As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 15, 2021
17, 2023Registration No. 333-
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
(Amendment No. 1)
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc.
VISTAGEN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(Exact Name Of Registrant As Specified In Its Charter)
name of registrant as specified in its charter) | 2834 | |
(State or other jurisdictionOther Jurisdiction of incorporationIncorporation or organization) | (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) | |
343 Allerton Ave.
South San Francisco, California 94080
(650) 577-3600
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)
Shawn K. Singh
Chief Executive Officer
Vistagen Therapeutics, Inc.
343 Allerton Avenue
South San Francisco, California 94080
(650) 577-3600
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
Daniel W. Rumsey, Esq. Jack P. Kennedy, Esq. Disclosure Law Group, a Professional Corporation 655 West Broadway, Suite 870 San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 272-7050 | | |
VistaGenJessica R. Haskell, Esq. Associate General Counsel and Corporate Secretary Vistagen Therapeutics, Inc. South San Francisco, CaliforniaCA 94080 | | Shawn K. Singh, J.D.
Chief Executive Officer
VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc.
343 Allerton Avenue
South San Francisco, California 94080
(650) 577-3600
|
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code of Registrant’s principal executive offices)
| | (Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of agent for service)
|
From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement
(Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public)
Copies of all communications, including all communications sent to the agent for service, should be sent to:
Shawn K. Singh, J.D.
Chief Executive Officer
VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc.
343 Allerton Avenue
South San Francisco, California 94080
(650) 577-3600
Daniel W. Rumsey, Esq.
Jessica R. Sudweeks, Esq.
Disclosure Law Group,
a Professional Corporation
655 West Broadway, Suite 870
San Diego, California 92101
Tel: (619) 272-7050
Fax: (619) 330-2101
public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.If the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. [ ]
☐If any of the securities being registered on this Formform are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 ofunder the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. [X]
☒If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [ ]
☐If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [ ]
☐If this Formform is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, please check the following box. [ ]
☐If this Formform is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box. [ ]
☐Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company”company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer [ ] | ☐ | Accelerated filer [ ] | ☐ |
Non-accelerated filer [ ] | ☒ | Smaller reporting company [X] | ☒ |
| | | Emerging growth company [ ] | ☐ |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B)13(a) of the SecuritiesExchange Act. [ ]
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
Title of each class of securities to be registered | Amount to be Registered(1)(2)
| Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Unit(1)(3) | Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price(1)(3) | Amount of Registration Fee(4) |
| Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share | — | — | — | $— |
| Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share | — | — | — | — |
| Warrants | — | — | — | — |
| Units | — | — | — | — |
| Total | $250,000,000 | | $250,000,000 | $27,275.00 |
(1) | This registration statement covers the registration of such indeterminate number of shares of common stock, such indeterminate number of shares of preferred stock; such indeterminate number of warrants to purchase shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock and /or units; and such indeterminate number of units as may be sold by the registrant from time to time, which together shall have an aggregate initial offering price not to exceed $250,000,000. Any securities registered hereunder may be sold separately, together or as units with any other securities registered. Any unit sold hereunder will represent an interest in two or more other securities, which may or may not be separable from one another. ☐The securities registered hereunder also include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock and preferred stock, and such indeterminate number of warrants as may be issued upon the conversion of, or exchange for, preferred stock; upon the exercise of warrants; or pursuant to the customary anti-dilution provisions of any such securities (e.g., stock-splits, stock dividends and the like). Separate consideration may or may not be received for securities that are issuable upon conversion of, or in exchange for, or upon exercise of, convertible or exchangeable securities. In addition, pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), the securities being registered hereunder include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock or preferred stock as may be issuable with respect to the shares being registered hereunder as a result of stock splits, stock dividends, or similar transactions effected without the receipt of consideration which result in an increase in the number of our outstanding shares of common stock or preferred stock. |
(2) | The common stock to be issued pursuant to this registration statement may include the issuance of (i) up to 1,388,931 shares of common stock (the Series A1 Warrant Shares) issuable pursuant to the potential future exercise of currently outstanding Series A1 warrants (the Series A1 Warrants) with an exercise price of $1.82 per share and a term expiring on or about March 7, 2023, the date which is five years from the date of their issuance and (ii) up to 46,000,000 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of 2,000,000 shares of the registrant’s Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (Series D Preferred) issued and outstanding as of March 10, 2021 (the Series D Conversion Shares). The Series A1 Warrants and the Series A1 Warrant Shares were previously registered on the registrant’s registration statements on Form S-3 (File Nos. 333-215671 and 333-234025), and the Series D Conversion Shares were previously registered on the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-234025) (collectively, the Prior Registration Statements), which were originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) on January 23, 2017 and September 30, 2019, respectively, and declared effective by the SEC on July 27, 2017 and October 8, 2019, respectively. Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) and Rule 429 under the Securities Act, the offering of the Series A1 Warrant Shares and Series D Conversion Shares will be registered pursuant to this registration statement.
|
(3) | The proposed maximum aggregate offering price per class of security will be determined, from time to time, by the registrant in connection with, and at the time of, the issuance of the securities registered pursuant to this registration statement and is not specified as to each class of security pursuant to General Instruction II.D. of Form S-3. The proposed maximum initial offering prices per unit will be determined, from time to time, by the registrant in connection with, and at the time of, the issuance of the securities. |
(4) | Pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act, the registration fee is calculated based on the proposed maximum offering price of the securities being registered. Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, this registration statement covers a total of $32,675,400 of securities that were previously registered pursuant to the Prior Registration Statements, but which remain unsold as of the date hereof (the Unsold Securities). The Unsold Securities are being carried forward to and registered on this registration statement. In connection with the registration of the Unsold Securities on the Prior Registration Statements, the registrant previously paid a registration fee of $3,960.26. Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, (i) the registration fee applicable to the Unsold Securities is being carried forward to this registration statement and will continue to be applied to the Unsold Securities, and (ii) the offering of the Unsold Securities registered on the Prior Registration Statements will be deemed terminated as of the date of effectiveness of this registration statement. Accordingly, the Registrant is paying a registration fee of $23,314.74 with the filing of this registration statement. If the registrant sells any of the Unsold Securities pursuant to the Prior Registration Statements after the date of the initial filing, and prior to the date of effectiveness, of this registration statement, the registrant will file a pre-effective amendment to this registration statement, which will reduce the number of Unsold Securities included on this registration statement.
|
The registrant hereby amends this registration statementRegistration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrantRegistrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statementRegistration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statementRegistration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section8(a), may determine.
| | |
| The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We Theselling stockholdersmay not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdictionstate where thesuch offer or sale is not permitted. |
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS | SUBJECT TO COMPLETION | DATED MARCH 17, 2023 |
| | | |
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
| SUBJECT TO COMPLETION | DATED MARCH 15, 2021 |
$250,000,000
COMMON STOCK
PREFERRED STOCK
WARRANTS
UNITS
From12,193,069 Shares of Common Stock
This prospectus relates to the resale from time to time we may offer and sell, in one or more offerings,of up to approximately $250 million of any combination of the securities described in this prospectus. We may also offer securities as may be issuable upon conversion, repurchase, exchange or exercise of any securities registered hereunder, including applicable anti-dilution provisions, if any. Any warrants sold hereunder may be exercisable for12,193,069 shares of our common stock, sharespar value $0.001 per share (the Shares), by the selling stockholders identified herein (collectively, with any of such stockholders’ transferees, pledgees, assignees, distributees, donees or successors-in-interest, the Selling Stockholders). We are registering the Shares on behalf of the Selling Stockholders to satisfy certain registration rights that we granted to the Selling Stockholders in connection with the completion of our preferred stock and/acquisition of Pherin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the Shares offered hereby. See the section titled The Pherin Acquisition on page 13 for more information.
We are registering the Shares to provide the Selling Stockholders with freely tradable securities and to satisfy the registration rights such stockholders received in connection with the issuance of the Shares held by the Selling Stockholders. This prospectus does not necessarily mean that the Selling Stockholders will offer or units. Any units sold hereundersell those shares.
All selling and other expenses incurred by the Selling Stockholders will represent an interest in twobe paid by such stockholders, except for certain legal fees and expenses, which will be paid by us. The Selling Stockholders may sell, transfer or more other securities, which mayotherwise dispose of any or may not be separable from one another. The sharesall of our common stock that may become issuablethe Shares offered by this prospectus from time to time uponon The Nasdaq Capital Market or any other stock exchange, market, or trading facility on which the exerciseshares are traded, or in private transactions. The Shares may be offered and sold or otherwise disposed of our Series A1 Warrants and upon conversionby the Selling Stockholders at fixed prices, market prices prevailing at the time of sharessale, prices related to prevailing market prices, or privately negotiated prices. Refer to the section entitled “Plan of Series D Preferred (each as defined herein) are also being offered pursuant to this prospectus.
This prospectus provides a general description ofDistribution” for more information regarding how the securities weSelling Stockholders may offer, from time to time. Each time we offer securities, we will provide specific termssell, or dispose of the securities offered in a supplement to this prospectus. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with an offering. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, as well as any documents incorporated by reference, before you invest in any of the securities being offered.
their Shares.Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VTGN.” On March 12, 2021,16, 2023, the closing price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $2.35$0.14 per share.
We may offeramend or supplement this prospectus from time to time by filing amendments or supplements as required. You should read the entire prospectus and sell our securities toany amendments or through one or more agents, underwriters, dealers or other third parties or directly to one or more purchasers on a continuous or delayed basis. If agents, underwriters or dealers are used to sell our securities, we will name them and describe their compensationsupplements carefully before you make your investment decision.
Investing in a prospectus supplement. The price to the public of our securities and the net proceeds we expect to receive from the sale of such securities will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled “
Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus.As of March 10, 2021, the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $308,181,800, which was calculated in accordance with General Instruction I.B.1 of Form S-3, based on 143,340,410 shares of outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates, at a price per share of $2.15, the closing sale price of our common stock reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on March 10, 2021.
Our business and investing in our securities involve significant risks.involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties referenceddescribed under the heading “Risk Factors” beginning on page 79 of this prospectus, as well as those containedand under similar headings in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and in the other documents that are incorporated by reference intoamendments or supplements to this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement.prospectus.Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is , 2021
VISTAGEN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUSThis prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the
SEC), using a “shelf” registration process. Under thisBy using a shelf registration process, westatement, the Selling Stockholders named herein may, from time to time, sell the securitiesshares of common stock as described in this prospectus. To the extent necessary, we may provide a supplement to this prospectus inthat contains specific information about the offering and the Selling Stockholders, as well as the amounts, prices and terms of the securities hereby. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities which may be offered from time-to-time. Each time we offer securities for sale, we will provide aThe prospectus supplement that contains information about the specific terms of that offering. Anyor free writing prospectus supplement may also add, update or updatechange information contained in this prospectus. Youprospectus with respect to that offering. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, you should rely on the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, as applicable. Before purchasing any securities, you should carefully read both this prospectus and anythe applicable prospectus supplement (and any applicable free writing prospectuses), together with the additional information described below under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.” THIS PROSPECTUS MAY NOT BE USED TO CONSUMMATE A SALE OF SECURITIES UNLESS IT IS ACCOMPANIED BY A PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT.
Neither we, nor the Selling Stockholders, have authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We and the Selling Stockholders take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We and the Selling Stockholders will not make an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should rely only onassume that the information contained or incorporated by referenceappearing in this prospectus and in anythe applicable prospectus supplement. We have not authorized any other personsupplement to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not making offers to sell or solicitations to buy the securities described in this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which an offer or solicitation is not authorized, or in whichaccurate only as of the person making that offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make an offer or solicitation. You should not assumedate on its respective cover, that the information appearing in thisany applicable free writing prospectus oris accurate only as of the date of that free writing prospectus, and that any prospectus supplement, as well as the information we file or previously filed with the SEC that we incorporateincorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, is accurate only as of anythe date other than its respective date.of the document incorporated by reference, unless we indicate otherwise. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.
This prospectus contains summariesincorporates by reference, and any prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may contain and incorporate by reference, market data and industry statistics and forecasts that are based on independent industry publications and other publicly available information. Although we believe these sources are reliable, we do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of certain provisionsthis information and we have not independently verified this information. In addition, the market and industry data and forecasts that may be included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or any applicable free writing prospectus may involve estimates, assumptions and other risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in somethis prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any applicable free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on this information.When we refer to “Vistagen,” “we,” “our,” “us” and the “Company” in this prospectus, we mean Vistagen Therapeutics, Inc., a Nevada corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise specified. When we refer to “you,” we mean the potential holders of the documents described herein, but referenceapplicable series of securities.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
Our common stock is maderegistered with the SEC under Section 12 of the Exchange Act and, accordingly, we are subject to the actual documents for complete information. Allinformation and periodic reporting requirements of the summariesExchange Act and file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements and other information are qualified in their entirety byavailable at the actual documents. Copies of somewebsite of the documents referredSEC at www.sec.gov.
We maintain a website at http://www.vistagen.com. You may access our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to herein have been filed, will bethose reports, proxy statements and other information filed or willfurnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. We have not incorporated by reference into this prospectus the information on our website, and you should not consider it to be a part of this prospectus.
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement under the Securities Act, relating to the offering of these securities. The registration statement, including the attached exhibits, contains additional relevant information about us and the securities. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement. You can obtain a copy of the registration statement for free at the website of the SEC referenced above.
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
The following documents filed by us with the SEC are incorporated by reference in this prospectus:
| ● | our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2022, filed on June 23, 2022; |
| ● | our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2022, filed on August 11, 2022; |
| ● | our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2022, filed on November 10, 2022; |
| ● | our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2022, filed on February 7, 2023; |
| ● | our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 8, 2022 (solely with respect to Item 8.01); |
��
| ● | our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 19, 2022 (solely with respect to Item 5.07); |
| ● | our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 21, 2022 (solely with respect to Item 1.01); |
| ● | The description of our common stock contained in the Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Securities Act) on May 3, 2016, including any amendment or report filed with the Commission for the purpose of updating this description. |
We also incorporate by reference all documents we file pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15 of the Exchange Act (other than any portions of filings that are furnished rather than filed pursuant to Items 2.02 and 7.01 of a Current Report on Form 8-K) after the date of the initial registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and prior to effectiveness of such registration statement. All documents we file in the future pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of this prospectus and prior to the termination of the offering are also incorporated herein by reference and are an important part of this prospectus.
Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for the purposes of this registration statement to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this registration statement.
We will provide upon request to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, a copy of any or all of the information that has been incorporated by reference in the prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus. You may request a copy of these filings, excluding the exhibits to such filings which we have not specifically incorporated by reference in such filings, at no cost, by writing to or calling us at:
Vistagen Therapeutics, Inc.
343 Allerton Avenue
South San Francisco, California 94080
(650) 577-3600
This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. You should only rely on the information or representations contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide information other than that provided in this prospectus. We are not making an offer of the securities in any state where the offer is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of the document.
