Document and Entity Information
Document and Entity Information - USD ($) $ in Billions | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Jun. 30, 2017 | |
Document And Entity Information1 | ||
Entity Registrant Name | CATERPILLAR INC | |
Entity Central Index Key | 18,230 | |
Document Type | 10-K | |
Document Period End Date | Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Amendment Flag | false | |
Current Fiscal Year End Date | --12-31 | |
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer | Yes | |
Entity Voluntary Filers | No | |
Entity Current Reporting Status | Yes | |
Entity Filer Category | Large Accelerated Filer | |
Entity Public Float | $ 63.4 | |
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding | 597,625,772 | |
Document Fiscal Year Focus | 2,017 | |
Document Fiscal Period Focus | FY |
Consolidated Results of Operati
Consolidated Results of Operations - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | ||
Sales and revenues: | ||||
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation | $ 42,676 | $ 35,773 | $ 44,147 | |
Revenues of Financial Products | 2,786 | 2,764 | 2,864 | |
Total sales and revenues | 45,462 | 38,537 | 47,011 | |
Operating costs: | ||||
Cost of goods sold | 31,049 | 28,309 | 33,546 | |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 5,177 | 4,686 | 4,951 | |
Research and development expenses | 1,905 | 1,951 | 2,119 | |
Interest expense of Financial Products | 646 | 596 | 587 | |
Goodwill impairment charge | 0 | 595 | 0 | |
Other operating (income) expenses | 2,279 | 1,902 | 2,023 | |
Total operating costs | 41,056 | 38,039 | 43,226 | |
Operating profit | 4,406 | 498 | 3,785 | |
Interest expense excluding Financial Products | 531 | 505 | 507 | |
Other income (expense) | 207 | 146 | 161 | |
Consolidated profit before taxes | 4,082 | 139 | 3,439 | |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 3,339 | 192 | 916 | |
Profit (loss) of consolidated companies | 743 | (53) | 2,523 | |
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies | 16 | (6) | 0 | |
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | 759 | (59) | 2,523 | |
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 5 | 8 | 11 | |
Profit (loss) | [1] | $ 754 | $ (67) | $ 2,512 |
Profit (loss) per common share (in dollars per share) | $ 1.27 | $ (0.11) | $ 4.23 | |
Profit (loss) per common share - diluted (in dollars per share) | [2],[3] | $ 1.26 | $ (0.11) | $ 4.18 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions) | ||||
Basic (in shares) | 591.8 | 584.3 | 594.3 | |
Diluted (in shares) | [2],[3] | 599.3 | 584.3 | 601.3 |
Cash dividends declared per common share (in dollars per share) | $ 3.11 | $ 3.08 | $ 3.01 | |
[1] | 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. | |||
[2] | 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards, using the treasury stock method. | |||
[3] | 3 In 2016, the assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. |
Consolidated Comprehensive Inco
Consolidated Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | $ 759 | $ (59) | $ 2,523 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), Net of Tax: | |||
Foreign currency translation, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2017 - $96; 2016 - $(30); 2015 - $(82) | 765 | (17) | (973) |
Pension and other postretirement benefits: | |||
Current year prior service credit (cost), net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2017 - $(26); 2016 - $(69); 2015 - $5 | 48 | 118 | (3) |
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2017 - $9; 2016 - $21; 2015 - $18 | (16) | (35) | (35) |
Derivative financial instruments: | |||
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2017 - $2; 2016 - $33; 2015 - $11 | (3) | (62) | (19) |
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2017 - $(44); 2016 - $2; 2015 - $(51) | 77 | (3) | 88 |
Available-for-sale securities: | |||
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2017 - $(23); 2016 - $(12); 2015 - $9 | 41 | 26 | (10) |
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2017 - $35; 2016 - $15 2015 - $20 | (65) | (31) | (36) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 847 | (4) | (988) |
Comprehensive income | 1,606 | (63) | 1,535 |
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests | (5) | (8) | 1 |
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders | $ 1,601 | $ (71) | $ 1,536 |
Consolidated Comprehensive Inc4
Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Parenthetical) (Parentheticals) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract] | |||
Foreign currency translation, tax (provision)/benefit | $ 96 | $ (30) | $ (82) |
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Current year prior service credit (cost), tax (provision)/benefit | (26) | (69) | 5 |
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, tax (provision)/benefit | 9 | 21 | 18 |
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Amortization of transition (asset) obligation, tax (provision)/benefit | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Derivative financial instruments, Gains (losses) deferred, tax (provision)/benefit | 2 | 33 | 11 |
Derivative financial instruments, (Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, tax (provision)/benefit | (44) | 2 | (51) |
Available-for-sale securities, Gains (losses) deferred, tax (provision)/benefit | (23) | (12) | 9 |
Available-for-sale securities, (Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, tax (provision)/benefit | $ 35 | $ 15 | $ 20 |
Consolidated Financial Position
Consolidated Financial Position - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Current assets: | ||
Cash and short-term investments | $ 8,261 | $ 7,168 |
Receivables - trade and other | 7,436 | 5,981 |
Receivables - finance | 8,757 | 8,522 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1,772 | 1,682 |
Inventories | 10,018 | 8,614 |
Total current assets | 36,244 | 31,967 |
Property, plant and equipment - net | 14,155 | 15,322 |
Long-term receivables - trade and other | 990 | 1,029 |
Long-term receivables - finance | 13,542 | 13,556 |
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes | 1,693 | 2,790 |
Intangible assets | 2,111 | 2,349 |
Goodwill | 6,200 | 6,020 |
Other assets | 2,027 | 1,671 |
Total assets | 76,962 | 74,704 |
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | 1 | 209 |
Financial Products | 4,836 | 7,094 |
Accounts payable | 6,487 | 4,614 |
Accrued expenses | 3,220 | 3,003 |
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits | 2,559 | 1,296 |
Customer advances | 1,193 | 1,167 |
Dividends payable | 466 | 452 |
Other current liabilities | 1,975 | 1,635 |
Long-term debt due within one year: | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | 6 | 507 |
Financial Products | 6,188 | 6,155 |
Total current liabilities | 26,931 | 26,132 |
Long-term debt due after one year: | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | 7,929 | 8,436 |
Financial Products | 15,918 | 14,382 |
Liability for postemployment benefits | 8,365 | 9,357 |
Other liabilities | 4,053 | 3,184 |
Total liabilities | 63,196 | 61,491 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 21 and 22) | ||
Shareholders' equity | ||
Common stock of $1.00 par value: Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000 Issued shares: (2017 and 2016 – 814,894,624 shares) at paid-in amount | 5,593 | 5,277 |
Treasury stock: (2017 – 217,268,852 shares; and 2016 – 228,408,600 shares) at cost | (17,005) | (17,478) |
Profit employed in the business | 26,301 | 27,377 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (1,192) | (2,039) |
Noncontrolling interests | 69 | 76 |
Total stockholders' equity | 13,766 | 13,213 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ 76,962 | $ 74,704 |
Consolidated Financial Positio6
Consolidated Financial Position (Parenthetical) (Parentheticals) - $ / shares | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract] | ||
Common Stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ 1 | $ 1 |
Common Stock, Authorized shares | 2,000,000,000 | 2,000,000,000 |
Common Stock, Issued shares | 814,894,624 | 814,894,624 |
Treasury Stock, shares | 217,268,852 | 228,408,600 |
Changes in Consolidated Shareho
Changes in Consolidated Shareholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions | Total | Common Stock | Treasury stock | Profit employed in the business | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | Noncontrolling interests | |
Balance at Dec. 31, 2014 | $ 16,826 | $ 5,016 | $ (15,726) | $ 28,515 | $ (1,059) | $ 80 | |
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity | |||||||
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | 2,523 | 0 | 0 | 2,512 | 0 | 11 | |
Foreign currency translation, net of tax | (973) | 0 | 0 | 0 | (961) | (12) | |
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax | (38) | 0 | 0 | 0 | (38) | 0 | |
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax | 69 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 0 | |
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax | (46) | 0 | 0 | 0 | (46) | 0 | |
Dividends declared | (1,781) | 0 | 0 | (1,781) | 0 | 0 | |
Distribution to noncontrolling interests | (7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (7) | |
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 11,139,748, 4,164,134 and 2,931,595 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively | 33 | (78) | 111 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | 283 | 283 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Income Tax Benefit from Share-based Compensation | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Common shares repurchased: 0, 0 and 25,841,608 shares for years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | [1] | (2,025) | 0 | (2,025) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other | 11 | (7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | (4) | |
Balance at Dec. 31, 2015 | 14,885 | 5,238 | (17,640) | 29,246 | (2,035) | 76 | |
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity | |||||||
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | (59) | 0 | 0 | (67) | 0 | 8 | |
Foreign currency translation, net of tax | (17) | 0 | 0 | 0 | (17) | 0 | |
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 0 | |
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax | (65) | 0 | 0 | 0 | (65) | 0 | |
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax | (5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | (5) | 0 | |
Change in ownership from noncontrolling interests | 0 | (2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Dividends declared | (1,802) | 0 | 0 | (1,802) | 0 | 0 | |
Distribution to noncontrolling interests | (10) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (10) | |
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 11,139,748, 4,164,134 and 2,931,595 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively | (23) | (185) | 162 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | 218 | 218 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Income Tax Benefit from Share-based Compensation | (6) | (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Other | 14 | (14) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Balance at Dec. 31, 2016 | 13,213 | 5,277 | (17,478) | 27,377 | (2,039) | 76 | |
New Accounting Pronouncement or Change in Accounting Principle, Effect of Adoption, Quantification | 15 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | |
Balance at Jan. 01, 2017 | 13,228 | 5,277 | (17,478) | 27,392 | (2,039) | 76 | |
Balance at Dec. 31, 2016 | 13,213 | 5,277 | (17,478) | 27,377 | (2,039) | 76 | |
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity | |||||||
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | 759 | 0 | 0 | 754 | 0 | 5 | |
Foreign currency translation, net of tax | 765 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 765 | 0 | |
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 0 | |
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 0 | |
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax | (24) | 0 | 0 | 0 | (24) | 0 | |
Change in ownership from noncontrolling interests | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (3) | |
Dividends declared | (1,845) | 0 | 0 | (1,845) | 0 | 0 | |
Distribution to noncontrolling interests | (9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (9) | |
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 11,139,748, 4,164,134 and 2,931,595 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively | 566 | 93 | 473 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | 206 | 206 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Other | (13) | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017 | $ 13,766 | $ 5,593 | $ (17,005) | $ 26,301 | $ (1,192) | $ 69 | |
[1] | 2 See Note 1K regarding new accounting guidance. |
Changes in Consolidated Shareh8
Changes in Consolidated Shareholders' Equity (Parenthetical) (Parentheticals) - shares | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||
Sep. 30, 2015 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract] | ||||
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation (in shares) | 11,139,748 | 4,164,134 | 2,931,595 | |
Common shares repurchased (in shares) | 19,600,000 | 0 | 0 | 25,841,608 |
Consolidated Statement of Cash
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Cash flow from operating activities: | |||
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | $ 759 | $ (59) | $ 2,523 |
Adjustments for non-cash items: | |||
Depreciation and amortization | 2,877 | 3,034 | 3,046 |
Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits | 301 | 985 | 179 |
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes | 1,213 | (431) | (307) |
Goodwill impairment charge | 0 | 595 | 0 |
Other | 746 | 856 | 453 |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: | |||
Receivables - trade and other | (1,151) | 829 | 764 |
Inventories | (1,295) | 1,109 | 2,274 |
Accounts payable | 1,478 | (200) | (1,165) |
Accrued expenses | 175 | (201) | (199) |
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits | 1,187 | (708) | (389) |
Customer advances | (69) | (37) | (501) |
Other assets - net | (192) | 224 | 143 |
Other liabilities - net | (327) | (360) | (122) |
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities | 5,702 | 5,636 | 6,699 |
Cash flow from investing activities: | |||
Capital expenditures - excluding equipment leased to others | (898) | (1,109) | (1,388) |
Expenditures for equipment leased to others | (1,438) | (1,819) | (1,873) |
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment | 1,164 | 899 | 760 |
Additions to finance receivables | (11,953) | (9,339) | (9,929) |
Collections of finance receivables | 12,018 | 9,369 | 9,247 |
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables | 127 | 127 | 136 |
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired) | (59) | (191) | (400) |
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold) | 100 | 0 | 178 |
Proceeds from sale of securities | 932 | 694 | 351 |
Investments in securities | (1,048) | (391) | (485) |
Other - net | 61 | 0 | (114) |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities | (994) | (1,760) | (3,517) |
Cash flow from financing activities: | |||
Dividends paid | (1,831) | (1,799) | (1,757) |
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued | 566 | (23) | 33 |
Treasury shares purchased | 0 | 0 | (2,025) |
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months): | |||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | 361 | 6 | 3 |
Financial Products | 8,702 | 5,109 | 5,129 |
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months): | |||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | (1,465) | (533) | (517) |
Financial Products | (6,919) | (6,032) | (7,775) |
Short-term borrowings - net (original maturities three months or less) | (3,058) | 140 | 3,022 |
Other - net | (9) | (8) | (7) |
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | (3,653) | (3,140) | (3,894) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 38 | (28) | (169) |
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments | 1,093 | 708 | (881) |
Cash and short-term investments at beginning of period | 7,168 | 6,460 | 7,341 |
Cash and short-term investments at end of period | $ 8,261 | $ 7,168 | $ 6,460 |
Operations and summary of signi
Operations and summary of significant accounting policies | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |
Operations and summary of significant accounting policies | Operations and summary of significant accounting policies A. Nature of operations Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories: Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – Represents the aggregate total of Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segments and related corporate items and eliminations. Financial Products – Primarily includes the company’s Financial Products Segment. This category includes Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial), Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services) and their respective subsidiaries. Our products are sold primarily under the brands “Caterpillar,” “CAT,” design versions of “CAT” and “Caterpillar,” "EMD," “FG Wilson,” “MaK,” “MWM,” “Perkins,” “Progress Rail,” “SEM” and “Solar Turbines”. We conduct operations in our Machinery, Energy & Transportation lines of business under highly competitive conditions, including intense price competition. We place great emphasis on the high quality and performance of our products and our dealers’ service support. Although no one competitor is believed to produce all of the same types of equipment that we do, there are numerous companies, large and small, which compete with us in the sale of each of our products. Our machines are distributed principally through a worldwide organization of dealers (dealer network), 48 located in the United States and 123 located outside the United States, serving 192 countries. Reciprocating engines are sold principally through the dealer network and to other manufacturers for use in products. Some of the reciprocating engines manufactured by our subsidiary Perkins Engines Company Limited, are also sold through its worldwide network of 93 distributors covering 182 countries. The FG Wilson branded electric power generation systems primarily manufactured by our subsidiary Caterpillar Northern Ireland Limited are sold through its worldwide network of 154 distributors covering 131 countries. Some of the large, medium speed reciprocating engines are also sold under the MaK brand through a worldwide network of 20 distributors covering 130 countries. Our dealers do not deal exclusively with our products; however, in most cases sales and servicing of our products are the dealers’ principal business. Some products, primarily turbines and locomotives, are sold directly to end customers through sales forces employed by the company. At times, these employees are assisted by independent sales representatives. The Financial Products line of business also conducts operations under highly competitive conditions. Financing for users of Caterpillar products is available through a variety of competitive sources, principally commercial banks and finance and leasing companies. We offer various financing plans designed to increase the opportunity for sales of our products and generate financing income for our company. A significant portion of Financial Products activity is conducted in North America, with additional offices in Latin America, Asia/Pacific, Europe, Africa and Middle East. B. Basis of presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries where we have a controlling financial interest. Investments in companies where our ownership exceeds 20 percent and we do not have a controlling interest or where the ownership is less than 20 percent and for which we have a significant influence are accounted for by the equity method. See Note 9 for further discussion. We consolidate all variable interest entities (VIEs) where Caterpillar Inc. is the primary beneficiary. For VIEs, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary as prescribed by the accounting guidance on the consolidation of VIEs. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. See Note 21 for further discussion on a consolidated VIE. We have affiliates, suppliers and dealers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of each entity. Our maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Receivables - trade and other $ 34 $ 55 Receivables - finance 42 174 Long-term receivables - finance 38 246 Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies 39 31 Guarantees 259 210 Total $ 412 $ 716 In addition, Cat Financial has end-user customers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. These risks are evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. Shipping and handling costs are included in Cost of goods sold in Statement 1. Other operating (income) expenses primarily include Cat Financial’s depreciation of equipment leased to others, Insurance Services’ underwriting expenses, (gains) losses on disposal of long-lived assets, long-lived asset impairment charges, contract termination costs, legal settlements and accruals, employee separation charges and benefit plan curtailment (gains) losses. Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3 include prepaid rent, prepaid insurance, prepaid and refundable income tax, assets held for sale, core to be returned for remanufacturing, restricted cash and other short-term investments and other prepaid items. Certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform with the current-year financial statement presentation. C. Sales and revenue recognition Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation are recognized and earned when all the following criteria are satisfied: (a) persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists; (b) price is fixed and determinable; (c) collectibility is reasonably assured; and (d) delivery has occurred. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement and a fixed or determinable price exist once we receive an order or contract from an end user or independently owned and operated dealer. We assess collectibility at the time of the sale and if collectibility is not reasonably assured, the sale is deferred and not recognized until collectibility is probable or payment is received. Typically, where product is produced and sold in the same country, title and risk of ownership transfer when the product is shipped. Products that are exported from a country for sale typically pass title and risk of ownership at the border of the destination country. Sales of certain turbine machinery units, draglines and long wall roof supports are recognized under accounting for construction-type contracts, primarily using the percentage-of-completion method. Revenue is recognized based upon progress towards completion, which is estimated and continually updated over the course of construction. We provide for any loss that we expect to incur on these contracts when that loss is probable. Our remanufacturing operations are primarily focused on the remanufacture of Cat engines and components and rail related products. In this business, used engines and related components (core) are inspected, cleaned and remanufactured. In connection with the sale of most of our remanufactured product, we collect a deposit from the dealer that is repaid if the dealer returns an acceptable core within a specified time period. Caterpillar owns and has title to the cores when they are returned from dealers and end users. The rebuilt engine or component (the core plus any new content) is then sold as a remanufactured product to dealers and end users. Revenue is recognized pursuant to the same criteria as Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales noted above (title to the entire remanufactured product passes to the dealer upon sale). At the time of sale, the deposit is recognized in Other current liabilities in Statement 3. In addition, the core to be returned is recognized as an asset in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3 at the estimated replacement cost (based on historical experience with useable cores). Upon receipt of an acceptable core, we repay the deposit and relieve the liability. The returned core is then included in inventory. In the event that the deposit is forfeited (i.e. upon failure by the dealer to return an acceptable core in the specified time period), we recognize the core deposit and the cost of the core in Sales and Cost of goods sold, respectively. Except for replacement parts, no right of return exists on the sale of our products. Replacement part returns are estimable and accrued at the time a sale is recognized. We provide discounts to dealers through merchandising programs. We have numerous programs that are designed to promote the sale of our products. The most common dealer programs provide a discount when the dealer sells a product to a targeted end user. The cost of these discounts is estimated based on historical experience and known changes in merchandising programs and is reported as a reduction to sales when the product sale is recognized. A corresponding post-sale discount reserve is accrued in Statement 3, which represents discounts we expect to pay on previously sold products. Our standard dealer invoice terms are established by marketing region. Our invoice terms for end user sales are established by the responsible business unit. When a sale is made to a dealer, the dealer is responsible for payment even if the product is not sold to an end user. Dealers and end users must make payment within the established invoice terms to avoid potential interest costs. Interest at or above prevailing market rates may be charged on any past due balance, and generally our practice is to not forgive this interest. In 2017 , 2016 and 2015 terms were extended to not more than one year for $267 million , $406 million and $635 million of receivables, respectively, which represent approximately 1 percent of consolidated sales. We establish a bad debt allowance for Machinery, Energy & Transportation receivables when it becomes probable that the receivable will not be collected. Our allowance for bad debts is not significant. Revenues of Financial Products are generated primarily from finance revenue on finance receivables and rental payments on operating leases. Finance revenue is recorded over the life of the related finance receivable using the interest method, including the accretion of certain direct origination costs that are deferred. Revenue from rental payments received on operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Recognition of finance revenue and rental revenue is suspended and the account is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Recognition is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the account becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. See Note 6 for more information. Sales and revenues are presented net of sales and other related taxes. D. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is principally determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The value of inventories on the LIFO basis represented about 65 percent and 60 percent of total inventories at December 31, 2017 and 2016 . If the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method had been in use, inventories would have been $1,934 million and $2,139 million higher than reported at December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. E. Depreciation and amortization Depreciation of plant and equipment is computed principally using accelerated methods. Depreciation on equipment leased to others, primarily for Financial Products, is computed using the straight-line method over the term of the lease. The depreciable basis is the original cost of the equipment less the estimated residual value of the equipment at the end of the lease term. In 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , Cat Financial depreciation on equipment leased to others was $810 million , $841 million and $836 million , respectively, and was included in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. In 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , consolidated depreciation expense was $2,555 million , $2,707 million and $2,705 million , respectively. Amortization of purchased finite-lived intangibles is computed principally using the straight-line method, generally not to exceed a period of 20 years . F. Foreign currency translation The functional currency for most of our Machinery, Energy & Transportation consolidated companies is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency for most of our Financial Products and affiliates accounted for under the equity method is the respective local currency. Gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of foreign currency amounts to the functional currency are included in Other income (expense) in Statement 1. Gains and losses resulting from translating assets and liabilities from the functional currency to U.S. dollars are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Statement 3. G. Derivative financial instruments Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option, and cross currency contracts, interest rate swaps, and commodity forward and option contracts. All derivatives are recorded at fair value. See Note 3 for more information. H. Income taxes The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach taking into account guidance related to uncertain tax positions. Tax laws require items to be included in tax filings at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. A current liability is recognized for the estimated taxes payable for the current year. Deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. Deferred taxes are adjusted for enacted changes in tax rates and tax laws. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. I. Goodwill For acquisitions accounted for as a business combination, goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the fair value of the net assets acquired. We are required to test goodwill for impairment, at the reporting unit level, annually and when events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (referred to as a component) to which goodwill is assigned when initially recorded. We assign goodwill to reporting units based on our integration plans and the expected synergies resulting from the acquisition. Because Caterpillar is a highly integrated company, the businesses we acquire are sometimes combined with or integrated into existing reporting units. When changes occur in the composition of our operating segments or reporting units, goodwill is reassigned to the affected reporting units based on their relative fair values. We perform our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1 and monitor for interim triggering events on an ongoing basis. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment utilizing either a qualitative assessment or a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If we choose to perform a qualitative assessment and determine the fair value more likely than not exceeds the carrying value, no further evaluation is necessary. For reporting units where we perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit, which we primarily determine using an income approach based on the present value of discounted cash flows, to the respective carrying value, which includes goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the goodwill is not considered impaired. Beginning in 2017, if the carrying value is higher than the fair value, the difference would be recognized as an impairment loss. Prior to 2017, a two-step process was used. For reporting units where we performed the two-step process, the first step required us to compare the fair value of each reporting unit, which we primarily determined using an income approach based on the present value of discounted cash flows, to the respective carrying value, which includes goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, the goodwill was not considered impaired. If the carrying value was higher than the fair value, there was an indication that an impairment may have existed and the second step was required. In step two, the implied fair value of goodwill was calculated as the excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the fair values assigned to its assets and liabilities. If the implied fair value of goodwill was less than the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill, the difference was recognized as an impairment loss. See Note 10 for further details. J. Estimates in financial statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. The more significant estimates include: residual values for leased assets, fair values for goodwill impairment tests, impairment of available-for-sale securities, warranty liability, stock-based compensation and reserves for product liability and insurance losses, postretirement benefits, post-sale discounts, credit losses and income taxes. K. New accounting guidance Revenue recognition - In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued new revenue recognition guidance to provide a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers. Under the new guidance, an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. A five step model has been introduced for an entity to apply when recognizing revenue. The new guidance also includes enhanced disclosure requirements, and was effective January 1, 2018. Entities have the option to apply the new guidance under a retrospective approach to each prior reporting period presented, or a modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of initially applying the new guidance recognized at the date of initial application within the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity. We will adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach. Under the new guidance, sales of certain turbine machinery units will change to a point-in-time recognition model. Under current guidance, we account for these sales under an over-time model following the percentage-of-completion method as the product is manufactured. In addition, under the new guidance we will begin to recognize an asset for the value of expected replacement part returns and will discontinue lease accounting treatment for certain product sales containing residual value guarantees. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements. Simplifying the measurement of inventory - In July 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance which requires that inventory be measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Prior to the issuance of the new guidance, inventory was measured at the lower of cost or market. Replacing the concept of market with the single measurement of net realizable value is intended to create efficiencies for preparers. Inventory measured using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method and the retail inventory method are not impacted by the new guidance. The guidance was effective January 1, 2017, and was applied prospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements. Recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities - In January 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance that affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities accounted for under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. Under the new guidance, all equity investments in unconsolidated entities (other than those accounted for using the equity method of accounting) will generally be measured at fair value through earnings. There will no longer be an available-for-sale classification for equity securities with readily determinable fair values. For financial liabilities when the fair value option has been elected, changes in fair value due to instrument-specific credit risk will be recognized separately in other comprehensive income. In addition, the FASB clarified guidance related to the valuation allowance assessment when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities. The guidance was effective January 1, 2018, and will be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements. Lease accounting - In February 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance that revises the accounting for leases. Under the new guidance, lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases. The new guidance will continue to classify leases as either financing or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition. The accounting applied by a lessor under the new guidance will be substantially equivalent to current lease accounting guidance. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The new standard is required to be applied with a modified retrospective approach to each prior reporting period presented and provides for certain practical expedients. An implementation team is in the process of evaluating the effect of the new guidance on our financial statements. We plan to adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2019. Stock-based compensation - In March 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payments. The new guidance changes how reporting entities account for certain aspects of share-based payments, including the accounting for income taxes and the classification of the tax impact on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow. Under the new guidance all excess tax benefits and deficiencies during the period are recognized in income (rather than equity) on a prospective basis. The guidance removes the requirement to delay recognition of excess tax benefits until it reduces income taxes currently payable. This change was required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to opening retained earnings in the period of adoption. In addition, Cash flows related to excess tax benefits are now included in Cash provided by operating activities and will no longer be separately classified as a financing activity. This change was adopted retrospectively. The guidance was effective January 1, 2017, and did not have a material impact on our financial statements. Measurement of credit losses on financial instruments - In June 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance to introduce a new model for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments based on an estimate of current expected credit losses. The new guidance will apply to loans, accounts receivable, trade receivables, other financial assets measured at amortized cost, loan commitments and other off-balance sheet credit exposures. The new guidance will also apply to debt securities and other financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted beginning January 1, 2019. We are in the process of evaluating the effect of the new guidance on our financial statements. Classification for certain cash receipts and cash payments - In August 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance related to the presentation and classification of certain transactions in the statement of cash flows where diversity in practice exists. The guidance was effective January 1, 2018, and we do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements. Tax accounting for intra-entity asset transfers - In October 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance that requires the tax effects of intra-entity asset transfers to be recognized in the period when the transfer occurs. Under previous guidance, the tax effects of intra-entity sales of assets were deferred until the transferred asset was sold to a third party or otherwise recovered through use. The new guidance does not apply to intra-entity transfers of inventory. The guidance was effective January 1, 2018, and will be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements. Classification of restricted cash - In November 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance related to the presentation and classification of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows where diversity in practice exists. The new standard is required to be applied with a retrospective approach. The guidance was effective January 1, 2018, and we do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements. Clarification on the definition of a business - In January 2017, the FASB issued accounting guidance to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The guidance was effective January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2017, and the adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements. Simplifying the measurement for goodwill - In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment. The guidance removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The new guidance will be applied prospectively and is effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted beginning January 1, 2017. We adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements. Presentation of net periodic pension costs and net periodic postretirement benefit costs - In March 2017, the FASB issued accounting guidance that will require that an employer disaggregate the service cost component from the other components of net benefit cost. Service cost is required to be reported in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net periodic benefit cost are required to be reported outside the subtotal for income from operations. Additionally, only the service cost component of net benefit costs are eligible for capitalization. The guidance was effective January 1, 2018, and we will apply the presentation changes retrospectively and the capitalization change prospectively. The adoption primarily results in the reclassification of other components of net periodic benefit cost outside of Operating profit in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. Premium amortization on purchased callable debt securities - In March 2017, the FASB issued accounting guidance related to the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium. Securities held at a premium will be required to be amortized to the earliest call date rather than the maturity date. The new standard is required to be applied with a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The guidance is effective January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements. Clarification on stock-based compensation - In May 2017, the FASB issued accounting guidance to clarify which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. The new standard is required to be applied prospectively. The guidance was effective January 1, 2018, and we do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements. Derivatives and hedging - In August 2017, the FASB issued accounting guidance to better align hedge accounting with a company’s risk management activities, simplify the application of hedge accounting and improve the disclosures of hedging arrangements. The new guidance is required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to opening retained earnings in the period of adoption. The guidance is effective January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The impact on our financial statements at the time of adoption will primarily be reclassification of our gains (losses) for designated ME&T foreign exchange contracts from Other income (expense) to other components of Operating profit in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. |
Stock-based compensation
Stock-based compensation | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] | |
