruments, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts. The Roche Warrants which are discussed previously are valued using the Black Scholes valuation model. The Black Scholes valuation was determined using assumptions that are subjective and require significant judgement and estimation by management, including the fair value of our common stock, as discussed below. Other assumptions include the risk-free rate, expected volatility, term and dividend yield, if applicable. The risk-free rate assumption was based on observed yields from governmental zero-coupon bonds. The expected volatility assumption was based on historical volatilities of a group of comparable industry companies whose stock prices are publicly available. The peer group was developed based on companies in the therapeutics and pharmaceutical industries.

Determination of the Fair Value of Common Stock

As there has been no public market for our common stock to date, the estimated fair value of our common stock has been determined by our board of directors as of each reporting date, with input from management,

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considering third-party valuations of our common stock as well as our board of directors’ assessment of additional objective and subjective factors that it believed were relevant and which may have changed from the date of the most recent third-party valuation to each reporting date. These third-party valuations of our common stock were determined in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, or AICPA Practice Aid. The assumptions used in the valuation model were based on future expectations combined with management judgment.

In addition to considering the results of these third-party valuations, our board of directors considered various objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of our common stock as of each reporting date, which may be a date later than the most recent third-party valuation date, including:

The assumptions underlying these valuations represent management’s best estimates, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors or expected outcomes change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, our analysis and related statement of operations and comprehensive loss impact could be materially different.

Following the closing of this offering, the fair value of our common stock will be determined based on the quoted market price of our common stock.

Emerging Growth Company Status and Smaller Reporting Company Status

We are an “emerging growth company,” or EGC, under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an EGC can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an EGC can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of the delayed adoption of new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same requirements to adopt new or revised accounting standards as private entities.

As an EGC, we may also take advantage of certain exemptions and reduced reporting requirements under the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions, as an EGC:

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We will remain an EGC until the earliest of (i) December 31, 2027, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more, (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the previous rolling three-year period, or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

We are also a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates plus the proposed aggregate amount of gross proceeds to us as a result of this offering is less than $700 million and our annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company after this offering if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million.

If we are a smaller reporting company at the time we cease to be an EGC, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to EGCs, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Other than as disclosed in Note 2 to our audited financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, we do not expect that any recently issued accounting standards will have a material impact on our financial statements or will otherwise apply to our operations.

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BUSINESS

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing our lead clinical candidate, CIN-107, for the treatment of hypertension and other cardio-renal diseases. CIN-107 is a highly selective, oral small molecule inhibitor of aldosterone synthase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of aldosterone in the adrenal gland. CIN-107 has been designed to use differentiated mechanism of action, direct inhibition of aldosterone synthase production, with the goal of providing an improved treatment for patients suffering from hypertension, or high blood pressure. Despite the widespread availability of multiple antihypertensive agents, there remains a significant unmet medical need as more than half of the 108 million hypertensive patients in the United States do not achieve blood pressure control. We are evaluating the efficacy and safety profile of CIN-107 as a potential treatment for a broad hypertensive population, including different subpopulations of hypertensive patients who have not achieved blood pressure control despite treatment. We are conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial, which we refer to as our BrigHtn trial, of CIN-107 in patients whose blood pressure is not controlled despite treatment with three antihypertensive agents, including a diuretic, which is referred to as treatment resistant hypertension, or rHTN, and recently initiated a separate Phase 2 clinical trial, which we refer to as our HALO trial, in patients with elevated aldosterone levels whose blood pressure is not controlled despite treatment with one antihypertensive agent, which is referred to as uncontrolled hypertension, or uHTN. In addition to hypertension, we are developing CIN-107 for the treatment of primary aldosteronism, or PA, and exploring its utility in ameliorating complications of chronic kidney disease, or CKD. Earlier this year, we initiated a Phase 2 clinical trial of CIN-107 in patients with confirmed PA, which we refer to as our spark-PA trial, and plan to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with CKD who have uncontrolled blood pressure in the first half of 2022.

In August 2021, we conducted a review of blinded, preliminary safety data from our ongoing BrigHtn trial on 124 patients who had either completed 12 weeks of treatment or withdrew from the trial. The purpose of this blinded data review was to enable an assessment of the overall management and conduct of the trial, without unblinding any individual patient data. Due to the preliminary and blinded nature of the data, this interim data set was not subject to the standard quality control measures typically associated with final clinical trial results. The mean systolic blood pressure, or SBP, at baseline was 147 mm Hg and, following 12 weeks, SBP levels declined to a mean of 132 mm Hg for the 124 patients included in the review, including patients in the placebo cohort. Due to the blinded nature of the BrigHtn trial, we currently do not know if participants receiving CIN-107 experienced any decrease in blood pressure, or if the decreases in blood pressure, if any, differed from participants receiving a placebo. In addition, the BrigHtn trial is ongoing, and we will not know whether treatment with CIN-107 lowers blood pressure in a clinically meaningful manner until all clinical trials we intend to complete prior to submitting a request for marketing authorization have been conducted and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, makes its efficacy determination. Furthermore, this preliminary data is not subject to the same quality control measures as final data, which creates a risk that the final results could be materially different from the preliminary results observed in this blinded data review. We expect to announce top-line data from the final results of this trial in the second half of 2022.

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal gland that regulates water and salt balance in the human body. It causes retention of water and salt by the kidney, a genomic effect that contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. In addition to this genomic effect, aldosterone induces certain indirect, non-genomic effects, including pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects, increases in oxidative stress, as well as cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy and remodeling. Increasing evidence shows a correlation between these non-genomic effects of aldosterone and a worsening of patient outcomes, particularly in patients who have heart disease or kidney disease. Given these potentially deleterious effects of aldosterone, inhibiting its effects is a well understood mechanism of action for the treatment of hypertension and other cardio-renal diseases, such as PA and CKD.

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Hypertension is one of the world’s leading causes of mortality. According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the U.S. CDC, approximately 500,000 people still die every year in the United States with uncontrolled blood pressure listed as a primary or secondary cause of death. Despite decades of understanding the importance of controlling hypertension and the widespread availability of multiple approved therapies, only 43.7% of the 108 million U.S. adults with hypertension achieve blood pressure levels of less than 140/90 mm Hg, despite the recommended target blood pressure goal being less than 130/80 mm Hg. Although the evidence for the benefits of reducing blood pressure is overwhelming and has consistently supported the medical community’s recommendations to drive blood pressure to lower levels, the current standard-of-care has not meaningfully changed, with no new classes of antihypertensive agents approved in more than a decade.

There are multiple standard-of-care antihypertensive agents currently available, including angiotensin converting enzyme, or ACE, inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, or ARBs, which are designed to inhibit the production of aldosterone at different points along the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system, or RAAS, axis, as well as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, or MRAs, which block the effects of aldosterone at the mineralocorticoid receptor. Despite the widespread availability and use of these antihypertensive agents, many of which are available as generic products, each class of drugs currently available is associated with significant limitations, including limited efficacy, limited duration of aldosterone lowering effect and multiple side effects. Given both the importance of reducing aldosterone and the limitations of currently available therapies, we believe that CIN-107 has the potential to have a significant impact on the treatment paradigm for hypertension and other cardio-renal diseases.

Our Pipeline

We are developing CIN-107 for the treatment of multiple diseases where aldosterone plays a significant role in disease pathophysiology, including hypertension and PA. We are also exploring its utility in ameliorating complications of CKD. To support the advancement of this “pipeline-in-a-product” opportunity, we are currently conducting and plan to initiate additional Phase 2 clinical trials of CIN-107 for different indications and patient populations. The following table summarizes our CIN-107 pipeline across multiple indications.

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Our Corporate History and Team

We were incorporated in March 2018 and founded as a subsidiary of CinRx Pharma, LLC, or CinRx, a biotechnology company focused on developing novel therapeutics. In May 2019, we entered into an agreement with F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Hoffmann La-Roche Inc., whom we collectively refer to in this prospectus as Roche for an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license to certain Roche technology to research, develop, manufacture, and commercialize a novel aldosterone synthase inhibitor compound, CIN-107, for any and all diseases and conditions. In connection with the closing of our Series A preferred stock financing and the execution of our in-licensing transaction with Roche, we were spun out as an independent company. We continued to rely on CinRx for the development of CIN-107 until the fall of 2021 when we closed our Series B preferred stock financing and hired our own management team and operational personnel. For further information, please see the sectionsections titled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties—We have delivered notice to terminate our Management Services Agreement with CinRx, a related party we have relied on to provide us with services since our inception, and we may not be able to effectively replace those services.” and “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—CinRx Pharma, LLC” elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our co-founders and senior management team have extensive leadership and scientific experience in cardiovascular and specialty drug discovery and development. Our Chief Executive Officer, Marc de Garidel, has over 35 years of leadership experience in the biopharmaceutical industry and is currently the chairman of the board of directors of Ipsen S.A. Prior to joining us, Mr. de Garidel served as chief executive officer of Corvidia Therapeutics, which was sold to Novo Nordisk in July 2020 for up to $2.1 billion, and prior to that, he served as chief executive officer of Ipsen S.A. Our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Business Development Officer, Mary Theresa Coelho, M.B.A., has an accomplished track record as a leader across finance, business development and operations for public biopharmaceutical and other publicly traded and private companies. Our Executive Vice President, Clinical Development, Mason Freeman, M.D., has been deeply involved in the development of multiple, novel medicines that are now approved for commercial sale in the United States to treat lipid disorders, heart failure, hyperkalemia, Cushing’s disease, and diabetes. Our Chief Operating Officer and co-founder, Catherine Pearce, M.B.A., D.H.Sc., has over 20 years of clinical and business development experience, and previously held the position of vice president of research at Teva Pharmaceuticals. Since our inception, we have raised an aggregate of approximately $192.9 million from leading life sciences investors, including General Atlantic, Sofinnova Investments, Sofinnova Partners, and 5AM Ventures.

Our Strategy

Our strategy is focused on developing and commercializing CIN-107 for the treatment of multiple cardio-renal diseases in which aldosterone is known to play a significant role in the disease pathophysiology, including hypertension and PA. We are also exploring its utility in ameliorating complications of CKD. Key elements of our strategy include the following:

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The Significant Role of Aldosterone in Multiple Cardio-renal Disease Pathogenesis

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal gland that stimulates the absorption of sodium in the kidneys and regulates water and salt balance in the human body. As shown in the graphic below, aldosterone is one of the three key components of the RAAS, an endocrine system that plays an important role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid balance. When blood flow into the kidney is reduced or there is a drop in blood pressure, the RAAS is activated and the kidney secretes renin into blood circulation. Renin converts angiotensinogen, a protein produced by the liver and released into circulation, into angiotensin I. The ACE, which is found predominantly on the surface of vascular endothelial cells of the lungs, subsequently converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone binds to intracellular receptors and activates the mineralocorticoid receptor in the kidney, resulting in increased sodium absorption, which increases the body’s fluid load and thereby increases blood

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pressure, accomplishing the original objective set forth by the activation of the RAAS. In the process of sodium absorption, potassium is exchanged and released into the urine. This overall effect of aldosterone on the kidney, which is driven by the binding of aldosterone to intracellular receptors that then control the transcription of several genes, is referred to as its genomic effect.

The Role of Aldosterone in RAAS

Under normal conditions, the RAAS achieves a physiological equilibrium between the kidney and the adrenal gland mediated by the effects of renin from the kidney and aldosterone from the adrenal gland. However, when the RAAS is abnormally active, excess levels of aldosterone are produced, leading to increased salt and fluid retention and resulting in increases in circulating blood volume, which contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. In certain situations, aldosterone can be produced independent of the activation of the RAAS and secretion of renin. In these cases of renin-independent aldosterone production, the level of plasma aldosterone is greater than what is physiologically needed based on the level of plasma renin released by the kidney.

Recent scientific literature has demonstrated that there is a prevalent continuum of renin-independent aldosterone production that parallels the severity of hypertension. A study conducted by Dr. Jenifer Brown et al, which was published in the Annals of Internal Medicine in July 2020, evaluated urinary aldosterone excretion rates in patients with confirmed renin-independent aldosterone production across different stages of hypertension: normal (less than 130/80 mm Hg); stage 1 (130-139/80-89 mm Hg); stage 2 (equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg); and rHTN (greater than 130/80 mm Hg), despite treatment with three or more antihypertensive agents one of which is a diuretic. As shown in the figure below, this study demonstrated a strong correlation between aldosterone levels and severity of hypertension. In addition, this study showed minimal to no differences when aldosterone levels were adjusted for age, body mass index, race, sex, history of diabetes and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion.