CAUTIONARY NOTES REGARDINGFORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus, any prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated by reference herein, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about:
| ● | the availability of capital to satisfy our working capital requirements; |
| ● | the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues and capital requirements; |
| ● | our plans to develop and commercialize our product candidates, including, among other things, PH94B as a potential as-needed treatment of anxiety in adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD), PH10 as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) and other depression-related disorders, AV-101 in combination with probenecid as a potential treatment of MDD and depression-related disorders or neurological diseases and disorders involving the Central Nervous System (CNS), and three early clinical-stage pherine product candidates acquired in connection with the Pherin Acquisition (defined below): PH15 for cognition improvement, PH80 for migraine and hot flashes, and PH284 for appetite-related disorders; |
| ● | our ability to initiate and complete our clinical trials and to advance our product candidates into additional clinical trials, including pivotal clinical trials, and successfully complete such clinical trials; |
| ● | regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries; |
| ● | the performance of our third-party contractors involved with the manufacture and production of our drug candidates for nonclinical and clinical development activities, contract research organizations and other third-party nonclinical and clinical development collaborators and regulatory service providers; |
| ● | our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our core assets; |
| ● | the size of the potential markets for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets; |
| ● | the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates for any indication once approved; |
| ● | the success of competing products and product candidates in development by others that are or become available for the indications that we are pursuing; |
| ● | the loss of key scientific, clinical and nonclinical development, and/or management personnel, internally or from one of our third-party collaborators; |
| ● | our ability to comply with Nasdaq continued listing standards; |
| ● | our ability to continue as a going concern; and |
| ● | other risks and uncertainties, including those described under Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, and those described under Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended June 30, 2022, September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022, which risk factors are incorporated herein by reference. |
These forward-looking statements are only predictions, and we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, so you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and operating results. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this prospectus, particularly in the “Risk Factors” sections in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated by reference herein, that we believe could cause actual future results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.
You should read this prospectus, any prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated by reference herein and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part completely and youwith the understanding that our actual future results may obtain copiesbe materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of thosethe forward-looking statements in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein by these cautionary statements. Except as described below under the heading “
Where You Can Find More Information.” required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary does not contain allTHE COMPANYWe are advancing the information you should consider before buying our securities. You should read the following summary togetherdevelopment of therapeutics for CNS certain disorders with the more detailed information appearing in this prospectuspotential to be faster-acting, and any accompanying prospectus supplement, including the section titled “Risk Factors” on page 7, before deciding whether to purchase our securities.
In this prospectus, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, references to “VistaGen,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” refer to VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc.
Overview
We are awith fewer side effects and safety concerns than treatments currently available for those conditions. Our most advanced clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company committed to developingcandidates, PH94B and commercializing differentiated new generation medications that go beyond the current standard of care for anxiety, depression and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Our pipeline includes three CNS product candidates, each with a differentiated potential mechanism of action, favorable safety results observed in all clinical studies to date, and therapeutic potential inPH10, may provide relief from multiple CNS markets. We are currently preparing PH94B for a pivotal Phase 3 clinical study as a potential acute treatmentforms of anxiety and depression. They belong to a new class of drugs known as pherines. These investigational neuroactive steroids are formulated as nasal sprays at very low concentrations and are designed to achieve rapid-onset anti-anxiety (PH94B) or antidepressant (PH10) effects. We believe these drug candidates directly activate chemosensory neurons located in adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD), as well as additional nonclinicalthe nasal passages, which neurons then impact olfactory amygdala “fear off” (anti-anxiety) and clinical studies required to support our U.S. New Drug Application (NDA) for that indication should our Phase 3 clinical program be successful. In addition, we are planning for several small exploratory Phase 2A studies of PH94B“fear on” (antidepressant) neural circuits in adult patients, includingthe brain, without requiring systemic uptake or direct activity on CNS neurons in adjustment disorder, pre-procedural anxiety, postpartum anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. PH10 has completed a successful exploratory Phase 2A study for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). We are currently preparing for planned Phase 2B clinical development of PH10 as a potential stand-alone treatment for MDD. In several clinical studies, AV-101 was shown to be orally bioavailable and was well-tolerated. Based on successful preclinical studies involving AV-101 alone and in combination with probenecid, we are currently planning to pursue Phase 1B, and, if successful, subsequent Phase 2A clinical development of AV-101, in combination with probenecid, for treatment of CNS indications involving the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Additionally, our wholly owned subsidiary, VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc., d/b/a VistaStem, a California corporation (VistaStem), has pluripotent stem cell technology focused on assessing and developing small molecule new chemical entities (NCEs) for our CNS pipeline, or for out-licensing, by utilizingCardioSafe 3D, VistaStem’s customized human heart cell-based cardiac bioassay system.brain. Our goal is to become a biopharmaceutical company that develops and commercializes innovative CNS therapies for multiple largeanxiety, depression, and growing neuropsychiatry and neurology markets worldwideother CNS indications where we believe current treatmentstreatment options are inadequate to meet the needs of millions of patients.
patients in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide.Our Product Candidates
PH94B Nasal Spray for Anxiety Disorders
PH94B is an odorlessa synthetic rapid-onset pherineinvestigational neuroactive steroid from the androstane family of pherines. When administered intranasally in microgram doses, PH94B activates receptors in the membrane of peripheral nasal spraychemosensory neurons connected to subsets of neurons in the olfactory bulbs that in turn connect to neurons in the limbic amygdala involved in the pathophysiology of SAD and potentially other anxiety and mood disorders. PH94B does not exert effects on receptor targets with therapeuticknown abuse potential in a wide range of neuropsychiatric indications involving anxiety or phobia. Conveniently self-administered in microgram-level doses(e.g., dopamine, nicotinic, and opiate receptors) and has neither agonistic nor antagonistic effects on GABAA α1/β2/γ2 ion channels. PH94B is pharmacologically active without requiring apparent systemic uptake and distribution to achieve its anti-anxiety effects, we are initially developingrapid-onset and short duration of anxiolytic effects. The FDA has designated PH94B as a potential as a fast-acting, non-sedating, non-addictive new generation acuteFast Track product candidate, and we are currently developing PH94B for the treatment of anxiety symptoms in adults with SAD. SAD affects approximately 20 million Americans and, according to the National Institutes of Health (
NIH), is the third most common psychiatric condition after depression and substance abuse. A personadult subjects with SAD feelsand for anxiety symptoms of anxiety or fear in certain social situations, such as meeting new people, dating, being on a job interview, answering a question in a classroom or conference room, or having to talk to a cashier in a store. Doing everyday things in frontadult subjects with adjustment disorder (AjDA).The proposed MOA of other people - such as eating, drinking or using a public restroom – may also cause anxiety or fear. A person with SAD may also feel symptoms of fear and anxiety in performance situations, such as giving a lecture, a speech or a presentation to classmates at school, or colleagues at work, as well as playing in a sports game, or dancing or playing a musical instrument on stage. A person with SAD is afraid that he or she will be humiliated, judged, or rejected. The fear and anxiety that people with SAD have in social and performance situations is so strong that they feel they are beyond their ability to control. As a result, SAD gets in the way of going to work, attending school, meeting with others socially or doing everyday things in situations with potential for interpersonal interaction. People with SAD may worry about these and other things for weeks before they happen. Sometimes, they end up avoiding places or events where they think they might have to do something that will embarrass or humiliate them or cause them to be judged. Without treatment, SAD can last for many years or a lifetime and prevent a person from reaching his or her full potential.
Three oral antidepressants are approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for treatment of SAD. These FDA-approved antidepressants have slow onset of therapeutic effect (often taking many weeks to months), require chronic administration and often cause significant side effects that begin soon after administration. We believe their slow onset of effect, required chronic administration and significant potential side effects and safety concerns may make these FDA-approved oral antidepressants inadequate or inappropriate treatment alternatives for many individuals affected by SAD. Our PH94B is fundamentally differentdifferentiated from all currently approved anti-anxiety medications, including the oralthree antidepressants approved by the FDA for the treatment of SAD, as well as all current anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines prescribed off-label for treatment of SAD.
We believe PH94B-induced anxiolytic effects appear consistent with the modulation of neural circuits involved in the pathogenesis of SAD. Neurons in the limbic amygdala regulate fear and anxiety by modulating inhibitory neurotransmission in other brain regions. A microgram level intranasal dose of PH94B (3.2 micrograms) engages specific nasal chemosensory neurons which activate olfactory bulb neurons (OBNs) on the base of the brain. OBNs send neural connections to neurons in the central limbic amygdala, the brain center where fear and anxiety are regulated, resulting in downstream signaling and rapid-onset anti-anxiety effects. Importantly, PH94B does not require systemic uptake and distribution to produce its rapid-onset anti-anxiety effects. In all clinical studies to date, PH94B has not shown psychological side effects (such as dissociation, euphoria or hallucinations), sedation or other side effects and safety concerns that may be caused by the current oral antidepressants approved by the FDA for treatment of SAD, or by benzodiazepines and beta blockers, which, although not FDA-approved to treatfor treatment of SAD, are often prescribed by psychiatrists and physicians for treatment of SAD on an off-label basis. While oral antidepressants, benzodiazepinesPre-clinical and beta blockers require systemic administration to achieve anxiolytic effects, due to its unique pharmacology, PH94B does not require systemic uptake and distribution to achieve its rapid-onset anti-anxiety effects.
In a peer-reviewed, published double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 clinical trial,data to date suggest that PH94B was statisticallyhas the potential to achieve rapid-onset anti-anxiety effects without systemic uptake or transport into the brain, significantly more effective than placebo in reducing both public-speaking anxiety (p=0.002)the risk of side effects and social interaction anxiety (p=0.009) in laboratory-simulated challenges of SAD patients, within 15 minutes of their self-administration of a non-systemic 1.6 microgram dose of PH94B. Basedother safety concerns such as potential abuse, misuse and addiction associated with certain other pharmaceuticals that act directly on the results of this Phase 2 studyCNS and our recent consensus with the FDA that our initial pivotal Phase 3 study of PH94B may be conducted in a manner substantially similar to the public speakingare sometimes prescribed for anxiety component of such Phase 2 study, we are preparing for Phase 3 clinical development of PH94B as an acute treatment of anxiety in adults with SAD. Our goal is to develop and commercialize PH94B as the first FDA-approved, rapid-onset, non-sedating, non-systemic, non-additive acute treatment of anxiety in adults with SAD. We believe PH94B has potential for use on demand to treat symptoms of anxiety which result from often predictable anxiety-provoking stressors, much like a rescue inhaler is used on demand, before an asthma attack or a migraine drug is used before onset of a migraine episode. We also believe PH94B has potential to treat other anxiety-related neuropsychiatric indications, such as adjustment disorder, postpartum anxiety, preprocedural anxiety (e.g., pre-MRI), panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and specific social phobias. In addition to preparing for Phase 3 development of PH94B as a potential acute treatment of anxiety for adults with SAD, we are planning for a series of small exploratory Phase 2A clinical studies of PH94B for treatment of adjustment disorder, postpartum anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and pre-procedural anxiety. The FDA has granted Fast Track designation for development of PH94B for acute treatment of anxiety in adults with SAD, which we believe is the FDA’s first such designation for a drug candidate for SAD.
disorders.PH10 Nasal Spray for Depression Disorders and Suicidal Ideation
PH10 is an odorless syntheticinvestigational pherine nasal spray with potential to be a fast-actingfor the treatment for multiple neuropsychiatric indications involving depression and suicidal ideation. Conveniently self-administered in microgram-level doses without systemic exposure, we are develop PH10 asof MDD with a potential rapid-onset stand-alone treatment of
MDD.Depression is a serious medical illness and a global public health concern that can occur at any time over a person's life. While most people will experience depressed mood at some point during their lifetime, MDD is different. MDD is the chronic, pervasive feeling of utter unhappiness and suffering, which impairs daily functioning. Symptoms of MDD include diminished pleasure or loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite that result in weight changes, insomnia or oversleeping, psychomotor agitation, loss of energy or increased fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions, and thoughts of death or suicide and attempts at suicide.
The most commonly-prescribed current oral antidepressants are known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). SSRIs are intended to increase the amount of available serotonin, a neurotransmitter closely linked to mood and anxiety disorders, by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, preventing nerve cells from reabsorbing serotonin and reducing the levels in the brain. This means more serotonin remains available, which can sometimes improve symptoms and make patients more responsive to psychotherapy and other treatments. SNRIs similarly are intended to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and another neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, and increase the available amounts of each in the brain. Like serotonin, norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter linked to mood.
While these medications can certainly be effective in the right context, it can be a challenge to find the right drug or combination of drugs for a particular patient. About two-thirds of patients with MDD do not respond to their initial treatment with such medications. In addition, it can take many weeks or even months to identify whether an antidepressant is working, all the while leaving a patient to cope with their depression symptoms and the potentially debilitating side effects of the antidepressants they are prescribed.
Due to their long-onset pharmacology, limited efficacy and many side effects and safety concerns, current FDA-approved oral antidepressants available in the multi-billion-dollar global depression market are often inadequate to satisfy the underserved medical needs of millions suffering from the debilitating effects of depression. Inadequate response to current medications is among the key reasons MDD is one of the leading public health concerns in the United States, creating a significant unmet medical need for new agents with fundamentally different mechanisms of action and side effect and safety profiles.