Stock-based compensation | Stock-based compensation Our stock-based compensation plans primarily provide for the granting of stock options, stock-settled stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs) to Officers and other key employees, as well as non-employee Directors. Stock options permit a holder to buy Caterpillar stock at the stock’s price when the option was granted. SARs permit a holder the right to receive the value in shares of the appreciation in Caterpillar stock that occurred from the date the right was granted up to the date of exercise. RSUs are agreements to issue shares of Caterpillar stock at the time of vesting. PRSUs are similar to RSUs and include performance conditions in the vesting terms of the award. Our long-standing practices and policies specify that all stock-based compensation awards are approved by the Compensation Committee (the Committee) of the Board of Directors. The award approval process specifies the grant date, value and terms of the award. The same terms and conditions are consistently applied to all employee grants, including Officers. The Committee approves all individual Officer grants. The number of stock-based compensation award units included in an individual’s award is determined based on the methodology approved by the Committee. The exercise price methodology approved by the Committee is the closing price of the Company stock on the date of the grant. In June of 2014, shareholders approved the Caterpillar Inc. 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the Plan) under which all new stock-based compensation awards are granted. In June of 2017, the Plan was amended and restated. The Plan initially provided that up to 38,800,000 Common Shares would be reserved for future issuance under the Plan, subject to adjustment in certain events. Upon shareholder approval of the amendment and restatement of the Plan, an additional 36,000,000 Common Shares became available for all awards under the Plan. Common stock issued from Treasury stock under the plans totaled 11,139,748 for 2017 , 4,164,134 for 2016 and 2,931,595 for 2015 . The total number of shares authorized for equity awards under the amended and restated Caterpillar Inc. 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan is 74,800,000 , of which 47,352,427 shares remained available for issuance as of December 31, 2017. Stock option and RSU awards generally vest according to a three -year graded vesting schedule. One-third of the award will become vested on the first anniversary of the grant date, one-third of the award will become vested on the second anniversary of the grant date and one-third of the award will become vested on the third anniversary of the grant date. PRSU awards generally have a three -year performance period and cliff vest at the end of the period based upon achievement of performance targets established at the time of grant. Upon separation from service, if the participant is 55 years of age or older with more than five years of service, the participant meets the criteria for a "Long Service Separation." Award terms for awards granted in 2016 and 2015 allow for immediate vesting upon separation of all outstanding options and RSUs with no requisite service period for employees who meet the criteria for a "Long Service Separation." Compensation expense for the 2016 and 2015 grants was fully recognized immediately on the grant date for these employees. Award terms for the 2017 grant allow for continued vesting as of each vesting date specified in the award document for employees who meet the criteria for a "Long Service Separation" and fulfill a requisite service period of six months. Compensation expense for eligible employees for the 2017 grant was recognized over the period from the grant date to the end date of the six-month requisite service period. For employees who become eligible for a "Long Service Separation" subsequent to the end date of the six-month requisite service period and prior to the completion of the vesting period, compensation expense is recognized over the period from the grant date to the date eligibility is achieved. At grant, SARs and option awards have a term life of ten years . For awards granted prior to 2016, if the “Long Service Separation” criteria are met, the vested options/SARs have a life that is the lesser of ten years from the original grant date or five years from the separation date. For awards granted in 2017 and 2016, the vested options/SARs have a life equal to ten years from the original grant date. Prior to 2017, all outstanding PRSU awards granted to employees eligible for a "Long Service Separation" may vest at the end of the performance period based upon achievement of the performance target. Compensation expense for the 2016 and 2015 PRSU grants was fully recognized immediately on the grant date for these employees. For PRSU awards granted in 2017, only a prorated number of shares may vest at the end of the performance period based upon achievement of the performance target, with the proration based upon the number of months of continuous employment during the three-year performance period. Employees with a "Long Service Separation" must also fulfill a six-month requisite service period in order to be eligible for the prorated vesting of outstanding PRSU awards granted in 2017. Compensation expense for the 2017 PRSU grant is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the three-year performance period for all participants. Accounting guidance on share-based payments requires companies to estimate the fair value of options/SARs on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The fair value of our option/SAR grants was estimated using a lattice-based option-pricing model. The lattice-based option-pricing model considers a range of assumptions related to volatility, risk-free interest rate and historical employee behavior. Expected volatility was based on historical Caterpillar stock price movement and current implied volatilities from traded options on Caterpillar stock. The risk-free interest rate was based on U.S. Treasury security yields at the time of grant. The weighted-average dividend yield was based on historical information. The expected life was determined from the lattice-based model. The lattice-based model incorporated exercise and post vesting forfeiture assumptions based on analysis of historical data. The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the Option/SAR awards for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively. Grant Year 2017 2016 2015 Weighted-average dividend yield 3.4 % 3.2 % 2.3 % Weighted-average volatility 29.2 % 31.1 % 28.4 % Range of volatilities 22.1-33.0% 22.5-33.4% 19.9-35.9% Range of risk-free interest rates 0.81-2.35% 0.62-1.73% 0.22-2.08% Weighted-average expected lives 8 years 8 years 8 years The fair value of RSU and PRSU grants was estimated by reducing the stock price on the date of grant by the present value of the estimated dividends to be paid during the vesting period. The estimated dividends are based on Caterpillar’s quarterly dividend per share at the time of the grant. Please refer to Tables I and II below for additional information on our stock-based compensation awards. TABLE I — Financial Information Related to Stock-based Compensation Stock options / SARs RSUs PRSUs Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding at January 1, 2017 32,064,790 $ 82.13 3,071,014 $ 78.50 710,286 $ 66.92 Granted to officers and key employees 1 2,701,644 $ 95.66 924,421 $ 90.11 437,385 $ 86.78 Exercised (12,997,205 ) $ 76.89 — $ — — $ — Vested — $ — (1,982,565 ) $ 82.37 (129,000 ) $ 77.47 Forfeited / expired (269,334 ) $ 94.23 (48,353 ) $ 79.43 (11,680 ) $ 78.14 Outstanding at December 31, 2017 21,499,895 $ 86.86 1,964,517 $ 80.04 1,006,991 $ 74.06 Exercisable at December 31, 2017 15,309,691 $ 87.29 Stock options/SARs outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2017: Outstanding Exercisable Exercise Prices Shares Outstanding at 12/31/17 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value 2 Shares Outstanding at 12/31/17 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value 2 $22.17 - 57.85 1,562,670 1.96 $ 50.47 $ 167 1,562,670 1.96 $ 50.47 $ 167 $73.20 - 74.77 3,577,767 8.02 $ 74.74 296 1,645,141 7.83 $ 74.70 136 $83.00 5,266,798 7.17 $ 83.00 393 3,630,345 7.17 $ 83.00 271 $89.75 - 96.31 7,912,539 6.88 $ 94.17 502 5,291,414 5.74 $ 93.44 339 $102.13 - 110.09 3,180,121 3.74 $ 106.55 162 3,180,121 3.74 $ 106.55 162 21,499,895 $ 86.86 $ 1,520 15,309,691 $ 87.29 $ 1,075 1 No SARs were granted during the year ended December 31, 2017 . 2 The difference between a stock award’s exercise price and the underlying stock’s closing market price at December 31, 2017 , for awards with market price greater than the exercise price. Amounts are in millions of dollars. The computations of weighted-average exercise prices and aggregate intrinsic values are not applicable to RSUs or PRSUs since these awards represent an agreement to issue shares of stock at the time of vesting. At December 31, 2017 , there were 1,964,517 outstanding RSUs with a weighted average remaining contractual life of 0.8 years and 1,006,991 outstanding PRSUs with a weighted-average remaining contractual life of 1.4 years . TABLE II— Additional Stock-based Award Information (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2017 2016 2015 Stock options/SARs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 25.01 $ 20.64 $ 23.61 Intrinsic value of stock awards exercised $ 504 $ 185 $ 93 Fair value of stock awards vested 1 $ 191 $ 163 $ 155 Cash received from stock awards exercised $ 629 $ 30 $ 59 RSUs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 90.11 $ 68.04 $ 77.55 Fair value of stock awards vested 2 $ 189 $ 162 $ 109 PRSUs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 86.78 $ 64.71 $ 77.47 Fair value of stock awards vested 2 $ 20 $ — $ — 1 Based on the grant date fair value. 2 Based on the underlying stock's closing market price on the vesting date. In accordance with guidance on share-based payments, stock-based compensation expense is based on the grant date fair value and is classified within Cost of goods sold, Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development expenses corresponding to the same line item as the cash compensation paid to respective employees, officers and non-employee directors. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for awards with terms that specify cliff or graded vesting and contain only service conditions. Stock-based compensation expense for PRSUs is based on the probable number of shares expected to vest and is recognized primarily on a straight-line basis. Before tax, stock-based compensation expense for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 was $206 million , $218 million and $283 million , respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $40 million , $61 million and $87 million , respectively. The amount of stock-based compensation expense capitalized for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 did not have a significant impact on our financial statements. At December 31, 2017 , there was $150 million of total unrecognized compensation cost from stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans, which is related to non-vested stock-based awards. The compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years . We currently use shares in treasury stock to satisfy share award exercises. The cash tax benefits realized from stock awards exercised for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 were $205 million , $104 million and $68 million , respectively. We use the direct only method and tax law ordering approach to calculate the tax effects of stock-based compensation. |
Derivative financial instrument
Derivative financial instruments and risk management | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Derivative financial instruments and risk management | Derivative financial instruments and risk management Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts. Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers. Risk management practices, including the use of financial derivative instruments, are presented to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors at least annually. All derivatives are recognized in Statement 3 at their fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), to the extent effective, in Statement 3 until they are reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments and the ineffective portion of designated derivative instruments are reported in current earnings. Cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged on Statement 5. Cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments are included in the investing category on Statement 5. We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities in Statement 3 and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow. We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items. When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting. A. Foreign currency exchange rate risk Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to five years . As of December 31, 2017 , the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 51 months . We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, euro, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Norwegian krona, Singapore dollar, or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of Machinery, Energy & Transportation foreign currency contracts are undesignated. As of December 31, 2017 , $5 million of deferred net losses, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in Statement 3), are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Other income (expense) in Statement 1) over the next twelve months when earnings are affected by the hedged transactions. The actual amount recorded in Other income (expense) will vary based on exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings. In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions, and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities, and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed rate assets and liabilities. B. Interest rate risk Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding. Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds. Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract. Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of their receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move. Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products. The gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation are amortized into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item. C. Commodity price risk Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw material. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers. Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use. Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five -year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated. The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in Statement 3 are as follows: Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Location Asset (Liability) Fair Value (Millions of dollars) Years ended December 31, 2017 2016 Designated derivatives Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other $ 8 $ 13 Machinery, Energy & Transportation Long-term receivables — trade and other 4 — Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses (14 ) (93 ) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other liabilities (2 ) (36 ) Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other 7 29 Financial Products Accrued expenses (57 ) (3 ) Interest rate contracts Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other 3 4 Financial Products Accrued expenses (2 ) (1 ) $ (53 ) $ (87 ) Undesignated derivatives Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other $ 19 $ — Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses (9 ) (30 ) Financial Products Receivables — trade and other 12 39 Financial Products Accrued expenses (9 ) (4 ) Commodity contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other 21 10 $ 34 $ 15 The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments are as follows: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 3,190 $ 2,530 Financial Products $ 3,691 $ 2,626 The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amounts exchanged by the parties are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices. The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Statement 1 is as follows: Fair Value Hedges Year ended December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (2 ) $ 2 $ (2 ) $ 2 Year ended December 31, 2016 Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (12 ) $ 11 $ (12 ) $ 11 Year ended December 31, 2015 Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (27 ) $ 26 $ (27 ) $ 26 Cash Flow Hedges (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2017 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 72 Other income (expense) $ (40 ) $ — Financial Products (77 ) Other income (expense) (81 ) — Financial Products — Interest expense of Financial Products 6 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (9 ) — Financial Products — Interest expense of Financial Products 3 — $ (5 ) $ (121 ) $ — Year ended December 31, 2016 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (118 ) Other income (expense) $ (14 ) $ — Financial Products 15 Other income (expense) 28 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) — Financial Products 8 Interest expense of Financial Products (3 ) — $ (95 ) $ 5 $ — Year ended December 31, 2015 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (33 ) Other income (expense) $ (128 ) $ — Financial Products — Other income (expense) 1 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) — Financial Products 3 Interest expense of Financial Products (6 ) — $ (30 ) $ (139 ) $ — The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on Statement 1 is as follows: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) Classification of Gains (Losses) 2017 2016 2015 Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) $ 72 $ (4 ) $ (32 ) Financial Products Other income (expense) 9 (24 ) (34 ) Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) — 2 2 Commodity contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) 30 16 (23 ) $ 111 $ (10 ) $ (87 ) We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements generally also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event. Collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements. The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event is as follows: December 31, 2017 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount of Assets Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 52 $ — $ 52 $ (22 ) $ — $ 30 Financial Products 22 — 22 (10 ) — 12 Total $ 74 $ — $ 74 $ (32 ) $ — $ 42 December 31, 2017 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount of Liabilities Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (25 ) $ — $ (25 ) $ 22 $ — $ (3 ) Financial Products (68 ) — (68 ) 10 — (58 ) Total $ (93 ) $ — $ (93 ) $ 32 $ — $ (61 ) December 31, 2016 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount of Assets Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 23 $ — $ 23 $ (21 ) $ — $ 2 Financial Products 72 — 72 (7 ) — 65 Total $ 95 $ — $ 95 $ (28 ) $ — $ 67 December 31, 2016 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount of Liabilities Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (159 ) $ — $ (159 ) $ 21 $ — $ (138 ) Financial Products (8 ) — (8 ) 7 — (1 ) Total $ (167 ) $ — $ (167 ) $ 28 $ — $ (139 ) |
Other income (expense)
Other income (expense) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract] | |
Other income (expense) | Other income (expense) Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Investment and interest income $ 122 $ 74 $ 65 Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1 (213 ) (57 ) (173 ) License fee income 100 92 111 Gains (losses) on sale of securities and affiliated companies 187 3 47 176 2 Miscellaneous income (loss) 11 (10 ) (18 ) Total $ 207 $ 146 $ 161 1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 3 for further details. 2 Includes pretax gain of $120 million related to the sale of Caterpillar's equity interest in the third party logistics business. 3 Includes pretax gain of $85 million related to the sale of Caterpillar's equity interest in Iron Planet Holdings Inc. See Note 9 for further details. |
Income taxes
Income taxes | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Income taxes | Income taxes On December 22, 2017, U.S. tax legislation was enacted containing a broad range of tax reform provisions including a corporate tax rate reduction and changes in the U.S. taxation of non-U.S. earnings. We have not completed our accounting for the income tax effects of U.S. tax reform. However, we have made a reasonable estimate of the 2017 financial statement impact as of January 18, 2018, and recognized a provisional charge of $2.371 billion . We will continue to update our calculations as additional required information is prepared and analyzed, interpretations and assumptions are refined, additional guidance is issued, and due to actions we may take as a result of the legislation. These updates could significantly impact the provision for income taxes, the amount of taxes payable, and the deferred tax asset and liability balances. The provisionally estimated charge includes a $596 million write-down of net deferred tax assets to reflect the reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent beginning January 1, 2018. We are still analyzing certain aspects of the law and refining our calculations of basis differences as of December 31, 2017, which could affect the measurement of these balances. The provisionally estimated charge includes $1.775 billion for the estimated cost of a mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings, including changes in the deferred tax liability related to the amount of earnings considered not indefinitely reinvested as well as the amount of unrecognized tax benefits and state tax liabilities associated with these tax positions. The U.S. federal tax cost for the mandatory deemed repatriation is computed at 15.5 percent for non-U.S. earnings held in liquid assets and 8 percent for non-liquid assets, reduced by applicable foreign tax credits. These estimates are provisional due to additional information and analysis required to determine cumulative taxable earnings since 1986 for non-U.S. subsidiaries at two separate points in time and to determine the amount of earnings that are held in liquid versus non-liquid assets as defined in the new legislation at several different measurement periods. In addition, information is being gathered and analyzed to support available foreign tax credits including estimates of credit utilization and valuation allowance considerations for any remaining foreign tax credit carryforward. Due to uncertainty about aspects of the tax law, we have made various assumptions to determine our reasonable estimate that we expect to refine as additional guidance is issued. As a result of U.S. tax reform legislation, distributions of profits from non-U.S. subsidiaries are not expected to cause a significant U.S. tax impact in the future. However, these distributions may be subject to non-U.S. withholding taxes if profits are distributed from certain jurisdictions. We have recorded a deferred tax liability of $138 million for withholding taxes in non-U.S. jurisdictions where earnings are not considered indefinitely reinvested. Additional information and analysis are needed to determine the final amount of deferred tax liability considering factors such as whether non-U.S. entities are subject to withholding taxes, have reserve requirements, or have projected working capital and other capital needs in the country where the earnings were generated that would result in a decision to indefinitely reinvest a portion or all their earnings. Reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to effective rate: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Taxes at U.S. statutory rate $ 1,429 35.0 % $ 49 35.0 % $ 1,203 35.0 % (Decreases) increases resulting from: Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35% (282 ) (6.9 )% (119 ) (85.6 )% (236 ) (6.9 )% State and local taxes, net of federal 1 27 0.7 % (1 ) (0.7 )% 24 0.7 % Interest and penalties, net of tax 28 0.7 % 24 17.2 % 12 0.4 % U.S. research and production incentives (52 ) (1.3 )% (52 ) (37.4 )% (95 ) (2.7 )% ESOP dividend tax benefit (21 ) (0.5 )% (27 ) (19.4 )% (27 ) (0.8 )% Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation (64 ) (1.6 )% — — % — — % U.S. deferred tax rate change 596 14.6 % — — % — — % Mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings 1,775 43.5 % — — % — — % Valuation allowances (111 ) (2.7 )% 141 101.4 % — — % Nondeductible goodwill 2 — — % 191 137.4 % — — % Prior year tax and interest adjustments — — % — — % 42 1.2 % Other—net 14 0.3 % (14 ) (10.1 )% (7 ) (0.2 )% Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 3,339 81.8 % $ 192 137.8 % $ 916 26.7 % 1 Excludes amounts included in valuation allowances and mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings. 2 Portion of Surface Mining & Technology goodwill impairment not deductible for tax purposes. See Note 10 for further discussion. Included in the line item above labeled "Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35%" are the effects of earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at local tax rates, changes in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits associated with these earnings, losses at non-U.S. subsidiaries without local tax benefits due to valuation allowances, and other permanent differences between tax and U.S. GAAP results. Caterpillar SARL (CSARL), primarily taxable locally in Switzerland, contributes the most significant amount of this line item. Although not individually significant by jurisdiction, pre-tax permanent differences due to nondeductible net foreign exchange gains/losses of non-U.S. subsidiaries were approximately $160 million of net gains in 2017 and $130 million of net losses in 2016 and 2015 . The provision for income taxes for 2017 also includes a decrease in the valuation allowance for U.S. state deferred tax assets resulting in a $111 million non-cash benefit, net of federal deferred tax adjustment at 35 percent . The primary driver of the decrease is improved U.S. GAAP profits expected to recur in certain state jurisdictions. This reverses a significant portion of the increase in the valuation allowance for U.S. state deferred tax assets in 2016 that resulted in a $141 million non-cash charge, net of federal deferred tax adjustment at 35 percent . The provision for income taxes for 2015 included a prior year net tax and interest charge of $42 million to increase unrecognized tax benefits by $68 million offset by a benefit of $26 million to record U.S. refund claims related to prior tax years currently under examination. In the audit of 2007 to 2009 including the loss carryback to 2005, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) disallowed approximately $125 million of foreign tax credits that arose as a result of certain financings unrelated to CSARL. Decisions of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit involving other taxpayers in 2015 caused us to conclude the benefits of this uncertain tax position were no longer more likely than not to be sustained based on technical merits resulting in an increase of $68 million to unrecognized tax benefits. We continue to monitor ongoing court cases involving other taxpayers for information that may impact our analysis of this tax position. The components of profit (loss) before taxes were: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 U.S. $ 240 $ (2,053 ) $ 636 Non-U.S. 3,842 2,192 2,803 $ 4,082 $ 139 $ 3,439 Profit before taxes, as shown above, is based on the location of the entity to which such earnings are attributable. Where an entity’s earnings are subject to taxation, however, may not correlate solely to where an entity is located. Thus, the income tax provision shown below as U.S. or non-U.S. may not correspond to the earnings shown above. The components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes were: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Current tax provision (benefit): U.S. 1 $ 963 $ (90 ) $ 525 Non-U.S. 1,124 718 656 State (U.S.) 39 (5 ) 42 2,126 623 1,223 Deferred tax provision (benefit): U.S. 1 1,385 (544 ) (367 ) Non-U.S. (17 ) (108 ) 66 State (U.S.) (155 ) 221 (6 ) 1,213 (431 ) (307 ) Total provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 3,339 $ 192 $ 916 1 Includes U.S. taxes related to non-U.S. earnings. We paid net income tax and related interest of $1,404 million , $522 million and $1,143 million in 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively. Accounting for income taxes under U.S. GAAP requires that individual tax-paying entities of the company offset all deferred tax liabilities and assets within each particular tax jurisdiction and present them as a noncurrent deferred tax liability or asset in the Consolidated Financial Position. Amounts in different tax jurisdictions cannot be offset against each other. The amount of deferred income taxes at December 31, included on the following lines in Statement 3, are as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Assets: Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes 1,569 2,683 Liabilities: Other liabilities 281 237 Deferred income taxes—net $ 1,288 $ 2,446 Deferred income tax assets and liabilities: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Deferred income tax assets: Tax carryforwards $ 1,286 $ 1,999 Pension 980 1,887 Postemployment benefits other than pensions 841 1,318 Warranty reserves 226 339 Stock-based compensation 135 316 Allowance for credit losses 149 209 Post sale discounts 160 207 Other employee compensation and benefits 203 262 Other—net 302 569 4,282 7,106 Deferred income tax liabilities: Capital and intangible assets (1,360 ) (2,455 ) Bond discount (133 ) (223 ) Translation (165 ) (368 ) Other outside basis differences (205 ) (227 ) Undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries (138 ) (285 ) (2,001 ) (3,558 ) Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets (993 ) (1,102 ) Deferred income taxes—net $ 1,288 $ 2,446 At December 31, 2017 , approximately $1,437 million of U.S. state tax net operating losses (NOLs) and $124 million of U.S. state tax credit carryforwards were available. The state NOLs primarily expire over the next twenty years . The state tax credit carryforwards primarily expire over the next fifteen years . In total, we have established a valuation allowance of $269 million related to certain of these carryforwards along with other U.S. state deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2017 , amounts and expiration dates of net operating loss carryforwards in various non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions were: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021-2023 2024-2038 Unlimited Total $ 23 $ 133 $ 212 $ 272 $ 223 $ 3,625 $ 4,488 At December 31, 2017 , non-U.S. entities that have not yet demonstrated consistent and/or sustainable profitability to support the realization of net deferred tax assets have recorded valuation allowances of $724 million , including certain entities in Luxembourg. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, including positions impacting only the timing of tax benefits, follows. Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits: 1 Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Balance at January 1, $ 1,032 $ 968 Additions for tax positions related to current year 270 73 Additions for tax positions related to prior years 20 55 Reductions for tax positions related to prior years (27 ) (36 ) Reductions for settlements 2 (9 ) (24 ) Reductions for expiration of statute of limitations — (4 ) Balance at December 31, $ 1,286 $ 1,032 Amount that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate $ 1,209 $ 963 1 Foreign currency impacts are included within each line as applicable. 2 Includes cash payment or other reduction of assets to settle liability. We classify interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of the provision for income taxes. We recognized a net provision for interest and penalties of $38 million , $34 million and $20 million during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively. The total amount of interest and penalties accrued was $157 million and $120 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. On January 31, 2018, we received a Revenue Agent's Report from the IRS indicating the end of the field examination of our U.S. income tax returns for 2010 to 2012. In the audits of 2007 to 2012 including the impact of a loss carryback to 2005, the IRS has proposed to tax in the United States profits earned from certain parts transactions by CSARL, based on the IRS examination team’s application of the “substance-over-form” or “assignment-of-income” judicial doctrines. We are vigorously contesting the proposed increases to tax and penalties for these years of approximately $2.3 billion . We believe that the relevant transactions complied with applicable tax laws and did not violate judicial doctrines. We have filed U.S. income tax returns on this same basis for years after 2012. Based on the information currently available, we do not anticipate a significant increase or decrease to our unrecognized tax benefits for this matter within the next 12 months. We currently believe the ultimate disposition of this matter will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations. With the exception of a loss carryback to 2005, tax years prior to 2007 are generally no longer subject to U.S. tax assessment. In our major non-U.S. jurisdictions including Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Switzerland, Singapore and the U.K., tax years are typically subject to examination for three to ten years . Due to the uncertainty related to the timing and potential outcome of audits, we cannot estimate the range of reasonably possible change in unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months. |
Cat Financial Financing Activit
Cat Financial Financing Activities | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Receivables [Abstract] | |
Cat Financial Financing Activities | Cat Financial Financing Activities A. Wholesale inventory receivables Wholesale inventory receivables are receivables of Cat Financial that arise when Cat Financial provides financing for a dealer’s purchase of inventory. These receivables are included in Receivables—trade and other and Long-term receivables—trade and other in Statement 3 and were $1,398 million and $1,727 million , at December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Contractual maturities of outstanding wholesale inventory receivables: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2017 Amounts Due In Wholesale Installment Contracts Wholesale Finance Leases Wholesale Notes Total 2018 $ 164 $ 67 $ 527 $ 758 2019 114 49 127 290 2020 75 28 83 186 2021 36 17 9 62 2022 11 7 5 23 Thereafter — 3 11 14 400 171 762 1,333 Guaranteed residual value — 54 — 54 Unguaranteed residual value — 37 — 37 Less: Unearned income (7 ) (17 ) (2 ) (26 ) Total $ 393 $ 245 $ 760 $ 1,398 Cat Financial’s wholesale inventory receivables generally may be repaid or refinanced without penalty prior to contractual maturity. Accordingly, this presentation should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections. Please refer to Note 18 and Table III for fair value information. B. Finance receivables Finance receivables are receivables of Cat Financial and are reported in Statement 3 net of an allowance for credit losses. Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2017 Amounts Due In Retail Installment Contracts Retail Finance Leases Retail Notes Total 2018 $ 2,644 $ 2,713 $ 3,511 $ 8,868 2019 1,925 1,887 1,504 5,316 2020 1,212 1,059 1,439 3,710 2021 595 432 1,157 2,184 2022 201 148 864 1,213 Thereafter 26 56 846 928 6,603 6,295 9,321 22,219 Guaranteed residual value — 402 — 402 Unguaranteed residual value — 804 — 804 Less: Unearned income (145 ) (588 ) (60 ) (793 ) Total $ 6,458 $ 6,913 $ 9,261 $ 22,632 Cat Financial’s finance receivables generally may be repaid or refinanced without penalty prior to contractual maturity. Accordingly, this presentation should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections. Please refer to Note 18 and Table III for fair value information. C. Allowance for credit losses The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the losses inherent in Cat Financial’s finance receivable portfolio and includes consideration of accounts that have been individually identified as impaired, as well as pools of finance receivables where it is probable that certain receivables in the pool are impaired but the individual accounts cannot yet be identified. In identifying and measuring impairment, management takes into consideration past loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and current economic conditions. Accounts are identified for individual review based on past-due status and information available about the customer, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings, as well as general information regarding industry trends and the economic environment in which Cat Financial’s customers operate. The allowance for credit losses attributable to finance receivables that are individually evaluated and determined to be impaired is based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable. In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial also considers credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees. The allowance for credit losses attributable to the remaining accounts not yet individually identified as impaired is estimated based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default, our estimate of the loss emergence period and the estimated loss given default. In addition, qualitative factors not able to be fully captured in the loss forecast models including industry trends, macroeconomic factors and model imprecision are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment. Cat Financial’s allowance for credit losses is segregated into two portfolio segments: • Customer - Finance receivables with retail customers. • Dealer - Finance receivables with Caterpillar dealers. A portfolio segment is the level at which the Company develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Typically, Cat Financial’s finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial’s classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows: • North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States and Canada. • Europe - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States. • Asia Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia. • Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide and project financing in various countries. • Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico, Central and South American countries. • Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines worldwide and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems worldwide. An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2017 Customer Dealer Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Receivables written off (157 ) — (157 ) Recoveries on receivables previously written off 43 — 43 Provision for credit losses 129 (1 ) 128 Other 7 — 7 Balance at end of year $ 353 $ 9 $ 362 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 149 $ — $ 149 Collectively evaluated for impairment 204 9 213 Ending Balance $ 353 $ 9 $ 362 Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 942 $ — $ 942 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,226 3,464 21,690 Ending Balance $ 19,168 $ 3,464 $ 22,632 (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Customer Dealer Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 327 $ 9 $ 336 Receivables written off (158 ) — (158 ) Recoveries on receivables previously written off 35 — 35 Provision for credit losses 132 1 133 Other (5 ) — (5 ) Balance at end of year $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 85 $ — $ 85 Collectively evaluated for impairment 246 10 256 Ending Balance $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 786 $ — $ 786 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,236 3,375 21,611 Ending Balance $ 19,022 $ 3,375 $ 22,397 Credit quality of finance receivables At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit-rating agency ratings, loan-to-value ratios and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status and collection experience as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire recorded investment in finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. The tables below summarize the recorded investment of finance receivables by aging category. (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2017 31-60 Days Past Due 61-90 Days Past Due 91+ Days Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Finance Receivables 91+ Still Accruing Customer North America $ 71 $ 15 $ 42 $ 128 $ 7,950 $ 8,078 $ 8 Europe 21 10 46 77 2,718 2,795 13 Asia Pacific 13 7 14 34 2,009 2,043 5 Mining 3 1 60 64 1,751 1,815 9 Latin America 37 55 142 234 1,531 1,765 — Caterpillar Power Finance 20 32 144 196 2,476 2,672 1 Dealer North America — — — — 1,920 1,920 — Europe — — — — 222 222 — Asia Pacific — — — — 553 553 — Mining — — — — 4 4 — Latin America — 72 — 72 691 763 — Caterpillar Power Finance — — — — 2 2 — Total $ 165 $ 192 $ 448 $ 805 $ 21,827 $ 22,632 $ 36 (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 31-60 Days Past Due 61-90 Days Past Due 91+ Days Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Finance Receivables 91+ Still Accruing Customer North America $ 50 $ 16 $ 59 $ 125 $ 7,938 $ 8,063 $ 5 Europe 16 12 39 67 2,388 2,455 6 Asia Pacific 17 7 15 39 1,435 1,474 4 Mining 3 2 63 68 1,756 1,824 2 Latin America 40 33 214 287 1,808 2,095 — Caterpillar Power Finance 11 9 73 93 3,018 3,111 1 Dealer North America — — — — 1,916 1,916 — Europe — — — — 161 161 — Asia Pacific — — — — 541 541 — Mining — — — — 3 3 — Latin America — — — — 752 752 — Caterpillar Power Finance — — — — 2 2 — Total $ 137 $ 79 $ 463 $ 679 $ 21,718 $ 22,397 $ 18 Impaired finance receivables For all classes, a finance receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that Cat Financial will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms. Impaired finance receivables include finance receivables that have been restructured and are considered to be troubled debt restructurings. There were no impaired finance receivables as of December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial’s recorded investment in impaired finance receivables and the related unpaid principal balances and allowance for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Recorded Unpaid Principal Balance Related Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded North America $ 19 $ 19 $ — $ 10 $ 10 $ — Europe 45 45 — 49 48 — Asia Pacific 34 33 — 3 2 — Mining 121 121 — 129 129 — Latin America 45 45 — 68 68 — Caterpillar Power Finance 160 172 — 271 271 — Total $ 424 $ 435 $ — $ 530 $ 528 $ — Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded North America $ 44 $ 43 $ 17 $ 61 $ 60 $ 22 Europe 9 8 5 7 7 3 Asia Pacific 8 8 2 50 50 8 Mining — — — — — — Latin America 95 106 42 93 104 34 Caterpillar Power Finance 362 365 83 45 44 18 Total $ 518 $ 530 $ 149 $ 256 $ 265 $ 85 Total Impaired Finance Receivables North America $ 63 $ 62 $ 17 $ 71 $ 70 $ 22 Europe 54 53 5 56 55 3 Asia Pacific 42 41 2 53 52 8 Mining 121 121 — 129 129 — Latin America 140 151 42 161 172 34 Caterpillar Power Finance 522 537 83 316 315 18 Total $ 942 $ 965 $ 149 $ 786 $ 793 $ 85 Years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (Millions of dollars) Average Recorded Investment Interest Average Recorded Investment Interest Average Recorded Investment Interest Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded North America $ 13 $ 1 $ 18 $ 1 $ 12 $ 1 Europe 48 1 46 1 42 1 Asia Pacific 24 2 2 — 2 — Mining 126 7 98 4 75 3 Latin America 64 3 47 1 31 — Caterpillar Power Finance 221 9 270 11 170 5 Total $ 496 $ 23 $ 481 $ 18 $ 332 $ 10 Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded North America $ 49 $ 1 $ 34 $ — $ 9 $ — Europe 6 — 11 1 14 1 Asia Pacific 31 2 37 3 35 2 Mining — — 13 — 39 1 Latin America 99 4 66 2 56 3 Caterpillar Power Finance 180 6 50 1 115 3 Total $ 365 $ 13 $ 211 $ 7 $ 268 $ 10 Total Impaired Finance Receivables North America $ 62 $ 2 $ 52 $ 1 $ 21 $ 1 Europe 54 1 57 2 56 2 Asia Pacific 55 4 39 3 37 2 Mining 126 7 111 4 114 4 Latin America 163 7 113 3 87 3 Caterpillar Power Finance 401 15 320 12 285 8 Total $ 861 $ 36 $ 692 $ 25 $ 600 $ 20 Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when the finance receivable becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 there were no finance receivable on non-accrual status for the Dealer portfolio segment. The recorded investment in Customer finance receivable on non-accrual status was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 North America $ 38 $ 66 Europe 37 35 Asia Pacific 10 12 Mining 63 69 Latin America 192 307 Caterpillar Power Finance 343 90 Total $ 683 $ 579 Troubled Debt Restructurings A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, extended skip payment periods and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest. As of December 31, 2017, there were no additional funds committed to lend to a borrower whose terms have been modified in a TDR. As of December 31, 2016, there were $11 million of additional funds committed to lend to a borrower whose terms have been modified in a TDR. There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 or 2015 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial's recorded investment in finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2017 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 43 $ 34 $ 35 Europe 4 1 1 Asia Pacific 10 39 31 Mining 2 57 56 Latin America 17 26 27 Caterpillar Power Finance 1 68 422 407 Total 144 $ 579 $ 557 Year ended December 31, 2016 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 25 $ 25 $ 25 Europe 43 12 9 Asia Pacific 31 29 28 Mining 4 74 66 Latin America 2 437 118 82 Caterpillar Power Finance 34 196 177 Total 574 $ 454 $ 387 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 14 $ 1 $ 1 Europe 23 2 2 Asia Pacific 21 26 26 Mining 4 65 65 Latin America 11 1 2 Caterpillar Power Finance 21 259 242 Total 94 $ 354 $ 338 1 In Caterpillar Power Finance, 48 contracts with a pre-TDR recorded investment of $265 million and a post-TDR recorded investment of $258 million are related to six customers. 2 In Latin America, 321 contracts with a pre-TDR recorded investment of $94 million and a post-TDR recorded investment of $64 million are related to four customers. TDRs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2017 Year ended December 31, 2016 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR North America 4 $ 3 5 $ 2 7 $ 1 Europe 1 — 5 2 — — Asia Pacific 4 1 1 — — — Latin America 1 243 17 4 1 12 1 Total 252 $ 21 15 $ 5 19 $ 2 1 In Latin America, 238 contracts with a Post-TDR recorded investment of $16 million are related to two customers for the year ended December 31, 2017. |
Inventories
Inventories | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Inventories | Inventories Inventories (principally using the LIFO method) are comprised of the following: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Raw materials $ 2,802 $ 2,102 Work-in-process 2,254 1,719 Finished goods 4,761 4,576 Supplies 201 217 Total inventories $ 10,018 $ 8,614 During 2017, inventory quantities were reduced. This reduction resulted in a liquidation of LIFO inventory resulting mostly from closure of our facility in Gosselies, Belgium. The liquidated inventory was carried at lower costs prevailing in prior years as compared with current costs. In 2017, the effect of this reduction in inventory decreased Cost of goods sold by approximately $66 million and increased Profit by approximately $49 million or $0.08 per share. We had long-term material purchase obligations of approximately $813 million at December 31, 2017 . |
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract] | |
Property, plant and equipment | Property, plant and equipment December 31, (Millions of dollars) Useful Lives (Years) 2017 2016 Land — $ 664 $ 667 Buildings and land improvements 20-45 7,515 7,383 Machinery, equipment and other 3-10 14,888 15,392 Software 3-7 1,745 1,641 Equipment leased to others 1-7 6,038 6,086 Construction-in-process — 688 771 Total property, plant and equipment, at cost 31,538 31,940 Less: Accumulated depreciation (17,383 ) (16,618 ) Property, plant and equipment–net $ 14,155 $ 15,322 We had commitments for the purchase or construction of capital assets of approximately $293 million at December 31, 2017 . Assets recorded under capital leases: 1 December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Gross capital leases 2 $ 96 $ 99 Less: Accumulated depreciation (19 ) (22 ) Net capital leases $ 77 $ 77 1 Included in Property, plant and equipment table above. 2 Consists primarily of machinery and equipment. At December 31, 2017 , scheduled minimum rental payments on assets recorded under capital leases were: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter $ 8 $ 8 $ 9 $ 22 $ 7 $ 35 Equipment leased to others (primarily by Cat Financial): December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Equipment leased to others–at original cost $ 6,038 $ 6,086 Less: Accumulated depreciation (1,656 ) (1,659 ) Equipment leased to others–net $ 4,382 $ 4,427 At December 31, 2017 , scheduled minimum rental payments to be received for equipment leased to others were: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter $ 879 $ 583 $ 315 $ 155 $ 78 $ 70 |
Investments in unconsolidated a
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract] | |
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies | Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies, included in Other assets in Statement 3, were as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Investments in equity method companies $ 212 $ 192 Plus: Investments in cost method companies 31 57 Total investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies $ 243 $ 249 In May 2017, we sold our equity interest in IronPlanet Holdings Inc. for $93 million . We recognized a pretax gain of $85 million (included in Other income (expense)) and derecognized the carrying value of our noncontrolling interest, which was included in Other assets in Statement 3. The gain on the disposal is included as a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. |
Intangible assets and goodwill
Intangible assets and goodwill | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Intangible assets and goodwill | Intangible assets and goodwill A. Intangible assets Intangible assets are comprised of the following: December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Weighted Amortizable Life (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Customer relationships 15 $ 2,441 $ (1,122 ) $ 1,319 Intellectual property 11 1,538 (851 ) 687 Other 13 198 (93 ) 105 Total finite-lived intangible assets 14 $ 4,177 $ (2,066 ) $ 2,111 December 31, 2016 Weighted Amortizable Life (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Customer relationships 15 $ 2,378 $ (934 ) $ 1,444 Intellectual property 11 1,496 (706 ) 790 Other 14 192 (77 ) 115 Total finite-lived intangible assets 14 $ 4,066 $ (1,717 ) $ 2,349 Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and tested for impairment if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. In 2016 , gross customer relationship intangibles of $96 million and related accumulated amortization of $27 million as well as gross intellectual property intangibles of $111 million and related accumulated amortization of $48 million from the Resource Industries segment were impaired. The fair value of these intangibles was determined to be insignificant based on an income approach using expected cash flows. The fair value determination is categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy due to its use of internal projections and unobservable measurement inputs. The total impairment of $132 million was a result of restructuring activities and is included in Other operating (income) expense in Statement 1. See Note 25 for information on restructuring costs. Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $323 million , $326 million and $337 million for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively. As of December 31, 2017 , amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter $ 322 $ 316 $ 305 $ 287 $ 268 $ 613 B. Goodwill There were no goodwill impairments during 2017 or 2015 . Our annual impairment tests completed in the fourth quarter of 2016 indicated the fair value of each reporting unit was substantially above its respective carrying value, including goodwill, with the exception of our Surface Mining & Technology reporting unit. The Surface Mining & Technology reporting unit, which primarily serves the mining industry, is a part of our Resource Industries segment. The goodwill assigned to this reporting unit is largely from our acquisition of Bucyrus International, Inc. in 2011. Its product portfolio includes large mining trucks, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels and related parts. In addition to equipment, Surface Mining & Technology also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customer fleet management, equipment management analytics and autonomous machine capabilities. The annual impairment test completed in the fourth quarter of 2016 indicated that the fair value of Surface Mining & Technology was below its carrying value requiring the second step of the goodwill impairment test process. The fair value of Surface Mining & Technology was determined primarily using an income approach based on a discounted ten year cash flow. We assigned the fair value to Surface Mining & Technology’s assets and liabilities using various valuation techniques that required assumptions about royalty rates, dealer attrition, technological obsolescence and discount rates. The resulting implied fair value of goodwill was below the carrying value. Accordingly, we recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $595 million , which resulted in goodwill of $629 million remaining for Surface Mining & Technology as of October 1, 2016. The fair value determination is categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy due to its use of internal projections and unobservable measurement inputs. There was a $17 million tax benefit associated with this impairment charge. The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Acquisitions Impairment Loss Other Adjustments 1 December 31, 2017 Construction Industries Goodwill $ 296 $ — $ — $ 9 $ 305 Impairment (22 ) — — — (22 ) Net goodwill 274 — — 9 283 Resource Industries Goodwill 4,110 — — 122 4,232 Impairment (1,175 ) — — — (1,175 ) Net goodwill 2,935 — — 122 3,057 Energy & Transportation Goodwill 2,756 — — 50 2,806 All Other 2 Goodwill 55 — — (1 ) 54 Consolidated total Goodwill 7,217 — — 180 7,397 Impairment (1,197 ) — — — (1,197 ) Net goodwill $ 6,020 $ — $ — $ 180 $ 6,200 December 31, 2015 Acquisitions Impairment Loss Other Adjustments 1 December 31, 2016 Construction Industries Goodwill $ 285 $ — $ — $ 11 $ 296 Impairment (22 ) — — — (22 ) Net goodwill 263 — — 11 274 Resource Industries Goodwill 4,145 — — (35 ) 4,110 Impairment (580 ) — (595 ) — (1,175 ) Net goodwill 3,565 — (595 ) (35 ) 2,935 Energy & Transportation Goodwill 2,738 37 — (19 ) 2,756 All Other 2 Goodwill 49 — — 6 55 Consolidated total Goodwill 7,217 37 — (37 ) 7,217 Impairment (602 ) — (595 ) — (1,197 ) Net goodwill $ 6,615 $ 37 $ (595 ) $ (37 ) $ 6,020 1 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation. 2 Includes All Other operating segments (See Note 23). |