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Correlation of Renin-Independent Aldosterone Production by Blood Pressure Category

There are many conditions that lead to renin-independent aldosterone production, including: PA, where there is autonomous secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal gland; body mass index, or BMI, above average levels, particularly male type obesity with excess fat in the abdominal or waist area; sleep apnea syndrome, a sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts; and endothelial dysfunction, a type of vascular disease due to constricted blood vessels.

In addition to the genomic effects of aldosterone discussed above, aldosterone induces certain indirect, non-genomic effects that occur without the transcription of any genes, including pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects, increases in oxidative stress, as well as cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy and remodeling. Increasing evidence shows a correlation between these non-genomic effects of aldosterone and a worsening of patient outcomes, particularly in patients who have heart disease or kidney disease. For example, scientific literature suggests the non-genomic effects of aldosterone contribute to the progression of CKD. Hypertension is one of the major causes of CKD, and many patients with CKD from other causes, such as diabetes, also have hypertension. Multiple third-party clinical trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that reducing aldosterone levels in patients with CKD, and thereby mitigating the non-genomic effects of aldosterone and lowering blood pressure, leads to a reduction in proteinuria and delays the progression of the disease.

Currently Available Treatments Involving Aldosterone Inhibition Relating to RAAS

Given the potentially deleterious effects of aldosterone described above, inhibiting its effects is a well understood mechanism of action for the treatment of hypertension and other cardio-renal diseases, such as PA and CKD. When plasma aldosterone levels are reduced or blocked, the reverse of the natural RAAS process occurs. Instead of the kidney retaining sodium and water, sodium is lost through urine and, in exchange, potassium is retained. This results in a reduction in plasma sodium levels and an increase in plasma potassium levels, which leads to a reduction in blood volume and thus has a blood pressure lowering effect. Many standard-of-care antihypertensive agents, such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, which are also known as angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and MRAs, are designed to inhibit the production or effects of aldosterone at different points of the RAAS axis, as shown below. In addition to these currently available antihypertensive agents, there are multiple aldosterone synthase inhibitors, including CIN-107, in clinical development, which are designed to directly inhibit aldosterone synthesis.

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Antihypertensive Agents Inhibit the Production or Effects of Aldosterone at Different Points of the RAAS Axis

Despite the widespread availability and use of antihypertensive agents, each class of drugs currently available is associated with significant limitations. For example, a significant proportion of patients taking ACE inhibitors and ARBs for prolonged periods of time experience aldosterone breakthrough, where plasma aldosterone levels return to or exceed baseline levels. In addition, the extent of aldosterone reduction achieved with ACE inhibitors and ARBs is less than what could be achieved with aldosterone synthase inhibitors that directly inhibit aldosterone synthesis. In the case of MRAs, blocking the effects of aldosterone at the mineralocorticoid receptor level often leads to increases in aldosterone synthesis, which ultimately requires higher doses of the MRA agent to compensate for these effects. Furthermore, with the MRAs that are currently available, particularly spironolactone, there are multiple side effects that prevent their widespread use, including a variety of anti-androgenic effects such as breast tenderness and enlargement in men, decreased libido in men and menstrual irregularities in woman. In addition, spironolactone treatment can lead to potentially harmful increases in blood potassium levels. Given both the importance of reducing aldosterone and the limitations of currently available therapies, we believe that CIN-107 has the potential to have a significant impact on the treatment paradigm for hypertension and other cardio-renal diseases.

CIN-107—A Highly Selective Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitor

Overview

CIN-107 is a highly selective, oral, small molecule inhibitor of aldosterone synthase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of aldosterone in the adrenal gland. We are developing CIN-107 for the treatment of multiple diseases where aldosterone plays a significant role, including hypertension and PA. We are also exploring its utility in ameliorating complications of CKD. A robust Phase 1 clinical development program for CIN-107 has been conducted, with approximately 180 individuals dosed across multiple conducted clinical trials. CIN-107 was shown to be well tolerated in healthy volunteers, with no serious adverse events, or SAEs, or treatment-emergent adverse events, or TEAEs, leading to treatment withdrawal associated with CIN-107. In addition, a Phase 1 clinical trial was conducted in subjects with varying degrees of renal function. In this trial, one SAE not related to CIN-107 was observed.

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We are currently conducting our BrigHTN trial of CIN-107 in patients with rHTN. In August 2021, we conducted a review of blinded, preliminary safety data from this trial on and reviewed data from 124 patients who had either completed 12 weeks of treatment or withdrew from the trial. The purpose of this blinded data review was to enable an assessment of the overall management and conduct of the trial, without unblinding any individual patient data. Due to the preliminary and blinded nature of the data, this interim data set was not subject to the standard quality control measures typically associated with final clinical trial results. The mean SBP at baseline was 147 mm Hg and, following 12 weeks, SBP levels declined to a mean of 132 mm Hg for the 124 patients included in the review, including patients in the placebo cohort. Due to the blinded nature of the BrigHtn trial, we currently do not know if participants receiving CIN-107 experienced any decrease in blood pressure, or if the decreases in blood pressure, if any, differed from participants receiving a placebo. In addition, the BrigHtn trial is ongoing, and we will not know whether treatment with CIN-107 lowers blood pressure in a clinically meaningful manner until all clinical trials we intend to complete prior to submitting a request for marketing authorization have been conducted and the FDA makes its efficacy determination. Furthermore, this preliminary data is not subject to the same quality control measures as final data, which creates a risk that the final results could be materially different from the preliminary results observed in this blinded data review.

In addition to rHTN, we initiated our spark-PA trial of CIN-107 in patients with PA earlier this year. We also recently initiated our HALO trial in patients with elevated aldosterone levels with uHTN and plan to initiate a separate Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with CKD who have uncontrolled blood pressure in the first half of 2022.

Mechanism of Action of CIN-107

Directly inhibiting aldosterone synthesis has long been a goal in therapeutic drug development as the relationship between elevated levels of aldosterone and the progression of multiple diseases is well understood. However, the challenge has been developing a molecule with the ability to safely inhibit aldosterone production without negatively impacting cortisol synthesis. The major enzymes responsible for the synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol share approximately 93% amino acid sequence similarity, and therefore, a highly selective aldosterone synthesis inhibitor is required. Multiple programs in development by others have been discontinued over the past several years due to, what we believe is, their product candidates’ lack of selectivity, which resulted in the simultaneous inhibition of both aldosterone and cortisol. Off-target suppression of cortisol leads to compromised stress and immunologic responses, adverse impact on metabolic functions and increased risk of mortality.

CIN-107 was designed with high selectivity to specifically overcome this challenge. In particular, CIN-107 selectively targets aldosterone synthase, which is encoded by the CYP11B2 gene. Importantly, it has low affinity for 11ß-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for cortisol synthesis, which is encoded by the CYP11B1 gene. In multiple preclinical in vivo studies, CIN-107 significantly lowered aldosterone levels without affecting cortisol levels across a wide range of doses. Similar observations were made in multiple Phase 1 clinical trials in healthy volunteers. We observed a dose-dependent reduction of plasma aldosterone levels with patients receiving a 10 mg dose demonstrating an approximately 85% to 90% reduction in the single ascending dose trial, and with patients receiving a 1.5 mg to 5 mg dose range demonstrating a 65% to 71% reduction in the multiple ascending dose trial. These reductions were compared to baseline levels measured the day prior to initial dosing and were not observed in individuals receiving a placebo. Importantly, no effects on cortisol levels were observed at doses up to 360 mg, the highest dose evaluated. In the multiple ascending dose trial, for doses up to 5 mg once-daily administered for 10 days, there was no observed suppression of cortisol synthesis.

Phase 1 Development of CIN-107

To date, multiple Phase 1 clinical trials of CIN-107 have been conducted in healthy volunteers to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CIN-107, as summarized in the table below. CIN-107 was well tolerated in healthy volunteers across all Phase 1 clinical trials conducted to date, with no

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serious adverse events, or SAEs, or treatment-emergent adverse events, or TEAEs, leading to treatment withdrawal associated with CIN-107. In addition, a Phase 1 clinical trial was conducted in subjects with varying degrees of renal function. In this trial, one SAE not related to CIN-107 was observed.

Summary of Completed Phase 1 Clinical Trials of CIN-107

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Single Ascending Dose (SAD) Phase 1 Clinical Trial

A two-part, single ascending dose Phase 1 clinical trial of CIN-107 in healthy male volunteers evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of CIN-107 ranging from 1 mg to 360 mg. Two hours after the administration of a single dose of CIN-107, the majority of subjects in part 1 of the trial underwent an ACTH challenge, which stimulates the synthesis of both aldosterone and cortisol. Four hours later, the subjects participated in a standing aldosterone challenge, which involved moving from a sitting position to a standing position, a movement that immediately increases aldosterone levels as a normal physiological response, as shown in the blue line for the placebo group in the left figure below.

CIN-107 reduced plasma aldosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner following the ACTH challenge and, in contrast to placebo, reduced levels were maintained following the standing challenge, as shown in the left figure below. Significant reductions of 70% to 80% in aldosterone levels were observed at the 1 mg and 3 mg dose levels, and near complete suppression of aldosterone was observed at the 10 mg and higher doses of CIN-107. The reductions in aldosterone levels increased in a dose-dependent manner until 10 mg, after which the reduction levels plateaued through 360 mg. No effect on plasma cortisol levels was observed at all dose levels tested, as shown by the minimal differences between the CIN-107 treatment groups and placebo on the right figure below.

CIN-107 Demonstrated Dose-Dependent Suppression of Aldosterone Levels

With No Effect on Cortisol in Healthy Volunteers

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The results of this trial demonstrated CIN-107’s ability to selectively inhibit aldosterone synthesis without meaningfully impacting cortisol synthesis.

CIN-107 was well tolerated in healthy volunteers across all doses evaluated in the SAD trial, with no SAEs, treatment discontinuations due to a TEAE or deaths reported. No dose-limiting toxicities were reported and the maximum tolerated dose, or MTD, was at the highest dose tested of 360 mg. The most frequently reported AEs following the administration of a single dose of CIN-107 were headache, nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, asthenia, dizziness and nausea. The majority of AEs reported were considered to be mild and not related to CIN-107. AEs considered to be either moderate in intensity or related to CIN-107 included: two events of moderate gastroenteritis (one from the 180 mg dose cohort and one from the placebo group); one event of dizziness considered to be related to CIN-107; one event of fractured coccyx; and one event of concussion. There were no AEs related to markedly abnormal safety laboratory values reported and there were no clinically significant or dose-dependent changes observed over time in vital signs, ocular assessments, cardiac function as measured by electrocardiogram, or ECG, or corrected QT interval by Fridericia formula, or QTcF.

This trial demonstrated a desirable pharmacokinetics profile for CIN-107 that is supportive of once-daily dosing. CIN-107 was rapidly absorbed with maximum concentrations in the plasma occurring within one to two hours after administration. CIN-107 plasma concentrations declined from peak in a biphasic manner, with a mean half-life of 25 to 31 hours, which makes CIN-107conducive to once daily dosing. It was also observed that dietary salt intake did not affect the pharmacokinetics properties of CIN-107.

Multiple Ascending Dose (MAD) Phase 1 Clinical Trial

A randomized, double-blind, multiple ascending dose Phase 1 clinical trial in healthy volunteers evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple daily doses of CIN-107 ranging from 0.5 mg to 5 mg. A total of 56 subjects were randomized into the trial, with 42 subjects receiving once-daily doses of CIN-107 and 14 subjects receiving once-daily doses of placebo for ten days. In both groups, subjects were placed either on a low salt diet or a normal salt diet. Subjects in the initial two cohorts were on a low salt diet in order to stimulate aldosterone levels and to enable the evaluation of safety in potential patients who may be following a low salt diet. Subjects in these two cohorts underwent three ACTH challenges: on day -1 (prior to receiving their first dose of CIN-107), on day 1 (after receiving their first dose of CIN-107) and on day 10 (after receiving their tenth dose of CIN-107).

As shown in the figure below, average aldosterone reductions of 65% to 71% were observed after ten days of once-daily dosing of CIN-107 at doses of 1.5 mg or greater, regardless of dietary salt intake. However, the reductions in aldosterone levels appeared to be greater in the subjects who received a low salt diet. These findings are consistent with those from the SAD trial in which the reductions in aldosterone levels increased in a dose dependent manner up to 3 mg, after which the extent of reductions plateaued.

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CIN-107 Demonstrated Dose-Dependent Reductions in Plasma Aldosterone in Healthy Volunteers

Additionally, as shown below, there was an appropriate increase in cortisol levels after ACTH stimulation, and no meaningful difference in the cortisol responses between the ACTH challenge given before administration of CIN-107 and the ACTH challenge given before the tenth dose of CIN-107.