PH10 is a new generation antidepressant with a mechanism of actionMOA that is fundamentally differentdifferentiated from the MOA of all current FDA-approved antidepressants. After self-administration, a non-systemiccurrently approved treatments for MDD and other depression disorders. PH10, which is administered at microgram-level dose of PH10 bindsdoses, engages and activates chemosensory neurons in the nasal passages, connected to nasal chemosensory receptors that, in turn, activate key neural circuits in the brain that can leadproduce antidepressant effects. Specifically, PH10’s proposed MOA involves binding to rapid-onset antidepressant effects, but withoutreceptors for chemosensory neurons in the psychological side effects (such as dissociationnasal passages to regulate the olfactory amygdala “fear on” neural circuits believed to increase activity of the limbic-hypothalamic sympathetic nervous system and hallucinations) or safety concerns that maybe be caused byincrease the release of catecholamines. Importantly, unlike all currently approved oral antidepressants and rapid-onset ketamine-based therapy (KBT), including both intravenous ketamine and esketamine nasal spray, orintranasal ketamine (esketamine), we believe PH10 does not require systemic uptake to produce rapid-onset of antidepressant effects and does not cause the side effects and safety concerns of current long-onset oral antidepressants. potentially associated with KBT.In a small exploratory Phase 2A clinical trial (n=30), PH10, self-administered at a dose of 6.4 micrograms, was well-tolerated and demonstrated statistically significant (p=0.022) rapid-onset antidepressant effects, which were sustained over an 8-week period, as measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (
HAM-D), without side effects or safety concernsDecember 2022, we announced that may be caused by ketamine-based therapy and oral antidepressants. Based on positive results from this exploratory Phase 2A study, we are preparing for Phase 2B clinical development of PH10 in MDD, which preparation includes completing two additional preclinical toxicology studies required by the FDA to support our new Investigational New Drug (IND) applicationgranted Fast Track designation for proposed Phase 2B clinical development of PH10 in the U.S. With its favorable safety profile observed during clinical development to date, we believe PH10 has potential for multiple applications in global depression markets, including first as a differentiated stand-alone therapypotential treatment for MDD.-7-
AV-101
AV-101 an Oral NMDA Receptor Antagonist for Depression and Neurological Disorders
AV-101 (4-Cl-KYN) targets the NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor), an ionotropic glutamate receptor in the brain. Abnormal NMDAR function is associated with numerous CNS diseases and disorders. AV-101(4-chlorokynurenine) is an oral prodrug of 7-chloro-kynurenic acid (7-Cl-KYNA), which is a potent and selective
full antagonist of the glycine co-agonist site of the
NMDARNMDA receptor (NMDAR) that inhibits the function of the NMDAR. Unlike ketamine and
many other NMDAR antagonists, 7-Cl-KYNA is not an ion channel blocker. At doses administered in
allthe Company’s studies
completed to date, AV-101 has
been observed to be well tolerated and has not exhibited
no dissociative or hallucinogenic psychological side effects or safety
concerns. With its exceptionally few side effectsconcerns, unlike several other modulators of the NMDAR. Based on observations and
favorable safety profile observed in allfindings from preclinical studies,
to date,we believe that AV-101, in combination with
the FDA-approved
drug,oral probenecid, has
the potential to
bebecome a new
differentiated oral treatment
alternative for
multiple large-marketcertain CNS indications
where we believe current treatmentsinvolving the NMDAR. We are
inadequatepresently conducting an exploratory Phase 1B drug-drug interaction clinical study of AV-101 in combination with probenecid and expect to
meet high underserved patient needs. complete dosing of the final cohort in the study in the first half of 2023.The FDA has granted Fast Track designation for development of AV-101 as both a potential adjunctive treatment for MDD and as a non-opioid treatment for neuropathic pain.
Newly Acquired Pherines
Following the completion of the Pherin Acquisition (defined below), we now have full ownership of intellectual property rights to PH94B and PH10. In late-2019,addition, we completed a Phase 2 clinical trial of AV-101 asalso have three new early clinical-stage pherine product candidates: PH15, a potential adjunctive treatment togetherfor cognition improvement; PH80, a potential treatment for migraine and hot flashes; and PH284, a potential treatment for appetite-related disorders, each of which is further summarized below.
PH15
PH15 is an early-stage investigational neuroactive steroid pherine with potential for the acute treatment of cognitive impairment. Early functional MRI studies in human volunteers at Stanford University revealed that intranasal administration of PH15 induced rapid activation of brain areas related to cognition (Sobel et al, Brain, 1999). In a standard FDA-approveddouble blind, placebo-controlled study in human subjects, intranasal PH15 showed rapid and significant improvement in cognitive and psychomotor performance and improvement of reaction time that was better than the effect of a placebo and 2 mg of oral SSRI or SNRI,caffeine.
PH80
PH80 is an early-stage investigational synthetic neuroactive steroid with potential to engage nasal chemosensory receptor cells which in MDD patients who had an inadequate response to a stable dose of their oral antidepressant (the
Elevate Study). Topline results of the Elevate Study (n=199) indicated that the AV-101 treatment arm did not differentiate from placebo on the primary endpoint (changeturn modulate neural circuits in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-10) total score compared to baseline), potentially due to sub-therapeutic levels of 7-Cl-KYNA in the brain. As in prior clinical studies, AV-101 was well tolerated, with no psychotomimetic side effects or drug-related serious adverse events.Our recent discoveries from successful preclinical studies of AV-101 in combination with probenecid, a safe and well-known oral anion transport inhibitor approved by the FDA for treatment of gout, suggest that there is a substantially increased brain concentration of AV-101 and its active metabolite, 7-Cl-KYNA, when AV-101 is given together with probenecid. These surprising effects were first revealed as to AV-101 and 7-Cl-KYNA in our recent preclinical studies, although the effects are consistent with well-documented clinical studies of probenecid’s ability to increase the therapeutic benefits of several classes of FDA-approved drugs that are unrelated to AV-101 and 7-Cl-KYNA, including certain antibacterial, anticancer and antiviral drugs. When probenecid was administered in combination with AV-101 in animal models, substantially increased brain concentrations of AV-101 and 7-Cl-KYNA were discovered. We also recently identified that some of the same kidney transporters that reduce drug concentrations in the blood, by excretion in the urine, are also found in the blood brain barrier and function to reduce 7-Cl-KYNA levels in the brain by pumping it out of the brain and back into the blood. In our recent preclinical studies with AV-101 and probenecid, we discovered that blocking those transporters in the blood brain barrier with probenecid resulted, as noted above, in a substantially increased brain concentration of 7-Cl-KYNA. This 7-Cl-KYNA efflux-blocking effect of probenecid,basal forebrain associated with the resulting increased brain levels and durationcontrol of 7-Cl-KYNA, suggests the potential impact of AV-101 with probenecid could result in far more profound therapeutic benefits for patients with MDD and other NMDAR-focused CNS disorders than demonstrated in the Elevate Study.
In addition, a Phase 1B target engagement study completed after the Elevate Study by the Baylor College of Medicine (Baylor) with financial support from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), involved 10 healthy volunteer U.S. military Veterans who received single doses of AV-101 (720 mg or 1440 mg) or placebo, in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over controlled trial. The primary goal of the study was to identify and define a dose-response relationship between AV-101 and multiple electrophysiological (EEG) biomarkers related to NMDAR function,body temperature, as well as blood biomarkers associatedpremonitory and aura symptoms of migraines.In a small exploratory double blind, placebo-controlled exploratory Phase 2A study in women diagnosed with suicidality (the
Baylor Study). We believemenopausal hot flashes, PH80 showed clinically significant improvement in the findings fromnumber and severity of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause in the Baylor Study suggest that, subjects treated with PH80. With respect to migraine headaches,in healthy Veterans,a small exploratory Phase 2A clinical study, PH80 showed a profile compatible with the higher doserelief of AV-101 (1440 mg)the premonitory and aura symptoms of migraines.PH284
PH284 is an early-stage investigational neuroactive steroid pherine with potential for the acute treatment of appetite-related disorders. Synthetic pherine PH284 was associatedtested in a small exploratory Phase 2A double blind, placebo controlled clinical study lasting 12 days, in patients diagnosed with dose-relatedcachexia due to terminal cancer lasted 12 days. Upon completion of a 7-day treatment period with intranasal PH284 or placebo, all patients started treatment for their underlying condition. At the end of the 7-day treatment period, PH284-treated patients showed a significant increase in the 40 Hz Auditory Steady State Response (
ASSR)subjective feeling of hunger (appetite), a robust measureincreased body weight and an improved quality of life, as compared with the integrity of inhibitory interneuron synchronization that is associated with NMDAR inhibition. Findings from the Baylor Study were presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP) in Orlando, Florida in December 2019.The Baylor Study and the results of our recent preclinical studies involving AV-101 in combination with probenecid suggest that it may be possible to increase therapeutic concentrations and duration of 7-Cl-KYNA in the brain, and thus increase NMDAR antagonism in MDD patients and individuals suffering from other CNS indications involving abnormal function of the NMDAR, when AV-101 and probenecid are combined. We are currently preparing for Phase 1B clinical development of AV-101 in combination with probenecid.
VistaStem Therapeutics – Stem Cell Technology for Drug Rescue, Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine
In addition to our current CNS drug candidates, our wholly-owned subsidiary, VistaStem Therapeutics (VistaStem) has developed stem cell technology-based, pipeline-enabling capabilities involving application of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies. VistaStem’s customized cardiac bioassay system, CardioSafe 3D, has been developed to discover and develop small molecule New Chemical Entities (NCEs) for our CNS pipeline or out-licensing. In addition, VistaStem’s stem cell technologies involving hPSC-derived blood, cartilage, heart and liver cells have multiple potential applications in the cell therapy (CT) and regenerative medicine (RM) fields.
To advance potential CT and RM applications of VistaStem’s hPSC technologies related to heart cells, we licensed to BlueRock Therapeutics LP, a next generation CT/RM company formed jointly by Bayer AG and Versant Ventures and acquired by Bayer AG in 2019, rights to develop and commercialize certain proprietary technologies relating to the production of cardiac stem cells for the treatment of heart disease. As a result of its acquisition of BlueRock Therapeutics in 2019, Bayer AG now holds such rights (the Bayer Agreement). VistaStem retains all rights to such technologies to discover and develop small molecule NCEs and certain other applications not licensed pursuant to the Bayer Agreement. In a manner similar to the Bayer Agreement, we may pursue additional VistaStem collaborations involving rights to develop and commercialize its hPSC technologies for production of blood, cartilage, and/or liver cells for CT and RM applications, including, among other indications, treatment of arthritis, cancer and liver disease.
placebo-treated group.Corporate Information
VistaGenVistagen Therapeutics, Inc., a Nevada corporation, is the parent of VistaGenVistagen Therapeutics, Inc. (d/b/a(dba VistaStem Therapeutics, Inc.), a wholly owned California corporation founded in 1998. Our principal executive offices are located at 343 Allerton Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, and our telephone number is (650) 577-3600. Our website address is
www.vistagen.com. The information contained on our website is not part of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus. We have included our website address as a factual reference and do not intend it to be an active link to our website.Securities Offerings under Prior Registration Statements
Series A1 Warrants
On August 31, 2017, we entered into an underwriting agreement with Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., relating to the issuance and sale (theSeptember 2017 PublicOffering) of 1,371,430 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate total of 1,892,572 shares of our common stock, consisting of Series A1 Warrants to purchase up to 1,388,931 shares of common stock and Series A2 Warrants to purchase up to 503,641 shares of common stock (the Series A1 Warrants and Series A2 Warrants are collectively referred herein as theWarrants). Each share of common stock was sold together with 1.0128 Series A1 Warrants, each whole Series A1 Warrant to purchase one share of common stock, and 0.3672 of a Series A2 Warrant, each whole Series A2 Warrant to purchase one share of common stock, at a public offering price of $1.75 per share and related Warrants.
Each Series A1 Warrant became exercisable six months following the date of issuance, while the Series A2 Warrants were immediately exercisable. The Warrants have an exercise price of $1.82 per whole share, and expire five years from the date first exercisable. In December 2017 and January 2018, all of the Series A2 Warrants were exercised at the reset exercise price resulting from a subsequent public offering of shares of our common stock and warrants completed in December 2017, from which we received nominal cash proceeds. As of the date of this prospectus, all Series A1 Warrants offered and sold in the September 2017 Public Offering remain outstanding.
Series D Convertible Preferred Stock
On December 17, 2020, in connection with the December 2020 Public Offering, as defined below, our Board of Directors (our Board) authorized the creation of a series of up to 2.0 million shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 (Series D Preferred), which became effective with the filing of a Certificate of Designation of the Relative Rights and Preferences of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on December 21, 2020.
On December 18, 2020, we entered into an underwriting agreement (the December 2020 Underwriting Agreement) pursuant to which we sold, in an underwritten public offering (the December 2020 Public Offering), 63.0 million shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $0.92 per share and 2.0 million shares of Series D Preferred at a public offering price of $21.16 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to us of $100 million. Net proceeds to us from the securities sold in the December 2020 Public Offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us, were approximately $93.6 million.
Each whole share of Series D Preferred is initially convertible into 23 shares of our common stock, or an aggregate of 46.0 million shares of our common stock (the Series D Conversion Shares), at any time at the option of the holder; provided, that the Series D Preferred was not convertible until the effective date of the Charter Amendment (defined below); and provided further, that the holders of Series D Preferred will be prohibited, subject to certain exceptions, from converting such shares of Series D Preferred into shares of our common stock if, as a result of such conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates and other attribution parties, would own more than 9.99% of the total number of shares of our common stock then issued and outstanding, which percentage may be changed at the holder’s election to a lower percentage at any time or to a higher percentage not to exceed 19.99% upon 61 days’ prior notice to us.
Charter Amendment
On March 5, 2021, at a virtual special meeting of stockholders of the Company, stockholders approved an amendment to our Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended (our Charter), to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for potential future issuance from 175 million to 325 million shares (the Charter Amendment). We filed a certificate of amendment with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada to effect the Charter Amendment on March 5, 2021.
FACTORSInvesting in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to purchase any of our securities, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described under “
Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020,2022, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended June 30, 2020,2022, September 30, 20202022 and December 31, 2020,2022, and our other filings with the SEC, all of which are incorporated by reference herein. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected and we may not be able to achieve our goals, the value of our securities could decline and you could lose some or all of your investment. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of these risks occur, the trading price of our common stock could decline materially and you could lose all or part of your investment. CAUTIONARY NOTES REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
ThisUSEOFPROCEEDSThe common stock to be offered and sold using this prospectus any prospectus supplementwill be offered and sold by the documents incorporated by reference herein contain forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts,
containedSelling Stockholders named in this prospectus,prospectus. Accordingly, we will not receive any prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated by reference herein, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially differentproceeds from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or impliedsale of shares of our common stock in this offering. We will pay all of the fees and expenses incurred by us in connection with this registration. We will not be responsible for fees and expenses incurred by the forward-looking statements.The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about:
Selling Stockholders or any underwriting discounts or agent’s commissions.-10-
●
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts to contain the pandemic and resulting economic downturn on our operations and financial condition;
●
the availability of capital to satisfy our working capital requirements;
●
the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues and capital requirements;
●
our plans to develop and commercialize our any of our current product candidates;
●
our ability to initiate and complete our clinical trials and to advance our product candidates into additional clinical trials, including pivotal clinical trials, and successfully complete such clinical trials;
●
regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;
●
the performance of our third-party contractors involved with the manufacture and production of our drug candidates for nonclinical and clinical development activities, contract research organizations and other third-party nonclinical and clinical development collaborators and regulatory service providers;
●
our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our core assets;
●
the sizeDESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK
The following summary of the potential markets for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets;
●
the rate and degree of market acceptancerights of our product candidates for any indication once approved;
●
the successcapital stock is not complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our certificate of competing productsincorporation and product candidates in development by others thatbylaws, copies of which are or become available for the indications that we are pursuing;
●
the loss of key scientific, clinical and nonclinical development, and/or management personnel, internally or from one of our third-party collaborators;
●
our abilityfiled as exhibits to comply with Nasdaq continued listing standards;
●
our ability to continue as a going concern; and
●
other risks and uncertainties, including those described under Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, and those described under Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our Quarterly Reports2022, filed with the SEC on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended June 30, 2020, September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2020,23, 2022, which risk factors are incorporated herein by reference.
These forward-looking statements are only predictions and we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, so you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and operating results. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this prospectus, particularly in the “Risk Factors” sections in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement and the documentsis incorporated by reference herein, that we believe could cause actual future results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.