Investments in debt and equity
Investments in debt and equity securities | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] | |
Investments in debt and equity securities | Investments in debt and equity securities We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, that have been classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. In addition, Insurance Services has an equity security investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment. These investments are primarily included in Other assets in Statement 3. Unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of debt and equity securities are included, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Statement 3). Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are generally determined using the specific identification method for debt and equity securities and are included in Other income (expense) in Statement 1. The cost basis and fair value of debt and equity securities were as follows: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 10 $ — $ 10 $ 9 $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds 42 — 42 60 — 60 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds 585 (1 ) 584 489 3 492 Asset-backed securities 67 — 67 90 — 90 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 265 (4 ) 261 225 (2 ) 223 Residential 8 — 8 10 — 10 Commercial 17 — 17 36 — 36 Equity securities Large capitalization value 287 (3 ) 284 280 32 312 Real estate investment trust (REIT) 104 6 110 77 2 79 Smaller company growth 40 16 56 41 15 56 Total $ 1,425 $ 14 $ 1,439 $ 1,317 $ 50 $ 1,367 Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired: December 31, 2017 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 312 $ 2 $ 38 $ — $ 350 $ 2 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 129 1 110 3 239 4 Equity securities Large capitalization value 129 5 14 2 143 7 Smaller company growth 17 1 1 — 18 1 Total $ 587 $ 9 $ 163 $ 5 $ 750 $ 14 December 31, 2016 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 131 $ 1 $ 13 $ — $ 144 $ 1 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 167 2 11 — 178 2 Equity securities Large capitalization value 68 6 11 2 79 8 Smaller company growth 10 1 3 1 13 2 Total $ 376 $ 10 $ 38 $ 3 $ 414 $ 13 1 Indicates length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position. Corporate Bonds. The unrealized losses on our investments in corporate bonds relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2017 . Mortgage-Backed Debt Securities. The unrealized losses on our investments in U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2017 . Equity Securities. The unrealized losses on our investments in equity securities relate to inherent risks of individual holdings and/or their respective sectors. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2017 . The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2017 , by contractual maturity, is shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations. December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 144 $ 144 Due after one year through five years 418 417 Due after five years through ten years 121 120 Due after ten years 21 22 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities 265 261 Residential mortgage-backed securities 8 8 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 17 17 Total debt securities – available-for-sale $ 994 $ 989 Sales of Securities: Years Ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 930 $ 694 $ 351 Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 109 $ 55 $ 64 Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 5 $ 4 $ 2 |
Postemployment benefit plans
Postemployment benefit plans | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Retirement Benefits [Abstract] | |
Postemployment benefit plans | Postemployment benefit plans We provide defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution plans and/or other postretirement benefit plans (retirement health care and life insurance) to employees in many of our locations throughout the world. Our defined benefit pension plans provide a benefit based on years of service and/or the employee’s average earnings near retirement. Our defined contribution plans allow employees to contribute a portion of their salary to help save for retirement, and in most cases, we provide a matching contribution. The benefit obligation related to our non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans are for employees located primarily in Europe, Japan and Brazil. For other postretirement benefits (OPEB), substantially all of our benefit obligation is for employees located in the United States. Our U.S. defined benefit pension plans for support and management employees were frozen for certain employees on December 31, 2010, and will freeze for remaining employees on December 31, 2019. On the respective transition dates employees move to a retirement benefit that provides a frozen pension benefit and a 401(k) plan that will include a matching contribution and a new annual employer contribution. In the first quarter of 2017, we announced the closure of our Gosselies, Belgium facility. This announcement impacted certain employees that participated in a defined benefit pension plan and resulted in a net loss of $20 million for curtailment and termination benefits. In addition during first quarter of 2017, we announced the decision to phase out production at our Aurora, Illinois, facility, which resulted in termination benefits of $9 million for certain hourly employees that participate in our U.S. hourly defined benefit pension plan. During 2015 the company offered a voluntary retirement enhancement program to qualifying U.S. employees. This voluntary program impacted employees participating in certain U.S. pension and OPEB plans and resulted in a curtailment loss of $82 million . All curtailments and termination benefits were recognized in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. Beginning in 2016, we elected to utilize a full yield curve approach in the estimation of service and interest costs by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. Service and interest costs in 2017 and 2016 were lower by $140 million and $180 million , respectively, under the new method than they would have been under the previous method. This change had no impact on our year-end defined benefit pension and OPEB obligations or our annual net periodic benefit cost as the lower service and interest costs were entirely offset in the actuarial loss (gain) reported for the respective year. This change was accounted for prospectively as a change in accounting estimate. A. Benefit obligations U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 16,218 $ 15,792 $ 4,472 $ 4,355 $ 4,088 $ 4,313 Service cost 115 119 95 92 78 82 Interest cost 525 517 101 117 130 131 Plan amendments — — (1 ) (5 ) (79 ) (188 ) Actuarial losses (gains) 1,439 767 (75 ) 512 71 60 Foreign currency exchange rates — — 312 (369 ) 4 14 Participant contributions — — 6 7 59 57 Benefits paid - gross (977 ) (970 ) (203 ) (238 ) (361 ) (388 ) Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid — — — — 10 11 Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 6 (7 ) (101 ) 1 2 (4 ) Benefit obligation, end of year $ 17,326 $ 16,218 $ 4,606 $ 4,472 $ 4,002 $ 4,088 Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year $ 17,175 $ 16,034 $ 4,335 $ 4,163 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: Discount rate 3.5 % 4.0 % 2.4 % 2.5 % 3.6 % 4.0 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.6 % 4.0 % The assumed discount rate is used to discount future benefit obligations back to today’s dollars. The U.S. discount rate is based on a benefit cash flow-matching approach and represents the rate at which our benefit obligations could effectively be settled as of our measurement date, December 31. The benefit cash flow-matching approach involves analyzing Caterpillar’s projected cash flows against a high quality bond yield curve, calculated using a wide population of corporate Aa bonds available on the measurement date. The very highest and lowest yielding bonds (top and bottom 10 percent ) are excluded from the analysis. A similar process is used to determine the assumed discount rate for our most significant non-U.S. plans. This rate is sensitive to changes in interest rates. A decrease in the discount rate would increase our obligation and future expense. B. Plan assets U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year $ 11,354 $ 11,440 $ 3,887 $ 3,890 $ 550 $ 650 Actual return on plan assets 1,692 860 350 503 101 55 Foreign currency exchange rates — — 278 (392 ) — — Company contributions 1,350 36 107 117 155 176 Participant contributions — — 6 7 59 57 Benefits paid (977 ) (970 ) (203 ) (238 ) (361 ) (388 ) Settlements and termination benefits (3 ) (12 ) (120 ) — — — Fair value of plan assets, end of year $ 13,416 $ 11,354 $ 4,305 $ 3,887 $ 504 $ 550 In general, our strategy for both the U.S. and non-U.S. pensions includes ongoing alignment of our investments to our liabilities, while reducing risk in our portfolio. The current U.S. pension target asset allocation is 30 percent equities and 70 percent fixed income. This target allocation will be revisited periodically to ensure it reflects our overall objectives. The non-U.S. pension weighted-average target allocations are 38 percent equities, 54 percent fixed income, 5 percent real estate and 3 percent other. The target allocations for each plan vary based upon local statutory requirements, demographics of plan participants and funded status. The non-U.S. plan assets are primarily invested in non-U.S. securities. Our target allocation for the other postretirement benefit plans is 70 percent equities and 30 percent fixed income. The U.S. plans are rebalanced to plus or minus 5 percentage points of the target asset allocation ranges on a monthly basis. The frequency of rebalancing for the non-U.S. plans varies depending on the plan. As a result of our diversification strategies, there are no significant concentrations of risk within the portfolio of investments. The use of certain derivative instruments is permitted where appropriate and necessary for achieving overall investment policy objectives. The plans do not engage in derivative contracts for speculative purposes. The accounting guidance on fair value measurements specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques (Level 1, 2 and 3). See Note 18 for a discussion of the fair value hierarchy. Fair values are determined as follows: • Equity securities are primarily based on valuations for identical instruments in active markets. • Fixed income securities are primarily based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds. • Real estate is stated at the fund’s net asset value or at appraised value. • Cash, short-term instruments and other are based on the carrying amount, which approximates fair value, or the fund’s net asset value. The fair value of the pension and other postretirement benefit plan assets by category is summarized below: December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 2,745 $ — $ 20 $ 165 $ 2,930 Non-U.S. equities 1,573 15 — — 1,588 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 5,886 60 49 5,995 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 1,165 — — 1,165 U.S. government bonds — 793 — — 793 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 369 — — 369 Non-U.S. government bonds — 68 — — 68 Real estate — — 10 — 10 Cash, short-term instruments and other 173 101 — 224 498 Total U.S. pension assets $ 4,491 $ 8,397 $ 90 $ 438 $ 13,416 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 2,816 $ — $ 5 $ 174 $ 2,995 Non-U.S. equities 1,653 5 — — 1,658 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 4,273 31 85 4,389 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 710 — — 710 U.S. government bonds — 647 — — 647 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 491 — — 491 Non-U.S. government bonds — 90 — — 90 Real estate — — 10 — 10 Cash, short-term instruments and other 93 74 11 186 364 Total U.S. pension assets $ 4,562 $ 6,290 $ 57 $ 445 $ 11,354 December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Non-U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 55 $ — $ — $ 137 $ 192 Non-U.S. equities 400 34 — 929 1,363 Global equities 1 116 33 — — 149 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 156 — — 156 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 363 5 6 374 U.S. government bonds — 64 — — 64 Non-U.S. government bonds — 1,229 — — 1,229 Global fixed income 1 — 250 — 218 468 Real estate — 186 — — 186 Cash, short-term instruments and other 2 64 60 — — 124 Total non-U.S. pension assets $ 635 $ 2,375 $ 5 $ 1,290 $ 4,305 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Non-U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 405 $ — $ — $ 108 $ 513 Non-U.S. equities 639 38 — 119 796 Global equities 1 122 34 — — 156 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 151 1 — 152 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 345 1 10 356 U.S. government bonds — 44 — — 44 Non-U.S. government bonds — 1,172 — — 1,172 Global fixed income 1 — 221 — 199 420 Real estate — 179 — — 179 Cash, short-term instruments and other 2 53 46 — — 99 Total non-U.S. pension assets $ 1,219 $ 2,230 $ 2 $ 436 $ 3,887 1 Includes funds that invest in both U.S. and non-U.S. securities. 2 Includes funds that invest in multiple asset classes, hedge funds and other. December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Other Postretirement Benefits Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 255 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 256 Non-U.S. equities 103 — — — 103 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 60 — 1 61 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 15 — — 15 U.S. government bonds — 17 — — 17 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 34 — — 34 Non-U.S. government bonds — 4 — — 4 Cash, short-term instruments and other — 3 — 11 14 Total other postretirement benefit assets $ 358 $ 134 $ — $ 12 $ 504 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Other Postretirement Benefits Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 276 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 277 Non-U.S. equities 110 — — — 110 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 69 — 1 70 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 17 — — 17 U.S. government bonds — 16 — — 16 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 31 — — 31 Non-U.S. government bonds — 4 — — 4 Cash, short-term instruments and other 5 1 — 19 25 Total other postretirement benefit assets $ 391 $ 139 $ — $ 20 $ 550 Below are roll-forwards of assets measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 . These instruments were valued using pricing models that, in management’s judgment, reflect the assumptions a market participant would use. (Millions of dollars) Equities Fixed Income Real Estate Other U.S. Pension Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 5 $ 42 $ 9 $ 3 Unrealized gains (losses) — 4 1 — Realized gains (losses) — (5 ) — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net 1 (9 ) — 8 Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 (1 ) (1 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 5 $ 31 $ 10 $ 11 Unrealized gains (losses) 15 13 — — Realized gains (losses) (1 ) — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net — 16 — (11 ) Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 1 — — — Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 20 $ 60 $ 10 $ — Non-U.S. Pension Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 2 $ 5 $ — $ — Unrealized gains (losses) — — — — Realized gains (losses) (1 ) — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net (1 ) (1 ) — — Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — (2 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2016 $ — $ 2 $ — $ — Unrealized gains (losses) — — — — Realized gains (losses) — — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net — 2 — — Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — 1 — — Balance at December 31, 2017 $ — $ 5 $ — $ — C. Funded status The funded status of the plans, reconciled to the amount reported on Statement 3, is as follows: U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 End of Year Fair value of plan assets $ 13,416 $ 11,354 $ 4,305 $ 3,887 $ 504 $ 550 Benefit obligations 17,326 16,218 4,606 4,472 4,002 4,088 Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position $ (3,910 ) $ (4,864 ) $ (301 ) $ (585 ) $ (3,498 ) $ (3,538 ) Components of net amount recognized in financial position: Other assets (non-current asset) $ 19 $ 4 $ 358 $ 152 $ — $ — Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability) (38 ) (35 ) (20 ) (20 ) (163 ) (162 ) Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability) (3,891 ) (4,833 ) (639 ) (717 ) (3,335 ) (3,376 ) Net liability recognized $ (3,910 ) $ (4,864 ) $ (301 ) $ (585 ) $ (3,498 ) $ (3,538 ) Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of: Prior service cost (credit) $ — $ — $ — $ (5 ) $ (138 ) $ (85 ) The estimated amount of prior service cost (credit) that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2017 into net periodic benefit cost (pre-tax) in 2018 are as follows: (Millions of dollars) U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits Prior service cost (credit) $ — $ — $ (35 ) The following amounts relate to our pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end Non-U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Projected benefit obligation $ 16,904 $ 16,163 $ 1,853 $ 4,098 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 16,761 $ 15,979 $ 1,708 $ 3,835 Fair value of plan assets $ 12,975 $ 11,295 $ 1,194 $ 3,361 The following amounts relate to our pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end Non-U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Projected benefit obligation $ 16,904 $ 16,163 $ 1,720 $ 1,707 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 16,761 $ 15,979 $ 1,641 $ 1,607 Fair value of plan assets $ 12,975 $ 11,295 $ 1,107 $ 1,024 The accumulated postretirement benefit obligation exceeds plan assets for all of our other postretirement benefit plans for all years presented. D. Expected contributions and benefit payments Information about expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other postretirement benefit plans is as follows: (Millions of dollars) U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits Employer contributions: 2018 (expected) $ 40 $ 150 $ 175 Expected benefit payments: 2018 $ 1,010 $ 220 $ 300 2019 990 170 300 2020 990 180 290 2021 990 180 290 2022 1,000 190 280 2023-2027 4,960 1,040 1,380 Total $ 9,940 $ 1,980 $ 2,840 The above table reflects the total employer contributions and benefits expected to be paid from the plan or from company assets and does not include the participants’ share of the cost. The expected benefit payments for our other postretirement benefits include payments for prescription drug benefits. Medicare Part D subsidy amounts expected to be received by the company which will offset other postretirement benefit payments are as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023-2027 Total Other postretirement benefits $ 15 $ 15 $ 15 $ 15 $ 15 $ 60 $ 135 E. Net periodic cost U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost $ 115 $ 119 $ 181 $ 95 $ 92 $ 110 $ 78 $ 82 $ 101 Interest cost 525 517 608 101 117 146 130 131 181 Expected return on plan assets 1 (734 ) (757 ) (890 ) (231 ) (227 ) (273 ) (37 ) (44 ) (56 ) Curtailments and termination benefits 2 9 6 32 15 1 (1 ) — (9 ) 27 Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 3 — — 1 (2 ) 3 — (23 ) (59 ) (54 ) Actuarial loss (gain) 4 481 664 732 (195 ) 262 8 15 59 (561 ) Total cost (benefit) included in operating profit $ 396 $ 549 $ 664 $ (217 ) $ 248 $ (10 ) $ 163 $ 160 $ (362 ) Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax): Current year prior service cost (credit) $ — $ — $ — $ 3 $ (3 ) $ (8 ) $ (77 ) $ (184 ) $ 16 Amortization of prior service (cost) credit — — (1 ) 2 (3 ) — 23 59 54 Total recognized in other comprehensive income — — (1 ) 5 (6 ) (8 ) (54 ) (125 ) 70 Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income $ 396 $ 549 $ 663 $ (212 ) $ 242 $ (18 ) $ 109 $ 35 $ (292 ) Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost: Discount rate used to measure service cost 4.2 % 4.5 % 3.8 % 2.4 % 2.9 % 3.3 % 3.9 % 4.2 % 3.9 % Discount rate used to measure interest cost 3.3 % 3.4 % 3.8 % 2.3 % 2.8 % 3.3 % 3.3 % 3.3 % 3.9 % Expected rate of return on plan assets 5 6.7 % 6.9 % 7.4 % 5.9 % 6.1 % 6.8 % 7.5 % 7.5 % 7.8 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 3.6 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 1 Expected return on plan assets developed using the fair value of plan assets. 2 Curtailments and termination benefits were recognized in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. 3 Prior service cost (credit) for both pension and other postretirement benefits are generally amortized using the straight-line method over the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits from the plan. For pension plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are inactive and other postretirement benefit plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are fully eligible for benefits under the plan, prior service cost (credit) are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining life expectancy of those participants. 4 Actuarial loss (gain) represent the effects of actual results differing from our assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions. We recognize actuarial loss (gain) immediately through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. 5 The weighted-average rates for 2018 are 6.3 percent and 5.2 percent for U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, respectively. The discount rates used in the determination of our service and interest cost components are determined by utilizing a full yield curve approach which applies specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. In 2015, the discount rates used to determine these cost components were based on a single weighted-average discount rate based on the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. Our U.S. expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on our estimate of long-term passive returns for equities and fixed income securities weighted by the allocation of our pension assets. Based on historical performance, we increase the passive returns due to our active management of the plan assets. To arrive at our expected long-term return, the amount added for active management was 0.80 percent for 2017 and 0.90 percent for 2016 and 0.95 percent for 2015 . A similar process is used to determine this rate for our non-U.S. plans. The assumed health care trend rate represents the rate at which health care costs are assumed to increase. We assumed a weighted-average increase of 6.6 percent in our calculation of 2017 benefit expense. We expect a weighted-average increase of 6.1 percent during 2018. The 2018 rates are assumed to decrease gradually to the ultimate health care trend rate of 5 percent in 2022 . This rate represents 3 percent general inflation plus 2 percent additional health care inflation. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: (Millions of dollars) One-percentage- point increase One-percentage- point decrease Effect on 2017 service and interest cost components of other postretirement benefit cost $ 14 $ (12 ) Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation $ 161 $ (136 ) F. Other postemployment benefit plans We offer long-term disability benefits, continued health care for disabled employees, survivor income benefit insurance and supplemental unemployment benefits to substantially all U.S. employees. G. Defined contribution plans We have both U.S. and non-U.S. employee defined contribution plans to help employees save for retirement. Our primary U.S. 401(k) plan allows eligible employees to contribute a portion of their cash compensation to the plan on a tax-deferred basis. Employees with frozen defined benefit pension accruals are eligible for matching contributions equal to 100 percent of employee contributions to the plan up to 6 percent of cash compensation and an annual employer contribution that ranges from 3 to 5 percent of cash compensation (depending on years of service and age). Employees that are still accruing benefits under a defined benefit pension plan are eligible for matching contributions equal to 50 percent of employee contributions up to 6 percent of cash compensation. These 401(k) plans include various investment funds, including a non-leveraged employee stock ownership plan (ESOP). As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , the ESOP held 17.7 million and 21.3 million shares, respectively. All of the shares held by the ESOP were allocated to participant accounts. Dividends paid to participants are automatically reinvested into company shares unless the participant elects to have all or a portion of the dividend paid to the participant. Various other U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans allow eligible employees to contribute a portion of their salary to the plans, and in most cases, we provide a matching contribution to the funds. Total company costs related to U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans were as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 U.S. plans $ 375 $ 301 $ 267 Non-U.S. plans 73 68 76 $ 448 $ 369 $ 343 H. Summary of long-term liability: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Pensions: U.S. pensions $ 3,891 $ 4,833 Non-U.S. pensions 639 717 Total pensions 4,530 5,550 Postretirement benefits other than pensions 3,335 3,376 Other postemployment benefits 109 106 Defined contribution 391 325 $ 8,365 $ 9,357 |
Short-term borrowings
Short-term borrowings | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Short-term Borrowings Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Short-term borrowings | Short-term borrowings December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Machinery, Energy & Transportation: Notes payable to banks $ 1 $ 59 Commercial paper — 150 1 209 Financial Products: Notes payable to banks 675 553 Commercial paper 3,680 5,985 Demand notes 481 556 4,836 7,094 Total short-term borrowings $ 4,837 $ 7,303 The weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings outstanding were: December 31, 2017 2016 Notes payable to banks 5.2 % 7.0 % Commercial paper 1.1 % 0.9 % Demand notes 1.1 % 0.9 % Please refer to Note 18 and Table III for fair value information on short-term borrowings. |
Long-term debt
Long-term debt | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Long-term debt | Long-term debt December 31, (Millions of dollars) Effective Yield to Maturity 1 2017 2016 Machinery, Energy & Transportation: Notes—$1,250 million of 3.900% due 2021 2 4.01% $ 1,246 $ 1,245 Notes—$759 million of 5.200% due 2041 2 5.27% 752 752 Debentures—$900 million of 7.900% due 2018 2, 4 7.98% — 899 Debentures—$120 million of 9.375% due 2021 9.41% 120 120 Debentures—$500 million of 2.600% due 2022 2 2.70% 498 498 Debentures—$82 million of 8.000% due 2023 8.06% 82 82 Debentures—$1,000 million of 3.400% due 2024 3.46% 997 996 Debentures—$193 million of 6.625% due 2028 2 6.68% 192 192 Debentures—$242 million of 7.300% due 2031 2 7.38% 241 241 Debentures—$307 million of 5.300% due 2035 2 8.64% 216 214 Debentures—$460 million of 6.050% due 2036 2 6.12% 456 456 Debentures—$65 million of 8.250% due 2038 2 8.38% 64 64 Debentures—$160 million of 6.950% due 2042 2 7.02% 159 159 Debentures—$1,722 million of 3.803% due 2042 2 6.39% 1,236 1,218 Debentures—$500 million of 4.300% due 2044 4.39% 493 493 Debentures—$500 million of 4.750% due 2064 4.81% 494 494 Debentures—$246 million of 7.375% due 2097 2 7.51% 242 242 Capital lease obligations 3 437 68 Other 4 3 Total Machinery, Energy & Transportation 7,929 8,436 Financial Products: Medium-term notes 15,415 13,869 Other 503 513 Total Financial Products 15,918 14,382 Total long-term debt due after one year $ 23,847 $ 22,818 1 Effective yield to maturity includes the impact of discounts, premiums and debt issuance costs. 2 Redeemable at our option in whole or in part at any time at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount or (ii) the discounted present value of the notes or debentures, calculated in accordance with the terms of such notes or debentures. 3 Includes $360 million related to a financing transaction in Japan entered into in 2017. 4 On October 10, 2017, we called for redemption of all $900 million in aggregate principal amount of our outstanding 7.90% senior notes due in December 2018, payable in cash. The redemption date occurred on November 10, 2017 and included a prepayment fee of $58 million . All outstanding notes and debentures are unsecured and rank equally with one another. Cat Financial's medium-term notes are offered by prospectus and are issued through agents at fixed and floating rates. Medium-term notes due after one year have a weighted average interest rate of 1.8% with remaining maturities up to 9 years at December 31, 2017 . During September 2016, $381 million of medium-term notes with varying interest rates and maturity dates were exchanged for $366 million of 1.93% medium-term notes due in 2021 and $15 million in cash. In addition, a debt exchange premium of $33 million was paid. The above table includes $148 million of medium-term notes that can be called at par. The aggregate amounts of maturities of long-term debt during each of the years 2018 through 2022, including amounts due within one year and classified as current, are: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 6 $ 40 $ 6 $ 1,388 $ 504 Financial Products 6,188 5,681 4,290 1,740 2,048 $ 6,194 $ 5,721 $ 4,296 $ 3,128 $ 2,552 Interest paid on short-term and long-term borrowings for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 was $1,131 million , $1,075 million and $1,047 million , respectively. Interest paid in 2017 includes a prepayment fee of $58 million related to the early retirement of our 7.90% senior notes due December 2018. Please refer to Note 18 and Table III for fair value information on long-term debt. |
Credit commitments
Credit commitments | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Credit Commitments [Abstract] | |
Credit commitments | Credit commitments December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Consolidated Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Credit lines available: Global credit facilities $ 10,500 $ 2,750 $ 7,750 Other external 4,591 1 4,590 Total credit lines available 15,091 2,751 12,340 Less: Commercial paper outstanding (3,680 ) — (3,680 ) Less: Utilized credit (1,479 ) (1 ) (1,478 ) Available credit $ 9,932 $ 2,750 $ 7,182 We have three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management's allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to ME&T as of December 31, 2017 was $2.75 billion . Our three Credit Facilities are: • The 364 -day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $0.82 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2018. • The three -year facility, as amended and restated in September 2017, of $2.73 billion (of which $0.72 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2020. • The five -year facility, as amended and restated in September 2017, of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2022. Other consolidated credit lines with banks as of December 31, 2017 totaled $4.59 billion . These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines. At December 31, 2017 , Caterpillar's consolidated net worth was $13.72 billion , which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined as the consolidated shareholder's equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). At December 31, 2017 , Cat Financial's covenant interest coverage ratio was 1.88 to 1 . This is above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio, calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain/(loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility. In addition, at December 31, 2017 , Cat Financial's six-month covenant leverage ratio was 7.38 to 1 and year-end covenant leverage ratio was 7.71 to 1 . This is below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1 , calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility. In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial's other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable, may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At December 31, 2017 , there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility. |
Profit per share
Profit per share | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |
Profit per share | Profit per share Computations of profit per share: (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2017 2016 2015 Profit (loss) for the period (A) 1 $ 754 $ (67 ) $ 2,512 Determination of shares (in millions): Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (B) 591.8 584.3 594.3 Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price 7.5 — 7.0 Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2,3 599.3 584.3 601.3 Profit (loss) per share of common stock: Assuming no dilution (A/B) $ 1.27 $ (0.11 ) $ 4.23 Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2,3 $ 1.26 $ (0.11 ) $ 4.18 Shares outstanding as of December 31 (in millions) 597.6 586.5 582.3 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 3 In 2016, the assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2017, no outstanding SARs and stock options were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because all outstanding SARs and stock options had a dilutive effect. SARs and stock options to purchase 32,064,790 and 22,169,133 common shares were outstanding in 2016 and 2015 , respectively, which were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive. In January 2014, the Board of Directors approved an authorization to repurchase up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock, which will expire on December 31, 2018. In July 2015, we entered into a definitive agreement with Citibank, N.A. to purchase shares of our common stock under an accelerated stock repurchase transaction (July 2015 ASR Agreement), which was completed in September 2015. Pursuant to the terms of the July 2015 ASR Agreement, a total of approximately 19.6 million shares of our common stock were repurchased at an aggregate cost to Caterpillar of $1.5 billion . For the year ended December 31, 2015, a total of 25.8 million shares of our common stock were repurchased at an aggregate cost to Caterpillar of $2.0 billion . We did not purchase any Caterpillar common stock during 2017 or 2016. Through the end of 2017, approximately $4.5 billion of the $10.0 billion authorization was spent. |
Accumulated other comprehensive
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Equity [Abstract] | |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income and its components are presented in Statement 2. Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, included in Statement 4, consisted of the following: (Millions of dollars) Foreign currency translation Pension and other postretirement benefits Derivative financial instruments Available-for-sale securities Total Balance at December 31, 2014 $ (992 ) $ (31 ) $ (119 ) $ 83 $ (1,059 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (961 ) (3 ) (19 ) (10 ) (993 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss — (35 ) 88 (36 ) 17 Other comprehensive income (loss) (961 ) (38 ) 69 (46 ) (976 ) Balance at December 31, 2015 $ (1,953 ) $ (69 ) $ (50 ) $ 37 $ (2,035 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (34 ) 118 (62 ) 26 48 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss 17 (35 ) (3 ) (31 ) (52 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) (17 ) 83 (65 ) (5 ) (4 ) Balance at December 31, 2016 $ (1,970 ) $ 14 $ (115 ) $ 32 $ (2,039 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 752 48 (3 ) 41 838 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss 13 (16 ) 77 (65 ) 9 Other comprehensive income (loss) 765 32 74 (24 ) 847 Balance at December 31, 2017 $ (1,205 ) $ 46 $ (41 ) $ 8 $ (1,192 ) The effect of the reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on Statement 1 is as follows: Year ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) Classification of income (expense) 2017 2016 2015 Foreign currency translation: Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation Other income (expense) $ (13 ) $ (17 ) $ — Tax (provision) benefit — — — Reclassifications net of tax $ (13 ) $ (17 ) $ — Pension and other postretirement benefits: Amortization of prior service credit (cost) Note 12 1 $ 25 $ 56 $ 53 Tax (provision) benefit (9 ) (21 ) (18 ) Reclassifications net of tax $ 16 $ 35 $ 35 Derivative financial instruments: Foreign exchange contracts Other income (expense) $ (121 ) $ 14 $ (127 ) Foreign exchange contracts Interest expense of Financial Products 6 — — Interest rate contracts Interest expense excluding Financial Products (9 ) (6 ) (6 ) Interest rate contracts Interest expense of Financial Products 3 (3 ) (6 ) Reclassifications before tax (121 ) 5 (139 ) Tax (provision) benefit 44 (2 ) 51 Reclassifications net of tax $ (77 ) $ 3 $ (88 ) Available-for-sale securities: Realized gain (loss) on sale of securities Other income (expense) $ 100 $ 46 $ 56 Tax (provision) benefit (35 ) (15 ) (20 ) Reclassifications net of tax $ 65 $ 31 $ 36 Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ (9 ) $ 52 $ (17 ) 1 Amounts are included in the calculation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 12 for additional information. |
Fair value disclosures
Fair value disclosures | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] | |
Fair value disclosures | Fair value disclosures A. Fair value measurements The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy: • Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. • Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets. • Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable. When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1. In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates. These measurements are classified within Level 3. Fair value measurements are classified according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation. A measurement may therefore be classified within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable. Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk. Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled. For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price. For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly. Investments in debt and equity securities Investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, have been classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets. Fair values for other government bonds, corporate bonds and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds. In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment. See Note 11 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities. Derivative financial instruments The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on models that utilize the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows. The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on a valuation model that discounts cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate. Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in Statement 3 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are summarized below: December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value Assets Available-for-sale securities Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 10 $ — $ — $ 10 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds — 42 — 42 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds — 584 — 584 Asset-backed securities — 67 — 67 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency — 261 — 261 Residential — 8 — 8 Commercial — 17 — 17 Equity securities Large capitalization value 284 — — 284 Smaller company growth 56 — — 56 Total available-for-sale securities 350 979 — 1,329 REIT — — 110 110 Total Assets $ 350 $ 979 $ 110 $ 1,439 Liabilities Derivative financial instruments, net $ — $ 19 $ — $ 19 Total Liabilities $ — $ 19 $ — $ 19 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value Assets Available-for-sale securities Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 9 $ — $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds — 60 — 60 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds — 492 — 492 Asset-backed securities — 90 — 90 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency — 223 — 223 Residential — 10 — 10 Commercial — 36 — 36 Equity securities Large capitalization value 312 — — 312 Smaller company growth 56 — — 56 Total available-for-sale securities 377 911 — 1,288 REIT — — 79 79 Total Assets $ 377 $ 911 $ 79 $ 1,367 Liabilities Derivative financial instruments, net $ — $ 72 $ — $ 72 Total Liabilities $ — $ 72 $ — $ 72 The fair value of our REIT investment is measured based on NAV, which is considered a Level 3 input. A roll-forward of our REIT investment for the year ended December 31, 2017 is as follows: (Millions of dollars) Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 79 Purchases of securities 27 Sale of securities — Gains (losses) included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 4 Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 110 In addition to the amounts above, Cat Financial impaired loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is considered impaired when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable. In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable. In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had impaired loans with a fair value of $341 million and $137 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. B. Fair values of financial instruments In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we used the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments: Cash and short-term investments Carrying amount approximated fair value. Restricted cash and short-term investments Carrying amount approximated fair value. Restricted cash and short-term investments are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3. Finance receivables Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities. Wholesale inventory receivables Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities. Short-term borrowings Carrying amount approximated fair value. Long-term debt Fair value for fixed and floating rate debt was estimated based on quoted market prices. Guarantees The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions. Please refer to the table below for the fair values of our financial instruments. TABLE III—Fair Values of Financial Instruments 2017 2016 (Millions of dollars) Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Fair Value Levels Reference Assets at December 31, Cash and short-term investments $ 8,261 $ 8,261 $ 7,168 $ 7,168 1 Statement 3 Restricted cash and short-term investments 194 194 31 31 1 Statement 3 Investments in debt and equity securities 1,439 1,439 1,367 1,367 1, 2 & 3 Notes 11 & 19 Finance receivables–net (excluding finance leases 1 ) 15,452 15,438 16,172 16,056 3 Notes 6 & 19 Wholesale inventory receivables–net (excluding finance leases 1 ) 1,153 1,123 1,500 1,464 3 Notes 6 & 19 Interest rate swaps–net 1 1 3 3 2 Notes 3 & 19 Commodity contracts–net 21 21 10 10 2 Notes 3 & 19 Liabilities at December 31, Short-term borrowings 4,837 4,837 7,303 7,303 1 Note 13 Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year): Machinery, Energy & Transportation 7,935 9,863 8,943 10,348 2 Note 14 Financial Products 22,106 22,230 20,537 20,724 2 Note 14 Foreign currency contracts–net 41 41 85 85 2 Notes 3 & 19 Guarantees 8 8 8 8 3 Note 21 1 Total excluded items have a net carrying value at December 31, 2017 and 2016 of $7,063 million and $6,111 million , respectively. |
Concentration of credit risk
Concentration of credit risk | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract] | |
Concentration of credit risk | Concentration of credit risk Financial instruments with potential credit risk consist primarily of trade and finance receivables and short-term and long-term investments. Additionally, to a lesser extent, we have a potential credit risk associated with counterparties to derivative contracts. Trade receivables are primarily short-term receivables from independently owned and operated dealers and customers which arise in the normal course of business. We perform regular credit evaluations of our dealers and customers. Collateral generally is not required, and the majority of our trade receivables are unsecured. We do, however, when deemed necessary, make use of various devices such as security agreements and letters of credit to protect our interests. No single dealer or customer represents a significant concentration of credit risk. Finance receivables and wholesale inventory receivables primarily represent receivables under installment sales contracts, receivables arising from leasing transactions and notes receivable. We generally maintain a secured interest in the equipment financed. No single customer or dealer represents a significant concentration of credit risk. Short-term and long-term investments are held with high quality institutions and, by policy, the amount of credit exposure to any one institution is limited. Long-term investments, primarily included in Other assets in Statement 3, are comprised primarily of available-for-sale securities at Insurance Services. For derivative contracts, collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company. The company generally enters into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Our exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties is limited to only those gains that we have recorded, but for which we have not yet received cash payment. The master netting agreements reduce the amount of loss the company would incur should the counterparties fail to meet their obligations. At December 31, 2017 and 2016 , the maximum exposure to credit loss was $74 million and $96 million , respectively, before the application of any master netting agreements. Please refer to Note 18 and Table III above for fair value information. |
Operating leases
Operating leases | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Leases [Abstract] | |
Operating leases | Operating leases We lease certain property, computer and communications equipment, transportation equipment and other equipment through operating leases. Total rental expense for operating leases was $331 million , $375 million and $371 million for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively. Minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year are: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total $ 211 $ 142 $ 104 $ 74 $ 58 $ 169 $ 758 |
Guarantees and product warranty