CIN-107 Demonstrated No Meaningful Difference in Cortisol Response vs. Placebo

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Once-daily administration of CIN-107 for ten days was well tolerated in healthy volunteers across all doses tested in the MAD trial. There were no deaths, SAEs or treatment discontinuations due to a TEAE reported, and there were no apparent increases in incidence or severity of AEs with increasing doses of CIN-107. The most common TEAEs among subjects receiving CIN-107 were headache, postural dizziness and dizziness. All TEAEs reported were mild in severity, except for one moderate event of ventricular tachycardia in a subject receiving placebo. There were no clinically meaningful changes observed in laboratory parameters, physical examination results or cardiac function as measured by ECG, including no meaningful changes in QTcF.

In this trial, mild and dose-dependent increases in plasma potassium levels and decreases in plasma sodium levels were observed with corresponding changes in urine sodium and potassium levels. However, despite this initial increase in the urine sodium to potassium ratio, which indicates that sodium loss in the urine is greater than the potassium retention, the ratio was normalized by Day 10 of treatment, suggesting that the balance between sodium excretion and potassium absorption was restored.

The pharmacokinetics observed in this trial were consistent with what was observed in the SAD trial. The data suggests CIN-107 was rapidly absorbed, with maximum concentrations in the plasma occurring within two to three hours after administration. Systemic exposure to CIN-107 demonstrated a predictable increase in plasma concentration and generally in a dose-dependent manner across the dose levels tested. Based on the observed average half-life of CIN-107 of 26 to 31 hours, steady state plasma concentrations of CIN-107 were achieved within approximately 5 days of once-daily dosing. At steady state, the plasma accumulation of CIN-107 was observed to be approximately two times higher with daily dosing as compared to a single dose of CIN-107, which suggests that the blood levels at the 1.5 mg and 5 mg doses in the MAD trial should be comparable to the 3 mg and 10 mg doses in the SAD trial.

CIN-107 for the Treatment of Hypertension

The first indication we are pursuing for CIN-107 is hypertension, with an initial focus on the subpopulation of patients with rHTN. We are currently conducting our BrigHtn trial in hypertensive patients who failed to achieve blood pressure control on three antihypertensive agents, including a diuretic, at their maximally tolerated doses. A review of blinded, preliminary safety data from 124 patients who had either completed 12 weeks of treatment or withdrew from the trial demonstrated an average SBP level of 132 mm Hg, compared to a baseline mean of 147 mm Hg. Due to the blinded nature of the BrigHtn trial, we currently do not know if participants receiving CIN-107 experienced any decrease in blood pressure, or if the decreases in blood pressure, if any, differed from participants receiving a placebo. In addition, the BrigHtn trial is ongoing, and we will not know whether treatment with CIN-107 lowers blood pressure in a clinically meaningful manner until all clinical trials we intend to complete prior to submitting a request for marketing authorization have been conducted and the

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FDA makes its efficacy determination. Furthermore, this preliminary data is not subject to the same quality control measures as final data, which creates a risk that the final results could be materially different from the preliminary results observed in this blinded data review. Final topline data from this trial is expected in the second half of 2022.

It is generally well understood that lowering aldosterone levels, regardless of baseline levels, will result in a reduction of blood pressure. We plan to evaluate the potential efficacy of CIN-107 across the continuum of hypertensive patients, including those with uHTN, where there remains a significant unmet medical need. In addition to our ongoing BrigHtn trial, we recently initiated our HALO trial in hypertensive patients with elevated aldosterone levels who have failed to achieve blood pressure control on one antihypertensive agent at its maximally tolerated dose.

Overview of Hypertension

Hypertension, which is defined by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association as resting blood pressure above 130/80 mm Hg, is generally acknowledged to be one of the most common preventable risk factors for premature death worldwide. Though often asymptomatic, hypertension significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney disease, amongst other diseases. It is estimated that as much as 20% of the global population suffers from hypertension, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control estimated that as many as 108 million Americans could be hypertensive.

The main classifications of hypertension are primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary, or essential, hypertension, which accounts for over 90% of total cases, is not associated with any identifiable cause. However, it may be derived from genetic or lifestyle factors. Secondary hypertension, which affects approximately 10% of hypertensive individuals, occurs when elevated blood pressure is attributable to other medical conditions, such as kidney disease and PA.

The current standard-of-care for patients newly diagnosed with hypertension is based on a set of guidelines set forth by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. Depending on baseline blood pressure levels, these guidelines recommend the patient typically begin with lifestyle modifications and then, assuming blood pressure is not controlled, to initiate treatment with antihypertensive agents selected primarily from the following four classes of drugs:

When baseline blood pressure is relatively high, initial therapy can be comprised of a combination of two antihypertensive agents. If patients are not adequately controlled on the initial treatment prescribed, physicians may decide to increase the dose of the agents and/or add additional hypertensive agents to a patient’s treatment regimen. However, despite the widespread availability and use of many generic antihypertensive agents, as well as the general awareness of the dire consequences of hypertension, the proportion of patients with uncontrolled blood pressure continues to grow. In a 2020 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, it was shown that the percentage of Americans with hypertension, with blood pressure levels above 140/90 mm Hg in this study, increased from 51.5% in 2007/08 to 56.3% in 2017/18.

Moreover, the recently reported Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial, or the SPRINT study, presented by the National Institutes of Health’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in 2020, showed that intensive

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blood pressure control to reduce SBP to less than 120 mm Hg resulted in significant cardiovascular benefit in high-risk patients with hypertension compared with routine SBP control to less than 140 mm Hg. The SPRINT study demonstrated not only that lower blood pressure correlates with a lower risk of death, but also that setting a target blood pressure goal lower than the standard treatment goal of 140/90 mm Hg prevented many more deaths. Based on these SPRINT results, many guidelines are being revised to now recommend that certain high-risk patients with high blood pressure aim for a target blood pressure goal of 130/80 mm Hg. Globally, only one in seven hypertensive patients achieve blood pressure control, which means that approximately 86% of the hypertensive patients are unable to control their blood pressure. Among the estimated 489 million patients who are treated with antihypertensive agents, approximately 297 million patients are unable to achieve blood pressure control.

Patients who fail to maintain blood pressure levels of 130/80 mm Hg or less, despite being compliant with at least three antihypertensive agents, including a diuretic, are considered to have rHTN. The rHTN patient population represents an estimated 17% to 20% of the total hypertensive population in the United States, or approximately 12-15 million individuals. For these patients, treatment options are limited and the current standard-of-care is to introduce an MRA agent to their antihypertensive regimen. MRAs inhibit the effects of aldosterone by preventing aldosterone from binding with the mineralocorticoid receptor. However, MRAs, such as spironolactone, are associated with multiple adverse effects, including a variety of anti-androgenic effects such as breast tenderness and enlargement in men, decreased libido in men and menstrual irregularities in women. In addition, spironolactone treatment can lead to potentially harmful increases in blood potassium levels. Due to these side effects associated with MRAs, many patients are unable to tolerate these agents over the long-term. Newer generations of MRAs, which are non-steroidal and more selective than earlier generations, are in clinical development and have demonstrated less significant potassium fluctuations than observed with currently available MRAs, but appear to retain the aldosterone elevating effects and the inability to mitigate the mineralocorticoid receptor-independent effects of aldosterone.

Our Solution—CIN-107

CIN-107 is designed to directly and selectively inhibit aldosterone synthase. Based on its unique mechanism of action, CIN-107 has the potential to achieve the goal of reducing the deleterious genomic and non-genomic effects of aldosterone, regardless of whether aldosterone production is RAAS-mediated or renin-independent, while having minimal effects on plasma potassium, sodium and cortisol levels. In order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CIN-107 across the continuum of hypertension, our clinical development plan for CIN-107 for the treatment of hypertension includes our ongoing BrigHtn trial in patients with rHTN and our recently initiated HALO trial in patients with uHTN. We chose the rHTN patient population for our first Phase 2 clinical trial of CIN-107 based on the high unmet medical need among these patients, the likelihood of reimbursement from payors for this population based on our market analysis, if approved, and the expected translatability of data from this highly difficult-to-treat patient population to less severe hypertensive patients. If our clinical trials are successful, we believe CIN-107 has the potential to improve the treatment options for patients with hypertension, including potential use as an earlier line of therapy.

Phase 2 BrigHtn Clinical Trial in rHTN

Our ongoing BrigHtn trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group, dose-ranging Phase 2 clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CIN-107 for the treatment of hypertension. We plan to enroll approximately 260 patients who are adherent to a stable regimen of at least three antihypertensive agents, including one diuretic, for at least four weeks prior to randomization. To ensure adherence, a central pharmacy provides screened patients with their regimen of background hypertensive medications for two weeks followed by an additional 2-week single-blind run-in period, during which adherence to background medications, as measured by pill counts, must be at least 70% in order to be eligible for randomization. Following the 2-week single-blind run-in period, eligible patients who continue to meet the elevated blood pressure criteria are randomized on a 1:1:1 basis to receive 12 weeks of treatment with once-daily

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oral doses of 1 mg of CIN-107, 2 mg of CIN-107 or placebo. The primary endpoint of this trial is the change from baseline in mean seated SBP as measured by Automated Office Blood Pressure Measurement, or AOBPM, following 12 weeks of treatment. The secondary endpoints of this clinical trial are (i) the change from baseline in mean seated diastolic blood pressure, or DBP, and (ii) the percentage of patients achieving a seated blood pressure response below 130/80 mm Hg, both after 12 weeks of treatment.

Our BrigHtn trial is a placebo-controlled trial. Placebo effect has been reported in many studies, including hypertension trials. In a publication describing the meta-analysis of a series of hypertension trials that led to the approval by FDA of five antihypertensive drugs (azilsartan, aliskiren, nebivolol, eplerenone and olmesartan) since 2000, the authors described that blood pressure fell by 5.92 mm Hg on average in the non-treatment-resistant hypertension studies in the placebo arm across 52 trials involving 7,451 subjects. The authors also reported on eight resistant hypertension trials in 694 patients, where the average blood pressure reduction in the placebo arm was 8.76 mm Hg. Based on such observations by others, we consistently designed our trials with a placebo-controlled arm wherever relevant.

When this trial was planned, we did not have any clinical data showing the reduction in blood pressure as a function of a reduction in aldosterone levels. As expected, the Phase 1 clinical trials in healthy volunteers did not demonstrate significant blood pressure reduction, as these subjects were not hypertensive and had normal blood pressure levels. Therefore, as shown in the figure below, our BrigHtn trial was designed as an adaptive design trial, which allowed us the flexibility to add an additional dose cohort following a preliminary safety data review.

Design of Our Phase 2 BrigHtn Clinical Trial

Preliminary Safety Data Review Conducted by the DRC

The Data Review Committee, or DRC, conducted the preliminary safety data review after the first 39 randomized patients either completed 12 weeks of treatment or withdrew from the trial or withdrew from the trial. We intentionally scheduled the DRC review at an early point of the trial in order to allow us sufficient time to add and collect data on a fourth dose cohort to the trial design without substantially extending the duration of the ongoing trial.

In the first half of 2021, the DRC conducted its preliminary safety review based on data from 34 patients who had completed the trial as well as five patients who had discontinued treatment or withdrawn from the trial prematurely. The DRC reviewed clinical and laboratory safety data and vital sign information, including blood pressure levels, of the 39 patients included in the review, all of which was aggregated by dose cohort. Based on their review, the DRC recommended the addition of a 0.5 mg dose cohort to the ongoing BrigHtn trial. The DRC reported that this recommendation was not based on safety or tolerability concerns, and, rather, was intended to allow for exploration of dose response across a broader range of doses of CIN-107.

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Based on the DRC’s recommendation, the fourth cohort of 0.5 mg of CIN-107 was initiated in August 2021, and since August 2021, the randomization schedule has been adjusted to enable a near equal number of patients across all dose cohorts, including the newly added 0.5 mg dose cohort, to complete 12 weeks of treatment during the remainder of the trial.

Blinded, Preliminary Interim Data from Ongoing Phase 2 BrigHtn Clinical Trial

In August 2021, we conducted a review of blinded, preliminary safety data of 124 patients, which included 105 patients who had completed 12 weeks of treatment and 19 patients who had discontinued treatment or withdrawn from the trial. The purpose of this blinded data review was to enable an assessment of the overall management and conduct of the trial, without unblinding any individual patient data. Due to the preliminary and blinded nature of the data, this interim data set was not subject to the standard quality control measures typically associated with final clinical trial results. For example, the data that is available at the conclusion of a trial would be unblinded following a data cleansing review, source verification of data using documents from the local clinical trial sites, and other quality control measures to ensure the highest level of accuracy and fidelity possible. In contrast, the blinded data used for our preliminary safety reviews did not undergo this process and is therefore highly preliminary and not yet validated.