You should read this prospectus, any prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated by reference herein and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein by these cautionary statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities under this prospectus primarily for research and development expenses associated with continuing development of PH94B, PH10, AV-101, VistaStem’s drug rescue activities focused on potential drug candidates to expand our CNS pipeline or out-licensing opportunities, proof of principle studies with respect to potential CT and RM applications of VistaStem’s stem cell technology involving blood, cartilage and liver cells, and for other working capital and capital expenditures. We may also use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities under this prospectus to in-license, acquire or invest in complementary businesses, technologies, products or assets. However, we have no current commitments or obligations to do so.
Pending other uses, we intend to invest our proceeds from the offering in short-term investments or hold them as cash. We cannot predict whether the proceeds invested will yield a favorable return. Our management will have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering, and investors will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds.
DESCRIPTIONOF OUR CAPITAL STOCKOur authorized capital stock consists of 325.0 million shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share,, and 10.0 million shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. The following is a description
Common Stock
This section describes the general terms of our common stock and certain provisionsthat we may offer from time to time. For more detailed information, a holder of our Charter,common stock should refer to our Restated and Amended Article of Incorporation, as amended (our Articles) and our amendedAmended and restated bylaws, and certain provisionsRestated Bylaws (our Bylaws), copies of Nevada law.
which are filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.As of March 10, 2021,16, 2023, there were issued and outstanding, or reserved for issuance:
●
143,762,996 shares of common stock held by approximately 25,000 stockholders of record;
●
750,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon conversion of 500,000 shares our Series A Preferred held by one institutional investor and one accredited individual investor;
●
1,131,669 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon conversion of 1,131,669 shares of our Series B Preferred held by one institutional investor;
●
2,318,012 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon conversion of 2,318,012 shares of our Series C Preferred held by one institutional investor;
●
46,000,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon conversion of 2,000,000 shares of our Series D Preferred held by 23 institutional investors;
●
19,437,532 shares of common stock that have been reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding warrants, with a weighted average exercise price of $1.77 per share, including up to 1,371,430 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A1 Warrants;
●
7,643,088 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding stock options under our Amended and Restated 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, with a weighted average exercise price of $1.41 per share;
●
6,700,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding stock options under our 2019 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, with a weighted average exercise price of $1.22 per share, and
●
2,168,158 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance in connection with future grants under our 2019 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan.
| ● | 219,326,445 shares of common stock held by approximately 267 stockholders of record; |
| ● | 1,370,544 shares of common stock that have been reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding warrants, with a weighted average exercise price of $0.56 per share; |
| ● | 22,398,539 registered shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding stock options under our Amended and Restated 2016 Stock Incentive Plan our 2019 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, with a weighted average exercise price of $1.26 per share; |
| ● | 4,055,617 registered shares of common stock reserved for future issuance in connection with future grants under our 2019 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan; and |
| ● | 729,664 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance in connection with future sales under our 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. |
We may elect or be required to amend our CharterArticles to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance prior to completing sales of shares of our common stock, or securities convertible and/or exchangeable into shares of our common stock described in this prospectus and/or any accompanying prospectus supplement.
Common Stock
This section describes the general terms of our common stock that we may offer from time to time. For more detailed information, a holder of our common stock should refer to our Charter and our Bylaws, copies of which are filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
prospectus.Except as otherwise expressly provided in our Charter,Articles, or as required by applicable law, all shares of our common stock have the same rights and privileges and rank equally, share ratably and are identical in all respects as to all matters, including, without limitation, those described below. All outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and nonassessable.
Each holder of our common stock is entitled to cast one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Cumulative voting for election of directors is not allowed under our Charter,Articles, which means that a plurality of the shares voted can elect all of the directors then outstanding for election. Except as otherwise provided under Nevada law or our CharterArticles, and Bylaws, on matters other than election of directors, action on a matter is approved if the votes cast favoring the action exceed the votes cast opposing the action.
The holders of outstanding shares of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available, if our Board, in its discretion, determines to issue a dividend, and only at the times and in the amounts that our Board may determine. Our Board is not obligated to declare a dividend. We have not paid any dividends in the past and we do not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.
Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of our common stock will be entitled to share equally, identically and ratably in all assets remaining, subject to the prior satisfaction of all outstanding debt and liabilities and the preferential rights and payment of liquidation preferences, if any, on any outstanding shares of preferred stock.
No Preemptive or Similar Rights
Our common stock is not subject to conversion, redemption, sinking fund or similar provisions.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Computershare Trust Company, N.A.
Listing
Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VTGN”.
Preferred Stock
This section describes the general terms and provisions of our outstandingWe do not currently have any shares of preferred stock outstanding.
THE PHERIN ACQUISITION
On December 20, 2022, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the Merger Agreement) along with VTGN Merger Sub, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary (Merger Sub), Pherin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Pherin), and Kevin McCarthy in his capacity of Stockholder Representative (the Stockholder Representative), in order to acquire Pherin (the Pherin Acquisition). The Merger Agreement provided for the Company’s acquisition of Pherin pursuant to the merger of Merger Sub with and into Pherin, with Pherin as wellthe surviving corporation. On February 2, 2023 (the Closing Date), we completed the Pherin Acquisition and Pherin is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Immediately prior to the consummation of the Pherin Acquisition, each of Pherin’s directors and officers resigned, and no employees or other affiliates of Pherin on the Closing Date are serving or will serve in their previous roles or in any other capacity with Pherin or with the Company.
Following the completion of the Pherin Acquisition, we now have full ownership of intellectual property rights to PH94B and PH10. In addition, we also have three new early clinical-stage pherine product candidates: PH15, a potential treatment for cognition improvement; PH80, a potential treatment for migraine and hot flashes; and PH284, a potential treatment for appetite-related disorders.
As consideration for the Pherin Acquisition, we (i) issued an aggregate of 12,410,100 unregistered shares of our common stock to the exchange agent for the Pherin Acquisition, of which 12,193,069 Shares were issued to the Selling Stockholders, consisting of approximately 96.07% of Pherin stockholders eligible to receive common stock in exchange for their outstanding shares of Pherin common stock (the Stock Consideration), and (ii) paid to the exchange agent for the Pherin Acquisition, an aggregate of approximately $126,100 to be paid to the approximately 3.93% remaining Pherin stockholders who were not eligible to receive Stock Consideration in exchange for their outstanding shares of Pherin common stock (the Cash Consideration).
On the Closing Date, we entered into a registration rights agreement (the Registration Rights Agreement) with the Stockholder Representative pursuant to which, among other matters, the Selling Stockholders were granted certain mandatory, demand and “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to the Shares received as preferredconsideration for the Pherin Acquisition. In addition, non-independent directors of Pherin and holders of 10% or more of the issued and outstanding shares of Pherin common stock thatprior to the Effective Time delivered to the Company executed lock-up agreements which prohibit the sale or other disposition of their respective Shares for a period of 180 days.
Pursuant to this prospectus, we mayare registering, on behalf of the Selling Stockholders, the shares of common stock issued as Stock Consideration.
Additional information about the Pherin Acquisition and the Merger Agreement are contained in the Company’s Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 21, 2022 and on February 2, 2023.
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
This prospectus relates to the resale of the Shares by the Selling Stockholders identified in the table below. We are registering the Shares in order to permit the Selling Stockholders to offer the shares for resale from time to time. The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the specific termsSelling Stockholders may sell some, all or none of the shares of preferred stock offered through that prospectus supplement, which may differ from the terms we describe below. We will file a copy of the certificate of designation that contains the terms of each new series of preferred stock with the SEC each time we issue a new series of preferred stock, and these certificates of designation will be incorporatedregistered by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus isforms a part. Each certificateWe do not know how long the Selling Stockholders will hold the Shares before selling them, and we currently have no agreements, arrangements or understandings with the Selling Stockholders regarding the sale of designation will establish the number of shares included in a designated series and fix the designation, powers, privileges, preferences and rightsany of the shares of each series as well as any applicable qualifications, limitations or restrictions. A holder of our preferred stock should referShares. For more information about the transactions pursuant to which the applicable certificate of designation, our Charter,selling stockholders acquired the Shares, please see the section titled The Pherin Acquisition.
The following table presents information regarding the Selling Stockholders and the applicable prospectus supplement (and any related free writing prospectusShares that wethey may authorize to be provided to you) for more specific information.
We are authorized, subject to limitations prescribed by Nevada law, to issue up to 10.0 million shares of preferred stock in one or more series, to establishoffer and sell from time to time under this prospectus. The table is prepared based on information supplied to us by the numberSelling Stockholders, and reflects their holdings as of shares to be included in each series and to fix the designation, powers, preferences and rightsMarch 16, 2023. Unless otherwise indicated below, none of the shares of each series andSelling Stockholders nor any of its qualifications, limitationstheir affiliates has held a position or restrictions. Our Board may authorize the issuance of preferred stockoffice, or had any other material relationship, with votingus or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of the common stock. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could, among other things, have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company and may adversely affect the market priceany of our common stock and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock.
Outstanding Series of Preferred Stock
Currently, there are four series of our preferred stock outstanding- Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B 10% Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and Series D Convertible Preferred Stock. The rights and preferences associated with each series are summarized below.
Series A Preferred
General
In December 2011, our Board authorized the creation of a series of up to 500,000 shares of Series A Preferred, par value $0.001 (Series A Preferred). Each restricted share of Series A Preferredpredecessors or affiliates. Beneficial ownership is currently convertible at the option of the holder into one and one-half restricted shares of our common stock. The Series A Preferred ranks prior to the common stock for purposes of liquidation preference.
Conversion and Rank
At March 10, 2021, there were 500,000 shares of Series A Preferred outstanding, which shares are currently subject to beneficial ownership blockers and are exchangeable at the option of the holders into an aggregate of 750,000 shares of our common stock. The Series A Preferred ranks prior to our common stock for purposes of liquidation preference.
Conversion Restriction
At no time may a holder of shares of Series A Preferred convert shares of the Series A Preferred if the number of shares of common stock to be issued pursuant to such conversion would result in such holder beneficially owning (as determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act) and the rules thereunder) more than 9.99% of all of the common stock outstanding at such time; provided, however, that this limitation may be waived upon sixty-one (61) days’ notice to us.
Dividend Rights
The Series A Preferred has no separate dividend rights. However, whenever our Board declares a dividend on our common stock, each holder of record of a share of Series A Preferred, or any fraction of a share of Series A Preferred, on the date set by the Board to determine the owners of the common stock of record entitled to receive such dividend (Record Date) shall be entitled to receive out of any assets at the time legally available therefor, an amount equal to such dividend declared on one share of common stock multiplied by the number of shares of common stock into which such share, or such fraction of a share, of Series A Preferred could be exchanged on the Record Date.
Voting Rights
The Series A Preferred has no voting rights, except with respect to transactions upon which the Series A Preferred shall be entitled to vote separately as a class. The common stock into which the Series A Preferred is exchangeable shall, upon issuance, have all of the same voting rights as other issued and outstanding shares of our common stock.
Liquidation Rights
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, after payment or provision for payment of our debts and other liabilities, the holders of Series A Preferred then outstanding shall be entitled to receive, out of our assets, if any, an amount per share of Series A Preferred calculated by taking the total amount available for distribution to holders of all of our outstanding common stock before deduction of any preference payments for the Series A Preferred, divided by the total of (x), all of the then outstanding shares of our common stock, plus (y) all of the shares of our common stock into which all of the outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred can be exchanged before any payment shall be made or any assets distributed to the holders of the common stock or any other junior stock.
Series B Preferred
General
In July 2014, our Board authorized the creation of a class of Series B Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 (Series B Preferred). In May 2015, we filed a Certificate of Designation of the Relative Rights and Preferences of the Series B 10% Preferred Stock of VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc. (Certificate of Designation) with the Nevada Secretary of State to designate 4.0 million shares of our authorized preferred stock as Series B Preferred.
Conversion
Each share of Series B Preferred is convertible, at the option of the holder (Voluntary Conversion), into one (1) share of the Company’s common stock. All outstanding shares of Series B Preferred are also automatically convertible into common stock (Automatic Conversion) upon the closing or effective date of any of the following transactions or events: (i) a strategic transaction involving AV-101 with an initial up front cash payment to the Company of at least $10.0 million; (ii) a registered public offering of Common Stock with aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of at least $10.0 million; or (iii) for 20 consecutive trading days the Company’s Common Stock trades at least 20,000 shares per day with a daily closing price of at least $12.00 per share; provided, however, that Automatic Conversion and Voluntary Conversion are subject to certain beneficial ownership blockers set forth in Section 6 of the Certificate of Designation.
Following the completion of our $10.9 million underwritten public offering of our common stock in May 2016, which public offering occurred concurrently with and facilitated our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, approximately 2.4 million shares of Series B Preferred were converted automatically into approximately 2.4 million shares of our common stock pursuant to the Automatic Conversion provision. At March 10, 2021, there were 1,131,669 shares of Series B Preferred outstanding, which shares are currently subject to beneficial ownership blockers and are exchangeable at the option of the respective holders by Voluntary Conversion, or pursuant to Automatic Conversion to the extent not otherwise subject to beneficial ownership blockers, into an aggregate of 1,131,669 shares of our common stock.