Guarantees and product warranty | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Guarantees and product warranty | Guarantees and product warranty Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers. The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers. We also provided guarantees to third-parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third-parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance. In 2016, we provided a guarantee to an end user related to the performance of contractual obligations by a Caterpillar dealer. Under the guarantee, which expires in 2025, non-performance by the Caterpillar dealer could require Caterpillar to satisfy the contractual obligations by providing goods, services or financial compensation to the end user up to an annual designated cap. Customer loan guarantees We provide loan guarantees to third-party lenders for financing associated with machinery purchased by customers. These guarantees have varying terms and are secured by the machinery. In addition, Cat Financial participates in standby letters of credit issued to third parties on behalf of their customers. These standby letters of credit have varying terms and beneficiaries and are secured by customer assets. Supplier consortium performance guarantees We have provided guarantees to a customer in Brazil and a customer in Europe related to the performance of contractual obligations by supplier consortiums to which our Caterpillar subsidiaries are members. The guarantees cover potential damages incurred by the customers resulting from the supplier consortiums' non-performance. The damages are capped except for failure of the consortiums to meet certain obligations outlined in the contract in the normal course of business. The guarantees will expire when the supplier consortiums perform all their contractual obligations, which are expected to be completed in 2022 for the customer in Europe and 2025 for the customer in Brazil. Third party logistics business lease guarantees We have provided guarantees to third-party lessors for certain properties leased by a third party logistics business, formerly Caterpillar Logistics Services LCC, in which we sold our equity interest in 2015. The guarantees are for the possibility that the third party logistics business would default on real estate lease payments. The guarantees were granted at lease inception and generally will expire at the end of the lease terms. We have dealer performance guarantees and third party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made. No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees. At both December 31, 2017 and 2016 , the related liability was $8 million . The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees at December 31 are as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees $ 1,313 $ 1,384 Customer loan guarantees 40 51 Supplier consortium performance guarantees 565 278 Third party logistics business lease guarantees 69 87 Other guarantees 118 56 Total guarantees $ 2,105 $ 1,856 Cat Financial provides guarantees to repurchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity. The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers. This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program. Cat Financial has a loan purchase agreement with the SPC that obligates Cat Financial to purchase certain loans that are not paid at maturity. Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee, which provides a source of liquidity for the SPC. Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , the SPC’s assets of $1,107 million and $1,088 million , respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $1,106 million and $1,087 million , respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper. The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial's creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement. Cat Financial is party to agreements in the normal course of business with selected customers and Caterpillar dealers in which they commit to provide a set dollar amount of financing on a pre-approved basis. They also provide lines of credit to certain customers and Caterpillar dealers, of which a portion remains unused as of the end of the period. Commitments and lines of credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses. It has been Cat Financial's experience that not all commitments and lines of credit will be used. Management applies the same credit policies when making commitments and granting lines of credit as it does for any other financing. Cat Financial does not require collateral for these commitments/lines, but if credit is extended, collateral may be required upon funding. The amount of the unused commitments and lines of credit for dealers as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $10,993 million and $12,775 million , respectively. The amount of the unused commitments and lines of credit for customers as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $3,092 million and $3,340 million , respectively. Our product warranty liability is determined by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory. Generally, historical claim rates are based on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America). Specific rates are developed for each product shipment month and are updated monthly based on actual warranty claim experience. (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Warranty liability, January 1 $ 1,258 $ 1,354 Reduction in liability (payments) (860 ) (909 ) Increase in liability (new warranties) 1,021 813 Warranty liability, December 31 $ 1,419 $ 1,258 |
Environmental and legal matters
Environmental and legal matters | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Environmental and legal matters [Abstract] | |
Environmental and legal matters | 22. Environmental and legal matters The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing our use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards. We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs are accrued against our earnings. Costs are accrued based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required. On January 7, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requests documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL and related structures. On March 2-3, 2017, agents with the Department of Commerce, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Internal Revenue Service executed search and seizure warrants at three facilities of the Company in the Peoria, Illinois area, including its former corporate headquarters. The warrants identify, and agents seized, documents and information related to, among other things, the export of products from the United States, the movement of products between the United States and Switzerland, the relationship between Caterpillar Inc. and Caterpillar SARL, and sales outside the United States. It is the Company’s understanding that the warrants, which concern both tax and export activities, are related to the ongoing grand jury investigation. The Company is continuing to cooperate with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity. On March 20, 2014, Brazil’s Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) published a Technical Opinion which named 18 companies and over 100 individuals as defendants, including two subsidiaries of Caterpillar Inc., MGE - Equipamentos e Serviços Ferroviários Ltda. (MGE) and Caterpillar Brasil Ltda. The publication of the Technical Opinion opened CADE's official administrative investigation into allegations that the defendants participated in anticompetitive bid activity for the construction and maintenance of metro and train networks in Brazil. While companies cannot be held criminally liable for anticompetitive conduct in Brazil, criminal charges have been brought against two current employees of MGE and one former employee of MGE involving the same conduct alleged by CADE. The Company has responded to all requests for information from the authorities. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate the potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity. On October 24, 2013, Progress Rail received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California related to the former railcar repair operations of its subsidiary, United Industries, LLC ("United") at the intermodal rail yard at Terminal Island, California ("Terminal Island"). United complied with the subpoena and cooperated with the U.S. Attorney. After investigation, the U.S. Attorney alleged that United engaged in unnecessary and improper railcar repair activities and disposed of railcar parts by hand in the water surrounding its former Terminal Island operation. On December 7, 2017, United entered a guilty plea in U.S. District Court for the Central District of California to a single misdemeanor violation of the Refuse Act. As part of the agreement to enter the plea, United has paid $25 million in fines and restitution. In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos and welding fumes exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, tax and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity. |
Segment information
Segment information | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |
Segment information | Segment information A. Basis for segment information Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), five Group Presidents, a General Counsel & Corporate Secretary and a Chief Human Resources Officer. Group Presidents are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage. The General Counsel & Corporate Secretary leads the Law and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President level. As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President reporting structure. Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents. One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by a Group President who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads two smaller operating segments that are included in the All Other operating segments. The Law and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment. B. Description of segments We have six operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segments: Construction Industries : A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure, forestry and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes backhoe loaders, small wheel loaders, small track-type tractors, skid steer loaders, compact track loaders, multi-terrain loaders, mini excavators, compact wheel loaders, telehandlers, select work tools, small, medium and large track excavators, wheel excavators, medium wheel loaders, medium track-type tractors, track-type loaders, motor graders, pipelayers, forestry and paving products and related parts. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment. Resource Industries : A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, quarry and aggregates, waste and material handling applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors, large mining trucks, hard rock vehicles, longwall miners, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels, rotary drills, large wheel loaders, off-highway trucks, articulated trucks, wheel tractor scrapers, wheel dozers, landfill compactors, soil compactors, hardrock continuous mining systems, select work tools, machinery components, electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics and autonomous machine capabilities. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing and research and development, as well as global procurement. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment. Energy & Transportation : A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related parts across industries serving power generation, industrial, oil and gas and transportation applications, including marine and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support of turbines and turbine-related services, reciprocating engine-powered generator sets, integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry, reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; the remanufacturing of Cat engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; the business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, remanufacturing, leasing and service of diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment. Financial Products Segment : Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of our equipment. All Other operating segments : Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy, product management and development, and manufacturing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, tires and rims, ground engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, and rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat products; parts distribution; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration including a wholly owned dealer in Japan, dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segments are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting. C. Segment measurement and reconciliations There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting. The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences: • Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. Liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances are generally managed at the corporate level and are not included in segment operations. Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets. • Segment inventories and cost of sales are valued using a current cost methodology. • Goodwill allocated to segments is amortized using a fixed amount based on a 20 year useful life. This methodology difference only impacts segment assets; no goodwill amortization expense is included in segment profit. In addition, only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later has been allocated to segments. • The present value of future lease payments for certain Machinery, Energy & Transportation operating leases is included in segment assets. The estimated financing component of the lease payments is excluded. • Currency exposures for Machinery, Energy & Transportation are generally managed at the corporate level and the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year are not included in segment profit. The net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting is reported as a methodology difference. • Stock-based compensation expense is not included in segment profit. • Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service and prior service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference. • Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and excludes interest expense and other income/expense items. Financial Products Segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items. Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 147 to 152 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items. Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations. For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows: • Corporate costs: These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization. • Restructuring costs: Primarily costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other Operating (Income) Expenses. Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs primarily for accelerated depreciation, project management costs, equipment relocation and inventory write-downs, and also LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities (all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold). A table, Reconciliation of Restructuring costs on page 149, has been included to illustrate how segment profit would have been impacted by the restructuring costs. See Note 25 for more information. • Methodology differences: See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. • Timing: Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, certain costs are reported on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting. Segment Information (Millions of dollars) Reportable Segments: External sales and revenues Inter- segment sales and revenues Total sales and revenues Depreciation and amortization Segment profit (loss) Segment assets at December 31 Capital expenditures 2017 Construction Industries $ 19,133 $ 107 $ 19,240 $ 400 $ 3,258 $ 4,838 $ 228 Resource Industries 7,504 357 7,861 514 690 6,403 183 Energy & Transportation 15,964 3,418 19,382 653 2,883 7,564 527 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 42,601 $ 3,882 $ 46,483 $ 1,567 $ 6,831 $ 18,805 $ 938 Financial Products Segment 3,093 — 3,093 820 792 34,893 1,373 Total $ 45,694 $ 3,882 $ 49,576 $ 2,387 $ 7,623 $ 53,698 $ 2,311 2016 Construction Industries $ 15,612 $ 78 $ 15,690 $ 458 $ 1,650 $ 5,367 $ 186 Resource Industries 5,726 284 6,010 607 (1,047 ) 7,135 243 Energy & Transportation 14,411 2,540 16,951 677 2,222 7,791 519 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 35,749 $ 2,902 $ 38,651 $ 1,742 $ 2,825 $ 20,293 $ 948 Financial Products Segment 2,993 — 2,993 849 702 35,224 1,638 Total $ 38,742 $ 2,902 $ 41,644 $ 2,591 $ 3,527 $ 55,517 $ 2,586 2015 Construction Industries $ 17,797 $ 109 $ 17,906 $ 505 $ 1,865 $ 6,176 $ 276 Resource Industries 7,739 332 8,071 643 1 8,931 303 Energy & Transportation 18,519 2,877 21,396 690 3,390 8,769 869 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 44,055 $ 3,318 $ 47,373 $ 1,838 $ 5,256 $ 23,876 $ 1,448 Financial Products Segment 3,078 — 3,078 848 809 35,729 1,465 Total $ 47,133 $ 3,318 $ 50,451 $ 2,686 $ 6,065 $ 59,605 $ 2,913 Reconciliation of Sales and Revenues: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2017 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 42,601 $ 3,093 $ — $ 45,694 All Other operating segments 178 — — 178 Other (103 ) 74 (381 ) 1 (410 ) Total sales and revenues $ 42,676 $ 3,167 $ (381 ) $ 45,462 2016 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 35,749 $ 2,993 $ — $ 38,742 All Other operating segments 139 — — 139 Other (115 ) 72 (301 ) 1 (344 ) Total sales and revenues $ 35,773 $ 3,065 $ (301 ) $ 38,537 2015 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 44,055 $ 3,078 $ — $ 47,133 All Other operating segments 203 — — 203 Other (111 ) 101 (315 ) 1 (325 ) Total sales and revenues $ 44,147 $ 3,179 $ (315 ) $ 47,011 1 Elimination of Financial Products revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation. Reconciliation of consolidated profit before taxes: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidated Total 2017 Total profit from reportable segments $ 6,831 $ 792 $ 7,623 All Other operating segments (43 ) — (43 ) Cost centers 22 — 22 Corporate costs (633 ) — (633 ) Timing (151 ) — (151 ) Restructuring costs (1,253 ) (3 ) (1,256 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales (77 ) — (77 ) Postretirement benefit expense (165 ) — (165 ) Stock-based compensation expense (198 ) (8 ) (206 ) Financing costs (524 ) — (524 ) Currency (218 ) — (218 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (181 ) — (181 ) Other methodology differences (96 ) (13 ) (109 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ 3,314 $ 768 $ 4,082 2016 Total profit from reportable segments $ 2,825 $ 702 $ 3,527 All Other operating segments (77 ) — (77 ) Cost centers 8 — 8 Corporate costs (527 ) — (527 ) Timing 40 — 40 Restructuring costs (1,014 ) (5 ) (1,019 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales — — — Postretirement benefit expense (788 ) — (788 ) Stock-based compensation expense (209 ) (9 ) (218 ) Financing costs (517 ) — (517 ) Currency (22 ) — (22 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (225 ) — (225 ) Other methodology differences (47 ) 4 (43 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ (553 ) $ 692 $ 139 2015 Total profit from reportable segments $ 5,256 $ 809 $ 6,065 All Other operating segments (75 ) — (75 ) Cost centers 20 — 20 Corporate costs (600 ) — (600 ) Timing 95 — 95 Restructuring costs (881 ) (17 ) (898 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales (100 ) — (100 ) Postretirement benefit expense 131 — 131 Stock-based compensation expense (270 ) (13 ) (283 ) Financing costs (524 ) — (524 ) Currency (261 ) — (261 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (95 ) — (95 ) Other methodology differences (79 ) 43 (36 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ 2,617 $ 822 $ 3,439 Reconciliation of Restructuring costs: As noted above, restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. Had we included the amounts in the segments' results, the profit would have been as shown below: Reconciliation of Restructuring costs: (Millions of dollars) Segment profit (loss) Restructuring costs Segment profit (loss) with restructuring costs 2017 Construction Industries $ 3,258 $ (719 ) $ 2,539 Resource Industries 690 (276 ) 414 Energy & Transportation 2,883 (115 ) 2,768 Financial Products Segment 792 (3 ) 789 All Other operating segments (43 ) (39 ) (82 ) Total $ 7,580 $ (1,152 ) $ 6,428 2016 Construction Industries $ 1,650 $ (41 ) $ 1,609 Resource Industries (1,047 ) (540 ) (1,587 ) Energy & Transportation 2,222 (248 ) 1,974 Financial Products Segment 702 (5 ) 697 All Other operating segments (77 ) (45 ) (122 ) Total $ 3,450 $ (879 ) $ 2,571 2015 Construction Industries $ 1,865 $ (123 ) $ 1,742 Resource Industries 1 (305 ) (304 ) Energy & Transportation 3,390 (109 ) 3,281 Financial Products Segment 809 (17 ) 792 All Other operating segments (75 ) (129 ) (204 ) Total $ 5,990 $ (683 ) $ 5,307 Reconciliation of Assets: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2017 Total assets from reportable segments $ 18,805 $ 34,893 $ — $ 53,698 All Other operating segments 1,312 — — 1,312 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 7,381 — — 7,381 Intercompany receivables 1,733 — (1,733 ) — Investment in Financial Products 4,064 — (4,064 ) — Deferred income taxes 2,166 — (574 ) 1,592 Goodwill and intangible assets 4,210 — — 4,210 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 2,341 — — 2,341 Operating lease methodology difference (191 ) — — (191 ) Inventory methodology differences (2,287 ) — — (2,287 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 9,352 — — 9,352 Other (399 ) (14 ) (33 ) (446 ) Total assets $ 48,487 $ 34,879 $ (6,404 ) $ 76,962 2016 Total assets from reportable segments $ 20,293 $ 35,224 $ — $ 55,517 All Other operating segments 1,381 — — 1,381 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 5,257 — — 5,257 Intercompany receivables 1,713 — (1,713 ) — Investment in Financial Products 3,638 — (3,638 ) — Deferred income taxes 3,648 — (947 ) 2,701 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,883 — — 3,883 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,645 — — 1,645 Operating lease methodology difference (186 ) — — (186 ) Inventory methodology differences (2,373 ) — — (2,373 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 7,400 — — 7,400 Other (436 ) (29 ) (56 ) (521 ) Total assets $ 45,863 $ 35,195 $ (6,354 ) $ 74,704 2015 Total assets from reportable segments $ 23,876 $ 35,729 $ — $ 59,605 All Other operating segments 1,405 — — 1,405 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 5,340 — — 5,340 Intercompany receivables 1,087 — (1,087 ) — Investment in Financial Products 3,888 — (3,888 ) — Deferred income taxes 3,208 — (793 ) 2,415 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,571 — — 3,571 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,585 — — 1,585 Operating lease methodology difference (213 ) — — (213 ) Inventory methodology differences (2,646 ) — — (2,646 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 8,017 — — 8,017 Other (567 ) (93 ) (77 ) (737 ) Total assets $ 48,551 $ 35,636 $ (5,845 ) $ 78,342 Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidated Total 2017 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,567 $ 820 $ 2,387 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 220 — 220 Cost centers 143 — 143 Other 86 41 127 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,016 $ 861 $ 2,877 2016 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,742 $ 849 $ 2,591 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 219 — 219 Cost centers 156 — 156 Other 27 41 68 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,144 $ 890 $ 3,034 2015 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,838 $ 848 $ 2,686 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 205 — 205 Cost centers 154 — 154 Other (33 ) 34 1 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,164 $ 882 $ 3,046 Reconciliation of Capital expenditures: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2017 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 938 $ 1,373 $ — $ 2,311 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 134 — — 134 Cost centers 84 — — 84 Timing (96 ) — — (96 ) Other (144 ) 80 (33 ) (97 ) Total capital expenditures $ 916 $ 1,453 $ (33 ) $ 2,336 2016 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 948 $ 1,638 $ — $ 2,586 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 182 — — 182 Cost centers 72 — — 72 Timing 153 — — 153 Other (149 ) 133 (49 ) (65 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,206 $ 1,771 $ (49 ) $ 2,928 2015 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 1,448 $ 1,465 $ — $ 2,913 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 169 — — 169 Cost centers 195 — — 195 Timing 37 — — 37 Other (219 ) 194 (28 ) (53 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,630 $ 1,659 $ (28 ) $ 3,261 Enterprise-wide Disclosures: Information about Geographic Areas: Property, plant and equipment - net External sales and revenues 1 December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 Inside United States $ 18,552 $ 15,956 $ 19,218 $ 8,126 $ 8,537 Outside United States 26,910 22,581 27,793 6,029 6,785 Total $ 45,462 $ 38,537 $ 47,011 $ 14,155 $ 15,322 1 Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation are based on dealer or customer location. Revenues from services provided are based on where service is rendered. |
Acquisitions
Acquisitions | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Business Combinations [Abstract] | |
Acquisitions | Acquisitions Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp. On December 15, 2016, we acquired 100 percent of the equity in privately held Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp. (Kemper). Kemper is headquartered in Island Lake, Illinois and designs, manufactures, sells, and services high pressure flow iron to the well service segment of the Oil & Gas industry. This acquisition provides Caterpillar with a new product offering which complements its existing products in the Oil & Gas industry. The purchase price, net of $12 million of acquired cash, consisted of $92 million paid at closing, $1 million paid in 2017, and $8 million payable in 2018. In addition, there is contingent consideration with a fair value of $38 million as of the acquisition date which is comprised of two components: 1) our expected use of a charitable contribution carry forward for U.S. tax purposes acquired from Kemper which has an estimated maximum payment of $20 million and 2) a specified industry performance index price target during the period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021 which is capped at $20 million per year. The contingent consideration is being remeasured each reporting period at its estimated fair value with any adjustment included in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. The transaction was financed with available cash. Tangible assets as of the acquisition date were $147 million , recorded at their fair values, and included cash of $12 million , receivables of $7 million , short term investments of $3 million , net deferred tax assets of $21 million , inventories of $63 million , and property, plant and equipment of $41 million . Finite-lived intangible assets acquired of $8 million included customer relationships, developed technology and trade names. The finite lived intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over an amortization period of 10 years . Liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date were $6 million , which represented their fair values. Goodwill of $1 million , non-deductible for income tax purposes, represented the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represented the estimated future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. The results of the acquired business for the period from the acquisition date are included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and reported in the Energy & Transportation segment in Note 23. Assuming this transaction had been made at the beginning of any period presented, the consolidated pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results. RDS Manufacturing, Inc. In December 2015, we acquired 100 percent of the stock of RDS Manufacturing, Inc. (RDS). RDS, located in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, is a privately owned manufacturer of highly engineered turbomachinery parts, primarily for the turbine engine and aerospace markets. The acquisition of RDS is expected to help grow our turbine business and deepen our manufacturing expertise. The purchase price, net of $1 million of acquired cash and $5 million of trade receivables due from Caterpillar, was approximately $85 million . We paid $74 million at closing with an additional $11 million paid in December 2017. The transaction was financed with available cash. Tangible assets acquired of $28 million , recorded at their fair values, were primarily inventories of $12 million and property, plant and equipment of $16 million . Liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date were $2 million , which represented their fair values. Goodwill of $59 million , substantially all of which is deductible for income tax purposes, represented the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represented the estimated future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Factors that contributed to a purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill include RDS’s strategic fit into our manufacturing and product portfolio and the acquired assembled workforce. The results of the acquired business for the period from the acquisition date are included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and are reported in the Energy & Transportation segment. Assuming this transaction had been made at the beginning of any period presented, the consolidated pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results. Rail Product Solutions, Inc. In October 2015, we acquired 100 percent of the stock in privately owned Rail Product Solutions, Inc. (RPS) from Amsted Rail Company, Inc. RPS is a leading North American provider of mission critical track fastening products and integrated fastening systems. The acquisition of RPS expands our portfolio of track related products and allows us to provide more comprehensive solutions to our customers. The purchase price was $165 million . The transaction was financed with available cash. Tangible assets acquired of $41 million , recorded at their fair values, were primarily receivables of $9 million , inventories of $6 million , property, plant and equipment of $17 million and an investment in an unconsolidated affiliated company of $9 million . Finite-lived intangible assets acquired of $82 million were primarily customer relationships and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted average period of approximately 15 years . Liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date were $11 million , which represented their fair values. Goodwill of $53 million , substantially all of which is deductible for income tax purposes, represented the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represented the estimated future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Factors that contributed to a purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill include RPS’s strategic fit into our product and services portfolio and the acquired assembled workforce. The results of the acquired business for the period from the acquisition date are included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and are reported in the Energy & Transportation segment. Assuming this transaction had been made at the beginning of any period presented, the consolidated pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results. |
Restructuring Costs
Restructuring Costs | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Restructuring Charges [Abstract] | |
Restructuring Costs | Restructuring costs Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, eligible separation costs are recognized at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, eligible costs are recognized when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable. Restructuring costs for 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Employee separations 1 $ 525 $ 297 $ 641 Contract terminations 1 183 62 — Long-lived asset impairments 1 346 391 127 Defined benefit plan curtailments and termination benefits 1 29 7 82 Other 2 173 262 48 Total restructuring costs $ 1,256 $ 1,019 $ 898 1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses. 2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, project management costs, equipment relocation and inventory write-downs, and also LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities (all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold). In 2017, about half of the restructuring costs were related to the closure of the facility in Gosselies, Belgium, within Construction Industries, and the remainder was related to other restructuring actions across the company. The restructuring costs in 2016 were primarily related to actions in Resource Industries in response to continued weakness in the mining industry. In addition, costs in 2016 resulted from our decision to discontinue production of on-highway vocational trucks within Energy & Transportation and other restructuring actions across the company. The restructuring costs in 2015 were primarily related to several restructuring programs across the company. Restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. See Note 23 for more information. The following table summarizes the 2016 and 2017 employee separation activity: (Millions of dollars) Liability balance at December 31, 2015 $ 483 Increase in liability (separation charges) 297 Reduction in liability (payments) (633 ) Liability balance at December 31, 2016 $ 147 Increase in liability (separation charges) 525 Reduction in liability (payments) (423 ) Liability balance at December 31, 2017 $ 249 Most of the remaining liability balance as of December 31, 2017 is expected to be paid in 2018 and primarily includes employee separation payments related to closure of the Gosselies, Belgium, facility. In March 2017, Caterpillar informed Belgian authorities of the decision to proceed to a collective dismissal, which will lead to the closure of the Gosselies site, impacting about 2,000 employees. Production of Caterpillar products at the Gosselies site ended during the second quarter of 2017. The other operations and functions at the Gosselies site are expected to be gradually phased out by the end of the second quarter of 2018. We estimate restructuring costs incurred under this program to be about $675 million . In 2017, we recognized $653 million of restructuring costs which included $436 million of employee separation costs, $205 million for long-lived asset impairments and $77 million of other costs partially offset by a $65 million LIFO inventory decrement benefit. The remaining costs are expected to be recognized in 2018. Restructuring costs for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $1,019 million . Throughout 2016, we initiated the following restructuring plans: • In February 2016, we made the decision to discontinue production of on-highway vocational trucks. Based on the business climate in the truck industry and a thorough evaluation of the business, the company decided it would withdraw from this market. We recognized $104 million of restructuring costs, primarily related to long-lived asset impairments and sales discounts, which is substantially all the costs expected under this program. • In the second half of 2016, we took additional restructuring actions in Resource Industries, including ending the production of track drills; pursuing strategic alternatives related to room and pillar products; consolidation of two product development divisions; and additional actions in response to ongoing weakness in the mining industry. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we incurred $369 million of restructuring costs for these plans primarily related to long-lived asset impairments, employee separation costs and inventory write-downs. In September 2015, we announced a large scale restructuring plan (the Plan) including a voluntary retirement enhancement program for qualifying U.S. employees, several voluntary separation programs outside of the U.S., additional involuntary programs throughout the company and manufacturing facility consolidations and closures expected to occur through 2018. The largest action among those included in the Plan was related to our European manufacturing footprint which led to the Gosselies, Belgium, facility, closure as discussed above. We incurred $817 million , $281 million and $569 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, for a total of $1,667 million . We expect to recognize approximately $200 million of additional restructuring costs related to the Plan in 2018. |
Selected quarterly financial re
Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited) | Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited) 2017 Quarter (Dollars in millions except per share data) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sales and revenues $ 9,822 $ 11,331 $ 11,413 $ 12,896 Less: Revenues (692 ) (692 ) (700 ) (702 ) Sales 9,130 10,639 10,713 12,194 Cost of goods sold 6,758 7,769 7,633 8,889 Gross margin 2,372 2,870 3,080 3,305 Profit (loss) 1 $ 192 $ 802 $ 1,059 $ (1,299 ) 4,6,7 Profit (loss) per common share $ 0.33 $ 1.36 $ 1.79 $ (2.18 ) Profit (loss) per common share–diluted 2 $ 0.32 $ 1.35 $ 1.77 $ (2.18 ) 3 2016 Quarter 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sales and revenues $ 9,461 $ 10,342 $ 9,160 $ 9,574 Less: Revenues (681 ) (697 ) (697 ) (689 ) Sales 8,780 9,645 8,463 8,885 Cost of goods sold 6,822 7,419 6,527 7,541 Gross margin 1,958 2,226 1,936 1,344 Profit (loss) 1 $ 271 $ 550 $ 283 $ (1,171 ) 4,5,6 Profit (loss) per common share $ 0.46 $ 0.94 $ 0.48 $ (2.00 ) Profit (loss) per common share–diluted 2 $ 0.46 $ 0.93 $ 0.48 $ (2.00 ) 3 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 3 The assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. 4 The fourth quarter of 2017 and fourth quarter of 2016 include pre-tax pension and other postretirement benefit plan actuarial losses of $301 million and $985 million , respectively. See Note 12 for additional information on these costs. 5 The fourth quarter of 2016 includes a pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $595 million . See Note 10 for additional information. 6 The fourth quarter of 2017 includes a benefit of $111 million from reductions in the valuation allowance against U.S. state deferred tax assets. The fourth quarter of 2016 includes a charge of $141 million from increases in the valuation allowance against U.S. state deferred tax assets. See Note 5 for additional information. 7 The fourth quarter of 2017 includes a charge of $2,371 million due to the enactment of U.S. tax reform legislation on December 22, 2017. See Note 5 for additional information. |
Operations and summary of sig36
Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |
Basis of Presentation, Policy | B. Basis of presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries where we have a controlling financial interest. Investments in companies where our ownership exceeds 20 percent and we do not have a controlling interest or where the ownership is less than 20 percent and for which we have a significant influence are accounted for by the equity method. See Note 9 for further discussion. We consolidate all variable interest entities (VIEs) where Caterpillar Inc. is the primary beneficiary. For VIEs, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary as prescribed by the accounting guidance on the consolidation of VIEs. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. See Note 21 for further discussion on a consolidated VIE. We have affiliates, suppliers and dealers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of each entity. Our maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Receivables - trade and other $ 34 $ 55 Receivables - finance 42 174 Long-term receivables - finance 38 246 Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies 39 31 Guarantees 259 210 Total $ 412 $ 716 In addition, Cat Financial has end-user customers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. These risks are evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. Shipping and handling costs are included in Cost of goods sold in Statement 1. Other operating (income) expenses primarily include Cat Financial’s depreciation of equipment leased to others, Insurance Services’ underwriting expenses, (gains) losses on disposal of long-lived assets, long-lived asset impairment charges, contract termination costs, legal settlements and accruals, employee separation charges and benefit plan curtailment (gains) losses. Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3 include prepaid rent, prepaid insurance, prepaid and refundable income tax, assets held for sale, core to be returned for remanufacturing, restricted cash and other short-term investments and other prepaid items. Certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform with the current-year financial statement presentation. |
Sales and Revenue Recognition, Policy | C. Sales and revenue recognition Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation are recognized and earned when all the following criteria are satisfied: (a) persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists; (b) price is fixed and determinable; (c) collectibility is reasonably assured; and (d) delivery has occurred. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement and a fixed or determinable price exist once we receive an order or contract from an end user or independently owned and operated dealer. We assess collectibility at the time of the sale and if collectibility is not reasonably assured, the sale is deferred and not recognized until collectibility is probable or payment is received. Typically, where product is produced and sold in the same country, title and risk of ownership transfer when the product is shipped. Products that are exported from a country for sale typically pass title and risk of ownership at the border of the destination country. Sales of certain turbine machinery units, draglines and long wall roof supports are recognized under accounting for construction-type contracts, primarily using the percentage-of-completion method. Revenue is recognized based upon progress towards completion, which is estimated and continually updated over the course of construction. We provide for any loss that we expect to incur on these contracts when that loss is probable. Our remanufacturing operations are primarily focused on the remanufacture of Cat engines and components and rail related products. In this business, used engines and related components (core) are inspected, cleaned and remanufactured. In connection with the sale of most of our remanufactured product, we collect a deposit from the dealer that is repaid if the dealer returns an acceptable core within a specified time period. Caterpillar owns and has title to the cores when they are returned from dealers and end users. The rebuilt engine or component (the core plus any new content) is then sold as a remanufactured product to dealers and end users. Revenue is recognized pursuant to the same criteria as Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales noted above (title to the entire remanufactured product passes to the dealer upon sale). At the time of sale, the deposit is recognized in Other current liabilities in Statement 3. In addition, the core to be returned is recognized as an asset in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3 at the estimated replacement cost (based on historical experience with useable cores). Upon receipt of an acceptable core, we repay the deposit and relieve the liability. The returned core is then included in inventory. In the event that the deposit is forfeited (i.e. upon failure by the dealer to return an acceptable core in the specified time period), we recognize the core deposit and the cost of the core in Sales and Cost of goods sold, respectively. Except for replacement parts, no right of return exists on the sale of our products. Replacement part returns are estimable and accrued at the time a sale is recognized. We provide discounts to dealers through merchandising programs. We have numerous programs that are designed to promote the sale of our products. The most common dealer programs provide a discount when the dealer sells a product to a targeted end user. The cost of these discounts is estimated based on historical experience and known changes in merchandising programs and is reported as a reduction to sales when the product sale is recognized. A corresponding post-sale discount reserve is accrued in Statement 3, which represents discounts we expect to pay on previously sold products. Our standard dealer invoice terms are established by marketing region. Our invoice terms for end user sales are established by the responsible business unit. When a sale is made to a dealer, the dealer is responsible for payment even if the product is not sold to an end user. Dealers and end users must make payment within the established invoice terms to avoid potential interest costs. Interest at or above prevailing market rates may be charged on any past due balance, and generally our practice is to not forgive this interest. In 2017 , 2016 and 2015 terms were extended to not more than one year for $267 million , $406 million and $635 million of receivables, respectively, which represent approximately 1 percent of consolidated sales. We establish a bad debt allowance for Machinery, Energy & Transportation receivables when it becomes probable that the receivable will not be collected. Our allowance for bad debts is not significant. Revenues of Financial Products are generated primarily from finance revenue on finance receivables and rental payments on operating leases. Finance revenue is recorded over the life of the related finance receivable using the interest method, including the accretion of certain direct origination costs that are deferred. Revenue from rental payments received on operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Recognition of finance revenue and rental revenue is suspended and the account is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Recognition is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the account becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. See Note 6 for more information. Sales and revenues are presented net of sales and other related taxes. |
Inventories, Policy | D. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is principally determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The value of inventories on the LIFO basis represented about 65 percent and 60 percent of total inventories at December 31, 2017 and 2016 . If the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method had been in use, inventories would have been $1,934 million and $2,139 million higher than reported at December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. |
Depreciation and Amortization, Policy | E. Depreciation and amortization Depreciation of plant and equipment is computed principally using accelerated methods. Depreciation on equipment leased to others, primarily for Financial Products, is computed using the straight-line method over the term of the lease. The depreciable basis is the original cost of the equipment less the estimated residual value of the equipment at the end of the lease term. In 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , Cat Financial depreciation on equipment leased to others was $810 million , $841 million and $836 million , respectively, and was included in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. In 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , consolidated depreciation expense was $2,555 million , $2,707 million and $2,705 million , respectively. Amortization of purchased finite-lived intangibles is computed principally using the straight-line method, generally not to exceed a period of 20 years . |
Foreign Currency Translation, Policy | F. Foreign currency translation The functional currency for most of our Machinery, Energy & Transportation consolidated companies is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency for most of our Financial Products and affiliates accounted for under the equity method is the respective local currency. Gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of foreign currency amounts to the functional currency are included in Other income (expense) in Statement 1. Gains and losses resulting from translating assets and liabilities from the functional currency to U.S. dollars are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Statement 3. |
Derivative Financial Instruments, Policy | G. Derivative financial instruments Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option, and cross currency contracts, interest rate swaps, and commodity forward and option contracts. All derivatives are recorded at fair value. See Note 3 for more information. |
Income Taxes, Policy | H. Income taxes The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach taking into account guidance related to uncertain tax positions. Tax laws require items to be included in tax filings at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. A current liability is recognized for the estimated taxes payable for the current year. Deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. Deferred taxes are adjusted for enacted changes in tax rates and tax laws. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. |