As of August 17, 2021, we have enrolled 169 patients across all four cohorts, including 124 patients from the first three cohorts who have either completed 12 weeks of treatment or withdrew from the trial. The figure below shows the mean SPB levels from baseline through 12 weeks, with the orange line showing the mean of the 39 patients included in the DRC review and the blue line showing the mean of all 124 who have completed or discontinued treatment. These mean SBP calculations include all patients, regardless of dose cohort, which means that the blood pressure levels shown below include data from the placebo, 1 mg and 2 mg dose cohorts.

Aggregate Mean SBP in Two Preliminary Reviews of BrigHtn Trial

As shown above, the mean SBP at baseline was 147 mm Hg for all patients included in the review, and, following 12 weeks, SBP levels declined to a mean of 132 mm Hg for the 124 patients who had either completed 12 weeks of treatment or withdrew from the trial, and to a mean of 133 mm Hg for the initial 39 patients who were included in the DRC review. Due to the blinded nature of the BrigHtn trial, we currently do not know if participants receiving CIN-107 experienced any decrease in blood pressure, or if the decreases in blood pressure, if any, differed from participants receiving a placebo. In addition, the BrigHtn trial is ongoing, and we will not know whether treatment with CIN-107 lowers blood pressure in a clinically meaningful manner until all clinical trials we intend to complete prior to submitting a request for marketing authorization have been conducted and the FDA makes its efficacy determination. Furthermore, this preliminary data is not subject to the same quality control measures as final data, which creates a risk that the final results could be materially different from the preliminary results observed in this review.

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We also reviewed the mean change in serum potassium levels across all patients on a blinded and pooled basis. As shown below, the average change in serum potassium levels observed were modest, with a mean increase from a baseline of 4.1 milliequivalents per litre, or mEq/L to 4.3 mEq/L following 12 weeks in the 39 patients who completed or discontinued treatment prior to the DRC review and a mean increase from 4.0 mEq/L to 4.3 mEq/L in the 124 patients who have completed or discontinued treatment since the beginning of the BrigHtn trial. Similar to our review of SBP changes, the changes in serum potassium levels shown below include all three dose cohorts, including the placebo cohort.

Minimal Effects on Plasma Potassium Observed in BrigHtn Trial

Additional Clinical Trials for CIN-107 in Hypertension

Phase 2 HALO Clinical Trial in uHTN

In order to establish the efficacy and safety profile of CIN-107 in a broader hypertensive population, we recently initiated our HALO trial, a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group, clinical trial designed to assess the safety and efficacy of CIN-107 in approximately 250 patients with SBP greater than 140 mm Hg, or greater than 130 mm Hg if diabetic, on one antihypertensive agent at its maximally tolerated dose and with a plasma aldosterone level greater than 7 nanograms per deciliter, or ng/dL, or greater than 6 ng/dL if diabetic. Similar to our ongoing BrigHtn trial, we intend to evaluate three doses levels of CIN-107, 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 2 mg, as compared to placebo. The primary endpoint of our HALO trial is the change in SBP after eight weeks of treatment. The secondary endpoints of our HALO trial are (i) change from baseline in mean seated DBP, (ii) change from baseline in 24-hour urine and serum aldosterone levels and (iii) the percentage of patients achieving a mean seated SBP response below 130 mm Hg, all after 8 weeks of treatment. Background antihypertensive therapy will be discontinued after eight weeks; patients who respond to treatment and achieve the target SBP of 130 mm Hg or below are followed for an additional four weeks while continue taking the same study medication. Patients who do not respond adequately will be offered 2 mg CIN-107 for four weeks. We may choose to conduct other Phase 1 or Phase 2 clinical trials in countries outside of the United States.

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Design of Our Phase 2 HALO Clinical Trial

Planned Pivotal Phase 3 Clinical Trials in Hypertension

Based on the results of our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials, we intend to conduct two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials of CIN-107 in hypertensive patients whose blood pressure is not controlled on an antihypertensive agent. The target enrollment for our Phase 3 clinical trials will be based on the number of patients required by the FDA to build an adequately sized safety database for a chronic treatment, which includes 1,500 patients with short-term drug exposure, 300 to 600 patients with at least six months of drug exposure at clinical doses and 100 patients with at least one year of drug exposure at clinical doses. We expect to satisfy these requirements based on the combination of our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials and our planned Phase 3 pivotal clinical trials of CIN-107. It remains possible that we will need to conduct additional clinical trials or preclinical studies. Following the completion of our Phase 2 clinical trials of CIN-107 in rHTN and uHTN, we plan to request an end-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA to discuss our Phase 2 results and the proposed clinical design of our planned Phase 3 clinical trials. We may choose to conduct Phase 3 clinical trials in countries outside of the United States.

CIN-107 for the Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism (PA)

The preclinical and clinical data generated to date for CIN-107 suggests that it could have a beneficial clinical effect in the broader hypertensive population, especially in patients for whom aldosterone plays a more prominent role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We are exploring the potential of CIN-107 in PA with our Phase 2 spark-PA clinical trial of CIN-107 in patients with PA initiated earlier this year, with topline data expected in 2023.

Overview of Primary Aldosteronism

PA is a hormonal disorder that is caused by the autonomous production of aldosterone by the adrenal gland and often leads to hypertension that can be difficult to treat. Although previously considered a rare disease, PA is now understood to be one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension, accounting for 5% to 10% of all hypertensive patients and approximately 20% to 30% of patients with rHTN, or approximately 5 to 11 million individuals in the United States. Compared to primary hypertension, PA causes more end-organ damage and is associated with higher risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and can result in heart failure or stroke. Therefore, it is now increasingly recognized that it is important to diagnose these patients early in their disease progression. However, PA continues to be underdiagnosed due to the complexity of the current diagnostic guidelines recommended by the Endocrine Society and the inherent variability in plasma aldosterone measurements.

The overall treatment goal in patients with PA is to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension, hypokalemia, renal toxicity and cardiovascular damage. In addition to antihypertensive agents,

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such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs, PA patients are often treated with an MRA agent, such as spironolactone, or in some rare cases, by surgical resection of the adrenal gland. However, MRAs, including spironolactone, are associated with multiple adverse effects, including a variety of anti-androgenic effects.

Clinical Development Plan for PA

Our ongoing spark-PA trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group, dose-ranging, Phase 2 clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CIN-107 for the treatment of hypertensive patients with confirmed PA. As shown in the figure below, the enrollment eligibility criteria include a washout period of any RAAS-modifying antihypertensive agents and a confirmed diagnosis of PA through both the measured renin PA ratio and the captopril challenge test. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that when administered should lead to RAAS-driven aldosterone reduction. However, in patients with autonomous aldosterone secretion, such as those with PA, captopril does not reduce aldosterone levels to the same extent as patients who do not exhibit autonomous aldosterone secretion. Patients will also be required to adhere to a stable antihypertensive regimen of non-RAAS-modifying antihypertensive agents for a period of two weeks prior to randomization. We designed our spark-PA trial as an adaptive design trial to allow flexibility to add additional dose cohorts based on a preliminary safety data review. In the initial portion of the trial, approximately 30 patients will be randomized on a 1:1:1 basis to receive once-daily oral treatment with 4 mg of CIN-107, 6 mg of CIN-107 or placebo for four weeks. After these approximately 30 patients complete four weeks of treatment, we intend to have a DRC conduct a preliminary safety data review to determine the necessary number of patients and, if needed, to add an additional CIN-107 dose cohort for the second part of trial. The primary endpoint is to evaluate the change in baseline SBP as measured by AOBPM after four weeks of treatment with either CIN-107 or placebo. The secondary endpoints of our spark-PA clinical trial are (i) change from baseline in mean seated DBP by AOBPM, (ii) percentage of patients achieving a mean seated blood pressure response below 140/90 mm Hg, (iii) percentage of patients achieving a mean seated blood pressure response below 130/80 mm Hg, (iv) percentage of patients who achieve either a plasma aldosterone concentration of less than 15 ng/dL and a plasma renin activity less than or equal to 0.5 ng/mL/h, or an aldosterone-to-renin ratio of less than 30, and (v) change from baseline in potassium levels, all after 4 weeks of treatment. The trial design for the spark-PA trial outlined above was generated in discussions with the FDA. Should elements of the trial design prove challenging to recruitment of the trial, we may have to re-design certain elements of the trial to better enable patient recruitment. If this is required, the re-design would be discussed with regulatory authorities so that similar development goals may be achieved.

Clinical Trial Design of Our Phase 2 spark-PA Clinical Trial

Following the completion of our Phase 2 spark-PA clinical trial, we plan to request an end-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA to discuss the regulatory path to approval for this indication. As the drugs currently

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utilized for treating the blood pressure of patients with PA are all approved as general anti-hypertensive agents, it is not essential that a specific approval for the indication of the treatment of PA be obtained. As a CIN-107 approval for general hypertension would also be expected to enable its use in patients with PA, the decision to seek a specific indication approval for PA will be dependent on the data produced in our spark-PA trial and other CIN-107 clinical trials in combination with other commercial and business considerations. Given the high unmet medical need in patients with PA, we will explore the most efficient path to approval of CIN-107 for this patient population. Depending on the data observed in our spark-PA trial, we may be able to submit applications for Fast Track Designation and/or Breakthrough Therapy Designation to the FDA.

CIN-107 for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease

We are also developing CIN-107 to evaluate its utility in ameliorating complications of CKD. Aldosterone plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of CKD through its hypertensive effect and its non-genomic effects, which are known to enhance oxidative stress and promote inflammation and fibrosis. All of these deleterious effects are known to exert pressure on kidney function, especially over the multi-year course of disease progression. Multiple third-party studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated that inhibiting the effect of aldosterone reduces proteinuria, as measured by the level of albumin in the urine, and ultimately delays the progression of CKD. Reductions in systemic aldosterone levels are associated with a blood pressure lowering effect, as well as a direct effect on the progression of CKD. We plan to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CIN-107 in patients with CKD who have uncontrolled blood pressure in the first half of 2022.

Overview of CKD

CKD is a condition characterized by a gradual degradation of renal function over time as measured by glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, which measures how much blood the kidneys filter each minute, and by proteinuria levels. According to the CDC, CKD afflicts approximately 15% of the U.S. adult population, or approximately 37 million people. Hypertension, diabetes and glomerulonephritis, or inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys, are considered to be the leading contributing factors to the development and progression of CKD. CKD has no cure, and currently available therapeutic options are designed to delay the onset of the more severe manifestations of the disease, most notably kidney failure. Patients with early-stage CKD are recommended to undertake dietary and lifestyle changes in order to improve overall health and reduce renal stress. Given the role of hypertension in CKD, many of the therapeutics prescribed to treat hypertension are also used for the treatment of CKD.

The current treatment paradigm for CKD includes, among others, the use of several classes of aldosterone-targeting agents, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs and MRAs. However, prolonged use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs are associated with aldosterone breakthrough in a significant proportion of patients, leading to enhanced decline in GFR and increased levels of proteinuria, both of which can lead to CKD progression. Furthermore, MRAs cause a compensatory increase in aldosterone levels and patients experience a broad range of adverse effects, including a variety of anti-androgenic effects. Treatment with spironolactone can also lead to potentially harmful increases in potassium. Despite the range of treatments currently available for CKD, these patients continue to experience significant mortality and morbidity and a reduced quality of life.

Preclinical Data

To evaluate the potential of an aldosterone synthase inhibitor, or ASI, in CKD, an in vivo preclinical study was conducted using the ZSF1 rat model, where ZSF1 rats were infused with angiotensin II, or Ang II, which causes an elevation in aldosterone levels. In this study, markers of kidney injury, kidney function and inflammation were compared across four groups of rats: (1) those that received only vehicle and were not subjected to Ang II infusion; (2) those that received the Ang II infusion but no active treatment; (3) those that received the Ang II infusion and were treated with an ASI; and (4) those that received the Ang II infusion and were treated with eplerenone, an approved MRA.

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This study demonstrated that following the infusion of Ang II, the markers of kidney injury (urea excretion in 24 hours, growth differentiation factor-15, or GDF-15, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, or NGAL, levels), kidney function (albumin excretion in 24 hours and albumin/creatinine ratio) and inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor beta, or TGF-ß, and monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1, or MCP1, levels) all worsened as the rats developed CKD in response to increases in aldosterone levels. However, the administration of both the ASI and eplerenone together with the Ang II infusion ameliorated the worsening of these kidney injury parameters. Importantly, the ASI improved these measures of kidney injury to a greater extent than eplerenone.

We believe the results of this trial support the further evaluation of CIN-107 in a clinical trial to assess the potential of CIN-107 in delaying the progression of CKD.