Conversion Restriction
At no time may a holder of shares of Series B Preferred convert shares of the Series B Preferred, either by Voluntary Conversion or Automatic Conversion, if the number of shares of common stock to be issued pursuant to such conversion would result in such holder beneficially owning (as determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder) moreRule 13d-3 thereunder.| | Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to | | Maximum Number of Shares | | Shares Beneficially Owned After Offering(3)(4) |
Name of Selling Stockholder (1) | | Offering (2) | | Hereby | | Number | | Percent |
| | | | | | | | |
Alan A. Abrams | 203 | | 203 | | - | | * |
Alex Dorfsman Acosta | 5,649 | | 5,649 | | - | | * |
Jacqueline Dorfsman Acosta | 5,649 | | 5,649 | | - | | * |
Ruth Altman | 846 | | 846 | | - | | * |
Frank C. Amato | 2,548 | | 2,548 | | - | | * |
Anne Miller | 138,208 | | 138,208 | | - | | * |
Sergio Becker | 4,305 | | 4,305 | | - | | * |
Richard Berliner | 157,287 | | 157,287 | | - | | * |
Richard L. Bluford | 156 | | 156 | | - | | * |
Jon E. Blum | 3,365 | | 3,365 | | - | | * |
Augusto Bondani | 25,381 | | 25,381 | | - | | * |
George A. Bonomo | 849 | | 849 | | - | | * |
Michael A. Boschetto | 28,655 | | 28,655 | | - | | * |
Paul Boschetto | 14,327 | | 14,327 | | - | | * |
Bradley Katz | 16,921 | | 16,921 | | - | | * |
Gabriel Brener | 16,201 | | 16,201 | | - | | * |
Ken Brewer | 3,135 | | 3,135 | | - | | * |
Caramia LLC(5) | 75,952 | | 75,952 | | - | | * |
Carla Washington | 33,842 | | 33,842 | | - | | * |
Honora Carson | 15,679 | | 15,679 | | - | | * |
Stanley N. Cohen | 57,982 | | 57,982 | | - | | * |
Constance C. Cox Price | 21,210 | | 21,210 | | - | | * |
Debra Cox | 7,065 | | 7,065 | | - | | * |
Stonington Cox | 3,535 | | 3,535 | | - | | * |
Herbert L. Damner | 849 | | 849 | | - | | * |
Jeanne Davis | 338 | | 338 | | - | | * |
Fiona de Kerchove | 3,535 | | 3,535 | | - | | * |
Alex Delly | 15,364 | | 15,364 | | - | | * |
Vicente Diaz-Sanchez | 3,384 | | 3,384 | | - | | * |
David Dolberg | 6,126 | | 6,126 | | - | | * |
Ari Dorfsman | 6,197 | | 6,197 | | - | | * |
Marco Luis Dorfsman | 5,649 | | 5,649 | | - | | * |
Tanya Esperanza Dorfsman | 5,649 | | 5,649 | | - | | * |
Steven A. Dressner | 1,353 | | 1,353 | | - | | * |
Karl Egge | 424 | | 424 | | - | | * |
Julie Elion | 810 | | 810 | | - | | * |
EOP Partners(6) | 101,527 | | 101,527 | | - | | * |
ET Brutus LLC(7) | 3,384 | | 3,384 | | - | | * |
F. Harvey and Amalia M. Popell | 10,452 | | 10,452 | | - | | * |
Alessandro Falzoni | 13,461 | | 13,461 | | - | | * |
Founders Investments Ltd.(8) | 22,410 | | 22,410 | | - | | * |
Jacobo Fraind | 4,703 | | 4,703 | | - | | * |
Pablo Garcia-Velasco | 3,384 | | 3,384 | | - | | * |
Bernard I. Grosser | 27,074 | | 27,074 | | - | | * |
Richard J. Guggenhime | 12,699 | | 12,699 | | - | | * |
Claude Guilbaud | 70,393 | | 70,393 | | - | | * |
Louise Guilbaud | 7,839 | | 7,839 | | - | | * |
Martin Guilbaud | 7,839 | | 7,839 | | - | | * |
Mathilde Guilbaud | 7,839 | | 7,839 | | - | | * |
David S. Hamburger | 1,204,962 | | 1,204,962 | | - | | * |
David Hayes | 219,804 | | 219,804 | | - | | * |
Robert Hoffman | 7,581 | | 7,581 | | - | | * |
Erik J. Horvitz | 195 | | 195 | | - | | * |
Robert Huret | 8,225 | | 8,225 | | - | | * |
William J. Hurwick | 1,699 | | 1,699 | | - | | * |
Clarisa Isaac M. | 18,376 | | 18,376 | | - | | * |
Annice Jacoby | 169 | | 169 | | - | | * |
Sonia Jinich | 19,401 | | 19,401 | | - | | * |
Johnson & Johnson Development Corp(9) | 190,494 | | 190,494 | | - | | * |
Aaron Jones | 676 | | 676 | | - | | * |
Barry Kane | 12,181 | | 12,181 | | - | | * |
Rhoda Kaplan | 15,364 | | 15,364 | | - | | * |
Susan Kaufman | 21,789 | | 21,789 | | - | | * |
Kibridge Limited co Concorde Bank Ltd.(10) | 196,046 | | 196,046 | | - | | * |
James Kirk | 12,252 | | 12,252 | | - | | * |
Charles R. + Susan C. Kokesh | 196,046 | | 196,046 | | - | | * |
Diana Kuba | 5,649 | | 5,649 | | - | | * |
Manuel Kuba | 4,230 | | 4,230 | | - | | * |
Robert Lavker | 3,384 | | 3,384 | | - | | * |
Nathalie Lemesle | 3,384 | | 3,384 | | - | | * |
Helen C. Leong | 43,995 | | 43,995 | | - | | * |
Michael Liebowitz | 309,675 | | 33,842 | | 275,833 | (11) | * |
Carlos Linder | 7,614 | | 7,614 | | - | | * |
Feige Linder | 6,768 | | 6,768 | | - | | * |
Ruben Linder | 6,768 | | 6,768 | | - | | * |
Gustavo Lonngi | 2,863 | | 2,863 | | - | | * |
Juan Lonngi | 4,555 | | 4,555 | | - | | * |
Pablo Lonngi | 2,863 | | 2,863 | | - | | * |
Sergio Lonngi | 4,893 | | 4,893 | | - | | * |
Bradley C. Lyman | 849 | | 849 | | - | | * |
Victoria Marina | 846 | | 846 | | - | | * |
MARMEN LLC(12) | 24,505 | | 24,505 | | - | | * |
Robert S. Marx | 116,123 | | 116,123 | | - | | * |
MBK Investments(13) | 2,548 | | 2,548 | | - | | * |
Charles J. McCarthy Jr. | 2,707 | | 2,707 | | - | | * |
Declan McCarthy | 64,451 | | 64,451 | | - | | * |
James McCarthy | 12,194 | | 12,194 | | - | | * |
Josie McCarthy | 64,451 | | 64,451 | | - | | * |
Kevin McCarthy | 799,577 | | 799,577 | | - | | * |
Lida McCarthy | 251,022 | | 251,022 | | - | | * |
Hector Medina | 27,524 | | 27,524 | | - | | * |
Gregory Menzel | 1,353 | | 1,353 | | - | | * |
Jeffrey D. Modell | 810 | | 810 | | - | | * |
Stephen Modell | 653 | | 653 | | - | | * |
Louis Monti | 323,576 | | 98,993 | | 224,583 | (14) | * |
Francisco Martin Moreno | 55,558 | | 55,558 | | - | | * |
Richard M. Moss | 752 | | 752 | | - | | * |
Sergio Nacht | 1,184 | | 1,184 | | - | | * |
Beatriz Rivas Ochoa | 846 | | 846 | | - | | * |
Orion Properties Ltd. S.A.(15) | 17,404 | | 17,404 | | - | | * |
Martin I. Ostrow | 20,445 | | 20,445 | | - | | * |
Paul Capital Acquistion Fund L.P.(16) | 25,784 | | 25,784 | | - | | * |
Dr. Michael Paull | 338 | | 338 | | - | | * |
Joyce R. Pease | 849 | | 849 | | - | | * |
Steven L. Pease | 45,334 | | 45,334 | | - | | * |
Jane T. Perelman | 676 | | 676 | | - | | * |
Michael A. Perelman | 676 | | 676 | | - | | * |
Emmanuelle Perret | 13,537 | | 13,537 | | - | | * |
Thierry Perret | 16,921 | | 16,921 | | - | | * |
Jonathan Pevsner | 2,707 | | 2,707 | | - | | * |
Jeffers W. Pickard | 391 | | 391 | | - | | * |
Daniella Pinto | 8,460 | | 8,460 | | - | | * |
Jorge M. Pinto | 5,047 | | 5,047 | | - | | * |
Andrew F. Popell | 27,374 | | 27,374 | | - | | * |
Eliane Popell | 27,374 | | 27,374 | | - | | * |
Enrique Portilla I. | 88,369 | | 88,369 | | - | | * |
Carlos Quiroga I. | 1,184 | | 1,184 | | - | | * |
David Quiroga I. | 1,184 | | 1,184 | | - | | * |
Beatriz Rabasa Gamboa | 8,460 | | 8,460 | | - | | * |
Donald S. Robinson | 846 | | 846 | | - | | * |
Adam Rosenblatt | 4,752 | | 4,752 | | - | | * |
James N. Rosenblatt | 4,752 | | 4,752 | | - | | * |
Toby Rosenblatt | 694,274 | | 694,274 | | - | | * |
Lauren Rosenkranz | 8,761 | | 8,761 | | - | | * |
Roberto P. Rosenkranz | 8,460 | | 8,460 | | - | | * |
Alan E. Rothenberg | 8,225 | | 8,225 | | - | | * |
Carter J. Rowley | 16,921 | | 16,921 | | - | | * |
Susan Sangiacomo | 3,777 | | 3,777 | | - | | * |
Rocco A. Sapienza | 849 | | 849 | | - | | * |
Anne Savage | 5,076 | | 5,076 | | - | | * |
Brian Savage | 3,384 | | 3,384 | | - | | * |
Christy Anne Savage | 1,015 | | 1,015 | | - | | * |
Anne Schneider | 783 | | 783 | | - | | * |
Susan Seely | 507 | | 507 | | - | | * |
Sega Corporation(17) | 86,117 | | 86,117 | | - | | * |
Selby Sunset York Partners(18) | 309,095 | | 309,095 | | - | | * |
J.F. Shea | 280,947 | | 280,947 | | - | | * |
Karen Shepard | 5,279 | | 5,279 | | - | | * |
The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Daper I) Stanford(19) | 16,384 | | 16,384 | | - | | * |
Martin Erik Stensaas | 16,921 | | 16,921 | | - | | * |
Dorothy B. Stern | 4,805,332 | | 4,805,332 | | - | | * |
John Hiram Stern | 84 | | 84 | | - | | * |
Michael Stern | 169 | | 169 | | - | | * |
Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.(20) | 216,084 | | 216,084 | | - | | * |
The Gould Family 1994 Trust(21) | 3,174 | | 3,174 | | - | | * |
Julie Wagoner | 15,884 | | 15,884 | | - | | * |
Joan Wartian | 1,345 | | 1,345 | | - | | * |
Vermut Weinberger | 15,679 | | 15,679 | | - | | * |
Jacob Weissglas | 2,870 | | 2,870 | | - | | * |
Sofie Weissglas | 2,870 | | 2,870 | | - | | * |
Raymond L. White | 6,768 | | 6,768 | | - | | * |
Roger Lewis Whiting | 3,365 | | 3,365 | | - | | * |
William L. Ackerman | 74,860 | | 74,860 | | - | | * |
Dr. Franz A. Wirtz | 33,654 | | 33,654 | | - | | * |
Scott Wo | 27,729 | | 27,729 | | - | | * |
Victor Yue | 156 | | 156 | | - | | * |
Zaffaroni Revocable Trust(22) | 174,442 | | 174,442 | | - | | * |
Carlos Zaidenweber | 62,903 | | 62,903 | | - | | * |
Leslie Zaidenweber | 59,519 | | 59,519 | | - | | * |
Monica Zaidenweber | 62,903 | | 62,903 | | - | | * |
Natan Zaidenweber | 4,390 | | 4,390 | | - | | * |
Stefan Zaidenweber | 62,903 | | 62,903 | | - | | * |
Esteban Zuno | 1,431 | | 1,431 | | - | | * |
Secundino Zuno | 270 | | 270 | | - | | * |
| TOTAL | | | 12,193,069 | | | | |
___________________
* Less than 9.99% of all of the common stock outstanding at such time; provided, however, that this limitation may be waived upon sixty-one (61) days’ notice to us.
(1) | Information concerning named selling stockholders, future transferees, pledgees, assignees, distributees, donees or successors of or from any such stockholder or others who later hold any selling stockholder’s interests will be set forth in supplements to this prospectus, absent circumstances indicating that the change is material. In addition, post-effective amendments to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part will be filed to disclose any material changes to the plan of distribution from the description in the final prospectus. |
(2) | Includes securities held by the selling stockholders, other than the Shares being offered pursuant to this prospectus, and all Shares being registered by the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. |
(3) | Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, securities that are currently convertible or exercisable into shares of our common stock, or convertible or exercisable into shares of our common stock within 60 days of March 16, 2023 are deemed outstanding. Such shares, however, are not deemed outstanding for the purposes of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Amounts reported in this column assumes that each selling stockholder will sell all of the shares of common stock offered pursuant to this prospectus. |
(4) | Based on 219,326,445 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 16, 2023. |
(5) | As President of Caramia LLC, Roberto Rosenkranz may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(6) | As Senior Vice President of EOP Partners, Joe Valane may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(7) | As a Managing Menber of ET Brutus LLC, Leif Langensand may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(8) | As President of Founders Investments Ltd.,Toby Rosenblatt may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(9) | As Assistant Treasurer of Johnson & Johnson Development Corp, Jill McManus may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(10) | As a Director of Kibridge Limited co Concorde Bank Ltd, Marina Corbin may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(11) | Includes 80,000 shares of common stock and options to purchase 195,833 shares of common stock exercisable within 60 days of March 16, 2023. |
(12) | As Administrator of MARMEN LLC, Alejandro Martinez may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(13) | Susan Kaufman may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(14) | Includes 10,000 shares of common stock and options to purchase 214,583 shares of common stock exercisable within 60 days of March 16, 2023. |
(15) | As Owner of Orion Properties Ltd. S.A., Matilde Zeidenweber may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(16) | Philip S. Paul may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(17) | As President and Chief Operating Officer of Sega Corporation, Shohei Suzuki may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(18) | As Partner of Selby Sunset York Partners, Michael V. Stern may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(19) | As an authorized signatory of The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Daper I) Stanford, Brian Talbott may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(20) | As a corporate officer of Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jinsei Maruyama may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(21) | As trustee of The Gould Family 1994 Trust, Russell Gould may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
(22) | As trustee of Zaffaroni Revocable Trust, Lida Zaffaroni may be deemed to be the beneficial owner over the securities reported herein. |
Rank
The Series B Preferred ranks prior to our common stock, and pari passu with the Series A Preferred for purposes of liquidation preference.
Dividend Rights
Prior to either a Voluntary Conversion or Automatic Conversion, shares of Series B Preferred will accrue dividends, payable only in unregistered common stock, at a rate of 10% per annum (the Accrued Dividend) on the stated value of the Series B Preferred ($7.00 per share). The Accrued Dividend will be payable on the date of either a Voluntary Conversion or Automatic Conversion solely in that number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Accrued Dividend.
Voting Rights
The Series B Preferred has no voting rights, except with respect to transactions upon which the Series B Preferred shall be entitled to vote separately as a class. The common stock into which the Series B Preferred shall be exchangeable shall, upon issuance, have all of the same voting rights as other issued and outstanding shares of our common stock.
Liquidation Rights
Upon any liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, the holders of Series B Preferred are entitled to receive out of the Company’s assets, whether capital or surplus, an amount equal to the stated value of the Series B Preferred ($7.00 per share), plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon, before any distribution or payment shall be made to the holders of any junior securities, including holders of our common stock. If the assets of the Company are insufficient to pay, in full, such amounts, then the entire assets to be distributed to the holders of the Series B Preferred shall be ratably distributed among the holders in accordance with the respective amounts that would be payable on such shares if all amounts payable thereon were paid in full.
Series C Preferred
General
In January 2016, our Board authorizedPLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We are registering the creation of and, accordingly, we filed a Certificate of DesignationShares held by the Selling Stockholders identified herein to permit the resale of the Relative Rights and PreferencesShares from time to time after the date of this prospectus. We will not receive any of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock of VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc. (theSeries C PreferredCertificate of Designation) withproceeds from the Nevada Secretary of State to designate 3.0 million shares of our preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, as Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (Series C Preferred).