Goodwill, Policy | I. Goodwill For acquisitions accounted for as a business combination, goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the fair value of the net assets acquired. We are required to test goodwill for impairment, at the reporting unit level, annually and when events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (referred to as a component) to which goodwill is assigned when initially recorded. We assign goodwill to reporting units based on our integration plans and the expected synergies resulting from the acquisition. Because Caterpillar is a highly integrated company, the businesses we acquire are sometimes combined with or integrated into existing reporting units. When changes occur in the composition of our operating segments or reporting units, goodwill is reassigned to the affected reporting units based on their relative fair values. We perform our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1 and monitor for interim triggering events on an ongoing basis. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment utilizing either a qualitative assessment or a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If we choose to perform a qualitative assessment and determine the fair value more likely than not exceeds the carrying value, no further evaluation is necessary. For reporting units where we perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit, which we primarily determine using an income approach based on the present value of discounted cash flows, to the respective carrying value, which includes goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the goodwill is not considered impaired. Beginning in 2017, if the carrying value is higher than the fair value, the difference would be recognized as an impairment loss. Prior to 2017, a two-step process was used. For reporting units where we performed the two-step process, the first step required us to compare the fair value of each reporting unit, which we primarily determined using an income approach based on the present value of discounted cash flows, to the respective carrying value, which includes goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, the goodwill was not considered impaired. If the carrying value was higher than the fair value, there was an indication that an impairment may have existed and the second step was required. In step two, the implied fair value of goodwill was calculated as the excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the fair values assigned to its assets and liabilities. If the implied fair value of goodwill was less than the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill, the difference was recognized as an impairment loss. See Note 10 for further details. |
Estimates in Financial Statements, Policy | J. Estimates in financial statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. The more significant estimates include: residual values for leased assets, fair values for goodwill impairment tests, impairment of available-for-sale securities, warranty liability, stock-based compensation and reserves for product liability and insurance losses, postretirement benefits, post-sale discounts, credit losses and income taxes. |
Derivative financial instrume37
Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Derivative Risk Management, Policy | A. Foreign currency exchange rate risk Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to five years . As of December 31, 2017 , the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 51 months . We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, euro, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Norwegian krona, Singapore dollar, or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of Machinery, Energy & Transportation foreign currency contracts are undesignated. As of December 31, 2017 , $5 million of deferred net losses, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in Statement 3), are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Other income (expense) in Statement 1) over the next twelve months when earnings are affected by the hedged transactions. The actual amount recorded in Other income (expense) will vary based on exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings. In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions, and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities, and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed rate assets and liabilities. B. Interest rate risk Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding. Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds. Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract. Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of their receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move. Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products. The gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation are amortized into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item. C. Commodity price risk Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw material. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers. Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use. Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five -year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated. |
Operations and summary of sig38
Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary, Disclosures [Abstract] | |
Schedule of Maximum Exposure to Loss from Variable Interest Entities | Our maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Receivables - trade and other $ 34 $ 55 Receivables - finance 42 174 Long-term receivables - finance 38 246 Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies 39 31 Guarantees 259 210 Total $ 412 $ 716 |
Stock-based compensation (Table
Stock-based compensation (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] | |
Schedule providing assumptions used in determining the fair value of stock-based awards | The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the Option/SAR awards for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively. Grant Year 2017 2016 2015 Weighted-average dividend yield 3.4 % 3.2 % 2.3 % Weighted-average volatility 29.2 % 31.1 % 28.4 % Range of volatilities 22.1-33.0% 22.5-33.4% 19.9-35.9% Range of risk-free interest rates 0.81-2.35% 0.62-1.73% 0.22-2.08% Weighted-average expected lives 8 years 8 years 8 years |
Schedule of stock-based compensation activity | Please refer to Tables I and II below for additional information on our stock-based compensation awards. TABLE I — Financial Information Related to Stock-based Compensation Stock options / SARs RSUs PRSUs Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding at January 1, 2017 32,064,790 $ 82.13 3,071,014 $ 78.50 710,286 $ 66.92 Granted to officers and key employees 1 2,701,644 $ 95.66 924,421 $ 90.11 437,385 $ 86.78 Exercised (12,997,205 ) $ 76.89 — $ — — $ — Vested — $ — (1,982,565 ) $ 82.37 (129,000 ) $ 77.47 Forfeited / expired (269,334 ) $ 94.23 (48,353 ) $ 79.43 (11,680 ) $ 78.14 Outstanding at December 31, 2017 21,499,895 $ 86.86 1,964,517 $ 80.04 1,006,991 $ 74.06 Exercisable at December 31, 2017 15,309,691 $ 87.29 Stock options/SARs outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2017: Outstanding Exercisable Exercise Prices Shares Outstanding at 12/31/17 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value 2 Shares Outstanding at 12/31/17 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value 2 $22.17 - 57.85 1,562,670 1.96 $ 50.47 $ 167 1,562,670 1.96 $ 50.47 $ 167 $73.20 - 74.77 3,577,767 8.02 $ 74.74 296 1,645,141 7.83 $ 74.70 136 $83.00 5,266,798 7.17 $ 83.00 393 3,630,345 7.17 $ 83.00 271 $89.75 - 96.31 7,912,539 6.88 $ 94.17 502 5,291,414 5.74 $ 93.44 339 $102.13 - 110.09 3,180,121 3.74 $ 106.55 162 3,180,121 3.74 $ 106.55 162 21,499,895 $ 86.86 $ 1,520 15,309,691 $ 87.29 $ 1,075 1 No SARs were granted during the year ended December 31, 2017 . 2 The difference between a stock award’s exercise price and the underlying stock’s closing market price at December 31, 2017 , for awards with market price greater than the exercise price. Amounts are in millions of dollars. |
Schedule of financial information related to stock-based compensation | TABLE II— Additional Stock-based Award Information (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2017 2016 2015 Stock options/SARs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 25.01 $ 20.64 $ 23.61 Intrinsic value of stock awards exercised $ 504 $ 185 $ 93 Fair value of stock awards vested 1 $ 191 $ 163 $ 155 Cash received from stock awards exercised $ 629 $ 30 $ 59 RSUs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 90.11 $ 68.04 $ 77.55 Fair value of stock awards vested 2 $ 189 $ 162 $ 109 PRSUs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 86.78 $ 64.71 $ 77.47 Fair value of stock awards vested 2 $ 20 $ — $ — 1 Based on the grant date fair value. 2 Based on the underlying stock's closing market price on the vesting date. |
Derivative financial instrume40
Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Tables) | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
Location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Financial Position | The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in Statement 3 are as follows: Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Location Asset (Liability) Fair Value (Millions of dollars) Years ended December 31, 2017 2016 Designated derivatives Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other $ 8 $ 13 Machinery, Energy & Transportation Long-term receivables — trade and other 4 — Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses (14 ) (93 ) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other liabilities (2 ) (36 ) Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other 7 29 Financial Products Accrued expenses (57 ) (3 ) Interest rate contracts Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other 3 4 Financial Products Accrued expenses (2 ) (1 ) $ (53 ) $ (87 ) Undesignated derivatives Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other $ 19 $ — Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses (9 ) (30 ) Financial Products Receivables — trade and other 12 39 Financial Products Accrued expenses (9 ) (4 ) Commodity contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other 21 10 $ 34 $ 15 | |
Total notional amounts of derivative instruments | The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments are as follows: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 3,190 $ 2,530 Financial Products $ 3,691 $ 2,626 | |
Effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Consolidated Results of Operations | The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Statement 1 is as follows: Fair Value Hedges Year ended December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (2 ) $ 2 $ (2 ) $ 2 Year ended December 31, 2016 Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (12 ) $ 11 $ (12 ) $ 11 Year ended December 31, 2015 Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (27 ) $ 26 $ (27 ) $ 26 Cash Flow Hedges (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2017 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 72 Other income (expense) $ (40 ) $ — Financial Products (77 ) Other income (expense) (81 ) — Financial Products — Interest expense of Financial Products 6 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (9 ) — Financial Products — Interest expense of Financial Products 3 — $ (5 ) $ (121 ) $ — Year ended December 31, 2016 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (118 ) Other income (expense) $ (14 ) $ — Financial Products 15 Other income (expense) 28 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) — Financial Products 8 Interest expense of Financial Products (3 ) — $ (95 ) $ 5 $ — Year ended December 31, 2015 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (33 ) Other income (expense) $ (128 ) $ — Financial Products — Other income (expense) 1 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) — Financial Products 3 Interest expense of Financial Products (6 ) — $ (30 ) $ (139 ) $ — | |
Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Results of Operations | The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on Statement 1 is as follows: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) Classification of Gains (Losses) 2017 2016 2015 Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) $ 72 $ (4 ) $ (32 ) Financial Products Other income (expense) 9 (24 ) (34 ) Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) — 2 2 Commodity contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) 30 16 (23 ) $ 111 $ (10 ) $ (87 ) | |
Effect of net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on derivative assets | The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event is as follows: December 31, 2017 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount of Assets Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 52 $ — $ 52 $ (22 ) $ — $ 30 Financial Products 22 — 22 (10 ) — 12 Total $ 74 $ — $ 74 $ (32 ) $ — $ 42 | December 31, 2016 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount of Assets Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 23 $ — $ 23 $ (21 ) $ — $ 2 Financial Products 72 — 72 (7 ) — 65 Total $ 95 $ — $ 95 $ (28 ) $ — $ 67 |
Effect of net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on derivative liabilities | December 31, 2017 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount of Liabilities Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (25 ) $ — $ (25 ) $ 22 $ — $ (3 ) Financial Products (68 ) — (68 ) 10 — (58 ) Total $ (93 ) $ — $ (93 ) $ 32 $ — $ (61 ) | December 31, 2016 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount of Liabilities Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (159 ) $ — $ (159 ) $ 21 $ — $ (138 ) Financial Products (8 ) — (8 ) 7 — (1 ) Total $ (167 ) $ — $ (167 ) $ 28 $ — $ (139 ) |
Other income (expense) (Tables)
Other income (expense) (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract] | |
Other income (expense) | Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Investment and interest income $ 122 $ 74 $ 65 Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1 (213 ) (57 ) (173 ) License fee income 100 92 111 Gains (losses) on sale of securities and affiliated companies 187 3 47 176 2 Miscellaneous income (loss) 11 (10 ) (18 ) Total $ 207 $ 146 $ 161 1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 3 for further details. 2 Includes pretax gain of $120 million related to the sale of Caterpillar's equity interest in the third party logistics business. 3 Includes pretax gain of $85 million related to the sale of Caterpillar's equity interest in Iron Planet Holdings Inc. See Note 9 for further details. |
Income taxes (Tables)
Income taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Components of profit (loss) before taxes | The components of profit (loss) before taxes were: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 U.S. $ 240 $ (2,053 ) $ 636 Non-U.S. 3,842 2,192 2,803 $ 4,082 $ 139 $ 3,439 |
Components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes | The components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes were: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Current tax provision (benefit): U.S. 1 $ 963 $ (90 ) $ 525 Non-U.S. 1,124 718 656 State (U.S.) 39 (5 ) 42 2,126 623 1,223 Deferred tax provision (benefit): U.S. 1 1,385 (544 ) (367 ) Non-U.S. (17 ) (108 ) 66 State (U.S.) (155 ) 221 (6 ) 1,213 (431 ) (307 ) Total provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 3,339 $ 192 $ 916 1 Includes U.S. taxes related to non-U.S. earnings. |
Reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to effective rate | Reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to effective rate: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Taxes at U.S. statutory rate $ 1,429 35.0 % $ 49 35.0 % $ 1,203 35.0 % (Decreases) increases resulting from: Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35% (282 ) (6.9 )% (119 ) (85.6 )% (236 ) (6.9 )% State and local taxes, net of federal 1 27 0.7 % (1 ) (0.7 )% 24 0.7 % Interest and penalties, net of tax 28 0.7 % 24 17.2 % 12 0.4 % U.S. research and production incentives (52 ) (1.3 )% (52 ) (37.4 )% (95 ) (2.7 )% ESOP dividend tax benefit (21 ) (0.5 )% (27 ) (19.4 )% (27 ) (0.8 )% Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation (64 ) (1.6 )% — — % — — % U.S. deferred tax rate change 596 14.6 % — — % — — % Mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings 1,775 43.5 % — — % — — % Valuation allowances (111 ) (2.7 )% 141 101.4 % — — % Nondeductible goodwill 2 — — % 191 137.4 % — — % Prior year tax and interest adjustments — — % — — % 42 1.2 % Other—net 14 0.3 % (14 ) (10.1 )% (7 ) (0.2 )% Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 3,339 81.8 % $ 192 137.8 % $ 916 26.7 % 1 Excludes amounts included in valuation allowances and mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings. 2 Portion of Surface Mining & Technology goodwill impairment not deductible for tax purposes. See Note 10 for further discussion. |
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities | The amount of deferred income taxes at December 31, included on the following lines in Statement 3, are as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Assets: Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes 1,569 2,683 Liabilities: Other liabilities 281 237 Deferred income taxes—net $ 1,288 $ 2,446 Deferred income tax assets and liabilities: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Deferred income tax assets: Tax carryforwards $ 1,286 $ 1,999 Pension 980 1,887 Postemployment benefits other than pensions 841 1,318 Warranty reserves 226 339 Stock-based compensation 135 316 Allowance for credit losses 149 209 Post sale discounts 160 207 Other employee compensation and benefits 203 262 Other—net 302 569 4,282 7,106 Deferred income tax liabilities: Capital and intangible assets (1,360 ) (2,455 ) Bond discount (133 ) (223 ) Translation (165 ) (368 ) Other outside basis differences (205 ) (227 ) Undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries (138 ) (285 ) (2,001 ) (3,558 ) Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets (993 ) (1,102 ) Deferred income taxes—net $ 1,288 $ 2,446 |
Summary of net operating loss carryforwards | At December 31, 2017 , amounts and expiration dates of net operating loss carryforwards in various non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions were: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021-2023 2024-2038 Unlimited Total $ 23 $ 133 $ 212 $ 272 $ 223 $ 3,625 $ 4,488 |
Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits | Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits: 1 Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Balance at January 1, $ 1,032 $ 968 Additions for tax positions related to current year 270 73 Additions for tax positions related to prior years 20 55 Reductions for tax positions related to prior years (27 ) (36 ) Reductions for settlements 2 (9 ) (24 ) Reductions for expiration of statute of limitations — (4 ) Balance at December 31, $ 1,286 $ 1,032 Amount that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate $ 1,209 $ 963 1 Foreign currency impacts are included within each line as applicable. 2 Includes cash payment or other reduction of assets to settle liability. |
Cat Financial Financing Activ43
Cat Financial Financing Activities (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Receivables [Abstract] | |
Contractual maturities of outstanding wholesale inventory receivables | Contractual maturities of outstanding wholesale inventory receivables: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2017 Amounts Due In Wholesale Installment Contracts Wholesale Finance Leases Wholesale Notes Total 2018 $ 164 $ 67 $ 527 $ 758 2019 114 49 127 290 2020 75 28 83 186 2021 36 17 9 62 2022 11 7 5 23 Thereafter — 3 11 14 400 171 762 1,333 Guaranteed residual value — 54 — 54 Unguaranteed residual value — 37 — 37 Less: Unearned income (7 ) (17 ) (2 ) (26 ) Total $ 393 $ 245 $ 760 $ 1,398 |
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables | Finance receivables are receivables of Cat Financial and are reported in Statement 3 net of an allowance for credit losses. Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2017 Amounts Due In Retail Installment Contracts Retail Finance Leases Retail Notes Total 2018 $ 2,644 $ 2,713 $ 3,511 $ 8,868 2019 1,925 1,887 1,504 5,316 2020 1,212 1,059 1,439 3,710 2021 595 432 1,157 2,184 2022 201 148 864 1,213 Thereafter 26 56 846 928 6,603 6,295 9,321 22,219 Guaranteed residual value — 402 — 402 Unguaranteed residual value — 804 — 804 Less: Unearned income (145 ) (588 ) (60 ) (793 ) Total $ 6,458 $ 6,913 $ 9,261 $ 22,632 |
Allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in finance receivables | An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2017 Customer Dealer Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Receivables written off (157 ) — (157 ) Recoveries on receivables previously written off 43 — 43 Provision for credit losses 129 (1 ) 128 Other 7 — 7 Balance at end of year $ 353 $ 9 $ 362 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 149 $ — $ 149 Collectively evaluated for impairment 204 9 213 Ending Balance $ 353 $ 9 $ 362 Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 942 $ — $ 942 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,226 3,464 21,690 Ending Balance $ 19,168 $ 3,464 $ 22,632 (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Customer Dealer Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 327 $ 9 $ 336 Receivables written off (158 ) — (158 ) Recoveries on receivables previously written off 35 — 35 Provision for credit losses 132 1 133 Other (5 ) — (5 ) Balance at end of year $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 85 $ — $ 85 Collectively evaluated for impairment 246 10 256 Ending Balance $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 786 $ — $ 786 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,236 3,375 21,611 Ending Balance $ 19,022 $ 3,375 $ 22,397 |
Aging related to loans and finance leases | In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire recorded investment in finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. The tables below summarize the recorded investment of finance receivables by aging category. (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2017 31-60 Days Past Due 61-90 Days Past Due 91+ Days Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Finance Receivables 91+ Still Accruing Customer North America $ 71 $ 15 $ 42 $ 128 $ 7,950 $ 8,078 $ 8 Europe 21 10 46 77 2,718 2,795 13 Asia Pacific 13 7 14 34 2,009 2,043 5 Mining 3 1 60 64 1,751 1,815 9 Latin America 37 55 142 234 1,531 1,765 — Caterpillar Power Finance 20 32 144 196 2,476 2,672 1 Dealer North America — — — — 1,920 1,920 — Europe — — — — 222 222 — Asia Pacific — — — — 553 553 — Mining — — — — 4 4 — Latin America — 72 — 72 691 763 — Caterpillar Power Finance — — — — 2 2 — Total $ 165 $ 192 $ 448 $ 805 $ 21,827 $ 22,632 $ 36 (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 31-60 Days Past Due 61-90 Days Past Due 91+ Days Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Finance Receivables 91+ Still Accruing Customer North America $ 50 $ 16 $ 59 $ 125 $ 7,938 $ 8,063 $ 5 Europe 16 12 39 67 2,388 2,455 6 Asia Pacific 17 7 15 39 1,435 1,474 4 Mining 3 2 63 68 1,756 1,824 2 Latin America 40 33 214 287 1,808 2,095 — Caterpillar Power Finance 11 9 73 93 3,018 3,111 1 Dealer North America — — — — 1,916 1,916 — Europe — — — — 161 161 — Asia Pacific — — — — 541 541 — Mining — — — — 3 3 — Latin America — — — — 752 752 — Caterpillar Power Finance — — — — 2 2 — Total $ 137 $ 79 $ 463 $ 679 $ 21,718 $ 22,397 $ 18 |
Impaired finance receivables | Cat Financial’s recorded investment in impaired finance receivables and the related unpaid principal balances and allowance for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Recorded Unpaid Principal Balance Related Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded North America $ 19 $ 19 $ — $ 10 $ 10 $ — Europe 45 45 — 49 48 — Asia Pacific 34 33 — 3 2 — Mining 121 121 — 129 129 — Latin America 45 45 — 68 68 — Caterpillar Power Finance 160 172 — 271 271 — Total $ 424 $ 435 $ — $ 530 $ 528 $ — Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded North America $ 44 $ 43 $ 17 $ 61 $ 60 $ 22 Europe 9 8 5 7 7 3 Asia Pacific 8 8 2 50 50 8 Mining — — — — — — Latin America 95 106 42 93 104 34 Caterpillar Power Finance 362 365 83 45 44 18 Total $ 518 $ 530 $ 149 $ 256 $ 265 $ 85 Total Impaired Finance Receivables North America $ 63 $ 62 $ 17 $ 71 $ 70 $ 22 Europe 54 53 5 56 55 3 Asia Pacific 42 41 2 53 52 8 Mining 121 121 — 129 129 — Latin America 140 151 42 161 172 34 Caterpillar Power Finance 522 537 83 316 315 18 Total $ 942 $ 965 $ 149 $ 786 $ 793 $ 85 Years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (Millions of dollars) Average Recorded Investment Interest Average Recorded Investment Interest Average Recorded Investment Interest Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded North America $ 13 $ 1 $ 18 $ 1 $ 12 $ 1 Europe 48 1 46 1 42 1 Asia Pacific 24 2 2 — 2 — Mining 126 7 98 4 75 3 Latin America 64 3 47 1 31 — Caterpillar Power Finance 221 9 270 11 170 5 Total $ 496 $ 23 $ 481 $ 18 $ 332 $ 10 Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded North America $ 49 $ 1 $ 34 $ — $ 9 $ — Europe 6 — 11 1 14 1 Asia Pacific 31 2 37 3 35 2 Mining — — 13 — 39 1 Latin America 99 4 66 2 56 3 Caterpillar Power Finance 180 6 50 1 115 3 Total $ 365 $ 13 $ 211 $ 7 $ 268 $ 10 Total Impaired Finance Receivables North America $ 62 $ 2 $ 52 $ 1 $ 21 $ 1 Europe 54 1 57 2 56 2 Asia Pacific 55 4 39 3 37 2 Mining 126 7 111 4 114 4 Latin America 163 7 113 3 87 3 Caterpillar Power Finance 401 15 320 12 285 8 Total $ 861 $ 36 $ 692 $ 25 $ 600 $ 20 |
Investment in loans and finance leases on non-accrual status | The recorded investment in Customer finance receivable on non-accrual status was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 North America $ 38 $ 66 Europe 37 35 Asia Pacific 10 12 Mining 63 69 Latin America 192 307 Caterpillar Power Finance 343 90 Total $ 683 $ 579 |
Loans and finance receivables modified as TDRs | TDRs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2017 Year ended December 31, 2016 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR North America 4 $ 3 5 $ 2 7 $ 1 Europe 1 — 5 2 — — Asia Pacific 4 1 1 — — — Latin America 1 243 17 4 1 12 1 Total 252 $ 21 15 $ 5 19 $ 2 1 In Latin America, 238 contracts with a Post-TDR recorded investment of $16 million are related to two customers for the year ended December 31, 2017. Cat Financial's recorded investment in finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2017 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 43 $ 34 $ 35 Europe 4 1 1 Asia Pacific 10 39 31 Mining 2 57 56 Latin America 17 26 27 Caterpillar Power Finance 1 68 422 407 Total 144 $ 579 $ 557 Year ended December 31, 2016 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 25 $ 25 $ 25 Europe 43 12 9 Asia Pacific 31 29 28 Mining 4 74 66 Latin America 2 437 118 82 Caterpillar Power Finance 34 196 177 Total 574 $ 454 $ 387 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 14 $ 1 $ 1 Europe 23 2 2 Asia Pacific 21 26 26 Mining 4 65 65 Latin America 11 1 2 Caterpillar Power Finance 21 259 242 Total 94 $ 354 $ 338 1 In Caterpillar Power Finance, 48 contracts with a pre-TDR recorded investment of $265 million and a post-TDR recorded investment of $258 million are related to six customers. 2 In Latin America, 321 contracts with a pre-TDR recorded investment of $94 million and a post-TDR recorded investment of $64 million are related to four customers. |
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date | TDRs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2017 Year ended December 31, 2016 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR North America 4 $ 3 5 $ 2 7 $ 1 Europe 1 — 5 2 — — Asia Pacific 4 1 1 — — — Latin America 1 243 17 4 1 12 1 Total 252 $ 21 15 $ 5 19 $ 2 1 In Latin America, 238 contracts with a Post-TDR recorded investment of $16 million are related to two customers for the year ended December 31, 2017. Cat Financial's recorded investment in finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2017 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 43 $ 34 $ 35 Europe 4 1 1 Asia Pacific 10 39 31 Mining 2 57 56 Latin America 17 26 27 Caterpillar Power Finance 1 68 422 407 Total 144 $ 579 $ 557 Year ended December 31, 2016 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 25 $ 25 $ 25 Europe 43 12 9 Asia Pacific 31 29 28 Mining 4 74 66 Latin America 2 437 118 82 Caterpillar Power Finance 34 196 177 Total 574 $ 454 $ 387 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 14 $ 1 $ 1 Europe 23 2 2 Asia Pacific 21 26 26 Mining 4 65 65 Latin America 11 1 2 Caterpillar Power Finance 21 259 242 Total 94 $ 354 $ 338 1 In Caterpillar Power Finance, 48 contracts with a pre-TDR recorded investment of $265 million and a post-TDR recorded investment of $258 million are related to six customers. 2 In Latin America, 321 contracts with a pre-TDR recorded investment of $94 million and a post-TDR recorded investment of $64 million are related to four customers. |
Inventories (Tables)
Inventories (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Inventories | Inventories (principally using the LIFO method) are comprised of the following: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Raw materials $ 2,802 $ 2,102 Work-in-process 2,254 1,719 Finished goods 4,761 4,576 Supplies 201 217 Total inventories $ 10,018 $ 8,614 |
Property, plant and equipment (
Property, plant and equipment (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract] | |
Property, plant and equipment | December 31, (Millions of dollars) Useful Lives (Years) 2017 2016 Land — $ 664 $ 667 Buildings and land improvements 20-45 7,515 7,383 Machinery, equipment and other 3-10 14,888 15,392 Software 3-7 1,745 1,641 Equipment leased to others 1-7 6,038 6,086 Construction-in-process — 688 771 Total property, plant and equipment, at cost 31,538 31,940 Less: Accumulated depreciation (17,383 ) (16,618 ) Property, plant and equipment–net $ 14,155 $ 15,322 |
Assets recorded under capital leases | Assets recorded under capital leases: 1 December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Gross capital leases 2 $ 96 $ 99 Less: Accumulated depreciation (19 ) (22 ) Net capital leases $ 77 $ 77 1 Included in Property, plant and equipment table above. 2 Consists primarily of machinery and equipment. |
Scheduled minimum rental payments on assets recorded under capital leases | At December 31, 2017 , scheduled minimum rental payments on assets recorded under capital leases were: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter $ 8 $ 8 $ 9 $ 22 $ 7 $ 35 |
Equipment leased to others | Equipment leased to others (primarily by Cat Financial): December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Equipment leased to others–at original cost $ 6,038 $ 6,086 Less: Accumulated depreciation (1,656 ) (1,659 ) Equipment leased to others–net $ 4,382 $ 4,427 |
Scheduled minimum rental payments to be received for equipment leased to others | At December 31, 2017 , scheduled minimum rental payments to be received for equipment leased to others were: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter $ 879 $ 583 $ 315 $ 155 $ 78 $ 70 |
Investments in unconsolidated46
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract] | |
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies | December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Investments in equity method companies $ 212 $ 192 Plus: Investments in cost method companies 31 57 Total investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies $ 243 $ 249 |
Intangible assets and goodwill
Intangible assets and goodwill (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Intangible assets | Intangible assets are comprised of the following: December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Weighted Amortizable Life (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Customer relationships 15 $ 2,441 $ (1,122 ) $ 1,319 Intellectual property 11 1,538 (851 ) 687 Other 13 198 (93 ) 105 Total finite-lived intangible assets 14 $ 4,177 $ (2,066 ) $ 2,111 December 31, 2016 Weighted Amortizable Life (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Customer relationships 15 $ 2,378 $ (934 ) $ 1,444 Intellectual property 11 1,496 (706 ) 790 Other 14 192 (77 ) 115 Total finite-lived intangible assets 14 $ 4,066 $ (1,717 ) $ 2,349 |
Expected amortization expense related to intangible assets | As of December 31, 2017 , amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter $ 322 $ 316 $ 305 $ 287 $ 268 $ 613 |
Goodwill | The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Acquisitions Impairment Loss Other Adjustments 1 December 31, 2017 Construction Industries Goodwill $ 296 $ — $ — $ 9 $ 305 Impairment (22 ) — — — (22 ) Net goodwill 274 — — 9 283 Resource Industries Goodwill 4,110 — — 122 4,232 Impairment (1,175 ) — — — (1,175 ) Net goodwill 2,935 — — 122 3,057 Energy & Transportation Goodwill 2,756 — — 50 2,806 All Other 2 Goodwill 55 — — (1 ) 54 Consolidated total Goodwill 7,217 — — 180 7,397 Impairment (1,197 ) — — — (1,197 ) Net goodwill $ 6,020 $ — $ — $ 180 $ 6,200 December 31, 2015 Acquisitions Impairment Loss Other Adjustments 1 December 31, 2016 Construction Industries Goodwill $ 285 $ — $ — $ 11 $ 296 Impairment (22 ) — — — (22 ) Net goodwill 263 — — 11 274 Resource Industries Goodwill 4,145 — — (35 ) 4,110 Impairment (580 ) — (595 ) — (1,175 ) Net goodwill 3,565 — (595 ) (35 ) 2,935 Energy & Transportation Goodwill 2,738 37 — (19 ) 2,756 All Other 2 Goodwill 49 — — 6 55 Consolidated total Goodwill 7,217 37 — (37 ) 7,217 Impairment (602 ) — (595 ) — (1,197 ) Net goodwill $ 6,615 $ 37 $ (595 ) $ (37 ) $ 6,020 1 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation. 2 Includes All Other operating segments (See Note 23). |
Investments in debt and equit48
Investments in debt and equity securities (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] | |
Schedule of available-for-sale securities | The cost basis and fair value of debt and equity securities were as follows: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 10 $ — $ 10 $ 9 $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds 42 — 42 60 — 60 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds 585 (1 ) 584 489 3 492 Asset-backed securities 67 — 67 90 — 90 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 265 (4 ) 261 225 (2 ) 223 Residential 8 — 8 10 — 10 Commercial 17 — 17 36 — 36 Equity securities Large capitalization value 287 (3 ) 284 280 32 312 Real estate investment trust (REIT) 104 6 110 77 2 79 Smaller company growth 40 16 56 41 15 56 Total $ 1,425 $ 14 $ 1,439 $ 1,317 $ 50 $ 1,367 |
Investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired | Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired: December 31, 2017 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 312 $ 2 $ 38 $ — $ 350 $ 2 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 129 1 110 3 239 4 Equity securities Large capitalization value 129 5 14 2 143 7 Smaller company growth 17 1 1 — 18 1 Total $ 587 $ 9 $ 163 $ 5 $ 750 $ 14 December 31, 2016 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 131 $ 1 $ 13 $ — $ 144 $ 1 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 167 2 11 — 178 2 Equity securities Large capitalization value 68 6 11 2 79 8 Smaller company growth 10 1 3 1 13 2 Total $ 376 $ 10 $ 38 $ 3 $ 414 $ 13 1 Indicates length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position. |
Cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity | December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 144 $ 144 Due after one year through five years 418 417 Due after five years through ten years 121 120 Due after ten years 21 22 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities 265 261 Residential mortgage-backed securities 8 8 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 17 17 Total debt securities – available-for-sale $ 994 $ 989 |
Schedule of proceeds and gross gain and losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities | Sales of Securities: Years Ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 930 $ 694 $ 351 Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 109 $ 55 $ 64 Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 5 $ 4 $ 2 |
Postemployment benefit plans (T
Postemployment benefit plans (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Retirement Benefits [Abstract] | |
Schedule of changes in projected benefit obligations | U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 16,218 $ 15,792 $ 4,472 $ 4,355 $ 4,088 $ 4,313 Service cost 115 119 95 92 78 82 Interest cost 525 517 101 117 130 131 Plan amendments — — (1 ) (5 ) (79 ) (188 ) Actuarial losses (gains) 1,439 767 (75 ) 512 71 60 Foreign currency exchange rates — — 312 (369 ) 4 14 Participant contributions — — 6 7 59 57 Benefits paid - gross (977 ) (970 ) (203 ) (238 ) (361 ) (388 ) Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid — — — — 10 11 Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 6 (7 ) (101 ) 1 2 (4 ) Benefit obligation, end of year $ 17,326 $ 16,218 $ 4,606 $ 4,472 $ 4,002 $ 4,088 Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year $ 17,175 $ 16,034 $ 4,335 $ 4,163 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: Discount rate 3.5 % 4.0 % 2.4 % 2.5 % 3.6 % 4.0 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.6 % 4.0 % |
Schedule of assumptions used to determine benefit obligation | U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 16,218 $ 15,792 $ 4,472 $ 4,355 $ 4,088 $ 4,313 Service cost 115 119 95 92 78 82 Interest cost 525 517 101 117 130 131 Plan amendments — — (1 ) (5 ) (79 ) (188 ) Actuarial losses (gains) 1,439 767 (75 ) 512 71 60 Foreign currency exchange rates — — 312 (369 ) 4 14 Participant contributions — — 6 7 59 57 Benefits paid - gross (977 ) (970 ) (203 ) (238 ) (361 ) (388 ) Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid — — — — 10 11 Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 6 (7 ) (101 ) 1 2 (4 ) Benefit obligation, end of year $ 17,326 $ 16,218 $ 4,606 $ 4,472 $ 4,002 $ 4,088 Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year $ 17,175 $ 16,034 $ 4,335 $ 4,163 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: Discount rate 3.5 % 4.0 % 2.4 % 2.5 % 3.6 % 4.0 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.6 % 4.0 % |
Change in plan assets | U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year $ 11,354 $ 11,440 $ 3,887 $ 3,890 $ 550 $ 650 Actual return on plan assets 1,692 860 350 503 101 55 Foreign currency exchange rates — — 278 (392 ) — — Company contributions 1,350 36 107 117 155 176 Participant contributions — — 6 7 59 57 Benefits paid (977 ) (970 ) (203 ) (238 ) (361 ) (388 ) Settlements and termination benefits (3 ) (12 ) (120 ) — — — Fair value of plan assets, end of year $ 13,416 $ 11,354 $ 4,305 $ 3,887 $ 504 $ 550 |
Fair value of pension and other postretirement benefit plan assets, by category | The fair value of the pension and other postretirement benefit plan assets by category is summarized below: December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 2,745 $ — $ 20 $ 165 $ 2,930 Non-U.S. equities 1,573 15 — — 1,588 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 5,886 60 49 5,995 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 1,165 — — 1,165 U.S. government bonds — 793 — — 793 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 369 — — 369 Non-U.S. government bonds — 68 — — 68 Real estate — — 10 — 10 Cash, short-term instruments and other 173 101 — 224 498 Total U.S. pension assets $ 4,491 $ 8,397 $ 90 $ 438 $ 13,416 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 2,816 $ — $ 5 $ 174 $ 2,995 Non-U.S. equities 1,653 5 — — 1,658 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 4,273 31 85 4,389 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 710 — — 710 U.S. government bonds — 647 — — 647 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 491 — — 491 Non-U.S. government bonds — 90 — — 90 Real estate — — 10 — 10 Cash, short-term instruments and other 93 74 11 186 364 Total U.S. pension assets $ 4,562 $ 6,290 $ 57 $ 445 $ 11,354 December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Non-U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 55 $ — $ — $ 137 $ 192 Non-U.S. equities 400 34 — 929 1,363 Global equities 1 116 33 — — 149 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 156 — — 156 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 363 5 6 374 U.S. government bonds — 64 — — 64 Non-U.S. government bonds — 1,229 — — 1,229 Global fixed income 1 — 250 — 218 468 Real estate — 186 — — 186 Cash, short-term instruments and other 2 64 60 — — 124 Total non-U.S. pension assets $ 635 $ 2,375 $ 5 $ 1,290 $ 4,305 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Non-U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 405 $ — $ — $ 108 $ 513 Non-U.S. equities 639 38 — 119 796 Global equities 1 122 34 — — 156 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 151 1 — 152 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 345 1 10 356 U.S. government bonds — 44 — — 44 Non-U.S. government bonds — 1,172 — — 1,172 Global fixed income 1 — 221 — 199 420 Real estate — 179 — — 179 Cash, short-term instruments and other 2 53 46 — — 99 Total non-U.S. pension assets $ 1,219 $ 2,230 $ 2 $ 436 $ 3,887 1 Includes funds that invest in both U.S. and non-U.S. securities. 2 Includes funds that invest in multiple asset classes, hedge funds and other. December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Other Postretirement Benefits Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 255 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 256 Non-U.S. equities 103 — — — 103 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 60 — 1 61 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 15 — — 15 U.S. government bonds — 17 — — 17 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 34 — — 34 Non-U.S. government bonds — 4 — — 4 Cash, short-term instruments and other — 3 — 11 14 Total other postretirement benefit assets $ 358 $ 134 $ — $ 12 $ 504 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Other Postretirement Benefits Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 276 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 277 Non-U.S. equities 110 — — — 110 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 69 — 1 70 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 17 — — 17 U.S. government bonds — 16 — — 16 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 31 — — 31 Non-U.S. government bonds — 4 — — 4 Cash, short-term instruments and other 5 1 — 19 25 Total other postretirement benefit assets $ 391 $ 139 $ — $ 20 $ 550 |
Roll forward of assets measured at fair value using level 3 inputs | Below are roll-forwards of assets measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 . These instruments were valued using pricing models that, in management’s judgment, reflect the assumptions a market participant would use. (Millions of dollars) Equities Fixed Income Real Estate Other U.S. Pension Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 5 $ 42 $ 9 $ 3 Unrealized gains (losses) — 4 1 — Realized gains (losses) — (5 ) — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net 1 (9 ) — 8 Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 (1 ) (1 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 5 $ 31 $ 10 $ 11 Unrealized gains (losses) 15 13 — — Realized gains (losses) (1 ) — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net — 16 — (11 ) Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 1 — — — Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 20 $ 60 $ 10 $ — Non-U.S. Pension Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 2 $ 5 $ — $ — Unrealized gains (losses) — — — — Realized gains (losses) (1 ) — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net (1 ) (1 ) — — Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — (2 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2016 $ — $ 2 $ — $ — Unrealized gains (losses) — — — — Realized gains (losses) — — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net — 2 — — Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — 1 — — Balance at December 31, 2017 $ — $ 5 $ — $ — |
Defined benefit plan funded status, components of net amount recognized in financial position and accumulated other comprehensive income | The funded status of the plans, reconciled to the amount reported on Statement 3, is as follows: U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 End of Year Fair value of plan assets $ 13,416 $ 11,354 $ 4,305 $ 3,887 $ 504 $ 550 Benefit obligations 17,326 16,218 4,606 4,472 4,002 4,088 Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position $ (3,910 ) $ (4,864 ) $ (301 ) $ (585 ) $ (3,498 ) $ (3,538 ) Components of net amount recognized in financial position: Other assets (non-current asset) $ 19 $ 4 $ 358 $ 152 $ — $ — Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability) (38 ) (35 ) (20 ) (20 ) (163 ) (162 ) Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability) (3,891 ) (4,833 ) (639 ) (717 ) (3,335 ) (3,376 ) Net liability recognized $ (3,910 ) $ (4,864 ) $ (301 ) $ (585 ) $ (3,498 ) $ (3,538 ) Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of: Prior service cost (credit) $ — $ — $ — $ (5 ) $ (138 ) $ (85 ) |
Estimated amounts that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost (pre-tax) in the next fiscal year | The estimated amount of prior service cost (credit) that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2017 into net periodic benefit cost (pre-tax) in 2018 are as follows: (Millions of dollars) U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits Prior service cost (credit) $ — $ — $ (35 ) |
Schedule of pension plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets for all U.S and Non U.S Pension benefits | The following amounts relate to our pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end Non-U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Projected benefit obligation $ 16,904 $ 16,163 $ 1,853 $ 4,098 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 16,761 $ 15,979 $ 1,708 $ 3,835 Fair value of plan assets $ 12,975 $ 11,295 $ 1,194 $ 3,361 |
Schedule of pension plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets for all U.S and Non U.S Pension benefits | The following amounts relate to our pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end Non-U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Projected benefit obligation $ 16,904 $ 16,163 $ 1,720 $ 1,707 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 16,761 $ 15,979 $ 1,641 $ 1,607 Fair value of plan assets $ 12,975 $ 11,295 $ 1,107 $ 1,024 |
Information about the expected contributions and benefit payments for the pension and other postretirement benefit plans | Information about expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other postretirement benefit plans is as follows: (Millions of dollars) U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits Employer contributions: 2018 (expected) $ 40 $ 150 $ 175 Expected benefit payments: 2018 $ 1,010 $ 220 $ 300 2019 990 170 300 2020 990 180 290 2021 990 180 290 2022 1,000 190 280 2023-2027 4,960 1,040 1,380 Total $ 9,940 $ 1,980 $ 2,840 |
Expected Medicare Part D subsidy receipts | Medicare Part D subsidy amounts expected to be received by the company which will offset other postretirement benefit payments are as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023-2027 Total Other postretirement benefits $ 15 $ 15 $ 15 $ 15 $ 15 $ 60 $ 135 |
Components of net periodic benefit cost, other changes in plan assets and benefits obligations recognized in other comprehensive income and weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost | U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost $ 115 $ 119 $ 181 $ 95 $ 92 $ 110 $ 78 $ 82 $ 101 Interest cost 525 517 608 101 117 146 130 131 181 Expected return on plan assets 1 (734 ) (757 ) (890 ) (231 ) (227 ) (273 ) (37 ) (44 ) (56 ) Curtailments and termination benefits 2 9 6 32 15 1 (1 ) — (9 ) 27 Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 3 — — 1 (2 ) 3 — (23 ) (59 ) (54 ) Actuarial loss (gain) 4 481 664 732 (195 ) 262 8 15 59 (561 ) Total cost (benefit) included in operating profit $ 396 $ 549 $ 664 $ (217 ) $ 248 $ (10 ) $ 163 $ 160 $ (362 ) Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax): Current year prior service cost (credit) $ — $ — $ — $ 3 $ (3 ) $ (8 ) $ (77 ) $ (184 ) $ 16 Amortization of prior service (cost) credit — — (1 ) 2 (3 ) — 23 59 54 Total recognized in other comprehensive income — — (1 ) 5 (6 ) (8 ) (54 ) (125 ) 70 Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income $ 396 $ 549 $ 663 $ (212 ) $ 242 $ (18 ) $ 109 $ 35 $ (292 ) Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost: Discount rate used to measure service cost 4.2 % 4.5 % 3.8 % 2.4 % 2.9 % 3.3 % 3.9 % 4.2 % 3.9 % Discount rate used to measure interest cost 3.3 % 3.4 % 3.8 % 2.3 % 2.8 % 3.3 % 3.3 % 3.3 % 3.9 % Expected rate of return on plan assets 5 6.7 % 6.9 % 7.4 % 5.9 % 6.1 % 6.8 % 7.5 % 7.5 % 7.8 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 3.6 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 1 Expected return on plan assets developed using the fair value of plan assets. 2 Curtailments and termination benefits were recognized in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. 3 Prior service cost (credit) for both pension and other postretirement benefits are generally amortized using the straight-line method over the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits from the plan. For pension plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are inactive and other postretirement benefit plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are fully eligible for benefits under the plan, prior service cost (credit) are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining life expectancy of those participants. 4 Actuarial loss (gain) represent the effects of actual results differing from our assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions. We recognize actuarial loss (gain) immediately through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. 5 The weighted-average rates for 2018 are 6.3 percent and 5.2 percent for U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, respectively. |