CIN-107 Clinical Development Plan for CKD

We are planning to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CIN-107 in patients with CKD who have uncontrolled blood pressure in the first half of 2022. The primary objective of this trial will be to assess the impact of CIN-107 in reducing blood pressure and delaying the progression of CKD in these patients. As we explore the utility of CIN-107 in ameliorating the complications of CKD, we will evaluate the best path for maximizing the value of CIN-107, including as a monotherapy or in combination with other treatments.

Manufacturing

We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely for the foreseeable future, on third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, to produce CIN-107 for clinical testing. We plan to continue to rely on third-party manufacturers for any future trials and commercialization of CIN-107 and any future product candidates, if approved.

We require all of our CMOs to conduct manufacturing activities in compliance with current good manufacturing practice, or cGMP, requirements. We have assembled a team of experienced employees and external consultants to provide the necessary technical, quality and regulatory oversight over our CMOs and have implemented a comprehensive plan for audits of our CMOs.

We currently do not own or operate any manufacturing facilities. Currently, we have manufacturing and supply agreements with our CMOs for the manufacture of CIN-107, including work related to the synthesis of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, for future use, as well as manufacture of drug product for ongoing and upcoming Phase 1 and/or Phase 2 clinical trials, and in the future, plan to enter into additional agreements with CMOs to support Phase 3 clinical trials and commercial scale production, but we do not have any formal agreements at this time with these CMOs. If needed, we believe we can identify and establish additional CMOs to provide API and finished drug product without significant disruption to our business or clinical development timelines.

Competition

We believe the ability of CIN-107 to selectively inhibit aldosterone synthase without negatively impacting cortisol synthesis with a once-daily oral formulation represents a meaningful competitive advantage in successfully developing a novel and highly effective treatment for hypertension, PA and CKD. However, the biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by the rapid evolution and advancement of technologies and understanding of disease etiology, intense competition and a strong emphasis on intellectual property. We may face competition from multiple sources, including pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and existing or emerging biotechnology companies, academic research institutions and governmental agencies and public and private research institutions worldwide. Many of our competitors, either alone or through collaboration, have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing and marketing

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than we do. These entities may also compete with us in hiring and retaining scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites, enrolling patients in clinical trials and pursuing strategic collaborations. As a result, our competitors may discover, develop or commercialize products before or more successfully than we do. If CIN-107 does not offer sustainable advantages over competing products, we may not be able to successfully compete against current and future competitors.

In particular, we face competition from companies in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other related markets that are pursuing the development of treatments for hypertension, PA and CKD. If approved, we expect CIN-107 to compete with widely available standard-of-care antihypertensive agents, such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers, many of which are available as generic products. In addition, for the treatment of rHTN patients who fail to maintain blood pressure levels of 130/80 mm Hg or less, despite being compliant with at least three antihypertensive agents, of which one is a diuretic, we expect CIN-107 to compete with MRA agents, such as spironolactone, that are typically introduced to patients’ antihypertensive treatment regimens as part of standard-of-care.

In addition to these currently available antihypertensive agents, there are multiple other aldosterone synthase inhibitors in clinical development, such as Mineralys Therapeutics, Inc.’s MLS-101, which has commenced a Phase 2 clinical trial for hypertension, and Damian Pharma AG’s DP13, which completed a Phase 2 trial in PA. CIN-107 may also face competition from product candidates utilizing other mechanisms of action to lower blood pressure, such as: aprocitentan, a dual A & B endothelin receptor antagonist in Phase 3 development by Idorsia Ltd.; firibastat, an aminopeptidase A inhibitor in Phase 3 development by Quantum Genomics; Sas IONIS-AGT-LRx and ALN-AGT, angiotensinogen antisense production inhibitors in Phase 2 and Phase 1 development by Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., respectively; and KBP-5074, an MRA in Phase 2 development by Sihuan Pharmaceutical Holdings Group Ltd and KBP BioSciences Co., Ltd.; among others. Some of these product candidates are in development for certain subpopulations that may not overlap with patient populations we are initially targeting with CIN-107.

We could see a reduction in or elimination of our commercial opportunity if our competitors develop and commercialize drugs that are safer, more effective, more convenient to administer, less expensive or receiving a more favorable label than CIN-107. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their drugs more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. The key competitive factors affecting the success of CIN-107, if approved, are likely to be efficacy, safety, convenience, price and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors.

License Agreement with Roche

In May 2019, following the closing of the initial tranche of our Series A preferred stock financing, we entered into a license agreement, or the Roche Agreement, with F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Hoffmann La-Roche Inc., whom we collectively refer to in this prospectus as Roche, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license under certain patents and specified know-how owned or controlled by Roche and Roche’s interest in joint patents and covering certain specified small molecule aldosterone synthase inhibitors, or the Roche Technology, to research, develop, register, use, make, import, export, market, distribute, sell (as well as the right to have each of the foregoing done) and otherwise exploit products containing such aldosterone synthase inhibitors, or the Licensed Products, for any and all uses, including the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of any and all diseases and medical conditions in humans and animals. We have the right to sublicense our rights granted or to assign our rights under the Roche Agreement to affiliates, as well as to third parties subject to terms and conditions, provided that any subsequent sublicense granted (a) by an affiliate to a third party to which we assign rights or grant a sublicense or (b) by a third party to which we assign rights or grant a sublicense, is subject to Roche’s prior written consent. Roche is responsible for prosecution and maintenance of the patents included in the Roche Technology, with the Company having a comment right, unless Roche elects to assign responsibility for such activities to us.

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We are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize one or more Licensed Products in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan and such other countries as we deem appropriate. We are solely responsible for all non-clinical and clinical development, including regulatory activities, and for all commercialization of Licensed Products, at our expense.

Pursuant to the Roche Agreement, we paid Roche a one-time, upfront non-refundable license fee of $2.0 million and one $1.0 million milestone payment in connection with the completion of the multiple ascending dose Phase 1 clinical trial of CIN-107. If we desire to initiate research and development activities with respect to any additional aldosterone synthase inhibitors that are not specified in the Roche Agreement as of the effective date, but are covered by the patents included in the Roche Technology, such additional compounds are included within our exclusive licenses, but we will be required to negotiate in good faith with Roche to agree upon the financial terms applicable to such additional compounds prior to the initiation of any such activities.

In connection with the Roche Agreement, we also agreed to issue to Roche Finance Ltd. warrants to acquire shares of our common stock, which we refer to collectively as the Roche Warrants. The first Roche Warrant, which was issued in connection with our Series A preferred stock financing, is exercisable for 1,400,000 shares of our common stock. The third Roche Warrant, issued in connection with our Series B preferred stock financing, is exercisable for 386,271 shares of our common stock. The second Roche Warrant, issued in connection with our Series A preferred stock financing, is exercisable for 1,120,476 shares of our common stock. The Roche Warrants are collectively exercisable for 2,906,747 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. The Roche Warrants will automatically net exercise in whole for an aggregate of                  shares of our common stock immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part (assuming an initial public offering price of $                 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range listed on the cover page of this prospectus).

We are required to pay Roche up to an aggregate of $41.0 million with respect to the first Licensed Product upon the achievement of certain development and regulatory milestone events, of which we have paid $1.0 million in connection with the completion of the multiple ascending dose Phase 1 clinical trial of CIN-107. Additionally, we are required to pay Roche, on a one-time basis, up to $175.0 million in the aggregate upon the achievement of specified net sales milestones for a Licensed Product. In addition, on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country-by-country basis, we will be obligated to pay Roche tiered royalties on net sales of Licensed Products at percentages ranging from the mid single-digits to 10%. The royalty rates are subject to specified reductions and offsets for necessary third-party intellectual property rights, expiration of the licensed patents and generic entry, subject to a specified floor for aggregate reductions and offsets. We will be required to pay royalties to Roche under the Roche Agreement commencing on the first commercial sale of the applicable Licensed Product in the applicable country and ending on the later of ten years following first commercial sale, or the expiration of the valid claims of all Roche patents and joint patents covering the use, manufacture, import, offering for sale or sale of such Licensed Product in such country. If we grant one or more sublicenses under the Roche Agreement to a third party and/or effect a change of control of the Company prior to the earlier of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or the closing of a reverse merger, we will be required to pay to Roche a specified percentage of the net proceeds of any such transaction based ranging from percentages starting in the mid-teens and reducing to the very low double digits.

The Roche Agreement will expire, unless earlier terminated by either party, upon expiration of all royalty or other payment obligations under the agreement. Either party has the right to terminate the Roche Agreement for insolvency of the other party or for a material breach that is uncured within a specified number of days of receiving a notice of default. We also have the right to terminate the Roche Agreement without cause in its entirety or on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product or country-by country basis at any time by providing six months’ notice of termination to Roche prior to the first commercial sale of a Licensed Product, or nine month’s written notice following the first commercial sale of a Licensed Product. If the Roche Agreement is terminated by Roche for our material breach or insolvency, or terminated by us for convenience, then all rights in the Licensed Products revert to Roche, provided that Roche will be required to pay us a royalty on net sales of

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Licensed Products and a portion of any sublicensing revenue received by Roche in connection with the grant of a sublicense to develop and commercialize the reverted Licensed Products, in each case at a percentage and for a period determined by the timing of such termination.

Intellectual Property

We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technologies, inventions and improvements that we believe are important to our business, including seeking, maintaining and defending patent rights, whether developed internally or licensed from third parties. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, pursuing and obtaining patent protection in the United States and in jurisdictions outside of the United States including Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Japan, and Mexico, related to our proprietary technology, inventions, improvements, platforms and our product candidates that are important to the development and implementation of our business.

As of November 15, 2021, our Roche-licensed patent portfolio includes two issued U.S. patents, 107 issued foreign patents, and 16 pending foreign applications, directed to CIN-107 and its back-up compound, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising CIN-107 or the back-up compound, with expected expiry dates not earlier than 2032.

With regard to our hypertension drug candidate, CIN-107, as of November 15, 2021, we are the exclusive licensee of one U.S. patent, 53 foreign patents, and 8 pending foreign patent application. These patent rights relate to our product candidate’s composition of matter and compositions containing it. These patents are expected to expire in 2032, however, a patent term extension may be available.

With regard to the use of our hypertension drug candidate, CIN-107, as of December 16, 2021, we are the sole owner of two U.S. provisional patent applications. Assuming the applications will be converted at their 12-month conversion deadlines, patents issuing from these applications would be expected to expire in 2042, however, a patent term extension may be available.

With regard to our additional hypertension drug candidate, a back-up compound to CIN-107, as of November 15, 2021, we are the exclusive licensee of licensee of one U.S. patent, 54 foreign patents, and 8 pending foreign patent application. These patent rights relate to our product candidate’s composition of matter and compositions containing it. These patents are expected to expire in 2032, however, a patent term extension may be available.

Individual patents extend for varying periods depending on the date of filing of the patent application or the date of patent issuance and the legal term of patents in the countries in which they are obtained. Generally, patents issued for regularly filed applications in the United States are granted a term of 20 years from the earliest effective non-provisional filing date. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be extended to recapture a portion of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, delay in issuing the patent as well as a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period. However, as to the FDA component, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term including the restoration period must not exceed 14 years following FDA approval. The duration of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is also 20 years from the earliest effective filing date. However, the actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country to country and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory-related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent.

Furthermore, we rely upon know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, using confidentiality agreements with our collaborators, employees and consultants and invention assignment agreements with our employees. We

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also have confidentiality agreements or invention assignment agreements with our collaborators and consultants. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our collaborators, employees and consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Our commercial success will also depend in part on not infringing upon the proprietary rights of third parties. It is uncertain whether the issuance of any third-party patent would require us to alter our development or commercial strategies, or our product candidates or processes, obtain licenses or cease certain activities. Our breach of any license agreements or failure to obtain a license to proprietary rights that we may require to develop or commercialize our future product candidates may have an adverse impact on us. If third parties have prepared and filed patent applications prior to March 16, 2013 in the United States that also claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the USPTO, to determine priority of invention. For more information, please see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Intellectual Property.”

Government Regulation and Product Approval

Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local levels, and in other countries, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, import and export of pharmaceutical products, such as those we are developing. The processes for obtaining regulatory approvals in the United States and in foreign countries, along with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

United States Government Regulation

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and its implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any time during the drug development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the FDA’s refusal to approve a pending New Drug Application, or NDA, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold, issuance of warning or untitled letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties.

The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves:

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Preclinical Studies

Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess potential safety and efficacy. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the nonclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data and any available clinical data or literature, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. Some nonclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the clinical trial on a clinical hold.

In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. In addition, an IRB at each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution, and the IRB must continue to oversee the clinical trial while it is being conducted. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined. In Phase 1, the drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients with the target disease or condition and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible, to gain an initial indication of its effectiveness. In Phase 2, the drug typically is administered to a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage. In Phase 3, the drug is administered to an expanded patient population, generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, in well controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the safety and efficacy of the product for approval, to establish the overall risk benefit profile of the product and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted, at least annually, to the FDA, and more frequently if serious adverse events occur. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, or at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements, or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.