Conversion and Rank
At March 10, 2021, there were 2,318,012 shares of Series C Preferred outstanding, which shares of Series C Preferred are currently subject to beneficial ownership blockers and are exchangeable atsale by the optionSelling Stockholders of the holder into 2,318,012 sharesShares, if any. We will bear all fees and expenses incident to our obligation to register the Shares of our common stock.The Series C Preferred ranks priorShares may be sold or distributed from time to our common stock for purposestime by the Selling Stockholder directly to one or more purchasers or through brokers, dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents at market prices prevailing at the time of liquidation preference, and pari passusale, at prices related to the prevailing market prices, at negotiated prices, or at fixed prices, which may be changed. The sale of the Shares offered by this prospectus could be affected in one or more of the following methods:
| ● | ordinary brokers’ transactions; |
| ● | transactions involving cross or block trades; |
| ● | through brokers, dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents; |
| ● | “at the market” into an existing market for the common stock; |
| ● | in other ways not involving market makers or established business markets, including direct sales to purchasers or sales effected through agents; |
| ● | in privately negotiated transactions; or |
| ● | any combination of the foregoing. |
In order to comply with the Series A Preferredsecurities laws of certain states, if applicable, the Shares may be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in certain states, the Shares may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the state or an exemption from the state’s registration or qualification requirement is available and Series B Preferred.
Conversion Restriction
At no timecomplied with.If the Selling Stockholders effect such transactions by selling the Shares to or through underwriters, broker-dealers or agents, such underwriters, broker-dealers or agents may a holderreceive commissions in the form of shares of Series C Preferred convert sharesdiscounts, concessions or commissions from the Selling Stockholders or commissions from purchasers of the Series C Preferred ifShares for whom they may act as agent or to whom they may sell as principal (which discounts, concessions or commissions as to particular underwriters, broker-dealers or agents may be in excess of those customary in the numbertypes of transactions involved). In connection with sales of the Shares or otherwise, the Selling Stockholders may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers, which may in turn engage in short sales of the Shares in the course of hedging in positions they assume. The Selling Stockholders may also sell shares of common stock short and deliver Shares covered by this prospectus to be issued pursuantclose out short positions and to return borrowed shares in connection with such conversion would resultshort sales. The selling stockholders may also loan or pledge Shares to broker-dealers that in turn may sell such holder beneficially owning (as determinedShares.
The Selling Stockholders may pledge or grant a security interest in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder) more than 9.99% ofsome or all of the common stock outstanding atShares owned by them, and, if they default in the performance of their secured obligations, the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell such time; provided, however, thatShares from time to time pursuant to this limitation may be waived upon sixty-one (61) days’ notice to us.
Dividend Rights
The Series C Preferred has no separate dividend rights. However, whenever our Board declares a dividend on our common stock, each holder of record of a share of Series C Preferred,prospectus or any fraction of a share of Series C Preferred, on the Record Date set by the Boardamendment to determine the ownersthis prospectus under Rule 424(b)(3) or other applicable provision of the common stockSecurities Act, amending, if necessary, the list of record entitledSelling Stockholders to receive such dividend shallinclude the pledgee, transferee or other successors in interest as Selling Stockholders under this prospectus. The Selling Stockholders also may transfer and donate their respective Shares in other circumstances in which case the transferees, donees, pledgees or other successors in interest will be entitled to receive outthe selling beneficial owners for purposes of any assets at the time legally available therefor, an amount equal to such dividend declared on one share of common stock multiplied by the number of shares of common stock into which such share, or such fraction of a share, of Series C Preferred could be exchanged on the Record Date.
this prospectus.Voting Rights
The Series C Preferred has no voting rights, except with respect to transactions upon which the Series C Preferred shall be entitled to vote separately as a class. The common stock into which the Series C Preferred is exchangeable shall, upon issuance, have all of the same voting rights as other issued and outstanding shares of our common stock.
Liquidation Rights
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, after payment or provision for payment of our debts and other liabilities, the holders of Series C Preferred then outstanding shall be entitled to receive, out of our assets, if any, an amount per share of Series C Preferred calculated by taking the total amount available for distribution to holders of all of our outstanding common stock before deduction of any preference payments for the Series C Preferred, divided by the total of (x), all of the then outstanding shares of our common stock, plus (y) all of the shares of our common stock into which all of the outstanding shares of the Series C Preferred can be exchanged before any payment shall be made or any assets distributed to the holders of the common stock or any other junior stock.
Series D Preferred
In connection with the December 2020 Public Offering, on December 21, 2020, we filed the Certificate of Designation of the Relative Rights and Preferences of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (theSeries DCOD) with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada to establish the terms, rights, obligations and preferences of the Series D Preferred Stock. The Series D COD became effective upon the filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada. The Series D COD designates 2,000,000 shares as Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (Series D Preferred).
Rank
The shares of Series D Preferred rank: (i) senior to all of our common stock untilSelling Stockholders and any broker-dealer participating in the datedistribution of the Charter Amendment; (ii) seniorShares may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any commission paid, or any discounts or concessions allowed to, any classsuch broker-dealer may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or series of our capital stock hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms junior todiscounts under the Series D Preferred; (iii) on parity to all shares of our Series A Preferred, Series B Preferred and Series C Preferred; (iv) on parity to any class or seriesSecurities Act. At the time a particular offering of the Company’s capital stock hereafter created specifically ranking by its terms on parity with the Series D Preferred; and (v) junior to any class or series of the Company’s capital stock thereafter created specifically ranking by its terms senior to the Series D Preferred, in each case, as to distributions of assets upon the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up whether voluntarily or involuntarily and/or the right to receive dividends.
Conversion
Each whole share of Series D PreferredShares is initially convertible into 23 shares of common stock at any time at the option of the holder (the Series D Conversion Shares); provided, that the Series D Preferred will not be convertible prior to the date on which the Company receives stockholder approval and upon effectiveness of the Charter Amendment; and provided further, that the holders of Series D Preferred will be prohibited, subject to certain exceptions, from converting such shares of Series D Preferred into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates, would own more than 9.99% of the total number of shares of common stock then issued and outstanding, which percentage may be changed at the holder’s election to a lower percentage at any time or to a higher percentage not to exceed 19.99% upon 61 days’ notice to us.
As noted above, our stockholders approved the Charter Amendment at a virtual special meeting of stockholders on March 5, 2021, and the Charter Amendment was filed with the State of Nevada and became effective on the same date.
Liquidation Rights
Prior to approval and effectiveness of the Charter Amendment, each holder of shares of Series D Preferred was entitled to receive, in preference to any distributions of any of our assets or surplus funds to the holders of common stock and any of our securities that by their terms are junior to the Series D Preferred and pari passu with any distribution to the holders of any securities having (by their terms) parity with the Series D Preferred, an amount equal to $0.001 per share of Series D Preferred, plus an additional amount equal to any dividends declared but unpaid on such shares, before any payments shall be made, or any assets distributed to holders of any class of common stock or any of our securities that by their terms are junior to the Series D Preferred. If, upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, our assets shall be insufficient to pay the holders of shares of the Series D Preferred the amount required under the preceding sentence, then all of our remaining assets shall be distributed ratably to holders of the shares of the Series D Preferred and any securities having (by their terms) parity with the Series D Preferred. After such preferential payment, each holder of shares of Series D Preferred shall be entitled to participate pari passu with the holders of common stock (on an as-converted basis, without regard to the 9.99% beneficial ownership limitation) and any securities having (by their terms) parity with the Series D Preferred, including the Series A Preferred, the Series B Preferred Stock and the Series C Preferred, in the remaining distribution of our net assets available for distribution.
Following the approval and effectiveness of the Charter Amendment on March 5, 2021, the Series D Preferred now has no liquidation preference.
Dividend Rights
Shares of the Series D Preferred Stock are entitled to receive any dividends payable to holders of common stock on an as-converted-to-common-stock basis.
Voting Rights
Following the approval and effectiveness of the Charter Amendment on March 5, 2021, the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the then-outstanding shares of Series D Preferred will be required before we can: (a) amend, alter, modify or repeal (whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise) the Series D COD, our Charter and our Bylaws in any manner that adversely affects the rights, preferences, privileges or the restrictions provided for the benefit of, the Series D Preferred; (b) issue further shares of Series D Preferred or increase or decrease (other than by conversion) the number of authorized shares of Series D Preferred; or (c) enter into any agreement to do any of the foregoing that is not expressly made conditional on obtaining the affirmative vote or written consent of the requisite holders.
Redemption
We are not obligated to redeem or repurchase any shares of Series D Preferred. Shares of Series D Preferred will not otherwise be entitled to any redemption rights or mandatory sinking fund or analogous fund provisions.
Registration of Series D Conversion Shares
The Series D Conversion Shares were previously registered pursuant to a prospectus supplement, filed withif required, will be distributed which will set forth the SEC on December 18, 2020 pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), which supplemented the Company’seffective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-234025), originally filed with the SEC on September 30, 2019 and declared effective on October 8, 2019. Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) and Rule 429 under the Securities Act, the offeringaggregate amount of the Series D Conversion Shares will be registered pursuant to this registration statement.
Shares of Preferred Stock Issuable Pursuant to this Prospectus
We will incorporate by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement, which includes this prospectus, the form of any certificate of designation that describesbeing offered and the terms of the seriesoffering, including the name or names of preferred stock we are offering. This descriptionany broker-dealers or agents, any discounts, commissions and other terms constituting compensation from the applicable prospectus supplement will include:
●
the title and stated value;
●
the number of shares authorized;
●
the liquidation preference per share;
●
the dividend rate, period and payment date, and method of calculation for dividends;
●
whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends will accumulate;
●
the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any;
●
the provisions for a sinking fund, if any;
●
the provisions for redemption or repurchase, if applicable,Selling Stockholders and any restrictions on our abilitydiscounts, commissions or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to exercise such redemption and repurchase rights;
●
broker-dealers.There can be no assurance that any listingSelling Stockholder will sell any or all of the preferred stock on any securities exchange or market;
●
whether the preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock, and, if applicable, the conversion price, or how it will be calculated, and the conversion period;
●
voting rights, if any, of the preferred stock;
●
preemptive rights, if any;
●
restrictions on transfer, sale or other assignment, if any;
●
a discussion of any material United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;
●
the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs;
●
any limitations on issuance of any class or series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs; and
●
any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the preferred stock.
When we issue shares of preferred stock under this prospectus, the shares will fully be paid and nonassessable and will not have, or be subject to, any preemptive or similar rights.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR WARRANTSThe following description, together with the additional information we include in any applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer under this prospectus. Warrants may be offered independently or together with common stock or preferred stock offered by any prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, and may be attached to or separate from those securities. While the terms we have summarized below will generally apply to any future warrants we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any warrants that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. The terms of any warrants we offer under a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may differ from the terms we describe below.
In the event that we issue warrants, we may issue the warrants under a warrant agreement, which, if applicable, we will enter into with a warrant agent to be selected by us. Forms of these warrant agreements and forms of the warrant certificates representing the warrants, and the complete warrant agreements and forms of warrant certificates containing the terms of the warrants being offered, will be filed as exhibitsShares registered pursuant to the registration statement, of which this prospectus
isforms a
part orpart.The Selling Stockholders and any other person participating in such distribution will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC. We use the term “warrant agreement”subject to refer to any of these warrant agreements. We use the term “warrant agent” to refer to the warrant agent under any of these warrant agreements. The warrant agent will act solely as an agent of ours in connection with the warrants and will not act as an agent for the holders or beneficial owners of the warrants.
The following summaries of materialapplicable provisions of the warrantsSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), and the warrant agreements are subject to,rules and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisionsregulations thereunder, including, without limitation, Regulation M of the warrant agreement applicable to a particular seriesExchange Act, which may limit the timing of warrants. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus related to the warrants that we sell under this prospectus, as well as the complete warrant agreements that contain the terms of the warrants.
General
We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus the terms relating to a series of warrants. If warrants for the purchase of common stock or preferred stock are offered, the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will describe the following terms, to the extent applicable:
●
the offering pricepurchases and the aggregate number of warrants offered;
●
the total number of shares that can be purchased if a holder of the warrants exercises them and, in the case of warrants for preferred stock, the designation, total number and terms of the series of preferred stock that can be purchased upon exercise;
●
the designation and terms of any series of preferred stock with which the warrants are being offered and the number of warrants being offered with each share of common stock or preferred stock;
●
the date on and after which the holder of the warrants can transfer them separately from the related common stock;
●
the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock that can be purchased if a holder exercises the warrant and the price at which such common stock or preferred stock may be purchased upon exercise, including, if applicable, any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price and in the securities or other property receivable upon exercise;
●
the terms of any rights to redeem or call, or accelerate the expiration of, the warrants;
●
the date on which the right to exercise the warrants begins and the date on which that right expires;
●
federal income tax consequences of holding or exercising the warrants; and
●
any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the warrants.
Exercise of Warrants
Each holder of a warrant will be entitled to purchase the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as the case may be, at the exercise price described in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. After the close of business on the day when the right to exercise terminates (or a later date if we extend the time for exercise), unexercised warrants will become void.
A holder of warrants may exercise them by following the general procedure outlined below:
●
delivering to the warrant agent the payment required by the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus to purchase the underlying security;
●
properly completing and signing the reverse side of the warrant certificate representing the warrants; and
●
delivering the warrant certificate representing the warrants to the warrant agent within five business days of the warrant agent receiving payment of the exercise price.
If a holder complies with the procedures described above, such warrants will be considered to have been exercised when the warrant agent receives payment of the exercise price, subject to the transfer books for the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrant not being closed on such date. After the holder has completed those procedures and subject to the foregoing, we will, as soon as practicable, issue and deliver to such holder the common stock or preferred stock purchased upon exercise. If the holder exercises fewer than all of the warrants represented by a warrant certificate, a new warrant certificate will be issued to the holder for the unexercised amount of warrants. Holders of warrants will be required to pay any tax or governmental charge that may be imposed in connection with transferring the underlying securities in connection with the exercise of the warrants.
Amendments and Supplements to the Warrant Agreements
We may amend or supplement a warrant agreement without the consent of the holders of the applicable warrants to cure ambiguities in the warrant agreement, to cure or correct a defective provision in the warrant agreement, or to provide for other matters under the warrant agreement that we and the warrant agent deem necessary or desirable, so long as, in each case, such amendments or supplements do not materially adversely affect the interests of the holders of the warrants.
Warrant Adjustments
Unless the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus states otherwise, the exercise price of, and the number of securities covered by, a common stock or a preferred stock warrant will be adjusted proportionately if we subdivide or combine our common stock or preferred stock, as applicable. In addition, unless the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus states otherwise, if we, without receiving payment:
●
issue capital stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for common stock or preferred stock, or any rights to subscribe for, purchase or otherwise acquire any of the foregoing, as a dividend or distribution to holders of our common stock or preferred stock;
●
pay any cash to holders of our common stock or preferred stock other than a cash dividend paid out of our current or retained earnings or other than in accordance with the terms of the preferred stock;
●
issue any evidence of our indebtedness or rights to subscribe for or purchase our indebtedness to holders of our common stock or preferred stock; or
●
issue common stock or preferred stock or additional stock or other securities or property to holders of our common stock or preferred stock by way of spinoff, split-up, reclassification, combination of shares or similar corporate rearrangement,
then the holders of common stock or preferred stock warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the warrants, in addition to the securities otherwise receivable upon exercise of the warrants and without paying any additional consideration, the amount of stock and other securities and property such holders would have been entitled to receive had they held the common stock or preferred stock, as applicable, issuable under the warrants on the dates on which holders of those securities received or became entitled to receive such additional stock and other securities and property.