Effects of one-percentage point change in the assumed health care cost trend rates | A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: (Millions of dollars) One-percentage- point increase One-percentage- point decrease Effect on 2017 service and interest cost components of other postretirement benefit cost $ 14 $ (12 ) Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation $ 161 $ (136 ) |
Company costs related to U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans | Total company costs related to U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans were as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 U.S. plans $ 375 $ 301 $ 267 Non-U.S. plans 73 68 76 $ 448 $ 369 $ 343 |
Summary of long-term liability for postemployment benefit plans | December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Pensions: U.S. pensions $ 3,891 $ 4,833 Non-U.S. pensions 639 717 Total pensions 4,530 5,550 Postretirement benefits other than pensions 3,335 3,376 Other postemployment benefits 109 106 Defined contribution 391 325 $ 8,365 $ 9,357 |
Short-term borrowings (Tables)
Short-term borrowings (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Short-term Borrowings Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Short-term borrowings | December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Machinery, Energy & Transportation: Notes payable to banks $ 1 $ 59 Commercial paper — 150 1 209 Financial Products: Notes payable to banks 675 553 Commercial paper 3,680 5,985 Demand notes 481 556 4,836 7,094 Total short-term borrowings $ 4,837 $ 7,303 The weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings outstanding were: December 31, 2017 2016 Notes payable to banks 5.2 % 7.0 % Commercial paper 1.1 % 0.9 % Demand notes 1.1 % 0.9 % |
Long-term debt (Tables)
Long-term debt (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Debt Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Long-term debt | December 31, (Millions of dollars) Effective Yield to Maturity 1 2017 2016 Machinery, Energy & Transportation: Notes—$1,250 million of 3.900% due 2021 2 4.01% $ 1,246 $ 1,245 Notes—$759 million of 5.200% due 2041 2 5.27% 752 752 Debentures—$900 million of 7.900% due 2018 2, 4 7.98% — 899 Debentures—$120 million of 9.375% due 2021 9.41% 120 120 Debentures—$500 million of 2.600% due 2022 2 2.70% 498 498 Debentures—$82 million of 8.000% due 2023 8.06% 82 82 Debentures—$1,000 million of 3.400% due 2024 3.46% 997 996 Debentures—$193 million of 6.625% due 2028 2 6.68% 192 192 Debentures—$242 million of 7.300% due 2031 2 7.38% 241 241 Debentures—$307 million of 5.300% due 2035 2 8.64% 216 214 Debentures—$460 million of 6.050% due 2036 2 6.12% 456 456 Debentures—$65 million of 8.250% due 2038 2 8.38% 64 64 Debentures—$160 million of 6.950% due 2042 2 7.02% 159 159 Debentures—$1,722 million of 3.803% due 2042 2 6.39% 1,236 1,218 Debentures—$500 million of 4.300% due 2044 4.39% 493 493 Debentures—$500 million of 4.750% due 2064 4.81% 494 494 Debentures—$246 million of 7.375% due 2097 2 7.51% 242 242 Capital lease obligations 3 437 68 Other 4 3 Total Machinery, Energy & Transportation 7,929 8,436 Financial Products: Medium-term notes 15,415 13,869 Other 503 513 Total Financial Products 15,918 14,382 Total long-term debt due after one year $ 23,847 $ 22,818 1 Effective yield to maturity includes the impact of discounts, premiums and debt issuance costs. 2 Redeemable at our option in whole or in part at any time at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount or (ii) the discounted present value of the notes or debentures, calculated in accordance with the terms of such notes or debentures. 3 Includes $360 million related to a financing transaction in Japan entered into in 2017. 4 On October 10, 2017, we called for redemption of all $900 million in aggregate principal amount of our outstanding 7.90% senior notes due in December 2018, payable in cash. The redemption date occurred on November 10, 2017 and included a prepayment fee of $58 million . |
Aggregate amounts of maturities of long-term debt | The aggregate amounts of maturities of long-term debt during each of the years 2018 through 2022, including amounts due within one year and classified as current, are: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 6 $ 40 $ 6 $ 1,388 $ 504 Financial Products 6,188 5,681 4,290 1,740 2,048 $ 6,194 $ 5,721 $ 4,296 $ 3,128 $ 2,552 |
Credit commitments (Tables)
Credit commitments (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Credit Commitments [Abstract] | |
Credit commitments | December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Consolidated Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Credit lines available: Global credit facilities $ 10,500 $ 2,750 $ 7,750 Other external 4,591 1 4,590 Total credit lines available 15,091 2,751 12,340 Less: Commercial paper outstanding (3,680 ) — (3,680 ) Less: Utilized credit (1,479 ) (1 ) (1,478 ) Available credit $ 9,932 $ 2,750 $ 7,182 |
Profit per share (Tables)
Profit per share (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |
Computations of Profit Per Share | Computations of profit per share: (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2017 2016 2015 Profit (loss) for the period (A) 1 $ 754 $ (67 ) $ 2,512 Determination of shares (in millions): Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (B) 591.8 584.3 594.3 Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price 7.5 — 7.0 Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2,3 599.3 584.3 601.3 Profit (loss) per share of common stock: Assuming no dilution (A/B) $ 1.27 $ (0.11 ) $ 4.23 Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2,3 $ 1.26 $ (0.11 ) $ 4.18 Shares outstanding as of December 31 (in millions) 597.6 586.5 582.3 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 3 In 2016, the assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. |
Accumulated other comprehensi54
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Equity [Abstract] | |
Schedule of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, included in Statement 4, consisted of the following: (Millions of dollars) Foreign currency translation Pension and other postretirement benefits Derivative financial instruments Available-for-sale securities Total Balance at December 31, 2014 $ (992 ) $ (31 ) $ (119 ) $ 83 $ (1,059 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (961 ) (3 ) (19 ) (10 ) (993 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss — (35 ) 88 (36 ) 17 Other comprehensive income (loss) (961 ) (38 ) 69 (46 ) (976 ) Balance at December 31, 2015 $ (1,953 ) $ (69 ) $ (50 ) $ 37 $ (2,035 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (34 ) 118 (62 ) 26 48 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss 17 (35 ) (3 ) (31 ) (52 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) (17 ) 83 (65 ) (5 ) (4 ) Balance at December 31, 2016 $ (1,970 ) $ 14 $ (115 ) $ 32 $ (2,039 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 752 48 (3 ) 41 838 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss 13 (16 ) 77 (65 ) 9 Other comprehensive income (loss) 765 32 74 (24 ) 847 Balance at December 31, 2017 $ (1,205 ) $ 46 $ (41 ) $ 8 $ (1,192 ) |
Reclassification out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | The effect of the reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on Statement 1 is as follows: Year ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) Classification of income (expense) 2017 2016 2015 Foreign currency translation: Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation Other income (expense) $ (13 ) $ (17 ) $ — Tax (provision) benefit — — — Reclassifications net of tax $ (13 ) $ (17 ) $ — Pension and other postretirement benefits: Amortization of prior service credit (cost) Note 12 1 $ 25 $ 56 $ 53 Tax (provision) benefit (9 ) (21 ) (18 ) Reclassifications net of tax $ 16 $ 35 $ 35 Derivative financial instruments: Foreign exchange contracts Other income (expense) $ (121 ) $ 14 $ (127 ) Foreign exchange contracts Interest expense of Financial Products 6 — — Interest rate contracts Interest expense excluding Financial Products (9 ) (6 ) (6 ) Interest rate contracts Interest expense of Financial Products 3 (3 ) (6 ) Reclassifications before tax (121 ) 5 (139 ) Tax (provision) benefit 44 (2 ) 51 Reclassifications net of tax $ (77 ) $ 3 $ (88 ) Available-for-sale securities: Realized gain (loss) on sale of securities Other income (expense) $ 100 $ 46 $ 56 Tax (provision) benefit (35 ) (15 ) (20 ) Reclassifications net of tax $ 65 $ 31 $ 36 Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ (9 ) $ 52 $ (17 ) 1 Amounts are included in the calculation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 12 for additional information. |
Fair value disclosures (Tables)
Fair value disclosures (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] | |
Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value | Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in Statement 3 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are summarized below: December 31, 2017 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value Assets Available-for-sale securities Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 10 $ — $ — $ 10 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds — 42 — 42 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds — 584 — 584 Asset-backed securities — 67 — 67 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency — 261 — 261 Residential — 8 — 8 Commercial — 17 — 17 Equity securities Large capitalization value 284 — — 284 Smaller company growth 56 — — 56 Total available-for-sale securities 350 979 — 1,329 REIT — — 110 110 Total Assets $ 350 $ 979 $ 110 $ 1,439 Liabilities Derivative financial instruments, net $ — $ 19 $ — $ 19 Total Liabilities $ — $ 19 $ — $ 19 December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value Assets Available-for-sale securities Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 9 $ — $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds — 60 — 60 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds — 492 — 492 Asset-backed securities — 90 — 90 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency — 223 — 223 Residential — 10 — 10 Commercial — 36 — 36 Equity securities Large capitalization value 312 — — 312 Smaller company growth 56 — — 56 Total available-for-sale securities 377 911 — 1,288 REIT — — 79 79 Total Assets $ 377 $ 911 $ 79 $ 1,367 Liabilities Derivative financial instruments, net $ — $ 72 $ — $ 72 Total Liabilities $ — $ 72 $ — $ 72 |
Roll-forward of REIT investments | A roll-forward of our REIT investment for the year ended December 31, 2017 is as follows: (Millions of dollars) Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 79 Purchases of securities 27 Sale of securities — Gains (losses) included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 4 Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 110 |
Fair values of financial instruments | Please refer to the table below for the fair values of our financial instruments. TABLE III—Fair Values of Financial Instruments 2017 2016 (Millions of dollars) Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Fair Value Levels Reference Assets at December 31, Cash and short-term investments $ 8,261 $ 8,261 $ 7,168 $ 7,168 1 Statement 3 Restricted cash and short-term investments 194 194 31 31 1 Statement 3 Investments in debt and equity securities 1,439 1,439 1,367 1,367 1, 2 & 3 Notes 11 & 19 Finance receivables–net (excluding finance leases 1 ) 15,452 15,438 16,172 16,056 3 Notes 6 & 19 Wholesale inventory receivables–net (excluding finance leases 1 ) 1,153 1,123 1,500 1,464 3 Notes 6 & 19 Interest rate swaps–net 1 1 3 3 2 Notes 3 & 19 Commodity contracts–net 21 21 10 10 2 Notes 3 & 19 Liabilities at December 31, Short-term borrowings 4,837 4,837 7,303 7,303 1 Note 13 Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year): Machinery, Energy & Transportation 7,935 9,863 8,943 10,348 2 Note 14 Financial Products 22,106 22,230 20,537 20,724 2 Note 14 Foreign currency contracts–net 41 41 85 85 2 Notes 3 & 19 Guarantees 8 8 8 8 3 Note 21 1 Total excluded items have a net carrying value at December 31, 2017 and 2016 of $7,063 million and $6,111 million , respectively. |
Operating leases (Tables)
Operating leases (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Leases [Abstract] | |
Minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year | Minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year are: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total $ 211 $ 142 $ 104 $ 74 $ 58 $ 169 $ 758 |
Guarantees and product warran57
Guarantees and product warranty (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Guarantees | The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees at December 31 are as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees $ 1,313 $ 1,384 Customer loan guarantees 40 51 Supplier consortium performance guarantees 565 278 Third party logistics business lease guarantees 69 87 Other guarantees 118 56 Total guarantees $ 2,105 $ 1,856 |
Product warranty | (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 Warranty liability, January 1 $ 1,258 $ 1,354 Reduction in liability (payments) (860 ) (909 ) Increase in liability (new warranties) 1,021 813 Warranty liability, December 31 $ 1,419 $ 1,258 |
Segment information (Tables)
Segment information (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |
Reportable Segments | Segment Information (Millions of dollars) Reportable Segments: External sales and revenues Inter- segment sales and revenues Total sales and revenues Depreciation and amortization Segment profit (loss) Segment assets at December 31 Capital expenditures 2017 Construction Industries $ 19,133 $ 107 $ 19,240 $ 400 $ 3,258 $ 4,838 $ 228 Resource Industries 7,504 357 7,861 514 690 6,403 183 Energy & Transportation 15,964 3,418 19,382 653 2,883 7,564 527 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 42,601 $ 3,882 $ 46,483 $ 1,567 $ 6,831 $ 18,805 $ 938 Financial Products Segment 3,093 — 3,093 820 792 34,893 1,373 Total $ 45,694 $ 3,882 $ 49,576 $ 2,387 $ 7,623 $ 53,698 $ 2,311 2016 Construction Industries $ 15,612 $ 78 $ 15,690 $ 458 $ 1,650 $ 5,367 $ 186 Resource Industries 5,726 284 6,010 607 (1,047 ) 7,135 243 Energy & Transportation 14,411 2,540 16,951 677 2,222 7,791 519 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 35,749 $ 2,902 $ 38,651 $ 1,742 $ 2,825 $ 20,293 $ 948 Financial Products Segment 2,993 — 2,993 849 702 35,224 1,638 Total $ 38,742 $ 2,902 $ 41,644 $ 2,591 $ 3,527 $ 55,517 $ 2,586 2015 Construction Industries $ 17,797 $ 109 $ 17,906 $ 505 $ 1,865 $ 6,176 $ 276 Resource Industries 7,739 332 8,071 643 1 8,931 303 Energy & Transportation 18,519 2,877 21,396 690 3,390 8,769 869 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 44,055 $ 3,318 $ 47,373 $ 1,838 $ 5,256 $ 23,876 $ 1,448 Financial Products Segment 3,078 — 3,078 848 809 35,729 1,465 Total $ 47,133 $ 3,318 $ 50,451 $ 2,686 $ 6,065 $ 59,605 $ 2,913 |
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues: | Reconciliation of Sales and Revenues: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2017 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 42,601 $ 3,093 $ — $ 45,694 All Other operating segments 178 — — 178 Other (103 ) 74 (381 ) 1 (410 ) Total sales and revenues $ 42,676 $ 3,167 $ (381 ) $ 45,462 2016 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 35,749 $ 2,993 $ — $ 38,742 All Other operating segments 139 — — 139 Other (115 ) 72 (301 ) 1 (344 ) Total sales and revenues $ 35,773 $ 3,065 $ (301 ) $ 38,537 2015 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 44,055 $ 3,078 $ — $ 47,133 All Other operating segments 203 — — 203 Other (111 ) 101 (315 ) 1 (325 ) Total sales and revenues $ 44,147 $ 3,179 $ (315 ) $ 47,011 1 Elimination of Financial Products revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation. |
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes: | Reconciliation of consolidated profit before taxes: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidated Total 2017 Total profit from reportable segments $ 6,831 $ 792 $ 7,623 All Other operating segments (43 ) — (43 ) Cost centers 22 — 22 Corporate costs (633 ) — (633 ) Timing (151 ) — (151 ) Restructuring costs (1,253 ) (3 ) (1,256 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales (77 ) — (77 ) Postretirement benefit expense (165 ) — (165 ) Stock-based compensation expense (198 ) (8 ) (206 ) Financing costs (524 ) — (524 ) Currency (218 ) — (218 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (181 ) — (181 ) Other methodology differences (96 ) (13 ) (109 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ 3,314 $ 768 $ 4,082 2016 Total profit from reportable segments $ 2,825 $ 702 $ 3,527 All Other operating segments (77 ) — (77 ) Cost centers 8 — 8 Corporate costs (527 ) — (527 ) Timing 40 — 40 Restructuring costs (1,014 ) (5 ) (1,019 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales — — — Postretirement benefit expense (788 ) — (788 ) Stock-based compensation expense (209 ) (9 ) (218 ) Financing costs (517 ) — (517 ) Currency (22 ) — (22 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (225 ) — (225 ) Other methodology differences (47 ) 4 (43 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ (553 ) $ 692 $ 139 2015 Total profit from reportable segments $ 5,256 $ 809 $ 6,065 All Other operating segments (75 ) — (75 ) Cost centers 20 — 20 Corporate costs (600 ) — (600 ) Timing 95 — 95 Restructuring costs (881 ) (17 ) (898 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales (100 ) — (100 ) Postretirement benefit expense 131 — 131 Stock-based compensation expense (270 ) (13 ) (283 ) Financing costs (524 ) — (524 ) Currency (261 ) — (261 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (95 ) — (95 ) Other methodology differences (79 ) 43 (36 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ 2,617 $ 822 $ 3,439 |
Reconciliation of Restructuring costs: | As noted above, restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. Had we included the amounts in the segments' results, the profit would have been as shown below: Reconciliation of Restructuring costs: (Millions of dollars) Segment profit (loss) Restructuring costs Segment profit (loss) with restructuring costs 2017 Construction Industries $ 3,258 $ (719 ) $ 2,539 Resource Industries 690 (276 ) 414 Energy & Transportation 2,883 (115 ) 2,768 Financial Products Segment 792 (3 ) 789 All Other operating segments (43 ) (39 ) (82 ) Total $ 7,580 $ (1,152 ) $ 6,428 2016 Construction Industries $ 1,650 $ (41 ) $ 1,609 Resource Industries (1,047 ) (540 ) (1,587 ) Energy & Transportation 2,222 (248 ) 1,974 Financial Products Segment 702 (5 ) 697 All Other operating segments (77 ) (45 ) (122 ) Total $ 3,450 $ (879 ) $ 2,571 2015 Construction Industries $ 1,865 $ (123 ) $ 1,742 Resource Industries 1 (305 ) (304 ) Energy & Transportation 3,390 (109 ) 3,281 Financial Products Segment 809 (17 ) 792 All Other operating segments (75 ) (129 ) (204 ) Total $ 5,990 $ (683 ) $ 5,307 |
Reconciliation of Assets: | Reconciliation of Assets: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2017 Total assets from reportable segments $ 18,805 $ 34,893 $ — $ 53,698 All Other operating segments 1,312 — — 1,312 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 7,381 — — 7,381 Intercompany receivables 1,733 — (1,733 ) — Investment in Financial Products 4,064 — (4,064 ) — Deferred income taxes 2,166 — (574 ) 1,592 Goodwill and intangible assets 4,210 — — 4,210 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 2,341 — — 2,341 Operating lease methodology difference (191 ) — — (191 ) Inventory methodology differences (2,287 ) — — (2,287 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 9,352 — — 9,352 Other (399 ) (14 ) (33 ) (446 ) Total assets $ 48,487 $ 34,879 $ (6,404 ) $ 76,962 2016 Total assets from reportable segments $ 20,293 $ 35,224 $ — $ 55,517 All Other operating segments 1,381 — — 1,381 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 5,257 — — 5,257 Intercompany receivables 1,713 — (1,713 ) — Investment in Financial Products 3,638 — (3,638 ) — Deferred income taxes 3,648 — (947 ) 2,701 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,883 — — 3,883 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,645 — — 1,645 Operating lease methodology difference (186 ) — — (186 ) Inventory methodology differences (2,373 ) — — (2,373 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 7,400 — — 7,400 Other (436 ) (29 ) (56 ) (521 ) Total assets $ 45,863 $ 35,195 $ (6,354 ) $ 74,704 2015 Total assets from reportable segments $ 23,876 $ 35,729 $ — $ 59,605 All Other operating segments 1,405 — — 1,405 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 5,340 — — 5,340 Intercompany receivables 1,087 — (1,087 ) — Investment in Financial Products 3,888 — (3,888 ) — Deferred income taxes 3,208 — (793 ) 2,415 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,571 — — 3,571 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,585 — — 1,585 Operating lease methodology difference (213 ) — — (213 ) Inventory methodology differences (2,646 ) — — (2,646 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 8,017 — — 8,017 Other (567 ) (93 ) (77 ) (737 ) Total assets $ 48,551 $ 35,636 $ (5,845 ) $ 78,342 |
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidated Total 2017 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,567 $ 820 $ 2,387 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 220 — 220 Cost centers 143 — 143 Other 86 41 127 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,016 $ 861 $ 2,877 2016 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,742 $ 849 $ 2,591 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 219 — 219 Cost centers 156 — 156 Other 27 41 68 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,144 $ 890 $ 3,034 2015 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,838 $ 848 $ 2,686 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 205 — 205 Cost centers 154 — 154 Other (33 ) 34 1 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,164 $ 882 $ 3,046 |
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures: | Reconciliation of Capital expenditures: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2017 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 938 $ 1,373 $ — $ 2,311 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 134 — — 134 Cost centers 84 — — 84 Timing (96 ) — — (96 ) Other (144 ) 80 (33 ) (97 ) Total capital expenditures $ 916 $ 1,453 $ (33 ) $ 2,336 2016 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 948 $ 1,638 $ — $ 2,586 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 182 — — 182 Cost centers 72 — — 72 Timing 153 — — 153 Other (149 ) 133 (49 ) (65 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,206 $ 1,771 $ (49 ) $ 2,928 2015 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 1,448 $ 1,465 $ — $ 2,913 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 169 — — 169 Cost centers 195 — — 195 Timing 37 — — 37 Other (219 ) 194 (28 ) (53 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,630 $ 1,659 $ (28 ) $ 3,261 |
Information about Geographic Areas | Information about Geographic Areas: Property, plant and equipment - net External sales and revenues 1 December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 Inside United States $ 18,552 $ 15,956 $ 19,218 $ 8,126 $ 8,537 Outside United States 26,910 22,581 27,793 6,029 6,785 Total $ 45,462 $ 38,537 $ 47,011 $ 14,155 $ 15,322 1 Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation are based on dealer or customer location. Revenues from services provided are based on where service is rendered. |
Restructuring Costs (Tables)
Restructuring Costs (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Restructuring Charges [Abstract] | |
Restructuring and Related Costs | Restructuring costs for 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2016 2015 Employee separations 1 $ 525 $ 297 $ 641 Contract terminations 1 183 62 — Long-lived asset impairments 1 346 391 127 Defined benefit plan curtailments and termination benefits 1 29 7 82 Other 2 173 262 48 Total restructuring costs $ 1,256 $ 1,019 $ 898 1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses. 2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, project management costs, equipment relocation and inventory write-downs, and also LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities (all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold). |
Summary of separation activity | The following table summarizes the 2016 and 2017 employee separation activity: (Millions of dollars) Liability balance at December 31, 2015 $ 483 Increase in liability (separation charges) 297 Reduction in liability (payments) (633 ) Liability balance at December 31, 2016 $ 147 Increase in liability (separation charges) 525 Reduction in liability (payments) (423 ) Liability balance at December 31, 2017 $ 249 |
Selected quarterly financial 60
Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited) (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017 | |
Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract] | |
Selected quarterly financial results | 2017 Quarter (Dollars in millions except per share data) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sales and revenues $ 9,822 $ 11,331 $ 11,413 $ 12,896 Less: Revenues (692 ) (692 ) (700 ) (702 ) Sales 9,130 10,639 10,713 12,194 Cost of goods sold 6,758 7,769 7,633 8,889 Gross margin 2,372 2,870 3,080 3,305 Profit (loss) 1 $ 192 $ 802 $ 1,059 $ (1,299 ) 4,6,7 Profit (loss) per common share $ 0.33 $ 1.36 $ 1.79 $ (2.18 ) Profit (loss) per common share–diluted 2 $ 0.32 $ 1.35 $ 1.77 $ (2.18 ) 3 2016 Quarter 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sales and revenues $ 9,461 $ 10,342 $ 9,160 $ 9,574 Less: Revenues (681 ) (697 ) (697 ) (689 ) Sales 8,780 9,645 8,463 8,885 Cost of goods sold 6,822 7,419 6,527 7,541 Gross margin 1,958 2,226 1,936 1,344 Profit (loss) 1 $ 271 $ 550 $ 283 $ (1,171 ) 4,5,6 Profit (loss) per common share $ 0.46 $ 0.94 $ 0.48 $ (2.00 ) Profit (loss) per common share–diluted 2 $ 0.46 $ 0.93 $ 0.48 $ (2.00 ) 3 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 3 The assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. 4 The fourth quarter of 2017 and fourth quarter of 2016 include pre-tax pension and other postretirement benefit plan actuarial losses of $301 million and $985 million , respectively. See Note 12 for additional information on these costs. 5 The fourth quarter of 2016 includes a pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $595 million . See Note 10 for additional information. 6 The fourth quarter of 2017 includes a benefit of $111 million from reductions in the valuation allowance against U.S. state deferred tax assets. The fourth quarter of 2016 includes a charge of $141 million from increases in the valuation allowance against U.S. state deferred tax assets. See Note 5 for additional information. 7 The fourth quarter of 2017 includes a charge of $2,371 million due to the enactment of U.S. tax reform legislation on December 22, 2017. See Note 5 for additional information. |
Operations and summary of sig61
Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Details) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)dealerscountriesdistributors | Dec. 31, 2016USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2015USD ($) | |
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |||
Number of countries served by dealers | countries | 192 | ||
Maximum amortizable period of purchased intangibles (in years) | 14 years | 14 years | |
Ownership percentage of investments in companies below which the entity must exercise significant influence in order to be accounted for under the equity method | 20.00% | ||
Standard invoice terms, maximum extension period (in years) | 1 year | 1 year | 1 year |
Standard invoice terms, amount of extension allowed to receivables | $ | $ 267 | $ 406 | $ 635 |
Percentage of consolidated sales representing extension to standard invoice terms not more than one year | 1.00% | 1.00% | 1.00% |
Period after which collection of future income is considered as not probable (in days) | 120 days | ||
Percentage of value of inventories on the LIFO basis to total inventories | 65.00% | 60.00% | |
Incremental value of inventory if FIFO method had been in use | $ | $ 1,934 | $ 2,139 | |
Depreciation on equipment leased to others | $ | 810 | 841 | $ 836 |
Consolidated depreciation expense | $ | $ 2,555 | $ 2,707 | $ 2,705 |
Maximum | |||
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |||
Maximum amortizable period of purchased intangibles (in years) | 20 years | ||
Minimum | |||
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |||
Ownership percentage of investments in companies accounted for under the equity method (as a percent) | 20.00% | ||
U.S. Pension Benefits | |||
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |||
Number of dealers | dealers | 48 | ||
Outside the United States | |||
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |||
Number of dealers | dealers | 123 | ||
Perkins | |||
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |||
Number of distributors | distributors | 93 | ||
Number of countries where distributors are located | countries | 182 | ||
Caterpillar Northern Ireland Ltd (F.G. Wilson) | |||
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |||
Number of distributors | distributors | 154 | ||
Number of countries where distributors are located | countries | 131 | ||
MaK | |||
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |||
Number of distributors | distributors | 20 | ||
Number of countries where distributors are located | countries | 130 |
Operations and summary of sig62
Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items] | ||
Receivables - trade and other | $ 7,436 | $ 5,981 |
Receivables - finance | 8,757 | 8,522 |
Long-term receivables - finance | 13,542 | 13,556 |
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies | 243 | 249 |
Guarantees | 2,105 | 1,856 |
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | ||
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items] | ||
Receivables - trade and other | 34 | 55 |
Receivables - finance | 42 | 174 |
Long-term receivables - finance | 38 | 246 |
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies | 39 | 31 |
Guarantees | 259 | 210 |
Total | $ 412 | $ 716 |
Operations and summary of sig63
Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Details 3) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||||||||||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Sep. 30, 2017 | Jun. 30, 2017 | Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Sep. 30, 2016 | Jun. 30, 2016 | Mar. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | Dec. 31, 2014 | ||||
Income Statement [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||
Cost of goods sold | $ 8,889 | $ 7,633 | $ 7,769 | $ 6,758 | $ 7,541 | $ 6,527 | $ 7,419 | $ 6,822 | $ 31,049 | $ 28,309 | $ 33,546 | ||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 5,177 | 4,686 | 4,951 | ||||||||||||
Research and development expenses | 1,905 | 1,951 | 2,119 | ||||||||||||
Other operating (income) expenses | 2,279 | 1,902 | 2,023 | ||||||||||||
Total operating costs | 41,056 | 38,039 | 43,226 | ||||||||||||
Operating profit | 4,406 | 498 | 3,785 | ||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | 207 | 146 | 161 | ||||||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 4,082 | 139 | 3,439 | ||||||||||||
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 3,339 | 192 | 916 | ||||||||||||
Profit (loss) of consolidated companies | 743 | (53) | 2,523 | ||||||||||||
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | 759 | (59) | 2,523 | ||||||||||||
Profit (loss) | $ (1,299) | $ 1,059 | $ 802 | $ 192 | $ (1,171) | $ 283 | $ 550 | $ 271 | $ 754 | [1] | $ (67) | [1] | $ 2,512 | [1] | |
Profit (loss) per common share (in dollars per share) | $ (2.18) | $ 1.79 | $ 1.36 | $ 0.33 | $ (2) | $ 0.48 | $ 0.94 | $ 0.46 | $ 1.27 | $ (0.11) | $ 4.23 | ||||
Profit (loss) per common share - diluted (in dollars per share) | $ (2.18) | $ 1.77 | $ 1.35 | $ 0.32 | $ (2) | $ 0.48 | $ 0.93 | $ 0.46 | $ 1.26 | [2],[3] | $ (0.11) | [2],[3] | $ 4.18 | [2],[3] | |
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | $ 759 | $ (59) | $ 2,523 | ||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation, net of tax | 765 | (17) | (973) | ||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 847 | (4) | (988) | ||||||||||||
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||
Profit employed in the business | $ 26,301 | $ 27,377 | 26,301 | 27,377 | |||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (1,192) | (2,039) | (1,192) | (2,039) | (2,035) | $ (1,059) | |||||||||
Statement of Shareholders' Equity [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | 759 | (59) | 2,523 | ||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation, net of tax | 765 | (17) | (973) | ||||||||||||
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax | (32) | (83) | 38 | ||||||||||||
Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies | 759 | (59) | 2,523 | ||||||||||||
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes | 1,213 | (431) | (307) | ||||||||||||
Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits | $ (301) | $ (985) | (301) | (985) | (179) | ||||||||||
Adjustment for non-cash items: Other | 746 | 856 | 453 | ||||||||||||
Other assets - net | (192) | 224 | 143 | ||||||||||||
Other liabilities - net | $ (327) | $ (360) | $ (122) | ||||||||||||
[1] | 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. | ||||||||||||||
[2] | 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards, using the treasury stock method. | ||||||||||||||
[3] | 3 In 2016, the assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. |
Operations and summary of sig64
Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items] | ||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ 1,772 | $ 1,682 |
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes | 1,693 | 2,790 |
Other current liabilities | 1,975 | 1,635 |
Other liabilities | $ 4,053 | $ 3,184 |
Stock-based compensation (Detai
Stock-based compensation (Details) - $ / shares | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation (in shares) | 11,139,748 | 4,164,134 | 2,931,595 |
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Number of Shares Available for Grant | 47,352,427 | ||
Term life of SARs and option awards (in years) | 10 years | ||
Required minimum age of a participant upon separation from service to meet the criteria for Long Service Separation (in years) | 55 years | ||
Minimum term of service to meet criteria for Long Service Separation (in years) | 5 years | ||
Term life of vested options/SARs from separation date (in years) | 5 years | ||
Assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards | |||
Weighted-average dividend yield (as a percent) | 3.40% | 3.20% | 2.30% |
Weighted-average volatility (as a percent) | 29.20% | 31.10% | 28.40% |
Volatilities, low end of range (as a percent) | 22.10% | 22.50% | 19.90% |
Volatilities, high end of range (as a percent) | 33.00% | 33.40% | 35.90% |
Risk-free interest rates, low end of range (as a percent) | 0.81% | 0.62% | 0.22% |
Risk-free interest rates, high end of range (as a percent) | 2.35% | 1.73% | 2.08% |
Weighted-average expected lives (in years) | 8 years | 8 years | 8 years |
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value for RSUs and PSUs | |||
Number of additional shares authorized under the plan (in shares) | 36,000,000 | ||
Number of shares authorized under the plans (in shares) | 74,800,000 | 38,800,000 | |
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | |||
Stock options/SARs activity | |||
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares) | 32,064,790 | ||
Granted to officers and key employees (in shares) | 2,701,644 | ||
Exercised (in shares) | (12,997,205) | ||
Forfeited / expired (in shares) | (269,334) | ||
Outstanding at end of year (in shares) | 21,499,895 | 32,064,790 | |
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares) | 15,309,691 | ||
Weighted- Average Exercise Price for Stock options/SARs | |||
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per shares) | $ 82.13 | ||
Granted to officers and key employees (in dollars per shares) | 95.66 | ||
Exercised (in dollars per shares) | 76.89 | ||
Forfeited / expired (in dollars per shares) | 94.23 | ||
Outstanding at end of year (in dollars per shares) | 86.86 | $ 82.13 | |
Exercisable at year-end (in dollars per share) | $ 87.29 | ||
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | |||
Stock options/SARs activity | |||
Granted to officers and key employees (in shares) | 0 | ||
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) | |||
RSUs/PSUs activity | |||
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares) | 3,071,014 | ||
Granted to officers and key employees (in shares) | 924,421 | ||
Vested (in shares) | (1,982,565) | ||
Forfeited (in shares) | (48,353) | ||
Outstanding at end of year (in shares) | 1,964,517 | 3,071,014 | |
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value for RSUs and PSUs | |||
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per shares) | $ 78.50 | ||
Granted to officers and key employees (in dollars per shares) | 90.11 | $ 68.04 | $ 77.55 |
Vested (in dollars per shares) | 82.37 | ||
Forfeited (in dollars per shares) | 79.43 | ||
Outstanding at end of year (in dollars per shares) | $ 80.04 | $ 78.50 | |
Performance Restricted Stock Units (PRSUs) | |||
RSUs/PSUs activity | |||
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares) | 710,286 | ||
Granted to officers and key employees (in shares) | 437,385 | ||
Vested (in shares) | (129,000) | ||
Forfeited (in shares) | (11,680) | ||
Outstanding at end of year (in shares) | 1,006,991 | 710,286 | |
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value for RSUs and PSUs | |||
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per shares) | $ 66.92 | ||
Granted to officers and key employees (in dollars per shares) | 86.78 | $ 64.71 | $ 77.47 |
Vested (in dollars per shares) | 77.47 | ||
Forfeited (in dollars per shares) | 78.14 | ||
Outstanding at end of year (in dollars per shares) | $ 74.06 | $ 66.92 | |
2015 and later grants | |||
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
Graded vesting period of awards granted (in years) | 3 years | ||
2015 and later grants | Performance Restricted Stock Units (PRSUs) | |||
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
Graded vesting period of awards granted (in years) | 3 years | ||
Percentage of award vested on first anniversary of grant date | 2015 and later grants | |||
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
Portion of the award vested on each anniversary of the grant date | 33.33% | ||
Percentage of award vested on second anniversary of grant date | 2015 and later grants | |||
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
Portion of the award vested on each anniversary of the grant date | 33.33% | ||
Percentage of award vested on third anniversary of grant date | 2015 and later grants | |||
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items] | |||
Portion of the award vested on each anniversary of the grant date | 33.33% |
Stock-based compensation (Det66
Stock-based compensation (Details 2) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Additional Stock-based Award Information under Restricted Stock Units Activity | |||
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars) | $ 206 | $ 218 | $ 283 |
Income tax benefit corresponding to stock-based compensation expense | 40 | 61 | 87 |
Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards (in dollars) | $ 150 | ||
Term of amortization of unrecognized compensation cost over weighted-average remaining requisite service periods (in years) | 1 year 10 months | ||
Cash tax benefits realized from stock awards exercised | $ 205 | $ 104 | $ 68 |
Exercise Price Range 22.17 To 57.85 | |||
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share) | $ 22.17 | ||
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share) | 57.85 | ||
Exercise Price Range 73.20 To 74.77 | |||
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share) | 73.20 | ||
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share) | 74.77 | ||
Exercise Price Range 83.00 | |||
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share) | 83 | ||
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share) | 83 | ||
Exercise Price Range 89.75 To 96.31 | |||
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share) | 89.75 | ||
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share) | 96.31 | ||
Exercise Price Range 102.13 To 110.09 | |||
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share) | 102.13 | ||
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share) | $ 110.09 | ||
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | |||
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares) | 21,499,895 | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 86.86 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding | $ 1,520 | ||
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares) | 15,309,691 | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 87.29 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable | $ 1,075 | ||
Additional Stock-based Award Information under Stock Option and Stock Appreciation Rights | |||
Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted (in dollars per share) | $ 25.01 | $ 20.64 | $ 23.61 |
Intrinsic value of stock awards exercised | $ 504 | $ 185 | $ 93 |
Fair value of stock awards vested | 191 | 163 | 155 |
Cash received from stock awards exercised | $ 629 | $ 30 | $ 59 |
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 22.17 To 57.85 | |||
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares) | 1,562,670 | ||
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years) | 1 year 11 months 14 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 50.47 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding | $ 167 | ||
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares) | 1,562,670 | ||
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years) | 1 year 11 months 14 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 50.47 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable | $ 167 | ||
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 73.20 To 74.77 | |||
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares) | 3,577,767 | ||
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years) | 8 years 7 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 74.74 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding | $ 296 | ||
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares) | 1,645,141 | ||
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years) | 7 years 9 months 30 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 74.70 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable | $ 136 | ||
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 83.00 | |||
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares) | 5,266,798 | ||
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years) | 7 years 2 months 3 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 83 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding | $ 393 | ||
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares) | 3,630,345 | ||
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years) | 7 years 2 months 3 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 83 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable | $ 271 | ||
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 89.75 To 96.31 | |||
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares) | 7,912,539 | ||
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years) | 6 years 10 months 16 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 94.17 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding | $ 502 | ||
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares) | 5,291,414 | ||
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years) | 5 years 8 months 26 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 93.44 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable | $ 339 | ||
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 102.13 To 110.09 | |||
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable | |||
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares) | 3,180,121 | ||
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years) | 3 years 8 months 26 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 106.55 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding | $ 162 | ||
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares) | 3,180,121 | ||
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years) | 3 years 8 months 26 days | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share) | $ 106.55 | ||
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable | $ 162 | ||
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) | |||
Additional Stock-based Award Information under Restricted Stock Units Activity | |||
Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted | $ 90.11 | $ 68.04 | $ 77.55 |
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Fair Value | $ 189 | $ 162 | $ 109 |
Outstanding at end of year (in shares) | 1,964,517 | 3,071,014 | |
Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years) | 10 months | ||
Performance Restricted Stock Units (PRSUs) | |||
Additional Stock-based Award Information under Restricted Stock Units Activity | |||
Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted | $ 86.78 | $ 64.71 | $ 77.47 |
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Fair Value | $ 20 | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Outstanding at end of year (in shares) | 1,006,991 | 710,286 | |
Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years) | 1 year 5 months |
Derivative financial instrume67
Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017USD ($) | |
Derivative [Line Items] | |
Maximum length of time policy, foreign currency cash flow hedge | 5 years |
Foreign currency cash flow hedges, maximum period (in months) | 51 months |
Deferred net losses, foreign currency exchange rate risk, to be reclassified from equity to current earnings over the next twelve months | $ 5 |
Commodity forward and option contracts, maximum period (in years) | 5 years |
Derivative financial instrume68
Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | $ 74 | $ 95 | |
Liability Fair Value | (93) | (167) | |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | 52 | 23 | |
Liability Fair Value | (25) | (159) | |
Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | 22 | 72 | |
Liability Fair Value | (68) | (8) | |
Designated derivatives | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset (Liability) Fair Value | (53) | (87) | |
Undesignated derivatives | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset (Liability) Fair Value | 34 | 15 | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Receivables - trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | 8 | 13 | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Long-term receivables - trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | 4 | 0 | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Long-term receivables - trade and other | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | 7 | 29 | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Liability Fair Value | (14) | (93) | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Liability Fair Value | (57) | (3) | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Other liabilities | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Liability Fair Value | (2) | (36) | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Receivables - trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | 19 | 0 | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Receivables - trade and other | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | 12 | 39 | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Liability Fair Value | (9) | (30) | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Liability Fair Value | (9) | (4) | |