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Marketing Approval

Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing, the results of the preclinical and clinical studies, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. In most cases, the submission of an NDA is subject to a substantial application user fee. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, guidelines that are currently in effect, the FDA has a goal of ten months from the date of “filing” of a standard NDA for a new molecular entity to review and act on the submission. This review typically takes twelve months from the date the NDA is submitted to the FDA because the FDA has approximately two months to make a “filing” decision.

In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, certain NDAs or supplements to an NDA must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements. The FDA also may require submission of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, plan to ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh its risks. The REMS plan could include medication guides, physician communication plans, assessment plans, and/or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries or other risk minimization tools.

The FDA conducts a preliminary review of all NDAs within the first 60 days after submission, before accepting them for filing, to determine whether they are sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The FDA reviews an NDA to determine, among other things, whether the drug is safe and effective and whether the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packaged or held meets standards designed to assure the product’s continued safety, quality and purity.

The FDA may refer an application for a novel drug to an advisory committee. An advisory committee is a panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates and provides a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical trial sites to assure compliance with GCP requirements.

The testing and approval process for an NDA requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and takes several years to complete. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. The FDA may not grant approval of an NDA on a timely basis, or at all.

After evaluating the NDA and all related information, including the advisory committee recommendation, if any, and inspection reports regarding the manufacturing facilities and clinical trial sites, the FDA may issue an approval letter, or, in some cases, a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally contains a statement of specific conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the NDA and may require additional clinical or preclinical testing in order for FDA to reconsider the application. Even with submission of

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this additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If and when those conditions have been met to the FDA’s satisfaction, the FDA will typically issue an approval letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications.

Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution and use restrictions or other risk management mechanisms under a REMS, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs. After approval, some types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes, and additional labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval.

Special FDA Expedited Review and Approval Programs

The FDA has various programs, including fast track designation, accelerated approval, priority review, and breakthrough therapy designation, which are intended to expedite or simplify the process for the development and FDA review of drugs that are intended for the treatment of serious or life threatening diseases or conditions and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs. The purpose of these programs is to provide important new drugs to patients earlier than under standard FDA review procedures.

To be eligible for a fast track designation, the FDA must determine, based on the request of a sponsor, that a product is intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrates the potential to address an unmet medical need. The FDA will determine that a product will fill an unmet medical need if it will provide a therapy where none exists or provide a therapy that may be potentially superior to existing therapy based on efficacy or safety factors. The FDA may review sections of the NDA for a fast track product on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted. If the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the NDA, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the NDA and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the NDA.

The FDA may give a priority review designation to drugs that are designed to treat serious conditions, and if approved, would provide a significant improvement in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. A priority review means that the goal for the FDA to review an application is six months, rather than the standard review of ten months under current PDUFA guidelines. Under the current PDUFA agreement, these six and ten month review periods are measured from the “filing” date rather than the receipt date for NDAs for new molecular entities, which typically adds approximately two months to the timeline for review and decision from the date of submission. Most products that are eligible for fast track designation are also likely to be considered appropriate to receive a priority review.

In addition, products studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may be eligible for accelerated approval and may be approved on the basis of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the drug product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require a sponsor of a drug receiving accelerated approval to perform post-marketing studies to verify and describe the predicted effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical endpoint, and the drug may be subject to accelerated withdrawal procedures.

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Breakthrough therapy designation is for a drug that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. The FDA must take certain actions, such as holding timely meetings and providing advice, intended to expedite the development and review of an application for approval of a breakthrough therapy.

Even if a product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened. We may explore some of these opportunities for our product candidates as appropriate.

Post Approval Requirements

Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes or other labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing annual user fee requirements for any marketed products and the establishments at which such products are manufactured, as well as application fees for supplemental applications with clinical data.

Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, including a boxed warning, require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms under a REMS, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs.

In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the sponsor may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance.

Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market.

Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in mandatory revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

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The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label, although physicians, based on their independent medical judgement, may prescribe approved drugs for unapproved indications. However, biopharmaceutical companies may only share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with the labeling. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting their promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative liability.

In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, which regulates the distribution of drugs and drug samples at the federal level, and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of drug distributors by the states. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution.

Federal and State Fraud and Abuse, Data Privacy and Security, and Transparency Laws and Regulations

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, federal and state healthcare laws and regulations restrict business practices in the biopharmaceutical industry. These laws may impact, among other things, our current and future business operations, including our clinical research activities, and proposed sales, marketing and education programs and constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships with healthcare providers, third-party payors, customers and other parties through which we market, sell and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval. These laws include anti-kickback and false claims laws and regulations, data privacy and security, and transparency laws and regulations, including, without limitation, those laws described below.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or rebate), directly or indirectly, to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly and require strict compliance in order to offer protection. Practices that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the statute has been violated. Further, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.

Federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the federal civil False Claims Act, which can be enforced by individuals through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, and the Civil Monetary Penalties Law, prohibit any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false

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claim for payment to the federal government or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. A claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. Several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the companies’ marketing of products for unapproved, and thus non-reimbursable, uses.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, impose specified requirements on certain types of individuals and entities relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s security standards directly applicable to “business associates,” defined as independent contractors or agents of covered entities, which include certain healthcare providers, healthcare clearinghouse and health plans, that create, receive, maintain or transmit individually identifiable health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity, and their covered subcontractors. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities, business associates and possibly other persons, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce HIPAA and seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.

The federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to payments or other transfers of value made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), and teaching hospitals, and applicable manufacturers and applicable group purchasing organizations to report annually to CMS ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Beginning in 2022, applicable manufacturers also will be required to report such information regarding payments and other transfers of value to physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, anesthesiologist assistants, certified registered nurse anesthetists and certified nurse midwives provided during the previous year.

We may also be subject to analogous state anti-kickback and false claims laws that may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third party payors, including private insurers, or that apply regardless of payor, state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government, state and local laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures, state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information on the pricing of certain drugs, state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives, and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of

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such laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal and state laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties including damages, fines, imprisonment, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. To the extent that any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti-fraud and abuse laws, implementation of corporate compliance programs, reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals, and additional data privacy and security requirements.

Coverage and Reimbursement

The future commercial success of our, or any of our collaborators’, product candidates, if approved, will depend in part on the extent to which third-party payors, such as governmental payor programs at the federal and state levels, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors, provide coverage of and establish adequate reimbursement levels for our product candidates. Third-party payors generally decide which products they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for those products. In particular, in the United States, no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement exists. Private health insurers and other third-party payors often provide coverage and reimbursement for products based on the level at which the government, through the Medicare program, provides coverage and reimbursement for such products, but also have their own methods and approval process apart from Medicare determinations. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement can differ significantly from payor to payor.

In the United States, the European Union, or EU, and other potentially significant markets for our product candidates, government authorities and third-party payors are increasingly attempting to limit or regulate the price of products, particularly for new and innovative products, which often has resulted in average selling prices lower than they would otherwise be. Further, the increased emphasis on managed healthcare in the United States and on country and regional pricing and reimbursement controls in the European Union will put additional pressure on product pricing, reimbursement and usage. These pressures can arise from rules and practices of managed care groups, judicial decisions and laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid and healthcare reform, pharmaceutical coverage and reimbursement policies and pricing in general.

Third-party payors are increasingly imposing additional requirements and restrictions on coverage and limiting reimbursement levels for products. For example, federal and state governments reimburse products at varying rates generally below average wholesale price. These restrictions and limitations influence the purchase of products. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of products, in addition to their safety and efficacy. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of our product candidates, in addition to the costs required to obtain the FDA approvals. Nonetheless, our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective. Furthermore, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Accordingly, adequate third-party payor reimbursement may not be available to enable us to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. Legislative proposals to reform healthcare or reduce costs under government insurance programs may result in lower reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved, or exclusion of our product candidates from coverage and reimbursement. The cost containment measures that third-party payors and providers are instituting and any healthcare reform could significantly reduce our revenues from the sale of any approved product candidates.

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Healthcare Reform

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering enacting or have enacted a number of additional legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our product candidates profitably, if approved. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts, which include major legislative initiatives to reduce the cost of care through changes in the healthcare system, including limits on the pricing, coverage, and reimbursement of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products, especially under government-funded health care programs, and increased governmental control of drug pricing.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the PPACA, became law in March 2010 and substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both third-party payors. Among other measures that may have an impact on our business, the PPACA establishes an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents; a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program; and a new formula that increases the rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Additionally, the PPACA extends manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability, expands eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs, and expands entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service Act.

There have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the PPACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the PPACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act, included a provision that repealed, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the PPACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate.” In addition, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the PPACA-mandated “Cadillac” tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health coverage and medical device tax and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminated the health insurer tax. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, or the BBA, among other things, amended the PPACA, effective January 1, 2019, to increase from 50% to 70% the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole.” Furthermore, on June 17, 2021, the United States Supreme Court dismissed a challenge on procedural grounds that argued the PPACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress. Thus, the PPACA will remain in effect in its current form. Further, prior to the United States Supreme Court ruling on January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order that initiated a special enrollment period for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the PPACA marketplace, which began on February 15, 2021 and will remain open through August 15, 2021. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the PPACA. It is possible that the PPACA will be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. In August 2011, President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, as amended, which, among other things, included aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which began in 2013 and, following passage of subsequent legislation, including the BBA, will continue through 2030 with the exception of a temporary suspension from May 1, 2020 through December 31, 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, unless additional Congressional action is taken. In January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was enacted which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

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Further, there has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. At the federal level, the Trump administration used several means to propose or implement drug pricing reform, including through federal budget proposals, executive orders and policy initiatives. For example, on July 24, 2020 and September 13, 2020, the Trump administration announced several executive orders related to prescription drug pricing that attempted to implement several of the administration’s proposals. As a result, the FDA released a final rule on September 24, 2020, effective November 30, 2020, implementing a portion of the importation executive order providing guidance for states to build and submit importation plans for drugs from Canada. Further, on November 20, 2020, the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, or HHS, finalized a regulation removing safe harbor protection for price reductions from pharmaceutical manufacturers to plan sponsors under Part D, either directly or through pharmacy benefit managers, unless the price reduction is required by law. The implementation of the rule has been delayed by the Biden administration from January 1, 2022 to January 1, 2023 in response to ongoing litigation. The rule also creates a new safe harbor for price reductions reflected at the point-of-sale, as well as a new safe harbor for certain fixed fee arrangements between pharmacy benefit managers and manufacturers, the implementation of which have also been delayed by the Biden administration until January 1, 2023. On November 20, 2020, CMS issued an interim final rule implementing the Trump administration’s Most Favored Nation executive order, which would tie Medicare Part B payments for certain physician-administered drugs to the lowest price paid in other economically advanced countries. The Most Favored Nation regulations mandate participation by identified Medicare Part B providers and will apply in all U.S. states and territories for a seven-year period beginning January 1, 2021 and ending December 31, 2027. On December 28, 2020, the U.S. District Court in Northern California issued a nationwide preliminary injunction against implementation of the interim final rule. It is unclear whether the Biden administration will work to reverse these measures or pursue similar policy initiatives. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. It also possible that governmental action will be taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Foreign Regulation

In order to market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of our product candidates. For example, in the European Union, we must obtain authorization of a clinical trial application, or CTA, in each member state in which we intend to conduct a clinical trial. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a drug, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the drug in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.

Employees and Human Capital

As of November 15, 2021, we had 10 full-time employees, 5 of whom were primarily engaged in research and development activities and four of our employees had an M.D. or Ph.D. degree. None of our employees is represented by a labor union and we consider our employee relations to be good.

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Our human capital objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and additional employees. The principal purposes of our equity incentive plans are to attract, retain and motivate selected employees, consultants and directors through the granting of stock-based compensation awards.