Except as stated above or as otherwise set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, the exercise price and number of securities covered by a common stock or preferred stock warrant, and the amounts of other securities or property to be received, if any, upon exercise of such warrant, will not be adjusted or provided for if we issue those securities or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for those securities, or securities carrying the right to purchase those securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for those securities.
Holders of common stock and preferred stock warrants may have additional rights under the following circumstances:
●
certain reclassifications, capital reorganizations or changes of the common stock or preferred stock, as applicable;
●
certain share exchanges, mergers, or similar transactions involving us and which result in changes of the common stock or preferred stock, as applicable; or
●
certain sales or dispositions to another entity of all or substantially all of our property and assets.
If one of the above transactions occurs and holders of our common stock or preferred stock are entitled to receive stock, securities or other property with respect to or in exchange for their securities, the holders of the common stock warrants and preferred stock warrants then outstanding, as applicable, will be entitled to receive, upon exercise of their warrants, the kind and amount of shares of stock and other securities or property that they would have received upon the applicable transaction if they had exercised their warrants immediately before the transaction.
Series A1 Warrants
As described above, we have issued Series A1 Warrants to purchase up to 1,388,931 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.82 per share, which warrants expire on or about March 7, 2023. The Series A1 Warrants Shares that may become issuable from time to time upon the exercise of the Series A1 Warrants are being offered pursuant to this prospectus. For more information, see “Registration of Series A1 Warrants and Series A1 Warrant Shares” below.
Duration and Exercise Price: The Series A1 Warrants are exercisable for a five-year period commencing on or about March 7, 2018, and have an exercise price of $1.82 per share.
Exercisability: Each of Series A1 Warrant may be exercised, in whole or in part, by delivering to the Company a written notice of election to exercise the applicable Series A1 Warrant and delivering to the Company cash payment of the exercise price, if applicable. The exercise price and the number of shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A1 Warrants is subject to adjustment in the event of certain subdivisions and combinations, including by any stock split or reverse stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization or otherwise.
Cashless Exercise: If, at any time during the term of the Series A1 Warrants, the issuance or resale of shares of our common stock upon exercise of the Series A1 Warrants is not covered by an effective registration statement, the holder is permitted to effect a cashless exercise of the Series A1 Warrants (in whole or in part) in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of common stock determined according to the formula set forth in the Series A1 Warrants. Shares issued pursuant to a cashless exercise would be deemed to have been issued pursuant to the exemption from registration provided by Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, and the shares of common stock issued upon such cashless exercise would take on the characteristics of the Series A1 Warrants being exercised, including, for purposes of Rule 144(d) promulgated under the Securities Act, a holding period beginning from the original issuance date of the Series A1 Warrants.
Adjustment Provisions: The exercise price and the number and type of securities purchasable upon exercise of the Series A1 Warrants are subject to adjustment upon certain corporate events, including certain subdivisions, combinations and similar events If we declare any dividend or distribution of assets (including cash, stock or other securities, evidence of indebtedness, purchase rights or other property), each holder of a Series A1 Warrant will be entitled to participate in such distribution to the same extent that the holder would have participated had the applicable Series A1 Warrant been exercised immediately before the record date for the distribution.
Transferability: Subject to applicable laws, the Series A1 Warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent. However, as of the date of this prospectus there is no established trading market for the Series A1 Warrants and it is not expected that a trading market for the Series A1 Warrants will develop in the future. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Series A1 Warrants will be limited.
Listing: We have not and will not apply to list the Series A1 Warrants on Nasdaq Capital Market. We do not intend to list the Series A1 Warrants on any securities exchange or other quotation system. Without an active market, the liquidity of the Series A1 Warrants will be limited.
Rights as a stockholder: Except as set forth in the Series A1 Warrants or by virtue of such holders’ ownership of shares of our common stock, the holders of the Series A1 Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our common stock, including any voting rights, until they exercise the Series A1 Warrants.
Limitations on Exercise: The exercise of the Series A1 Warrants may be limited in certain circumstances if, after giving effect to such exercise, the holder or any of its affiliates would beneficially own (as determined in accordance with the terms of the Series A1 Warrants) more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, 9.99%) of our outstanding common stock immediately after giving effect to the exercise.
Fundamental Transactions: In the event of certain fundamental transactions, as described in the Series A1 Warrants and generally including any merger or consolidation with or into another entity, the holders of the Series A1 Warrants shall thereafter have the right to exercise the applicable Series A1 Warrant for the same amount and kind of securities, cash or property as it would have been entitled to receive upon the occurrence of such fundamental transaction if it had been, immediately prior to such fundamental transaction, the holder of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise in full of the Series A1 Warrant. In the event of a Change of Control (as defined in the Series A1 Warrants) (other than a Change of Control which was not approved by our Board, as to which this right shall not apply), at the request of the holder delivered before the 30th day after such Change of Control, a holder of a Series A1 Warrant will have the right to require us or any successor entity to purchase the holder’s Series A1 Warrant for the Black-Scholes Value of the remaining unexercised portion of the Series A1 Warrant on the effective date of such Change of Control (determined in accordance with a formula specified in the Series A1 Warrants), payable in cash; provided, that if the applicable Change of Control was not approved by our Board, such amount shall be payable, at our option in either (x) shares of our common stock or the consideration receivable by holders of common stock in the Change of Control transaction, as applicable, valued at the value of the consideration received by the shareholders in such Change of Control, or (y) cash.
Dividends and Other Distributions: If we declare or make any dividend or other distribution of our assets to holders of shares of our common stock (including any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property, options, evidence of indebtedness or any other assets), then, subject to certain limitation on exercise described in the Series A1 Warrants, each holder of a Series A1 Warrant shall receive the distributed assets that such holder would have been entitled to receive in the distribution had the holder exercised the Series A1 Warrant immediately prior to the record date for the distribution.
Registration of Series A1 Warrants and Series A1 Warrant Shares. The Series A1 Warrants and the Series A1 Warrant Shares were previously registered pursuant to a prospectus supplement filed with the SEC on August 31, 2017 pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5) under the Securities Act, and pursuant to theCompany’s effective shelf registration statements on Form S-3 (File Nos. 333-215671 and 333-234025) (the Prior Registration Statements), which were originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) on January 23, 2017 and September 30, 2019, respectively, and declared effective by the SEC on July 27, 2017 and October 8, 2019, respectively. Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) and Rule 429 under the Securities Act, the offering of the Series A1 Warrant Shares will be registered pursuant to this registration statement.
This section outlines some of the provisions of the units and the unit agreements. This information may not be complete in all respects and is qualified entirely by reference to the unit agreement with respect to the units of any particular series. The specific terms of any series of units will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. If so described in a particular prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, the specific terms of any series of units may differ from the general description of terms presented below.
As specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, we may issue units consisting of one or more shares of common stock, shares of our preferred stock, warrants or any combination of such securities.
The applicable prospectus supplement will specify the following terms of any units in respect of which this prospectus is being delivered:
●
the terms of the units and of any of the shares of common stock sharesby the Selling Stockholders and any other participating person. Regulation M may also restrict the ability of preferred stock, or warrants comprisingany person engaged in the units, including whether and under what circumstances the securities comprising the units may be traded separately;
●
a descriptiondistribution of the termsShares to engage in market-making activities with respect to the Shares. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the Shares and the ability of any unit agreement governingperson or entity to engage in market-making activities with respect to the units;
●
if appropriate, a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax considerations; and
●
a descriptionShares.We will pay all expenses of the provisions for the payment, settlement, transfer or exchangeregistration of the units.
DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF NEVADA LAW ANDOUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS
Transactions with Interested Persons
Under the Nevada Revised Statutes (the NRS) a transaction with the Company (i) in which a Company director or officer has a direct or indirect interest, or (ii) involving another corporation, firm or association in which one or more of the Company’s directors or officers are directors or officers of the corporation, firm or association or have a financial interest in the corporation firm or association, is not void or voidable solely because of the director’s or officer’s interest or common role in the transaction if any one of the following circumstances exists:
●
the fact of the common directorship, office or financial interest is known to our Board or a committee of our Board and a majority of disinterested directors on the Board (or on the committee) authorize, approved or ratify the transaction in good faith;
●
the fact of the common directorship, office or financial interest is knownShares pursuant to the stockholders and stockholders holding a majority of the shares, including shares held by the common or interested directors or officers, authorize, approve or ratify the transaction in good faith;
●
the fact of the common directorship, office or financial interest is not known to the director or officer at the time the transaction is brought to the Board for action; or
●
the transaction is fair to the Company at the time it is authorized or approved.
Anti-Takeover Provisions
Our Charter and Nevada law include certain provisions which may have the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control or in our management or encouraging persons considering unsolicited tender offers or other unilateral takeover proposals to negotiate with our board of directors rather than pursue non-negotiated takeover attempts. These provisions include authorized blank check preferred stock, restrictions on business combinations, and the availability of authorized but unissued common stock.
Combination with Interested Stockholders Statute
Sections 78.411 to 78.444 of the NRS, which apply to any Nevada corporation which has at least 200 stockholders of record and is publicly traded, including us, prohibits an “interested stockholder” from entering into specified types of business “combinations” with the Nevada corporation for two years, unless certain conditions are met. A “combination” includes:
●
any merger of the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation with an “interested stockholder,” or any other entity, whether or not itself an “interested stockholder,” which is, or after and as a result of the merger would be, an affiliate or associate of an “interested stockholder;”
●
any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer, or other disposition in one transaction, or a series of transactions, to or with an “interested stockholder” or any affiliate or associate of an “interested stockholder,” of assets of the corporation or any subsidiary:
i.
having an aggregate market value equal to more than 5% of the aggregate market value of the corporation’s assets, determined on a consolidated basis;
ii.
having an aggregate market value equal to more than 5% of the aggregate market value of all outstanding voting shares of the corporation; or
iii.
representing more than 10% of the earning power or net income, determined on a consolidated basis, of the corporation; or
●
the issuance or transfer by the corporation or any subsidiary, of any shares of the corporation or any subsidiary to an “interested stockholder” or any affiliate or associate of an “interested stockholder,” having an aggregate market value equal to 5% or more of the aggregate market value of all of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation, except under the exercise of warrants or rights to purchase shares offered, or a dividend or distribution paid or made, pro rata to all stockholders of the resident domestic corporation;
●
the adoption of any plan, or proposal for the liquidation or dissolution of the corporation, under any agreement, arrangement or understanding, with the “interested stockholder,” or any affiliate or associate of the “interested stockholder;”
●
if any of the following actions occurs
i.
a reclassification of the corporation’s securities,Registration Rights Agreement, including, without limitation, any splitting of shares, share dividend, or other distribution of shares with respect to other shares, or any issuance of new shares in exchange for a proportionately greater number of old shares;
ii.
recapitalization of the corporation;
iii.
merger or consolidation of the corporation with any subsidiary; or
iv.
any other transaction, whether or not with or into or otherwise involving the interested stockholder,
under any agreement, arrangement or understanding, whether or not in writing, with the interested stockholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder, which has the immediateSEC filing fees and proximate effect of increasing the proportionate share of the outstanding shares of any class or series of voting shares or securities convertible into voting shares of the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation which is beneficially owned by the interested stockholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder, except as a result of immaterial changes because of adjustments of fractional shares; or
●
any receipt by an “interested stockholder” or any affiliate or associate of an “interested stockholder,” except proportionately as a stockholder of the corporation, of the benefit of any loan, advance, guarantee, pledge or other financial assistance or any tax credit or other tax advantage provided by or through the corporation.
An “interested stockholder” is a person who is:
●
directly or indirectly, the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation; or
●
an affiliate or associate of the corporation, which at any time within two years immediately before the date in question was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of the corporation.
A corporation to which the Combinations with Interested Stockholders Statute applies may not engage in a “combination” within two years after the interested stockholder first became an interested stockholder, unless the combination meets all of the requirements of the corporation’s articles of incorporation and (i) the combination or the transaction by which the person first became an interested stockholder is approved by the board of directors before the person first became an interested stockholder, or (ii)(a) the combination is approved by the board of directors and (b) at or after that time, the combination is approved at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of the stockholders representing at least 60% of the outstanding voting power of the corporation not beneficially owned by the interested stockholder or the affiliates or associates of the interested stockholder. If this approval is not obtained, the combination may be consummated after the two year period expires if either (i)(a) the combination or transaction by which the person first became an interested stockholder is approved by the board of directors before such person first became an interested stockholder, (b) the combination is approved by a majority of the outstanding voting power of the corporation not beneficially owned by the interested stockholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder, or (c) the combination otherwise meets the requirements of the Combination with Interested Stockholders statute. Alternatively, a combination with an interested stockholder engaged in more than 2 years after the date the person first became an interested stockholder may be permissible if the aggregate amount of cash and the market value of consideration other than cash to be received by holders of shares of common stock and holders of any other class or series of shares meets the minimum requirements set forth in the statue, and prior to the completion of the combination, except in limited circumstances, the interested stockholder has not become the beneficial owner of additional voting shares of the corporation.
Acquisition of Controlling Interest Statute
In addition, Nevada’s “Acquisition of Controlling Interest Statute,” prohibits an acquiror, under certain circumstances, from voting shares of a target corporation’s stock after crossing certain threshold ownership percentages, unless the acquiror obtains the approval of the target corporation’s stockholders. Sections 78.378 to 78.3793 of the NRS only apply to Nevada corporations with at least 200 stockholders, including at least 100 record stockholders who are Nevada residents, that do business directly or indirectly in Nevada and whose articles of incorporation or bylaws in effect ten days following the acquisition of a controlling interest by an acquiror do not prohibit its application.
We do not intend to “do business” in Nevada within the meaning of the Acquisition of Controlling Interest Statute. Further, our Bylaws contain a specific opt out from the statute. Therefore, we believe it is unlikely that this statute will apply to us. The statute specifies three thresholds:
●
at least one-fifth but less than one-third;
●
at least one-third but less than a majority; and
●
a majority or more, of the outstanding voting power.
Once an acquiror crosses one of these thresholds, shares which it acquired in the transaction taking it over the threshold (or within 90 days preceding the date thereof) become “control shares” which could be deprived of the right to vote until a majority of the disinterested stockholders restore that right. A special stockholders’ meeting may be called at the request of the acquiror to consider the voting rights of the acquiror’s shares. If the acquiror requests a special meeting and gives an undertaking to pay the expenses of said meeting, then the meeting must take place no earlier than 30 days (unless the acquiror requestscompliance with state securities or “blue sky” laws; provided, however, that the meeting be held sooner) and no more than 50 days (unless the acquiror agrees to a later date) after the delivery by the acquiror to the corporation of an information statement which sets forth the range of voting power that the acquiror has acquired or proposes to acquire and certain other information concerning the acquiror and the proposed control share acquisition.