Interest rate contracts | Designated derivatives | Long-term receivables - trade and other | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | 3 | 4 | |
Interest rate contracts | Designated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Liability Fair Value | (2) | (1) | |
Commodity contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Receivables - trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Asset Fair Value | 21 | 10 | |
Cash Flow Hedges | Designated derivatives | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | (5) | (95) | $ (30) |
Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | 72 | (118) | (33) |
Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | 15 | 0 | |
Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Designated derivatives | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Designated derivatives | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | 0 | $ 8 | $ 3 |
Other Income (Expense) | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | (77) | ||
Interest expense | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Financial Products | |||
Derivatives Fair Value | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | $ 0 |
Derivative financial instrume69
Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||
Derivative notional amounts | ||
Derivative instruments notional amount | $ 3,190 | $ 2,530 |
Financial Products | ||
Derivative notional amounts | ||
Derivative instruments notional amount | $ 3,691 | $ 2,626 |
Derivative financial instrume70
Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Designated derivatives | Fair Value Hedges | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives | $ (2) | $ (12) | $ (27) |
Gains (Losses) on Borrowings | 2 | 11 | 26 |
Designated derivatives | Fair Value Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products | Other Income (Expense) | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives | (2) | (12) | (27) |
Gains (Losses) on Borrowings | 2 | 11 | 26 |
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | (5) | (95) | (30) |
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings | (121) | 5 | (139) |
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | 72 | (118) | (33) |
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Other Income (Expense) | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings | (40) | (14) | (128) |
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | 15 | 0 | |
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products | Other Income (Expense) | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | (77) | ||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings | (81) | 28 | 1 |
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) | 0 | 0 | |
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products | Interest expense | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | 0 | ||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings | 6 | ||
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) | 0 | ||
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Interest expense | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings | (9) | (6) | (6) |
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion) | 0 | 8 | 3 |
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products | Interest expense | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings | 3 | (3) | (6) |
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Undesignated derivatives | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | 111 | (10) | (87) |
Undesignated derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Other Income (Expense) | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | 72 | (4) | (32) |
Undesignated derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products | Other Income (Expense) | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | 9 | (24) | (34) |
Undesignated derivatives | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Other Income (Expense) | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Undesignated derivatives | Commodity contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Other Income (Expense) | |||
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) | |||
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | $ 30 | $ 16 | $ (23) |
Derivative financial instrume71
Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 5) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Offsetting Assets | ||
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets | $ 74 | $ 95 |
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position | 74 | 95 |
Financial Instruments | (32) | (28) |
Cash Collateral Received | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Assets | 42 | 67 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||
Offsetting Assets | ||
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets | 52 | 23 |
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position | 52 | 23 |
Financial Instruments | (22) | (21) |
Cash Collateral Received | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Assets | 30 | 2 |
Financial Products | ||
Offsetting Assets | ||
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets | 22 | 72 |
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position | 22 | 72 |
Financial Instruments | (10) | (7) |
Cash Collateral Received | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Assets | $ 12 | $ 65 |
Derivative financial instrume72
Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Offsetting Liabilities | ||
Derivative Asset, Collateral, Obligation to Return Cash, Offset | $ 0 | |
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities | (93) | $ (167) |
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position | (93) | (167) |
Financial Instruments | 32 | 28 |
Cash Collateral Pledged | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Liabilities | 61 | 139 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||
Offsetting Liabilities | ||
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities | (25) | (159) |
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position | (25) | (159) |
Financial Instruments | 22 | 21 |
Cash Collateral Pledged | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Liabilities | 3 | 138 |
Financial Products | ||
Offsetting Liabilities | ||
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities | (68) | (8) |
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position | (68) | (8) |
Financial Instruments | 10 | 7 |
Cash Collateral Pledged | 0 | 0 |
Net Amount of Liabilities | $ 58 | $ 1 |
Other income (expense) (Details
Other income (expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | May 01, 2017 | Feb. 28, 2015 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 |
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract] | |||||
Investment and interest income | $ 122 | $ 74 | $ 65 | ||
Foreign exchange gains (losses) | (213) | (57) | (173) | ||
License fee income | 100 | 92 | 111 | ||
Gains (losses) on sale of securities and affiliated companies | 187 | 47 | 176 | ||
Miscellaneous income (loss) | 11 | (10) | (18) | ||
Other income (expense) | $ 207 | $ 146 | $ 161 | ||
Third party logistics business, investment | |||||
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items] | |||||
Equity Method Investment, Realized Gain (Loss) on Disposal | $ 120 | ||||
Iron Planet Holdings, Inc. investment [Domain] | |||||
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items] | |||||
Equity Method Investment, Realized Gain (Loss) on Disposal | $ 85 |
Income taxes (Details)
Income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items] | |||
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Increase Resulting from Prior Period Tax Positions | $ 20 | $ 55 | |
(Decreases) increases in taxes resulting from: | |||
U.S. statutory tax rate | $ 1,429 | $ 49 | $ 1,203 |
U. S. statutory tax rate (as a percent) | 35.00% | 35.00% | 35.00% |
Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35% | $ (282) | $ (119) | $ (236) |
Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35% (as a percent) | (6.90%) | (85.60%) | (6.90%) |
State and local taxes, net of federal | $ 27 | $ (1) | $ 24 |
State and local taxes, net of federal (as a percent) | 0.70% | (0.70%) | 0.70% |
Interest and penalties, net of tax | $ 28 | $ 24 | $ 12 |
Interest and penalties, net of tax (as a percent) | 0.70% | 17.20% | 0.40% |
U.S. research and production incentives | $ (52) | $ (52) | $ (95) |
U.S. research and production incentives (as a percent) | (1.30%) | (37.40%) | (2.70%) |
ESOP dividend tax benefit | $ (21) | $ (27) | $ (27) |
ESOP dividend tax benefit (as a percent) | (0.50%) | (19.40%) | (0.80%) |
Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation | $ (64) | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation, percent | (1.60%) | 0.00% | 0.00% |
U.S. deferred tax rate change | $ 596 | $ 0 | $ 0 |
U.S. deferred tax rate change (as a percent) | 14.60% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings | $ 1,775 | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings (as a percent) | 43.50% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Valuation allowances | $ (111) | $ 141 | $ 0 |
Valuation allowances (as a percent) | (2.70%) | 101.40% | 0.00% |
Nondeductible goodwill | $ 0 | $ 191 | $ 0 |
Nondeductible goodwill (as a percent) | 0.00% | 137.40% | 0.00% |
Prior year tax and interest adjustments | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 42 |
Prior year tax and interest adjustments (as a percent) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.20% |
Other-net | $ 14 | $ (14) | $ (7) |
Other-net (as a percent) | 0.30% | (10.10%) | (0.20%) |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | $ 3,339 | $ 192 | $ 916 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (as a percent) | 81.80% | 137.80% | 26.70% |
U.S. 2017 tax reform provisionally estimated impact | $ 2,371 | ||
Future enacted federal statutory income tax rate, percent | 21.00% | ||
Mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings held in liquid assets, percent | 15.50% | ||
Mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings held in non-liquid assets, percent | 8.00% | ||
Withholding tax in non-U.S. jurisdictions not indefinitely reinvested | $ 138 | ||
Pre-tax foreign currency permanent difference | $ (160) | $ 130 | $ 130 |
Other Tax Expense (Benefit) | (26) | ||
Income tax adjustment | 125 | ||
Tax Year Prior Years [Member] | |||
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items] | |||
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Increase Resulting from Prior Period Tax Positions | $ 68 |
Income taxes (Details 2)
Income taxes (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Components of profit (loss) before taxes | |||
U.S | $ 240 | $ (2,053) | $ 636 |
Non-U.S | 3,842 | 2,192 | 2,803 |
Consolidated profit before taxes | 4,082 | 139 | 3,439 |
Current tax provision (benefit): | |||
U.S. | 963 | (90) | 525 |
Non-U.S. | 1,124 | 718 | 656 |
State (U.S.) | 39 | (5) | 42 |
Current tax provision (benefit) | 2,126 | 623 | 1,223 |
Deferred tax provision (benefit): | |||
U.S. | 1,385 | (544) | (367) |
Non-U.S. | (17) | (108) | 66 |
State (U.S.) | (155) | 221 | (6) |
Deferred tax provision (benefit) | 1,213 | (431) | (307) |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 3,339 | 192 | 916 |
Income Taxes Paid | $ 1,404 | $ 522 | $ 1,143 |
Income taxes (Details 3)
Income taxes (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Deferred tax assets | ||
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes | $ 1,569 | $ 2,683 |
Deferred tax liabilities | ||
Other liabilities | 281 | 237 |
Deferred income taxes-net | $ 1,288 | $ 2,446 |
Income taxes (Details 4)
Income taxes (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Deferred income tax assets: | ||
Tax carryforwards | $ 1,286 | $ 1,999 |
Pension | 980 | 1,887 |
Postemployment benefits other than pensions | 841 | 1,318 |
Warranty reserves | 226 | 339 |
Stock-based compensation | 135 | 316 |
Allowance for credit losses | 149 | 209 |
Post sale discounts | 160 | 207 |
Other employee compensation and benefits | 203 | 262 |
Other-net | 302 | 569 |
Deferred income tax assets, Total | 4,282 | 7,106 |
Deferred income tax liabilities: | ||
Capital and intangible assets | (1,360) | (2,455) |
Bond discount | (133) | (223) |
Translation | (165) | (368) |
Other outside basis differences | (205) | (227) |
Undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries | (138) | (285) |
Deferred income tax liabilities, Total | (2,001) | (3,558) |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | (993) | (1,102) |
Deferred income taxes-net | $ 1,288 | $ 2,446 |
Income taxes (Details 5)
Income taxes (Details 5) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | $ 993 | $ 1,102 |
U.S. state taxing jurisdictions | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Net operating loss carryforward expiration, years | 20 years | |
State tax credit carryforward expiration date, years | 15 years | |
U.S. state taxing jurisdictions | Primarily over the next 20 years | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ 1,437 | |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | 269 | |
U.S. state taxing jurisdictions | Expiration date next one to fifteen years | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Tax credit carryforwards | 124 | |
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Net operating loss carryforwards | 4,488 | |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | 724 | |
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expiring in 2018 | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Net operating loss carryforwards | 23 | |
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expiring in 2019 | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Net operating loss carryforwards | 133 | |
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expiring in 2020 | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Net operating loss carryforwards | 212 | |
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expire between 2021-2023 | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Net operating loss carryforwards | 272 | |
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expire between 2024-2038 | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Net operating loss carryforwards | 223 | |
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Unlimited | ||
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards | ||
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ 3,625 |
Income taxes (Details 6)
Income taxes (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits | |||
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning | $ 1,032 | $ 968 | |
Additions for tax positions related to current year | 270 | 73 | |
Additions for tax positions related to prior years | 20 | 55 | |
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years | (27) | (36) | |
Reductions for settlements | (9) | (24) | |
Reductions for expiration of statute of limitations | 0 | (4) | |
Unrecognized tax benefits, ending | 1,286 | 1,032 | $ 968 |
Unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate | 1,209 | 963 | |
Net provision for interest and penalties | 38 | 34 | $ 20 |
Interest and penalties, accrued | 157 | $ 120 | |
Income tax examination, proposed liability increase/(decrease) | $ 2,300 |
Cat Financial Financing Activ80
Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details) - Wholesale Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Contractual maturities of wholesale inventory receivables | ||
2,018 | $ 758 | |
2,019 | 290 | |
2,020 | 186 | |
2,021 | 62 | |
2,022 | 23 | |
Thereafter | 14 | |
Total Amounts Due | 1,333 | |
Guaranteed residual value | 54 | |
Unguaranteed residual value | 37 | |
Less: Unearned Income | (26) | |
Total | 1,398 | $ 1,727 |
Wholesale Installment Contracts | ||
Contractual maturities of wholesale inventory receivables | ||
2,018 | 164 | |
2,019 | 114 | |
2,020 | 75 | |
2,021 | 36 | |
2,022 | 11 | |
Thereafter | 0 | |
Total Amounts Due | 400 | |
Guaranteed residual value | 0 | |
Unguaranteed residual value | 0 | |
Less: Unearned Income | (7) | |
Total | 393 | |
Wholesale Finance Leases | ||
Contractual maturities of wholesale inventory receivables | ||
2,018 | 67 | |
2,019 | 49 | |
2,020 | 28 | |
2,021 | 17 | |
2,022 | 7 | |
Thereafter | 3 | |
Total Amounts Due | 171 | |
Guaranteed residual value | 54 | |
Unguaranteed residual value | 37 | |
Less: Unearned Income | (17) | |
Total | 245 | |
Wholesale Notes | ||
Contractual maturities of wholesale inventory receivables | ||
2,018 | 527 | |
2,019 | 127 | |
2,020 | 83 | |
2,021 | 9 | |
2,022 | 5 | |
Thereafter | 11 | |
Total Amounts Due | 762 | |
Guaranteed residual value | 0 | |
Unguaranteed residual value | 0 | |
Less: Unearned Income | (2) | |
Total | $ 760 |
Cat Financial Financing Activ81
Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 2) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables | ||
2,018 | $ 8,868 | |
2,019 | 5,316 | |
2,020 | 3,710 | |
2,021 | 2,184 | |
2,022 | 1,213 | |
Thereafter | 928 | |
Total Amounts Due | 22,219 | |
Guaranteed residual value | 402 | |
Unguaranteed residual value | 804 | |
Less: Unearned Income | (793) | |
Total | 22,632 | $ 22,397 |
Retail Installment Contracts | ||
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables | ||
2,018 | 2,644 | |
2,019 | 1,925 | |
2,020 | 1,212 | |
2,021 | 595 | |
2,022 | 201 | |
Thereafter | 26 | |
Total Amounts Due | 6,603 | |
Guaranteed residual value | 0 | |
Unguaranteed residual value | 0 | |
Less: Unearned Income | (145) | |
Total | 6,458 | |
Retail Finance Leases | ||
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables | ||
2,018 | 2,713 | |
2,019 | 1,887 | |
2,020 | 1,059 | |
2,021 | 432 | |
2,022 | 148 | |
Thereafter | 56 | |
Total Amounts Due | 6,295 | |
Guaranteed residual value | 402 | |
Unguaranteed residual value | 804 | |
Less: Unearned Income | (588) | |
Total | 6,913 | |
Retail Notes | ||
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables | ||
2,018 | 3,511 | |
2,019 | 1,504 | |
2,020 | 1,439 | |
2,021 | 1,157 | |
2,022 | 864 | |
Thereafter | 846 | |
Total Amounts Due | 9,321 | |
Guaranteed residual value | 0 | |
Unguaranteed residual value | 0 | |
Less: Unearned Income | (60) | |
Total | $ 9,261 |
Cat Financial Financing Activ82
Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 3) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
Allowance for credit loss activity: | ||||
Balance at beginning of year | $ 341 | $ 336 | ||
Receivables written off | (157) | (158) | ||
Recoveries on receivables previously written off | 43 | 35 | ||
Provision for credit losses | 128 | 133 | ||
Other | 7 | (5) | ||
Balance at end of year | 362 | 341 | ||
Allowance for Credit Losses: | ||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ 149 | $ 85 | ||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 213 | 256 | ||
Ending Balance | 341 | 336 | 362 | 341 |
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: | ||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | 942 | 786 | ||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 21,690 | 21,611 | ||
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables | 22,632 | 22,397 | ||
Customer | ||||
Allowance for credit loss activity: | ||||
Balance at beginning of year | 331 | 327 | ||
Receivables written off | (157) | (158) | ||
Recoveries on receivables previously written off | 43 | 35 | ||
Provision for credit losses | 129 | 132 | ||
Other | 7 | 5 | ||
Balance at end of year | 353 | 331 | ||
Allowance for Credit Losses: | ||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | 149 | 85 | ||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 204 | 246 | ||
Ending Balance | 331 | 327 | 353 | 331 |
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: | ||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | 942 | 786 | ||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 18,226 | 18,236 | ||
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables | 19,168 | 19,022 | ||
Dealer | ||||
Allowance for credit loss activity: | ||||
Balance at beginning of year | 10 | 9 | ||
Receivables written off | 0 | 0 | ||
Recoveries on receivables previously written off | 0 | 0 | ||
Provision for credit losses | (1) | 1 | ||
Other | 0 | 0 | ||
Balance at end of year | 9 | 10 | ||
Allowance for Credit Losses: | ||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | 0 | 0 | ||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 9 | 10 | ||
Ending Balance | $ 10 | $ 9 | 9 | 10 |
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: | ||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | 0 | 0 | ||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 3,464 | 3,375 | ||
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables | $ 3,464 | $ 3,375 |
Cat Financial Financing Activ83
Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 4) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | $ 805 | $ 679 |
Current | 21,827 | 21,718 |
Total | 22,632 | 22,397 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 36 | 18 |
31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 165 | 137 |
61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 192 | 79 |
91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 448 | 463 |
Customer | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Total | 19,168 | 19,022 |
Customer | North America | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 128 | 125 |
Current | 7,950 | 7,938 |
Total | 8,078 | 8,063 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 8 | 5 |
Customer | North America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 71 | 50 |
Customer | North America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 15 | 16 |
Customer | North America | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 42 | 59 |
Customer | Europe | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 77 | 67 |
Current | 2,718 | 2,388 |
Total | 2,795 | 2,455 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 13 | 6 |
Customer | Europe | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 21 | 16 |
Customer | Europe | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 10 | 12 |
Customer | Europe | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 46 | 39 |
Customer | Asia Pacific | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 34 | 39 |
Current | 2,009 | 1,435 |
Total | 2,043 | 1,474 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 5 | 4 |
Customer | Asia Pacific | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 13 | 17 |
Customer | Asia Pacific | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 7 | 7 |
Customer | Asia Pacific | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 14 | 15 |
Customer | Mining | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 64 | 68 |
Current | 1,751 | 1,756 |
Total | 1,815 | 1,824 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 9 | 2 |
Customer | Mining | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 3 | 3 |
Customer | Mining | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 1 | 2 |
Customer | Mining | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 60 | 63 |
Customer | Latin America | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 234 | 287 |
Current | 1,531 | 1,808 |
Total | 1,765 | 2,095 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 0 | 0 |
Customer | Latin America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 37 | 40 |
Customer | Latin America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 55 | 33 |
Customer | Latin America | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 142 | 214 |
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 196 | 93 |
Current | 2,476 | 3,018 |
Total | 2,672 | 3,111 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 1 | 1 |
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 20 | 11 |
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 32 | 9 |
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 144 | 73 |
Dealer | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Total | 3,464 | 3,375 |
Dealer | North America | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Current | 1,920 | 1,916 |
Total | 1,920 | 1,916 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | North America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | North America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | North America | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Europe | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Current | 222 | 161 |
Total | 222 | 161 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Europe | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Europe | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Europe | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Asia Pacific | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Current | 553 | 541 |
Total | 553 | 541 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Asia Pacific | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Asia Pacific | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Asia Pacific | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Mining | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Current | 4 | 3 |
Total | 4 | 3 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Mining | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Mining | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Mining | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Latin America | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 72 | 0 |
Current | 691 | 752 |
Total | 763 | 752 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Latin America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Latin America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 72 | 0 |
Dealer | Latin America | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Current | 2 | 2 |
Total | 2 | 2 |
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 31 to 60 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 61 to 90 Days Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | 0 | 0 |
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 91 Days or More Past Due | ||
Aging related to loans and finance leases | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Cat Financial Financing Activ84
Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 5) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Customer | |||
Impaired finance receivables | |||
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | $ 424 | $ 530 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded | 435 | 528 | |
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 518 | 256 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded | 530 | 265 | |
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded | 149 | 85 | |
Recorded Investment, Total | 942 | 786 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total | 965 | 793 | |
Related Allowance, Total | 149 | 85 | |
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 496 | 481 | $ 332 |
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded | 23 | 18 | 10 |
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 365 | 211 | 268 |
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded | 13 | 7 | 10 |
Average Recorded Investment, Total | 861 | 692 | 600 |
Interest Income Recognized, Total | 36 | 25 | 20 |
Customer | North America | |||
Impaired finance receivables | |||
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 19 | 10 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded | 19 | 10 | |
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 44 | 61 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded | 43 | 60 | |
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded | 17 | 22 | |
Recorded Investment, Total | 63 | 71 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total | 62 | 70 | |
Related Allowance, Total | 17 | 22 | |
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 13 | 18 | 12 |
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 49 | 34 | 9 |
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Average Recorded Investment, Total | 62 | 52 | 21 |
Interest Income Recognized, Total | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Customer | Europe | |||
Impaired finance receivables | |||
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 45 | 49 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded | 45 | 48 | |
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 9 | 7 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded | 8 | 7 | |
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded | 5 | 3 | |
Recorded Investment, Total | 54 | 56 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total | 53 | 55 | |
Related Allowance, Total | 5 | 3 | |
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 48 | 46 | 42 |
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 6 | 11 | 14 |
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Average Recorded Investment, Total | 54 | 57 | 56 |
Interest Income Recognized, Total | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Customer | Asia Pacific | |||
Impaired finance receivables | |||
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 34 | 3 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded | 33 | 2 | |
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 8 | 50 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded | 8 | 50 | |
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded | 2 | 8 | |
Recorded Investment, Total | 42 | 53 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total | 41 | 52 | |
Related Allowance, Total | 2 | 8 | |
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 24 | 2 | 2 |
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 31 | 37 | 35 |
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Average Recorded Investment, Total | 55 | 39 | 37 |
Interest Income Recognized, Total | 4 | 3 | 2 |
Customer | Mining | |||
Impaired finance receivables | |||
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 121 | 129 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded | 121 | 129 | |
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Recorded Investment, Total | 121 | 129 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total | 121 | 129 | |
Related Allowance, Total | 0 | 0 | |
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 126 | 98 | 75 |
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded | 7 | 4 | 3 |
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 0 | 13 | 39 |
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Average Recorded Investment, Total | 126 | 111 | 114 |
Interest Income Recognized, Total | 7 | 4 | 4 |
Customer | Latin America | |||
Impaired finance receivables | |||
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 45 | 68 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded | 45 | 68 | |
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 95 | 93 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded | 106 | 104 | |
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded | 42 | 34 | |
Recorded Investment, Total | 140 | 161 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total | 151 | 172 | |
Related Allowance, Total | 42 | 34 | |
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 64 | 47 | 31 |
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 99 | 66 | 56 |
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded | 4 | 2 | 3 |
Average Recorded Investment, Total | 163 | 113 | 87 |
Interest Income Recognized, Total | 7 | 3 | 3 |
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | |||
Impaired finance receivables | |||
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 160 | 271 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded | 172 | 271 | |
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded | 0 | 0 | |
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 362 | 45 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded | 365 | 44 | |
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded | 83 | 18 | |
Recorded Investment, Total | 522 | 316 | |
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total | 537 | 315 | |
Related Allowance, Total | 83 | 18 | |
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded | 221 | 270 | 170 |
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded | 9 | 11 | 5 |
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded | 180 | 50 | 115 |
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded | 6 | 1 | 3 |
Average Recorded Investment, Total | 401 | 320 | 285 |
Interest Income Recognized, Total | 15 | 12 | 8 |
Dealer | |||
Impaired finance receivables | |||
Recorded Investment, Total | $ 0 | 0 | |
Average Recorded Investment, Total | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Cat Financial Finacning Activit
Cat Financial Finacning Activities (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Period after which collection of future income is considered as not probable (in days) | 120 days | |
Finance Receivables | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Period after which collection of future income is considered as not probable (in days) | 120 days | |
Finance Receivables | Dealer | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Finance Receivables | Customer | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest | 683 | 579 |
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest | 38 | 66 |
Finance Receivables | Customer | Europe | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest | 37 | 35 |
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia Pacific | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest | 10 | 12 |
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest | 63 | 69 |
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest | 192 | 307 |
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | ||
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items] | ||
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest | $ 343 | $ 90 |
Cat Financial Financing Activ86
Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 7) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |||||
Dec. 31, 2017USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2017USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)Contracts | Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)Customer | Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)Contracts | Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)Contracts | |
Finance Receivables | Customer | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables | ||||||
Loans and leases receivable, impaired, commitment to lend | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 11 | |
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 144 | 574 | 94 | |||
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 579 | $ 454 | $ 354 | |||
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 557 | $ 387 | $ 338 | |||
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 252 | 15 | 19 | |||
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Recorded Investment | 21 | $ 5 | $ 2 | |||
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 43 | 25 | 14 | |||
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 34 | $ 25 | $ 1 | |||
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 35 | $ 25 | $ 1 | |||
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 4 | 5 | 7 | |||
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Recorded Investment | 3 | $ 2 | $ 1 | |||
Finance Receivables | Customer | Europe | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 4 | 43 | 23 | |||
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 1 | $ 12 | $ 2 | |||
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 1 | $ 9 | $ 2 | |||
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 1 | 5 | 0 | |||
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Recorded Investment | 0 | $ 2 | $ 0 | |||
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia Pacific | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 10 | 31 | 21 | |||
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 39 | $ 29 | $ 26 | |||
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 31 | $ 28 | $ 26 | |||
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 4 | 1 | 0 | |||
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Recorded Investment | 1 | $ 0 | $ 0 | |||
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 2 | 4 | 4 | |||
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 57 | $ 74 | $ 65 | |||
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 56 | $ 66 | $ 65 | |||
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 17 | 437 | 11 | |||
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 26 | $ 118 | $ 1 | |||
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 27 | $ 82 | $ 2 | |||
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 243 | 4 | 12 | |||
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Recorded Investment | 17 | $ 1 | $ 1 | |||
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 68 | 34 | 21 | |||
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 422 | $ 196 | $ 259 | |||
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | $ 407 | $ 177 | $ 242 | |||
Finance Receivables | Dealer | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Significant Amount of Amount Disclosed Represented by a Certain Number of Customers [Member] | Customer | Latin America | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 321 | |||||
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | $ 94 | |||||
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 64 | |||||
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 238 | |||||
Financing Receivable, Modifications, Subsequent Default, Recorded Investment | 16 | |||||
Number of Significant Customers Disclosed | 2 | 4 | ||||
Significant Amount of Amount Disclosed Represented by a Certain Number of Customers [Member] | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | ||||||
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs | ||||||
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts | 48 | |||||
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | 265 | |||||
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment | $ 258 | |||||
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date | ||||||
Number of Significant Customers Disclosed | Customer | 6 |
Inventories (Details)
Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
Effect of LIFO inventory liquidation on cost of goods sold | $ 66 | |
Effect of LIFO Inventory Liquidation on Income | $ 49 | |
Effect of LIFO inventory liquidation on profit per share | $ 0.08 | |
Percentage of LIFO Inventory | 65.00% | 60.00% |
Raw materials | $ 2,802 | $ 2,102 |
Work-in-process | 2,254 | 1,719 |
Finished goods | 4,761 | 4,576 |
Supplies | 201 | 217 |
Total inventories | 10,018 | $ 8,614 |
Long-term material purchase obligations | $ 813 |
Property, plant and equipment88
Property, plant and equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost | $ 31,538 | $ 31,940 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (17,383) | (16,618) |
Property, plant and equipment - net | 14,155 | 15,322 |
Commitments for the purchase or construction of capital assets | 293 | |
Assets recorded under capital leases | ||
Gross capital leases | 96 | 99 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (19) | (22) |
Net capital leases | 77 | 77 |
Minimum rental payments on assets recorded under capital leases were: | ||
2,018 | 8 | |
2,019 | 8 | |
2,020 | 9 | |
2,021 | 22 | |
2,022 | 7 | |
Thereafter | 35 | |
Minimum rental payments to be received for equipment leased to others were: | ||
2,018 | 879 | |
2,019 | 583 | |
2,020 | 315 | |
2,021 | 155 | |
2,022 | 78 | |
Thereafter | 70 | |
Land | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost | 664 | 667 |
Buildings and land improvements | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost | 7,515 | 7,383 |
Machinery, equipment and other | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost | 14,888 | 15,392 |
Software | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost | 1,745 | 1,641 |
Equipment leased to others | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost | 6,038 | 6,086 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (1,656) | (1,659) |
Property, plant and equipment - net | 4,382 | 4,427 |
Construction-in-process | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost | $ 688 | $ 771 |
Minimum | Buildings and land improvements | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Useful Lives (Years) | 20 years | |
Minimum | Machinery, equipment and other | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Useful Lives (Years) | 3 years | |
Minimum | Software | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Useful Lives (Years) | 3 years | |
Minimum | Equipment leased to others | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Useful Lives (Years) | 1 year | |
Maximum | Buildings and land improvements | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Useful Lives (Years) | 45 years | |
Maximum | Machinery, equipment and other | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Useful Lives (Years) | 10 years | |
Maximum | Software | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Useful Lives (Years) | 7 years | |
Maximum | Equipment leased to others | ||
Property, plant and equipment | ||
Useful Lives (Years) | 7 years |
Investments in unconsolidated89
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | May 01, 2017 | Feb. 28, 2015 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Caterpillar's investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies: | ||||
Investments in equity method companies | $ 212 | $ 192 | ||
Plus: Investments in cost method companies | 31 | 57 | ||
Total investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies | $ 243 | $ 249 | ||
Third party logistics business, investment | ||||
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items] | ||||
Equity Method Investment, Realized Gain (Loss) on Disposal | $ 120 | |||
Iron Planet Holdings, Inc. investment [Domain] | ||||
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items] | ||||
Equity Method Investment, Net Sales Proceeds | $ 93 | |||
Equity Method Investment, Realized Gain (Loss) on Disposal | $ 85 |
Intangible assets and goodwil90
Intangible assets and goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | Oct. 01, 2016 | Dec. 01, 2015 | Oct. 31, 2015 | |
Intangible assets | |||||||
Goodwill impairment charge | $ 595 | $ 0 | $ 595 | $ 0 | |||
Goodwill | 6,200 | $ 6,200 | 6,020 | 6,615 | |||
Tax benefit from goodwill impairment loss | $ 17 | ||||||
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years) | 14 years | 14 years | |||||
Gross Carrying Amount | 4,177 | $ 4,177 | $ 4,066 | ||||
Accumulated Amortization | (2,066) | (2,066) | (1,717) | ||||
Net | 2,111 | 2,111 | 2,349 | ||||
Total intangible assets, net | 2,111 | 2,111 | 2,349 | ||||
Amortization expense | 323 | $ 326 | 337 | ||||
2,018 | 322 | 322 | |||||
2,019 | 316 | 316 | |||||
2,020 | 305 | 305 | |||||
2,021 | 287 | 287 | |||||
2,022 | 268 | 268 | |||||
Thereafter | 613 | $ 613 | |||||
Rail Product Solutions Inc. | |||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||
Goodwill | $ 53 | ||||||
Finite-lived intangible assets | $ 82 | ||||||
RDS Manufacturing Inc. | |||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||
Goodwill | $ 59 | ||||||
Customer relationships | |||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years) | 15 years | 15 years | |||||
Gross Carrying Amount | 2,441 | $ 2,441 | $ 2,378 | ||||
Accumulated Amortization | (1,122) | (1,122) | (934) | ||||
Net | 1,319 | $ 1,319 | $ 1,444 | ||||
Intellectual property | |||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years) | 11 years | 11 years | |||||
Gross Carrying Amount | 1,538 | $ 1,538 | $ 1,496 | ||||
Accumulated Amortization | (851) | (851) | (706) | ||||
Net | 687 | $ 687 | $ 790 | ||||
Other | |||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years) | 13 years | 14 years | |||||
Gross Carrying Amount | 198 | $ 198 | $ 192 | ||||
Accumulated Amortization | (93) | (93) | (77) | ||||
Net | 105 | 105 | 115 | ||||
Resource Industries | |||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||
Goodwill impairment charge | 0 | 595 | |||||
Goodwill | $ 3,057 | $ 3,057 | 2,935 | $ 3,565 | |||
Impairment of Intangible Assets, Finite-lived | 132 | ||||||
Resource Industries | Customer relationships | |||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||
Impairment of Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Gross | 96 | ||||||
Impairment of Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization | 27 | ||||||
Resource Industries | Intellectual property | |||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||
Impairment of Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Gross | 111 | ||||||
Impairment of Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization | $ 48 | ||||||
Surface Mining & Technology | |||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||
Goodwill | $ 629 |
Intangible assets and goodwil91
Intangible assets and goodwill (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | Dec. 01, 2015 | Oct. 31, 2015 | |
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment | ||||||
Goodwill acquired | $ 0 | $ 37 | ||||
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment: | ||||||
Goodwill, beginning of year | 7,217 | 7,217 | ||||
Impairments, beginning of year | (1,197) | (602) | ||||
Goodwill acquired | 0 | 37 | ||||
Impairment Loss | $ (595) | 0 | (595) | $ 0 | ||
Other Adjustments | 180 | (37) | ||||
Goodwill, end of year | 7,397 | 7,397 | 7,217 | 7,217 | ||
Impairments, end of year | (1,197) | (1,197) | (1,197) | (602) | ||
Net Goodwill, end of year | 6,200 | 6,200 | 6,020 | 6,615 | ||
Rail Product Solutions Inc. | ||||||
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment: | ||||||
Net Goodwill, end of year | $ 53 | |||||
RDS Manufacturing Inc. | ||||||
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment: | ||||||
Net Goodwill, end of year | $ 59 | |||||
Construction Industries | ||||||
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment | ||||||
Goodwill acquired | 0 | 0 | ||||
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment: | ||||||
Goodwill, beginning of year | 296 | 285 | ||||
Impairments, beginning of year | (22) | (22) | ||||
Goodwill acquired | 0 | 0 | ||||
Impairment Loss | 0 | 0 | ||||
Other Adjustments | 9 | 11 | ||||
Goodwill, end of year | 305 | 305 | 296 | 285 | ||
Impairments, end of year | (22) | (22) | (22) | (22) | ||
Net Goodwill, end of year | 283 | 283 | 274 | 263 | ||
Resource Industries | ||||||
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment | ||||||
Goodwill acquired | 0 | 0 | ||||
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment: | ||||||
Goodwill, beginning of year | 4,110 | 4,145 | ||||
Impairments, beginning of year | (1,175) | (580) | ||||
Goodwill acquired | 0 | 0 | ||||
Impairment Loss | 0 | (595) | ||||
Other Adjustments | 122 | (35) | ||||
Goodwill, end of year | 4,232 | 4,232 | 4,110 | 4,145 | ||
Impairments, end of year | (1,175) | (1,175) | (1,175) | (580) | ||
Net Goodwill, end of year | 3,057 | 3,057 | 2,935 | 3,565 | ||
Energy & Transportation | ||||||
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment | ||||||
Goodwill acquired | 0 | 37 | ||||
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment: | ||||||
Goodwill, beginning of year | 2,756 | 2,738 | ||||
Goodwill acquired | 0 | 37 | ||||
Impairment Loss | 0 | 0 | ||||
Other Adjustments | 50 | (19) | ||||
Goodwill, end of year | 2,806 | 2,806 | 2,756 | 2,738 | ||
Net Goodwill, end of year | 2,806 | 2,806 | 2,756 | |||
All Other | ||||||
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment | ||||||
Goodwill acquired | 0 | 0 | ||||
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment: | ||||||
Goodwill, beginning of year | 55 | 49 | ||||
Goodwill acquired | 0 | 0 | ||||
Impairment Loss | 0 | 0 | ||||
Other Adjustments | (1) | 6 | ||||
Goodwill, end of year | $ 54 | $ 54 | $ 55 | $ 49 |
Investments in debt and equit92
Investments in debt and equity securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | $ 1,425 | $ 1,317 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | 14 | 50 |
Fair Value | (1,439) | (1,367) |
U.S. treasury bonds | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 10 | 9 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Fair Value | (10) | (9) |
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 42 | 60 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Fair Value | (42) | (60) |
Corporate bonds | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 585 | 489 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | (1) | 3 |
Fair Value | (584) | (492) |
Asset-backed securities | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 67 | 90 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Fair Value | (67) | (90) |
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 265 | 225 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | (4) | (2) |
Fair Value | (261) | (223) |
Residential | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 8 | 10 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Fair Value | (8) | (10) |