Facilities

Our headquarters is currently located in Boston, Massachusetts and consists of 1,161 square feet of rented office space rented on a monthly basis. In addition, we also lease 221 square feet of office space in Mason, Ohio. We do not have laboratory space. We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that, should it be needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available on commercially reasonable terms.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened legal proceeding against us that we believe could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

On October 29, 2021, CinRx Pharma, LLC, or CinRx, filed a complaint in Ohio state court against two of our current employees, including Catherine Pearce, M.B.A., D.H.Sc., our Chief Operating Officer and co-founder, alleging several claims, including breach of contract, breaches of fiduciary duties to CinRx, fraud, unjust enrichment, breach of non-solicitation agreement and fraudulent misrepresentation and material breach of subscription agreements, or the Ohio Complaint. The Ohio Complaint claims that these two employees are required to transfer to CinRx any of our shares they have received or will receive upon exercise of the options awarded to them in March 2021, which represent approximately 1,400,595 shares of our common stock in the aggregate. We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of the employees named in the complaint whereby we have agreed to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law against all claims and actions against them arising out of their service to or positions with us, including with respect to any claims or actions made by CinRx or persons affiliated with CinRx. As a result, we may be liable for any damages, expenses, judgments, fines or amounts paid in connection with any judgment, litigation or settlement incurred by us or our employees named in the complaint.agreements. Furthermore, on November 5, 2021, CinRx filed a complaint in Superior Court of the State of Delaware against us and three of our investors alleging breach of contract in connection with our Series B preferred stock financing and seeking compensatory damages. The complaint contendscontended that the waiver of participation rights in our Series B preferred stock financing pursuant to the Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated May 13, 2019, or the IRA, was invalid and diluted the shares of our common stock held by CinRx, and that CinRx’s allocation of our Series B preferred stock in our Series B preferred stock financing was insufficient under the IRA. We do not believe anyOn December 22, 2021, we entered into a settlement agreement and release, or the Settlement Agreement, with CinRx, two of our employees (including Ms. Pearce), and certain of our investors relating to, among other things, the release of claims asserted in proceedings brought by CinRx against certain of our employees in Ohio state court and against us and certain of our investors in Superior Court of the claims alleged in either complaint have any merit and planState of Delaware. Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, we agreed to, vigorously defend ourselves and our employees against these claims. If CinRx prevails on its claims regarding the disputedamong other things, issue 2,600,000 shares of our common stock to CinRx. We also agreed to reimburse CinRx’s legal fees relating to the dispute for up to an aggregate total of $500,000. CinRx, under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, has agreed to dismiss with prejudice all litigation against us, Ms. Pearce, our employees and our investors, and to enter into a voting agreement and proxy regarding the voting of shares of our capital stock held by CinRx, including any vote concerning matters related to this offering, any merger, sale or change of control, adoption of equity incentive or similar plans, debt financings and certain equity financings, that terminates upon the earlier to occur of 15 months after the date of the Settlement Agreement and expiration of the lockup agreement related to this offering. For further information, please see the sections titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—CinRx Pharma, LLC” elsewhere in this offering may be diluted by up to % per share of our common stock (in addition to the dilution resulting from the difference between the initial public offering price per share and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share immediately after the offering). Any dispute, claim, counterclaim, lawsuit or investigation, including the litigation described above may divert our management’s attention away from our business. We have incurred significant expenses in addressing the dispute with CinRx and may continue to incur significant expenses in addressing or defending any dispute, claim, counterclaim or lawsuit, and we may be required to pay damage awards or settlements, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.prospectus.

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MANAGEMENT

Executive Officers and Directors

The following table provides information regarding our current executive officers and directors, including their ages, as of November 15, 2021.

Executive Officers

Marc de Garidel has served as our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our board of directors since July 2021. Prior to being appointed as our Chief Executive Officer, he served as the chief executive officer of AZTherapies, Inc. from September 2020 to April 2021. Mr. de Garidel serves on the board of directors of AZTherapies, Inc. and Claris Biotherapeutics, Inc. Prior to September 2020, Mr. de Garidel served as the chief executive officer of Corvidia Therapeutics, Inc. from January 2018 until their acquisition by Novo Nordisk A/S in August 2020. Mr. de Garidel also served as the chief executive officer of Ipsen SA from November 2010 to July 2016, and has served as the chairman of Ipsen’s board of directors since November 2010. Mr. de Garidel started his career at Eli Lilly pharmaceutical group in 1983, where he held various roles of increasing responsibility before joining Amgen Inc., in 1995 as its chief financial officer in Europe. Mr. de Garidel graduated from the Ecole Spéciale des Travaux Publics and obtained a master of international management at Thunderbird School of Global Management. We believe Mr. de Garidel’s substantial leadership experience in the biotechnology industry qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.

Mary Theresa Coelho, M.B.A., has served as our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Business Development Officer since November 2021. Previously, Ms. Coelho served as the executive vice president, chief financial officer and treasurer of BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. from January 2019 to October 2021 and as chief financial officer and treasurer at Balchem Corporation from October 2017 to October 2018. In addition, she also served as chief operating officer for Diversey, Inc., from September 2017 to October 2017 and held senior finance positions at Diversey Care, a division of Sealed Air Corporation from October 2014 through August 2017, including as chief financial officer and vice president of global commercial excellence. She has served on the board of directors of First Wave BioPharma Inc since August 2021, and currently serves as

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chair for the audit committee and member of the compensation committee for First Wave BioPharma Inc. Ms. Coelho earned an M.B.A. in finance from Ibmec in Brazil and a B.A. in both economics and international relations, summa cum laude, from the American University School of International Service.

Catherine Pearce, M.B.A., D.HSc., co-founded our company in 2018 and has served as our Chief Operating Officer since May 2019. Previously, Ms. Pearce served as both the chief operating officer of CinRx and the vice president, strategic alliances at Medpace from September 2015 until August 2021. Ms. Pearce also served as the vice president, research and development at Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. from April 2013 until September 2015. Ms. Pearce has a B.S. and an M.B.A. from Xavier University and a doctorate of health sciences from Nova Southeastern University.

Mason Freeman, M.D., has served as our Executive Vice President, Clinical Development since August 2021, and as a member of our scientific advisory board since June 2019. Dr. Freeman also serves as a venture partner at 5AM Venture Management, LLC, a position he has held since May 2008. In addition, Dr. Freeman serves as the Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital’s Translational Research Center. Previously, Dr. Freeman served as a member of the board of directors of scPharmaceuticals Inc. from July 2018 to December 2020 and Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from November 2015 to July 2019. Dr. Freeman holds a B.A. from Harvard College and M.D. from the University of California, San Francisco.

Non-Employee Directors

David Allison, Ph.D., has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2019. Dr. Allison has served as a partner at 5AM Venture Management, LLC since July 2018, and was previously a principal at 5AM Venture Management, LLC from February 2017 to June 2018. Dr. Allison previously served as a principal at Versant Ventures Management, LLC, or Versant Ventures, from April 2014 to August 2016. Prior to Versant Ventures, Dr. Allison worked at Split Rock Partners, LLC as a principal from August 2009 to August 2014, and at PTV Healthcare Capital as a senior associate from 2006 to 2009. Before his venture career, he worked in the diagnostics and drug discovery business unit at SurModics, Inc. in 2004 and was a National Science Foundation Research Fellow at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation’s Heart Valve Laboratory. Dr. Allison currently serves on the boards of directors of Impel NeuroPharma, Inc. and various private companies. Dr. Allison has a Ph.D. in bioengineering from Rice University with a focus in cell biology and extracellular matrix in cardiovascular disease, and a B.S.E in biomedical engineering from the University of Iowa. We believe that Dr. Allison is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his expertise in corporate governance, financing and financial matters and his extensive investment experience in the health care industry.

Maina Bhaman, M.B.A., has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2019. Ms. Bhaman has been a general partner of Sofinnova Partners SAS, or Sofinnova Partners, since January 2018. Prior to joining Sofinnova Partners, she was director of healthcare investment at Touchstone Innovations LLC (formerly Imperial Innovations) in London from April 2006 to November 2017. Ms. Bhaman is currently on the board of directors of four private biopharmaceutical companies, Catamaran Bio, Inc., ENYO Pharma SA, Myricx Pharma Ltd., Mironid Ltd. Ms. Bhaman has a B.S. from the University of Texas at Austin and an M.B.A. from the Imperial Business School in London. We believe that Ms. Bhaman is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on her experience in the biopharmaceutical industry, including as a long-term healthcare investor.

James I. Healy, M.D., Ph.D., has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2019. Dr. Healy has been a general partner of Sofinnova Investments, Inc., a biotech investment firm, since June 2000. Prior to June 2000, Dr. Healy held various positions at Sanderling Ventures, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals LLC and ISTA Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Healy is currently on the board of directors of Bolt BioTherapeutics, Inc., Ascendis Pharma A/S, Coherus BioSciences, Inc., Karuna Therapeutics, Inc., Natera, Inc., NuCana PLC ObsEva SA, and Y-mAbs Therapeutics, Inc. and several private companies. Previously, he served as a board member of Amarin Corporation, Auris Medical Holding AG, Edge Therapeutics, Inc., Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc., InterMune, Inc., Anthera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durata Therapeutics, Inc., CoTherix, Inc., Iterum Therapeutics,

plc, Movetis NV and several private

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companies. In 2011, Dr. Healy won the IBF Risk Innovator Award and was named as one of the industry’s top leading Life Science investors in 2013 by Forbes Magazine. Dr. Healy has a B.A. in molecular biology and a B.A. in Scandinavian studies from the University of California, Berkeley, and has an M.D. and Ph.D. in immunology from Stanford University School of Medicine. We believe that Dr. Healy is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his extensive experience in the biopharmaceutical industry, including as a venture capital investor and a member of the boards of directors of other biopharmaceutical companies.

Troy Ignelzi has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2021. Mr. Ignelzi has served as the chief financial officer of Karuna Therapeutics, Inc. since March 2019. Prior to that, Mr. Ignelzi was the chief financial officer of scPharmaceuticals Inc. from March 2016 to February 2019, and provided consulting services to scPharmaceuticals Inc. in February and March 2016. Mr. Ignelzi previously served as chief financial officer and as a member of the executive leadership teams at Juventas Therapeutics Inc., a privately held biotechnology company, from October 2014 to February 2016. From October 2013 to October 2014, Mr. Ignelzi served as Senior Vice President—Operations and Business Development of Pharmalex GmbH. Prior to Pharmalex, Mr. Ignelzi was vice president—business development at Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., a public pharmaceutical company, from January 2009 to September 2013. Mr. Ignelzi is currently on the board of directors of several private companies. Mr. Ignelzi has a B.S. in Accounting from Ferris State University. We believe Mr. Ignelzi’s experience in corporate finance and the biopharmaceutical industry qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.

June Lee, M.D., has been elected to become a member of our board of directors upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Dr. Lee was most recently founder and chief executive officer of Esker Therapeutics until September 2021. Dr. Lee previously served as the executive vice president and chief development officer of MyoKardia, Inc. from January 2019 to June 2020, and was the chief operating officer from February 2017 until January 2019, and the chief development officer from October 2017 to January 2019. From April 2011 until February 2017, Dr. Lee served on the faculty of the University of California, San Francisco, or UCSF, where she was director of the Catalyst program at the Clinical and Translational Science Institute and a professor in the School of Medicine, and was responsible for overall strategy and operations for enabling and supporting translational research at the university. Catalyst is an internal UCSF accelerator for therapeutics, devices, diagnostics, and digital health technologies. Prior to UCSF, Dr. Lee was a disease area lead, early clinical development, at Genentech, Inc. from 2006 to 2011, where she was responsible for all strategy and activities as well as management of staff, budget, and resource allocation in the early clinical development group in multiple therapeutic areas. Dr. Lee served as a medical director in the clinical development group at Genentech, Inc. from 2004 to 2006, where she was responsible for clinical activities for licensed product of the company. She currently serves on Johns Hopkins University Center for Therapeutic Translation’s Advisory Board, serves on the board of directors of Tenaya Therapeutics Inc, Eledon Pharmaceuticals Inc. and GenEdit, and is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for Foresite Labs. Dr. Lee holds a B.A. in chemistry from Johns Hopkins University and an M.D. from the University of California, Davis. We believe that Dr. Lee is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on her expertise in clinical development and the biopharmaceutical industry.

Jason Pitts, Ph.D., has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2021. Dr. Pitts has served as a Vice President at General Atlantic since March 2021. Dr. Pitts previously was employed by Sofinnova Investments, serving as a principal from June 2019 to January 2021 and an associate from January 2018 to May 2019. Prior to joining Sofinnova Investments, Dr. Pitts worked at McKinsey & Company as an associate from February 2016 to January 2018. Dr. Pitts received a B.S. in neuroscience from Cornell University and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from Rockefeller University. We believe that Dr. Pitts is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his expertise in corporate governance, financing and financial matters and his investment experience in the health care industry.

John F. Thero has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2021. Mr. Thero was president and chief executive officer of Amarin Corporation plc from January 2014 through July 2021 after previously

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serving as that company’s president, commencing in 2010, and its chief financial officer, commencing in 2009. Mr. Thero also served on the board of directors of Amarin Corporation plc throughout his tenure as its chief executive officer and on the board of directors of Chiasma, Inc. from November 2015 until that company was acquired in August 2021. Prior to his tenure at Amarin Corporation plc, Mr. Thero served as chief financial officer of at ViaCell, Inc., and Abiomed, Inc., where he held multiple positions of increasing responsibility, including serving as its senior vice president of business operations and chief financial officer. Mr. Thero began his professional career at Arthur Andersen LLP. Mr. Thero has a B.A. in economics and accounting from The College of the Holy Cross. In 2019, Mr. Thero was awarded EY’s Entrepreneur of the Year for Life Sciences. We believe Mr. Thero is qualified to serve on our board of directors based on his operational and financial background, including his over 25 years of experience in the life sciences industry.