If no such request for a stockholders’ meeting is made, consideration of the voting rights of the acquiror’s shares must be taken at the next special or annual stockholders’ meeting. If the stockholders fail to restore voting rights to the acquiror, or if the acquiror fails to timely deliver an information statement to the corporation, then the corporation may, if so provided in its articles of incorporation or bylaws, call certain of the acquiror’s shares for redemption at the average price paid for the control shares by the acquiror.
Our Charter and our Bylaws, as do not currently permit us to redeem an acquiror’s shares under these circumstances. The Acquisition of Controlling Interest Statute also provides that in the event the stockholders restore full voting rights to a holder of control shares that owns a majority of the voting stock, thenSelling Stockholder will pay all other stockholders who do not vote in favor of restoring voting rights to the control shares may demand payment for the “fair value” of their shares as determined by a court in dissenter’s rights proceeding pursuant to Chapter 92A of the NRS.
We may sell the securities described in this prospectus to or through underwriters or dealers, through agents, or directly to one or more purchasers. A prospectus supplement or supplements (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including, to the extent applicable:
●
the name or names of any underwriters or agents, if applicable;
●
the purchase price of the securities and the proceeds we will receive from the sale;
●
any over-allotment options under which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us;
●
any agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents’ or underwriters’ compensation;
●
any public offering price;
●
any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers; and
●
any securities exchange or market on whichselling commissions, if any. We will indemnify the securities may be listed.
We may also sell equity securities covered by this registration statement in an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415Selling Stockholders against liabilities, including some liabilities under the Securities Act. Such offeringAct, in accordance with the Registration Rights Agreements, or the Selling Stockholders will be entitled to contribution. We may be made into an existing trading market for such securities in transactions at other than a fixed price, either:
●
on or through the facilities of the Nasdaq Capital Market or any other securities exchange or quotation or trading service on which such securities may be listed, quoted or traded at the time of sale; and/or
●
to or through a market maker otherwise than on the Nasdaq Capital Market or such other securities exchanges or quotation or trading services.
Such at-the-market offerings, if any, may be conducted by underwriters acting as principal or agent.
Only underwriters named in a prospectus supplement are underwriters of the securities offeredindemnified by the prospectus supplement.
If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account and may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. We may offer the securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We may use underwriters with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe in the prospectus supplement that names the underwriter, the nature of any such relationship.
We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities, and we will describe any commissions we will pay the agent in the prospectus supplement. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, our agent will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of its appointment.
We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.
We may provide agents and underwriters with indemnificationSelling Stockholders against civil liabilities, related to this offering, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respectthat may arise from any written information furnished to payments thatus by the agents or underwriters may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents and underwriters may engageSelling Stockholder specifically for use in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business.
Any underwriter may engage in overallotment, stabilizing transactions, short covering transactions and penalty bidsthis prospectus, in accordance with Regulation Mthe related Registration Rights Agreement, or we may be entitled to contribution.Once sold under the Securities Exchange Actregistration statement, of 1934, as amended (the
Exchange Act). Overallotment involves saleswhich this prospectus forms a part, the Shares will be freely tradable in excessthe hands of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum. Short covering transactions involve purchasespersons other than our affiliates.LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the securities in the open market after the distribution is completed to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a covering transaction to cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time.
Any underwriters who are qualified market makers on the Nasdaq Capital Market may engage in passive market making transactions in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the securities. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, however, the passive market maker’s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded.
Certain legal matters in connection with this offeringoffered hereby will be passed upon for us by
WoodburnDisclosure Law Group, a Professional Corporation, San Diego, California (DLG). A partner of DLG beneficially owns an aggregate of 150,583 shares of our common stock, which amount includes 140,625 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options within 60 days of March 15, 2023.EXPERTS
The audited annual consolidated financial statements incorporated by reference in this prospectus and Wedge,elsewhere in the registration statement have been incorporated by reference in reliance upon the reports of Reno, Nevada.
EXPERTS
OUM & Co. LLP, ourWithumSmith+Brown, PC, independent registered public accounting firm, hasand OUM & CO. LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, who joined WithumSmith+Brown, PC on July 15, 2021, upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing. The 2022 audited ourannual consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-Kof Vistagen Therapeutics, Inc., as of and for the year ended March 31, 2020,2022, have been audited by WithumSmith+Brown, PC, independent registered public accounting firm. The 2021 audited annual consolidated financial statements of Vistagen Therapeutics, Inc., as set forth in theirof and for the year ended March 31, 2021, have been audited by OUM & Co. LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. The audit report which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus. The reportdated June 23, 2022 for VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc.the 2022 audited annual consolidated financial statements includes an explanatory paragraph about the existence ofwhich states that certain circumstances raise substantial doubt concerning itsabout our ability to continue as a going concern. Our financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance on OUM & Co. LLP’s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We are a public company and file annual, quarterly and special reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available, at no charge, to the public at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
12,193,069 Shares
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCEThe following documents filed by us with the SEC are incorporated by reference in this prospectus:
●
our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2020, filed on June 29, 2020;
●
our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, filed on August 13, 2020;
●
our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, filed on November 12, 2020;
●
our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2020, filed on February 11, 2021;
●
our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed on July 27, 2020 (solely with respect to information required by Part III of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2020, which information shall update and supersede information included in Part III of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2020);
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 3, 2020;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 27, 2020;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 26, 2020;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 6, 2020;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 18, 2020;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 13, 2020;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 1, 2020;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 22, 2020;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 6, 2021;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 2, 2021;
●
our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 5, 2021; and
●
The description of our common stock contained in the Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act on May 3, 2016, including any amendment or report filed with the SEC for the purpose of updating this description.
We also incorporate by reference all documents we file pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (other than any portions of filings that are furnished rather than filed pursuant to Items 2.02 and 7.01 of a Current Report on Form 8-K) after the date of the initial registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and prior to effectiveness of such registration statement. All documents we file in the future pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of this prospectus and prior to the termination of the offering are also incorporated by reference (other than any portions of filings that are furnished rather than filed pursuant to Items 2.02 and 7.01 of a Current Report on Form 8-K) and are an important part of this prospectus.
Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for the purposes of this registration statement to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this registration statement.
We will provide to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, a copy of any or all of the information that has been incorporated by reference in the prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus. You may request a copy of these filings, excluding the exhibits to such filings which we have not specifically incorporated by reference in such filings, at no cost, by writing to or calling us at:
VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc.
343 Allerton Avenue
South San Francisco, California 94080
(650) 577-3600
This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. You should only rely on the information or representations contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. Common Stock
PROSPECTUS
We have not authorized anyoneany dealer, salesperson or other person to providegive any information other than that providedor to make any representations not contained in this prospectus. You must not rely on any unauthorized information. This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. We areis not making an offer of theto sell these securities in any statejurisdiction where thean offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus supplement is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of the document.
PROSPECTUS
$250,000,000
COMMON STOCK
PREFERRED STOCK
WARRANTS
UNITS
, 2021
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
ITEM Item14. OTHER EXPENSES OF ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION
Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.The following table sets forth an estimate ofindicates the fees and expenses to be incurred in connection with the offering described in this registration statement, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, payableall of which will be paid by us in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities being registered.us. All the amounts shown are estimates,estimated except for the SEC registration fee.
| | | Amount | |
| | | | | |
SEC Registration Fee | | $ | 243 | |
Legal Fees and Expenses | | | 25,000 | |
Accounting Fees and Expenses | | | 18,000 | |
Miscellaneous Expenses | | | 5,000 | |
| | | | | |
Total expenses | | $ | 48,243 | |
Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and FINRA registration fees.
| |
SEC registration fee | $27,275
|
FINRA registration fee | $30,099
|
Legal fees and expenses | $25,000
|
Accounting fees and expenses | $14,000
|
Printing and miscellaneous fees and expenses
| $5,000
|
Total | $104,374
|
ITEM 15. INDEMNIFICATION OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
Officers.Section 78.7502 of the NRS permits a corporation to indemnify any person who was, is or is threatened to be made a party in a completed, pending or threatened proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (except an action by or in the right of the corporation), by reason of being or having been an officer, director, employee or agent of the corporation or serving in certain capacities at the request of the corporation. Indemnification may include attorneys' fees, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement. The person to be indemnified must have acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal action, such person must have had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful.
With respect to actions by or in the right of the corporation, indemnification may not be made for any claim, issue or matter as to which such a person has been finally adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction to be liable to the corporation or for amounts paid in settlement to the corporation, unless and only to the extent that the court in which the action was brought or other court of competent jurisdiction determines upon application that in view of all circumstances the person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses as the court deems proper.
Unless indemnification is ordered by a court, the determination to pay indemnification must be made by the stockholders, by a majority vote of a quorum of the Board of Directors who were not parties to the action, suit or proceeding, or in certain circumstances by independent legal counsel in a written opinion. Section 78.751 of the NRS permits the articles of incorporation or bylaws to provide for payment to an indemnified person of the expenses of defending an action as incurred upon receipt of an undertaking to repay the amount if it is ultimately determined by a court of competent jurisdiction that the person is not entitled to indemnification.
Section 78.7502 also provides that to the extent a director, officer, employee or agent has been successful on the merits or otherwise in the defense of any such action, he must be indemnified by the corporation against expenses, including attorneys' fees, actually and reasonably incurred in connection with the defense.
Article X of our Charter, entitled “Indemnification,” provides that we shall indemnify, and shall advance or reimburse the reasonable expenses incurred in advance of final disposition of the proceeding of, any individual made a party to a proceeding because that individual is or was a director of the corporation to the full extent and under all circumstances permitted by applicable law. Article X of our Bylaws, entitled “Indemnification,” provides that we shall indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent not prohibited by the NRS, except in the case of proceedings initiated by such officers or directors unless certain other factors are present.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and certain employees pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act, and is, therefore, unenforceable.
There is no pending litigation or proceeding naming any of our directors or officers as to which indemnification is being sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification.
Exhibits.1.1*2.1* | Agreement and Plan of Merger, by and among Vistagen Therapeutics, Inc., VTGN Merger Sub, Inc., Pherin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Kevin McCarthy, dated December 20, 2022, incorporated by reference from Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form of Underwriting Agreement8-K, filed on December 21, 2022. |
1.2*3.1 | Restated Articles of Incorporation of VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc., dated August 16, 2016, incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form of Placement Agent Agreement8-K, filed on August 17, 2016. |
4.1*3.2 | Certificate of Amendment to the Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc., dated September 15, 2017; incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form of any certificate of designation with respect to any preferred stock issued hereunder and the related form of preferred stock certificate8-K, filed on September 20, 2017. |
4.2*3.3 | Certificate of Amendment to the Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation, as amended, of VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc., dated September 6 ,2019; incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form of any warrant agreement with respect to each particular series of warrants issued hereunder8-K, filed on September 6, 2019. |
4.3*3.4 | Certificate of Amendment to the Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation, as amended, of VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc., dated March 5, 2021, incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form of any warrant agency agreement with respect to each particular series of warrants issued hereunder8-K, filed on March 5, 2021. |
4.4*5.1 | FormOpinion of any unit agreement with respect to any unit issued hereunderDisclosure Law Group, a Professional Corporation (filed herewith). |
| Opinion of Woodburn and Wedge |
| Consent of Woodburn and Wedge (includedDisclosure Law Group, a Professional Corporation (included in Exhibit 5.1) |
| Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – WithumSmith+Brown PC. (filed herewith) |
23.3 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – OUM & Co., LLP
(filed herewith) |
| Power of Attorney (located on signature page) |
107** | Filing Fee Table |
* | To be filed, if necessary, by an amendment to this registration statement or incorporation by referenceCertain exhibits and schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally to the SEC a Current Report on Form 8-K in connection with an offeringcopy of securities.any omitted exhibits or schedules upon request. |
| ** | Previously filed. |
ITEM Item17. UNDERTAKINGS
Undertakings.(a) The undersigned Registrantregistrant hereby undertakes:
(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;
(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or any decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the CommissionSEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20%a 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement.
statement; and(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;
provided, however
, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the CommissionSEC by the Registrantregistrant pursuant to Sectionsection 13 or Sectionsection 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in thethis registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
II-2
(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:
(i) Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and
(ii) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of athe registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by sectionSection 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which thatthe prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.
(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities:(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:
(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;
(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;
(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and
(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.
(6) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the Registrant’sregistrant’s annual report pursuant to Sectionsection 13(a) or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Sectionsection 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(c) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of each Registrantthe registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, each Registrantthe registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by a Registrantthe registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of a Registrantthe registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, that Registrantthe registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of South San Francisco, California, on March 15, 2021.
17, 2023.| | VistaGenVistagen Therapeutics, Inc. |
| By: | /s/ Shawn K. Singh |
| | | |
| By: | /s/ Shawn K. Singh, | J.D. |
| | | Shawn K. Singh, J.D. |
| | Chief Executive Officer |
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature below constitutes and appoints Shawn K. Singh as attorney-in-fact, with power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Registration Statement on Form S-3, and file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature | | Title | | Date |
| | |
/s/ Shawn K. Singh
Shawn K. Singh, JD
| | Chief Executive Officer, and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
| | March 15, 2021 |
| | |
/s/ Jerrold D. Dotson
Jerrold D. Dotson
| | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
| | March 15, 2021 |
| | |
/s/ H. Ralph Snodgrass
H. Ralph Snodgrass, Ph.D
| | President, Chief Scientific Officer and Director | | March 15, 2021 |
| | |
/s/ Jon S. Saxe
Jon S. Saxe
| | Chairman of the Board of Directors | | March 15, 2021 |
| | |
/s/ Brian J. Underdown
Brian J. Underdown, Ph. D
| | Director | | March15, 2021 |
| | | | | |
Jerry B. Gin, Ph.D.
Shawn K. Singh | | Chief Executive Officer, and Director | | March 15, 202117, 2023 |
Shawn K. Singh, JD | | (Principal Executive Officer) | | |
| | | | | |
| | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | | March 17, 2023 |
Jerrold D. Dotson | | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | | |
| | | | |
/s/ * | | Chairman of the Board of Directors | | March 17, 2023 |
Jon S. Saxe | | | | |
| | | | |
/s/ * | | Director | | March 17, 2023 |
Ann M. Cunningham Ann M. Cunningham
| | Director | | |
| | | | |
/s/ * | | Director | | March 15, 202117, 2023 |
Joanne Curley, Ph.D. | | | | |
| | | | |
/s/ * | | Director | | March 17, 2023 |
Margaret M. FitzPatrick | | | | |
| | | | |
/s/ * | | Director | | March 17, 2023 |
Jerry B. Gin, Ph.D. | | | | |
| | | | |
/s/ * | | Director | | March 17, 2023 |
Mary L. Rotunno, J.D. | | | | |
*By: /s/ Shawn K. Singh
Attorney-in-fact