Board Composition

Our business and affairs are managed under the direction of our board of directors. Our board of directors currently consists of seven members and following completion of this offering and appointment of Dr. Lee, will consist of eight members. Our directors were elected to, and currently serve on, the board pursuant to a voting agreement among us and all of our stockholders and voting rights granted by our current amended and restated certificate of incorporation. The voting agreement will terminate upon the closing of this offering, after which there will be no further contractual obligations regarding the election of our directors.

In accordance with our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that will be in effect upon the closing of this offering, our board of directors will be divided into three classes, each of which will consist, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors constituting our entire board and which will serve staggered three-year terms. At each annual meeting of stockholders, the successors to directors whose terms then expire will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following election. Our directors will be divided among the three classes as follows:

Our amended and restated bylaws, which will become effective upon the closing of this offering, will provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution approved by a majority of our board of directors. Any additional directorships resulting from an increase in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class will consist of one-third of the directors. The division of our board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms may delay or prevent a change of our management or a change of control.

Director Independence

Applicable Nasdaq rules and regulations, or the Nasdaq Listing Rules, require a majority of a listed company’s board of directors to be composed of independent directors within one year of listing. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees be independent and that audit committee members also satisfy independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. The Nasdaq independence definition includes a series of objective tests, such as that the director is not, and has not been for at least three years, one of our employees, that neither the director nor any of his family members has engaged in various types of business dealings with us and that the director is not

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associated with the holders of more than 5% of our common stock. In addition, under applicable Nasdaq Listing Rules, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of the listed company’s board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.

Our board of directors has determined that all of our directors other than Mr. de Garidel, representing seven of our eight directors following completion of this offering and the appointment of Dr. Lee, are “independent directors” as defined under applicable Nasdaq Listing Rules. In making such determination, our board of directors considered the current and prior relationships that each such director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances that our board of directors deemed relevant in determining his or her independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each director and the transactions described in the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.”

There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.

Role of the Board in Risk Oversight

One of the key functions of our board of directors is informed oversight of our risk management process. Our board of directors does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through the board of directors as a whole, as well as through various standing committees of our board of directors that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our board of directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure. Following the completion of this offering, we intend for our audit committee to have the responsibility to consider and discuss our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, including guidelines and policies to govern the process by which risk assessment and management is undertaken. The audit committee will also monitor compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.

Board Committees

Our board of directors has established an audit committee, compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, each of which operate pursuant to a committee charter. Our board of directors may establish other committees to facilitate the management of our business. The composition and functions of each committee are described below.

Audit Committee

Upon the completion of this offering, our audit committee will consist of Mr. Ignelzi, Dr. Allison and Ms. Bhaman, with Mr. Ignelzi, serving as chair of the audit committee. Our board of directors has determined that each of these individuals meets the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, and the applicable listing standards of Nasdaq. Each member of our audit committee can read and understand fundamental financial statements in accordance with Nasdaq audit committee requirements. Our board of directors has also determined that Mr. Ignelzi qualifies as an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of SEC regulations and meets the financial sophistication requirements of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. In arriving at these determinations, the board has examined each audit committee member’s scope of experience and the nature of their prior and/or current employment.

The functions of this committee include, among other things:

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We believe that the composition and functioning of our audit committee will comply with all applicable SEC and Nasdaq rules and regulations. We intend to comply with future requirements to the extent they become applicable to us.

Compensation Committee

Upon the completion of this offering, our compensation committee will consist of Mr. Thero and Drs. Healy and Lee, with Mr. Thero, serving as chair of the compensation committee. Each of these individuals is a non-employee director, as defined in Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has determined that each of these individuals is “independent” as defined under the applicable listing standards of Nasdaq, including the standards specific to members of a compensation committee. The functions of this committee include, among other things:

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We believe that the composition and functioning of our compensation committee will comply with all applicable SEC and Nasdaq rules and regulations. We intend to comply with future requirements to the extent they become applicable to us.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Upon the completion of this offering, our nominating and corporate governance committee will consist of Mr. Thero and Drs. Healy and Pitts, with Dr. Healy, serving as chair of the nominating and corporate governance committee. Our board of directors has determined that each of these individuals is “independent” as defined under the applicable listing standards of Nasdaq and SEC rules and regulations. The functions of this committee include, among other things:

We believe that the composition and functioning of our nominating and corporate governance committee will comply with all applicable SEC and Nasdaq rules and regulations. We intend to comply with future requirements to the extent they become applicable to us.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

None of our directors who serve as a member of our compensation committee is, or has at any time during the past year been, one of our officers or employees. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the past year has served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee of any other entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our board of directors or compensation committee.

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Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

Effective upon the closing of this offering, we will adopt a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, or the Code of Ethics, applicable to all of our employees, executive officers and directors. This includes our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Following the closing of this offering, the full text of the Code of Ethics will be available on our website at www.cincor.com. We intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or the listing standards of the Nasdaq Global Market concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of the Code of Ethics. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We have included our website in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

Non-Employee Director Compensation

Prior to this offering, we did not have a formal director compensation policy or pay compensation to any of our non-employee directors. While we did not have a formal director compensation policy, in connection with the appointments of Troy Ignelzi and John Thero to our board of directors in May 2021, we granted each of them a stock option award of 123,502 shares of common stock. In addition, in December 2021, we granted Messrs. Ignelzi and Thero a stock option award of 200,000 shares of common stock and each of our other directors a stock option award of 100,000 shares of common stock. We do reimburse all of our non-employee directors for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in attending board of directors and committee meetings, attending functions on our behalf and in performance of their duties as directors. No compensation was earned by or paid to our non-employee directors for fiscal year 2020. The compensation of Dr. Isaacsohn as a named executive officer is set forth in the section titled “Executive Compensation.”

We intend to adopt a non-employee director compensation policy prior to the closing of this offering.

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EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Compensation Overview

The following table shows the total compensation awarded to, earned by, or paid to during the year ended December 31, 2020 to (1) our principal executive officer during fiscal year 2020; and (2) our two next most highly compensated executive officers who earned more than $100,000 during fiscal year 2020 and were serving as executive officers as of December 31, 2020. We refer to these individuals in this prospectus as our named executive officers.

Our named executive officers for 2020 who appear in the Summary Compensation Table are:

Summary Compensation Table

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Narrative to the Summary Compensation Table

Amended and Restated Management Services Agreement with CinRx Pharma, LLC

In April 2020, we entered into an amended and restated management services agreement, or the Management Services Agreement, with CinRx, pursuant to which CinRx provides us with certain professional services. The Management Services Agreement has a term of two years, and is automatically renewable for successive one-year periods unless terminated. Certain of our named executive officers are officers and employees of CinRx, and as an officer and employee of CinRx also provide services to CinRx or its subsidiaries and received compensation from CinRx in addition to compensation from us.

Prior to March 2021, we received and paid for services from the individuals who were serving as our executive officers pursuant to the terms of the Management Services Agreement. In May 2021, we entered into formal employment arrangements with certain then serving executives, including Dr. Isaacsohn and Ms. Pearce, effective March 2021. In August 2021, we also entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Ms. Pearce. Dr. Isaacsohn was terminated from his position as our Chief Scientific Officer in November 2021.

In exchange for services provided to us under the Management Services Agreement, we paid CinRx monthly fees for management services calculated based on costs incurred by CinRx in the provision of services to us, plus a reasonable mark-up. Accordingly, in terms of officer compensation, under the Management Services Agreement, we paid a portion of the executive’s salary as reflected in the respective footnote to the Summary Compensation Table and a portion of the executive’s salary was paid by CinRx. We provided notice to terminate the Management Services Agreement on November 4, 2021. Pursuant to the terms of the Master Services Agreement, the termination shall become effective no later than February 2, 2022. See the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — CinRx Pharma, LLC” elsewhere in this prospectus for more information.

Review of Executive Compensation

Our board of directors reviews compensation annually for all employees, including our named executive officers. In setting executive base salaries and bonuses and granting equity incentive awards, we consider compensation for comparable positions in the market, the historical compensation levels of our executives, individual performance as compared to our expectations and objectives, our desire to motivate our employees to achieve short- and long-term results that are in the best interests of our stockholders and a long-term commitment to our company.

In connection with this offering, we have established a compensation committee. After this offering, the compensation committee will review and recommend to the board for approval the compensation and other terms of employment of our chief executive officer, and evaluates the chief executive officer’s performance in light of relevant corporate goals and objectives. Our chief executive officer will discuss his recommendations for all other executives (other than himself) with the compensation committee and the board. Based on those discussions and its discretion, the compensation committee will recommend the compensation of each executive officer to the board, and the board of directors will then approve. We generally do not provide perquisites or personal benefits except in limited circumstances, and we did not provide any perquisites or personal benefits to our named executive officers in 2020.

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Annual Base Salary

The annual base salaries of our named executive officers are generally determined, approved and reviewed periodically by our compensation committee in order to compensate our named executive officers for the satisfactory performance of duties to our company. Annual base salaries are intended to provide a fixed component of compensation to our named executive officers, reflecting their skill sets, experience, roles and responsibilities. Base salaries for our named executive officers have generally been set at levels deemed necessary to attract and retain individuals with superior talent.

The following table sets forth the annual base salaries for our chief executive officer and each of our named executive officers for 2020 and 2021.

Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation

During fiscal year 2020, we did not have a formal bonus incentive program and our executive officers did not receive any bonus payments from us or CinRX.

As discussed further below, we entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Ms. Pearce in August 2021. In accordance with the terms of her employment agreement, our board, in its sole discretion, may establish a discretionary annual bonus award for Ms. Pearce, which may be expressed as a percentage of her average annual base salary for the applicable performance period or a fixed dollar amount or such other amount or based on such other formula or factors as the board may determine in its sole discretion. Our employment arrangement with Mr. de Garidel sets his annual target bonus opportunity as an annual percentage of his gross base salary. In connection with this offering, the board will approve bonus targets for our chief executive officer and named executive officers that will become effective upon the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

The following table sets forth the 2021 bonus target percentage for our chief executive officer and each of our named executive officers for 2021.

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Equity-Based Incentive Awards

Our equity-based incentive awards granted to our named executive officers are designed to align our interests and those of our stockholders with those of our employees and consultants, including our executive officers. As of the date of this prospectus, stock option awards were the only form of equity awards we have granted to any of our executive officers.

We have historically used stock options as an incentive for long-term compensation to our executive officers because the stock options allow our executive officers to profit from this form of equity compensation only if our stock price increases relative to the stock option’s exercise price, which exercise price is set at the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Vesting of equity awards is generally tied to each officer’s continuous service with us and serves as an additional retention measure. We may grant equity awards at such times as our board of directors or compensation committee determines appropriate. Our executives generally are awarded an initial grant in the form of a stock option award in connection with their commencement of employment with us. Additional grants may occur periodically in order to specifically incentivize executives with respect to achieving certain corporate goals or to reward executives for exceptional performance.

Prior to this offering, we have granted all stock options pursuant to our 2019 Stock Option Plan, or the 2019 Plan. Following this offering, we will grant equity incentive awards under the terms of the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2022 Plan. The terms of our equity plans are described below under “— Equity Incentive Plans.”

All options are granted with an exercise price per share that is no less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant of such award. Our stock option awards generally vest over a four-year period and may be subject to acceleration of vesting and exercisability under certain termination and change in control events. See “— Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End.”

Health and Welfare Benefit; Retirement Benefits

These payments and benefits discussed above are in addition to eligibility to participate in benefits available generally to salaried employees, subject to the satisfaction of certain eligibility requirements. These health and welfare benefits include medical and dental benefits, life insurance benefits and short- and long-term disability insurance, and are not generally described.

Perquisites and Other Personal Benefits

We do not view perquisites or other personal benefits as a significant component of our executive compensation program. Accordingly, we do not provide significant perquisites or other personal benefits to our named executive officers except as generally made available to all our employees, or in situations where we believe it is appropriate to assist an individual in the performance of his or her duties, to make our executive officers more efficient and effective, and for recruitment and retention purposes. During fiscal year 2020, none of our named executive officers received perquisites or other personal benefits except as generally made available to all our employees.

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Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

As of December 31, 2020, there were no outstanding equity awards granted to our named executive officers.

March 2021 and May 2021 Equity Grants

Subsequent to December 31, 2020, our board of directors approved the following grants of options under our 2019 Plan to our chief executive officer and our named executive officers.