Commercial | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 17 | 36 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Fair Value | (17) | (36) |
Large capitalization value | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 287 | 280 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | (3) | 32 |
Fair Value | (284) | (312) |
REIT | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 104 | 77 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | 6 | 2 |
Fair Value | (110) | (79) |
Smaller company growth | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | ||
Cost Basis | 40 | 41 |
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses) | 16 | 15 |
Fair Value | $ (56) | $ (56) |
Investments in debt and equit93
Investments in debt and equity securities (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Less than 12 months | ||
Fair Value | $ 587 | $ 376 |
Unrealized Losses | 9 | 10 |
12 months or more | ||
Fair Value | 163 | 38 |
Unrealized Losses | 5 | 3 |
Total | ||
Fair Value | 750 | 414 |
Unrealized Losses | 14 | 13 |
Corporate bonds | ||
Less than 12 months | ||
Fair Value | 312 | 131 |
Unrealized Losses | 2 | 1 |
12 months or more | ||
Fair Value | 38 | 13 |
Unrealized Losses | 0 | 0 |
Total | ||
Fair Value | 350 | 144 |
Unrealized Losses | 2 | 1 |
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | ||
Less than 12 months | ||
Fair Value | 129 | 167 |
Unrealized Losses | 1 | 2 |
12 months or more | ||
Fair Value | 110 | 11 |
Unrealized Losses | 3 | 0 |
Total | ||
Fair Value | 239 | 178 |
Unrealized Losses | 4 | 2 |
Large capitalization value | ||
Less than 12 months | ||
Fair Value | 129 | 68 |
Unrealized Losses | 5 | 6 |
12 months or more | ||
Fair Value | 14 | 11 |
Unrealized Losses | 2 | 2 |
Total | ||
Fair Value | 143 | 79 |
Unrealized Losses | 7 | 8 |
Smaller company growth | ||
Less than 12 months | ||
Fair Value | 17 | 10 |
Unrealized Losses | 1 | 1 |
12 months or more | ||
Fair Value | 1 | 3 |
Unrealized Losses | 0 | 1 |
Total | ||
Fair Value | 18 | 13 |
Unrealized Losses | $ 1 | $ 2 |
Investments in debt and equit94
Investments in debt and equity securities (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] | |||
Due in one year or less, Cost Basis | $ 144 | ||
Due after one year through five years, Cost Basis | 418 | ||
Due after five years through ten years, Cost Basis | 121 | ||
Due after ten years, Cost Basis | 21 | ||
Due in one year or less, Fair Value | 144 | ||
Due after one year through five years, Fair Value | 417 | ||
Due after five years through ten years, Fair Value | 120 | ||
Due after ten years, Fair Value | 22 | ||
Cost Basis | 994 | ||
Fair Value | 989 | ||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | |||
Cost Basis | 1,425 | $ 1,317 | |
Fair Value | 1,439 | 1,367 | |
Available-for-sale Securities, Proceeds, Gains and Losses | |||
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities | 930 | 694 | $ 351 |
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities | 109 | 55 | 64 |
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities | 5 | 4 | $ 2 |
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | |||
Cost Basis | 265 | 225 | |
Fair Value | 261 | 223 | |
Residential | |||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | |||
Cost Basis | 8 | 10 | |
Fair Value | 8 | 10 | |
Commercial | |||
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities | |||
Cost Basis | 17 | 36 | |
Fair Value | $ 17 | $ 36 |
Postemployment benefit plans (D
Postemployment benefit plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||
Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | ||||
Change in service and interest cost from change in accounting estimate | $ (140) | $ (180) | ||
Voluntary retirement enhancement program | ||||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | ||||
Curtailment expense | $ (82) | |||
U.S. Pension Benefits | ||||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | ||||
Curtailments, Settlements and Termination Benefits Other Operating Expense Income | $ 9 | |||
Discount rate (as a percent) | 4.20% | 4.50% | 3.80% | |
Change in service and interest cost from change in accounting estimate | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ (1) | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | ||||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | ||||
Curtailments, Settlements and Termination Benefits Other Operating Expense Income | $ 20 | |||
Discount rate (as a percent) | 2.40% | 2.90% | 3.30% | |
Change in service and interest cost from change in accounting estimate | $ 5 | $ (6) | $ (8) | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | ||||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | ||||
Discount rate (as a percent) | 3.90% | 4.20% | 3.90% | |
Change in service and interest cost from change in accounting estimate | $ (54) | $ (125) | $ 70 |
Postemployment benefit plans 96
Postemployment benefit plans (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Change in benefit obligation: | |||||
Actuarial losses (gains) | $ 301 | $ 985 | $ 301 | $ 985 | $ 179 |
Effect of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend | |||||
Effect of a one-percentage-point increase in current year service and interest cost components of other postretirement benefit cost | 14 | ||||
Effect of a one-percentage-point decrease in current year service and interest cost components of other postretirement benefit cost | (12) | ||||
Effect of a one-percentage-point increase on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation | 161 | ||||
Effect of a one-percentage-point decrease on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation | $ (136) | ||||
U.S. Pension Benefits | |||||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||||
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Net Periodic Benefit Cost, Discount Rate Support, Percentage of Highest and Lowest Yielding Bonds Excluded | 10.00% | ||||
Change in benefit obligation: | |||||
Benefit obligation, beginning of year | $ 16,218 | 15,792 | |||
Service cost | 115 | 119 | 181 | ||
Interest cost | 525 | 517 | 608 | ||
Plan amendments | 0 | 0 | |||
Actuarial losses (gains) | 1,439 | 767 | |||
Foreign currency exchange rates | 0 | 0 | |||
Participant contributions | 0 | 0 | |||
Benefits paid - gross | (977) | (970) | |||
Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid | 0 | 0 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan, Curtailments, Settlements and Termination Benefits | 6 | (7) | |||
Benefit obligation, end of year | 17,326 | 16,218 | 17,326 | 16,218 | 15,792 |
Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year | $ 17,175 | $ 16,034 | $ 17,175 | $ 16,034 | |
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: | |||||
Discount rate (as a percent) | 3.50% | 4.00% | 3.50% | 4.00% | |
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent) | 4.00% | 4.00% | 4.00% | 4.00% | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | |||||
Change in benefit obligation: | |||||
Benefit obligation, beginning of year | $ 4,472 | $ 4,355 | |||
Service cost | 95 | 92 | 110 | ||
Interest cost | 101 | 117 | 146 | ||
Plan amendments | (1) | (5) | |||
Actuarial losses (gains) | (75) | 512 | |||
Foreign currency exchange rates | 312 | (369) | |||
Participant contributions | 6 | 7 | |||
Benefits paid - gross | (203) | (238) | |||
Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid | 0 | 0 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan, Curtailments, Settlements and Termination Benefits | (101) | 1 | |||
Benefit obligation, end of year | $ 4,606 | $ 4,472 | 4,606 | 4,472 | 4,355 |
Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year | $ 4,335 | $ 4,163 | $ 4,335 | $ 4,163 | |
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: | |||||
Discount rate (as a percent) | 2.40% | 2.50% | 2.40% | 2.50% | |
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent) | 4.00% | 4.00% | 4.00% | 4.00% | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | |||||
Change in benefit obligation: | |||||
Benefit obligation, beginning of year | $ 4,088 | $ 4,313 | |||
Service cost | 78 | 82 | 101 | ||
Interest cost | 130 | 131 | 181 | ||
Plan amendments | (79) | (188) | |||
Actuarial losses (gains) | 71 | 60 | |||
Foreign currency exchange rates | 4 | 14 | |||
Participant contributions | 59 | 57 | |||
Benefits paid - gross | (361) | (388) | |||
Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid | 10 | 11 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan, Curtailments, Settlements and Termination Benefits | 2 | (4) | |||
Benefit obligation, end of year | $ 4,002 | $ 4,088 | $ 4,002 | $ 4,088 | $ 4,313 |
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: | |||||
Discount rate (as a percent) | 3.60% | 4.00% | 3.60% | 4.00% | |
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent) | 4.60% | 4.00% | 4.60% | 4.00% |
Postemployment benefit plans 97
Postemployment benefit plans (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | ||
Change in plan assets: | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | $ 11,354 | $ 11,440 |
Actual return on plan assets | 1,692 | 860 |
Foreign currency exchange rates | 0 | 0 |
Company contributions | 1,350 | 36 |
Participant contributions | 0 | 0 |
Benefits paid | (977) | (970) |
Settlements and termination benefits | (3) | (12) |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | $ 13,416 | 11,354 |
Information about plan asset allocations | ||
Rebalancing of plan assets outside of target allocation (as a percent) | 5.00% | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Equities | ||
Information about plan asset allocations | ||
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent) | 30.00% | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Debt securities | ||
Information about plan asset allocations | ||
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent) | 70.00% | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate | ||
Change in plan assets: | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | $ 10 | |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 10 | 10 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | ||
Change in plan assets: | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 3,887 | 3,890 |
Actual return on plan assets | 350 | 503 |
Foreign currency exchange rates | 278 | (392) |
Company contributions | 107 | 117 |
Participant contributions | 6 | 7 |
Benefits paid | (203) | (238) |
Settlements and termination benefits | (120) | 0 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | $ 4,305 | 3,887 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Equities | ||
Information about plan asset allocations | ||
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent) | 38.00% | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Debt securities | ||
Information about plan asset allocations | ||
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent) | 54.00% | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate | ||
Change in plan assets: | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | $ 179 | |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | $ 186 | 179 |
Information about plan asset allocations | ||
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent) | 5.00% | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Other | ||
Information about plan asset allocations | ||
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent) | 3.00% | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | ||
Change in plan assets: | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | $ 550 | 650 |
Actual return on plan assets | 101 | 55 |
Foreign currency exchange rates | 0 | 0 |
Company contributions | 155 | 176 |
Participant contributions | 59 | 57 |
Benefits paid | (361) | (388) |
Settlements and termination benefits | 0 | 0 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | $ 504 | $ 550 |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Equities | ||
Information about plan asset allocations | ||
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent) | 70.00% | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Debt securities | ||
Information about plan asset allocations | ||
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent) | 30.00% |
Postemployment benefit plans 98
Postemployment benefit plans (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | $ 13,416 | $ 11,354 | $ 11,440 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 2,930 | 2,995 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1,588 | 1,658 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 5,995 | 4,389 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1,165 | 710 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 793 | 647 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 369 | 491 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 68 | 90 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 10 | 10 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 498 | 364 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 4,491 | 4,562 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 2,745 | 2,816 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1,573 | 1,653 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 173 | 93 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 8,397 | 6,290 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 15 | 5 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 5,886 | 4,273 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1,165 | 710 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 793 | 647 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 369 | 491 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 68 | 90 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 101 | 74 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 90 | 57 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 20 | 5 | 5 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 20 | 5 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Fixed income securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 60 | 31 | 42 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 60 | 31 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 10 | 10 | 9 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 11 | 3 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 11 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 438 | 445 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 165 | 174 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 49 | 85 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 224 | 186 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 4,305 | 3,887 | 3,890 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 192 | 513 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1,363 | 796 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Global equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 149 | 156 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 156 | 152 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 374 | 356 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 64 | 44 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1,229 | 1,172 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Global fixed income | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 468 | 420 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 186 | 179 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 124 | 99 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 635 | 1,219 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 55 | 405 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 400 | 639 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Global equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 116 | 122 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Global fixed income | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 64 | 53 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 2,375 | 2,230 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 34 | 38 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Global equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 33 | 34 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 156 | 151 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 363 | 345 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 64 | 44 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1,229 | 1,172 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Global fixed income | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 250 | 221 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 186 | 179 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 60 | 46 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 5 | 2 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Global equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Fixed income securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 5 | 2 | 5 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 1 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 5 | 1 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Global fixed income | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1,290 | 436 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 137 | 108 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 929 | 119 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Global equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 6 | 10 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Global fixed income | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 218 | 199 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Real estate | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 504 | 550 | $ 650 |
Other Postretirement Benefits | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 256 | 277 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 103 | 110 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 61 | 70 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 15 | 17 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 17 | 16 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 34 | 31 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 4 | 4 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 14 | 25 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 358 | 391 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 255 | 276 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 103 | 110 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 5 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 134 | 139 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1 | 1 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 60 | 69 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 15 | 17 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 17 | 16 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 34 | 31 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 4 | 4 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 3 | 1 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 12 | 20 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. equities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 1 | 1 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. corporate bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. government bonds | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | 0 | 0 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | Cash, short-term instruments and other | |||
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure | |||
Total Assets, at Fair Value | $ 11 | $ 19 |
Postemployment benefit plans 99
Postemployment benefit plans (Details 5) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | $ 11,354 | $ 11,440 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 13,416 | 11,354 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 10 | |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 10 | 10 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 57 | |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 90 | 57 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Equities | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 5 | 5 |
Unrealized gains (losses) | 15 | 0 |
Realized gains (losses) | (1) | 0 |
Purchases, issuances and settlements | 0 | 1 |
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | 1 | (1) |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 20 | 5 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Fixed income securities | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 31 | 42 |
Unrealized gains (losses) | 13 | 4 |
Realized gains (losses) | 0 | (5) |
Purchases, issuances and settlements | 16 | (9) |
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | 0 | (1) |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 60 | 31 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Real estate | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 10 | 9 |
Unrealized gains (losses) | 0 | 1 |
Realized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Purchases, issuances and settlements | 0 | 0 |
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | 0 | 0 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 10 | 10 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Other | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 11 | 3 |
Unrealized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Realized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Purchases, issuances and settlements | (11) | 8 |
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | 0 | 0 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 0 | 11 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 3,887 | 3,890 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 4,305 | 3,887 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 179 | |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 186 | 179 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 2 | |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 5 | 2 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Equities | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 0 | 2 |
Unrealized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Realized gains (losses) | 0 | (1) |
Purchases, issuances and settlements | 0 | (1) |
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | 0 | 0 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 0 | 0 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Fixed income securities | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 2 | 5 |
Unrealized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Realized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Purchases, issuances and settlements | 2 | (1) |
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | 1 | (2) |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 5 | 2 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Real estate | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 0 | 0 |
Unrealized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Realized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Purchases, issuances and settlements | 0 | 0 |
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | 0 | 0 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 0 | 0 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Other | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 0 | 0 |
Unrealized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Realized gains (losses) | 0 | 0 |
Purchases, issuances and settlements | 0 | 0 |
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | 0 | 0 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 0 | 0 |
Other Postretirement Benefits | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 550 | 650 |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 504 | 550 |
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | ||
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets | ||
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | 0 | |
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Postemployment benefit plans100
Postemployment benefit plans (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | |||
Funded Status, end of year | |||
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | $ 13,416 | $ 11,354 | $ 11,440 |
Benefit obligations, end of year | 17,326 | 16,218 | 15,792 |
Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position | (3,910) | (4,864) | |
Components of net amount recognized in financial position: | |||
Other assets (non-current asset) | 19 | 4 | |
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability) | (38) | (35) | |
Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability) | (3,891) | (4,833) | |
Net liability recognized | (3,910) | (4,864) | |
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of: | |||
Prior service cost (credit) | 0 | 0 | |
Estimated amounts that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) during the next fiscal year | |||
Prior service cost (credit) | 0 | ||
Pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets | |||
Projected benefit obligation | 16,904 | 16,163 | |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 16,761 | 15,979 | |
Fair value of plan assets | 12,975 | 11,295 | |
Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets | |||
Projected benefit obligation | 16,904 | 16,163 | |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 16,761 | 15,979 | |
Fair value of plan assets | 12,975 | 11,295 | |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | |||
Funded Status, end of year | |||
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 4,305 | 3,887 | 3,890 |
Benefit obligations, end of year | 4,606 | 4,472 | 4,355 |
Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position | (301) | (585) | |
Components of net amount recognized in financial position: | |||
Other assets (non-current asset) | 358 | 152 | |
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability) | (20) | (20) | |
Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability) | (639) | (717) | |
Net liability recognized | (301) | (585) | |
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of: | |||
Prior service cost (credit) | 0 | (5) | |
Estimated amounts that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) during the next fiscal year | |||
Prior service cost (credit) | 0 | ||
Pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets | |||
Projected benefit obligation | 1,853 | 4,098 | |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 1,708 | 3,835 | |
Fair value of plan assets | 1,194 | 3,361 | |
Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets | |||
Projected benefit obligation | 1,720 | 1,707 | |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 1,641 | 1,607 | |
Fair value of plan assets | 1,107 | 1,024 | |
Other Postretirement Benefits | |||
Funded Status, end of year | |||
Fair value of plan assets, end of year | 504 | 550 | 650 |
Benefit obligations, end of year | 4,002 | 4,088 | $ 4,313 |
Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position | (3,498) | (3,538) | |
Components of net amount recognized in financial position: | |||
Other assets (non-current asset) | 0 | 0 | |
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability) | (163) | (162) | |
Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability) | (3,335) | (3,376) | |
Net liability recognized | (3,498) | (3,538) | |
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of: | |||
Prior service cost (credit) | (138) | $ (85) | |
Estimated amounts that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) during the next fiscal year | |||
Prior service cost (credit) | $ (35) |
Postemployment benefit plans101
Postemployment benefit plans (Details 7) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017USD ($) |
U.S. Pension Benefits | |
Expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other Postretirement benefit plans | |
Employer contribution expected for 2018 | $ 40 |
Expected benefit payments for 2018 | 1,010 |
Expected benefit payments for 2019 | 990 |
Expected benefit payments for 2020 | 990 |
Expected benefit payments for 2021 | 990 |
Expected benefit payments for 2022 | 1,000 |
Expected benefit payments from 2023-2027 | 4,960 |
Total expected benefit payments | 9,940 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | |
Expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other Postretirement benefit plans | |
Employer contribution expected for 2018 | 150 |
Expected benefit payments for 2018 | 220 |
Expected benefit payments for 2019 | 170 |
Expected benefit payments for 2020 | 180 |
Expected benefit payments for 2021 | 180 |
Expected benefit payments for 2022 | 190 |
Expected benefit payments from 2023-2027 | 1,040 |
Total expected benefit payments | 1,980 |
Other Postretirement Benefits | |
Expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other Postretirement benefit plans | |
Employer contribution expected for 2018 | 175 |
Expected benefit payments for 2018 | 300 |
Expected benefit payments for 2019 | 300 |
Expected benefit payments for 2020 | 290 |
Expected benefit payments for 2021 | 290 |
Expected benefit payments for 2022 | 280 |
Expected benefit payments from 2023-2027 | 1,380 |
Total expected benefit payments | 2,840 |
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected | |
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2018 | 15 |
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2019 | 15 |
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2020 | 15 |
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2021 | 15 |
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2022 | 15 |
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected from 2023-2027 | 60 |
Total expected Medicare D subsidy receipts | $ 135 |
Postemployment benefit plans102
Postemployment benefit plans (Details 8) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax): | |||
Total recognized in other comprehensive income | $ (140) | $ (180) | |
U.S. Pension Benefits | |||
Components of net periodic benefit cost: | |||
Service cost | 115 | 119 | $ 181 |
Interest cost | 525 | 517 | 608 |
Expected return on plan assets | (734) | (757) | (890) |
Defined benefit plan curtailment and settlement losses | 9 | 6 | 32 |
Amortization of: | |||
Prior service cost / (credit) | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Net actuarial loss / (gain) | 481 | 664 | 732 |
Total cost included in operating profit | 396 | 549 | 664 |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax): | |||
Current year prior service cost (credit) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit | 0 | 0 | (1) |
Total recognized in other comprehensive income | 0 | 0 | (1) |
Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income | $ 396 | $ 549 | $ 663 |
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost: | |||
Discount rate (as a percent) | 4.20% | 4.50% | 3.80% |
Discount rate used to measure interest cost | 3.30% | 3.40% | 3.80% |
Expected return on plan assets (as a percent) | 6.70% | 6.90% | 7.40% |
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent) | 4.00% | 4.00% | 4.00% |
Expected return on plan assets, next fiscal year (as a percent) | 6.30% | ||
Additional percentage amount added to long-term passive rate of returns to arrive at the long-term expected rate of return (as a percent) | 0.80% | 0.90% | 0.95% |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | |||
Components of net periodic benefit cost: | |||
Service cost | $ 95 | $ 92 | $ 110 |
Interest cost | 101 | 117 | 146 |
Expected return on plan assets | (231) | (227) | (273) |
Defined benefit plan curtailment and settlement losses | 15 | 1 | (1) |
Amortization of: | |||
Prior service cost / (credit) | (2) | 3 | 0 |
Net actuarial loss / (gain) | (195) | 262 | 8 |
Total cost included in operating profit | (217) | 248 | (10) |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax): | |||
Current year prior service cost (credit) | 3 | (3) | (8) |
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit | 2 | (3) | 0 |
Total recognized in other comprehensive income | 5 | (6) | (8) |
Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income | $ (212) | $ 242 | $ (18) |
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost: | |||
Discount rate (as a percent) | 2.40% | 2.90% | 3.30% |
Discount rate used to measure interest cost | 2.30% | 2.80% | 3.30% |
Expected return on plan assets (as a percent) | 5.90% | 6.10% | 6.80% |
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent) | 4.00% | 3.60% | 4.00% |
Expected return on plan assets, next fiscal year (as a percent) | 5.20% | ||
Other Postretirement Benefits | |||
Components of net periodic benefit cost: | |||
Service cost | $ 78 | $ 82 | $ 101 |
Interest cost | 130 | 131 | 181 |
Expected return on plan assets | (37) | (44) | (56) |
Defined benefit plan curtailment and settlement losses | 0 | (9) | 27 |
Amortization of: | |||
Prior service cost / (credit) | (23) | (59) | (54) |
Net actuarial loss / (gain) | 15 | 59 | (561) |
Total cost included in operating profit | 163 | 160 | (362) |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax): | |||
Current year prior service cost (credit) | (77) | (184) | 16 |
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit | 23 | 59 | 54 |
Total recognized in other comprehensive income | (54) | (125) | 70 |
Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income | $ 109 | $ 35 | $ (292) |
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost: | |||
Discount rate (as a percent) | 3.90% | 4.20% | 3.90% |
Discount rate used to measure interest cost | 3.30% | 3.30% | 3.90% |
Expected return on plan assets (as a percent) | 7.50% | 7.50% | 7.80% |
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent) | 4.00% | 4.00% | 4.00% |
Assumed increase in health care trend rate | |||
Assumed increase in health care trend rate over the current period to calculate benefit expenses (as a percent) | 6.60% | ||
Assumed increase in health care trend rate for the next year to calculate benefit expenses (as a percent) | 6.10% | ||
Year that heath care trend rate is assumed to reach ultimate trend rate (year) | 2,022 | ||
Ultimate health care cost trend rate (as a percent) | 5.00% | ||
General inflation rate that forms a part of ultimate health care trend rate (as a percent) | 3.00% | ||
Additional healthcare inflation rate that forms a part of ultimate health care trend rate (as a percent) | 2.00% |
Postemployment benefit plans103
Postemployment benefit plans (Details 9) - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Defined contribution plans | |||
ESOP, number of allocated shares | 17.7 | 21.3 | |
Costs related to defined contribution plans | $ 448 | $ 369 | $ 343 |
U.S. Plans | |||
Defined contribution plans | |||
Percentage that the employer generally matches of employee contributions to U.S. defined contribution plans | 100.00% | ||
Employee compensation percentage contributed to defined contribution plan eligible for employer matching contributions | 6.00% | ||
New annual employer contribution, percentage of compensation, low end of range | 3.00% | ||
New annual employer contribution, percentage of compensation, high end of range | 5.00% | ||
Percentage that the employer generally matches of employee contributions to U.S. defined contribution plans for employees accruing benefits under a defined benefit plan | 50.00% | ||
Compensation percentage contributed to defined contribution plan eligible for employer matching contributions, for employees accruing benefits under defined benefit pension plan | 6.00% | ||
Costs related to defined contribution plans | $ 375 | 301 | 267 |
Non-U.S. Plans | |||
Defined contribution plans | |||
Costs related to defined contribution plans | $ 73 | $ 68 | $ 76 |
Postemployment benefit plans104
Postemployment benefit plans (Details 10) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Postemployment Benefit Plan [Line Items] | ||
Liability for postemployment benefits | $ 8,365 | $ 9,357 |
U.S. Pension Benefits | ||
Postemployment Benefit Plan [Line Items] | ||
Liability for postemployment benefits | 3,891 | 4,833 |
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | ||
Postemployment Benefit Plan [Line Items] | ||
Liability for postemployment benefits | 639 | 717 |
Pension Plan [Member] | ||
Postemployment Benefit Plan [Line Items] | ||
Liability for postemployment benefits | 4,530 | 5,550 |
Postretirement Health Coverage [Member] | ||
Postemployment Benefit Plan [Line Items] | ||
Liability for postemployment benefits | 3,335 | 3,376 |
Other Postretirement Benefits | ||
Postemployment Benefit Plan [Line Items] | ||
Liability for postemployment benefits | 109 | 106 |
Postemployment Retirement Benefits [Member] | ||
Postemployment Benefit Plan [Line Items] | ||
Liability for postemployment benefits | $ 391 | $ 325 |
Short-term borrowings (Details)
Short-term borrowings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Short-term borrowings | $ 4,837 | $ 7,303 |
Notes payable to banks | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings (as a percent) | 5.20% | 7.00% |
Commercial paper | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings (as a percent) | 1.10% | 0.90% |
Demand notes | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings (as a percent) | 1.10% | 0.90% |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Short-term borrowings | $ 1 | $ 209 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Notes payable to banks | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Short-term borrowings | 1 | 59 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Commercial paper | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Short-term borrowings | 0 | 150 |
Financial Products | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Short-term borrowings | 4,836 | 7,094 |
Financial Products | Notes payable to banks | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Short-term borrowings | 675 | 553 |
Financial Products | Commercial paper | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Short-term borrowings | 3,680 | 5,985 |
Financial Products | Demand notes | ||
Short-term borrowings: | ||
Short-term borrowings | $ 481 | $ 556 |
Long-term debt (Details)
Long-term debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Nov. 10, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Long-term Debt | |||
Total Machinery, Energy & Transportation | $ 7,929 | $ 8,436 | |
Total Financial Products | 15,918 | 14,382 | |
Total long-term debt due after one year | 23,847 | 22,818 | |
Financing transaction in Japan | 360 | ||
Payment for debt prepayment cost | $ 58 | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Total Machinery, Energy & Transportation | 7,929 | 8,436 | |
Other | $ 4 | 3 | |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Notes-$1,250 million of 3.900% due 2021 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 4.01% | ||
Notes | $ 1,246 | 1,245 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 3.90% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 1,250 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Notes-$759 million of 5.200% due 2041 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 5.27% | ||
Notes | $ 752 | 752 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 5.20% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 759 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$500 million of 1.500% due 2017 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 1.50% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 500 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$900 million of 7.900% due 2018 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 7.98% | ||
Debentures | $ 0 | 899 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 7.90% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 900 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$120 million of 9.375% due 2021 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 9.41% | ||
Debentures | $ 120 | 120 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 9.375% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 120 | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$500 million of 2.600% due 2022 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 2.70% | ||
Debentures | $ 498 | 498 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 2.60% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 500 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$82 million of 8.000% due 2023 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 8.06% | ||
Debentures | $ 82 | 82 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 8.00% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 82 | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$1,000 million of 3.400% due 2024 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 3.46% | ||
Debentures | $ 997 | 996 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 3.40% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 1,000 | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$193 million of 6.625% due 2028 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 6.68% | ||
Debentures | $ 192 | 192 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 6.625% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 193 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$242 million of 7.300% due 2031 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 7.38% | ||
Debentures | $ 241 | 241 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 7.30% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 242 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$307 million of 5.300% due 2035 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 8.64% | ||
Debentures | $ 216 | 214 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 5.30% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 307 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$460 million of 6.050% due 2036 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 6.12% | ||
Debentures | $ 456 | 456 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 6.05% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 460 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$65 million of 8.250% due 2038 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 8.38% | ||
Debentures | $ 64 | 64 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 8.25% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 65 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$160 million of 6.950% due 2042 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 7.02% | ||
Debentures | $ 159 | 159 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 6.95% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 160 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$1,722 million of 3.803% due 2042 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 6.39% | ||
Debentures | $ 1,236 | 1,218 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 3.803% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 1,722 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$500 million of 4.300% due 2044 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 4.39% | ||
Debentures | $ 493 | 493 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 4.30% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 500 | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$500 million of 4.750% due 2064 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 4.81% | ||
Debentures | $ 494 | 494 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 4.75% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 500 | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$246 million of 7.375% due 2097 | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent) | 7.51% | ||
Debentures | $ 242 | 242 | |
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent) | 7.375% | ||
Debt instrument, face value | $ 246 | ||
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed | 100.00% | ||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Capital lease obligations | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Capital lease obligations | $ 437 | 68 | |
Financial Products | |||
Long-term Debt | |||
Medium-term notes | 15,415 | 13,869 | |
Other | 503 | 513 | |
Total Financial Products | $ 15,918 | $ 14,382 |
Long-term debt (Details 2)
Long-term debt (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||
Sep. 30, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Long-term Debt | ||||
2,018 | $ 6,194 | |||
2,019 | 5,721 | |||
2,020 | 4,296 | |||
2,021 | 3,128 | |||
2,022 | 2,552 | |||
Interest paid on short-term and long-term borrowings | 1,131 | $ 1,075 | $ 1,047 | |
Debt Conversion, Original Debt, Amount | $ 381 | |||
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Amount | $ 366 | |||
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Rate | 1.93% | |||
Debt conversion, cash paid | $ 15 | |||
Debt exchange premium | $ 33 | |||
Medium-term Notes | 148 | |||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||||
Long-term Debt | ||||
2,018 | 6 | |||
2,019 | 40 | |||
2,020 | 6 | |||
2,021 | 1,388 | |||
2,022 | $ 504 | |||
Financial Products | ||||
Long-term Debt | ||||
Medium-term notes, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent) | 1.80% | |||
Medium-term notes, maximum remaining maturity (in years) | 9 years | |||
2,018 | $ 6,188 | |||
2,019 | 5,681 | |||
2,020 | 4,290 | |||
2,021 | 1,740 | |||
2,022 | $ 2,048 |
Credit commitments (Details)
Credit commitments (Details) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)facilities | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | $ 10,500 |
Other external | 4,591 |
Total credit lines available | 15,091 |
Less: Commercial paper outstanding | (3,680) |
Less: Utilized credit | (1,479) |
Available credit | $ 9,932 |
Number of global credit facilities | facilities | 3 |
Consolidated net worth | $ 13,720 |
Minimum consolidated net worth required under credit facilities | 9,000 |
Utilized credit | $ 1,479 |
Cat Financial | |
Credit lines available: | |
Interest coverage ratio, numerator | 1.88 |
Interest coverage ratio, denominator | 1 |
Minimum interest coverage ratio required under credit facilities, numerator | 1.15 |
Minimum interest coverage ratio required under credit facilities, denominator | 1 |
Six-month leverage ratio, numerator | 7.38 |
Six month leverage ratio, denominator | 1 |
Year-end leverage ratio, numerator | 7.71 |
Year-end leverage ratio denominator | 1 |
Maximum leverage ratio permissible under credit facility, numerator | 10 |
Maximum leverage ratio permissible under credit facility, denominator | 1 |
Credit Facility | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | $ 10,500 |
Less: Utilized credit | 0 |
Utilized credit | 0 |
364-day facility expires in September 2018 | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | $ 3,150 |
Duration of credit facility (in years or days) | 364 days |
Three-year facility expires in September 2020 | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | $ 2,730 |
Duration of credit facility (in years or days) | 3 years |
Five-year facility expires in September 2022 | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | $ 4,620 |
Duration of credit facility (in years or days) | 5 years |
Consolidated credit lines with banks | |
Credit lines available: | |
Other external | $ 4,590 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | 2,750 |
Other external | 1 |
Total credit lines available | 2,751 |
Less: Commercial paper outstanding | 0 |
Less: Utilized credit | (1) |
Available credit | 2,750 |
Utilized credit | 1 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Credit Facility | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | 2,750 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | 364-day facility expires in September 2018 | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | 820 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Three-year facility expires in September 2020 | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | 720 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Five-year facility expires in September 2022 | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | 1,210 |
Financial Products | |
Credit lines available: | |
Global credit facilities | 7,750 |
Other external | 4,590 |
Total credit lines available | 12,340 |
Less: Commercial paper outstanding | (3,680) |
Less: Utilized credit | (1,478) |
Available credit | 7,182 |
Utilized credit | $ 1,478 |
Profit per share (Details)
Profit per share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Sep. 30, 2017 | Jun. 30, 2017 | Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Sep. 30, 2016 | Jun. 30, 2016 | Mar. 31, 2016 | Sep. 30, 2015 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | Jan. 31, 2014 | |||||
Earnings Per Share [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||
Profit for the period (A) (in millions of dollars) | $ (1,299) | $ 1,059 | $ 802 | $ 192 | $ (1,171) | $ 283 | $ 550 | $ 271 | $ 754 | [1] | $ (67) | [1] | $ 2,512 | [1] | |||
Determination of shares (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B) (in shares) | 591,800,000 | 584,300,000 | 594,300,000 | ||||||||||||||
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price (in shares) | 7,500,000 | 0 | 7,000,000 | ||||||||||||||
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) (in shares) | [2],[3] | 599,300,000 | 584,300,000 | 601,300,000 | |||||||||||||
Profit (loss) per share of common stock: | |||||||||||||||||
Assuming no dilution (A/B) (in dollars per share) | $ (2.18) | $ 1.79 | $ 1.36 | $ 0.33 | $ (2) | $ 0.48 | $ 0.94 | $ 0.46 | $ 1.27 | $ (0.11) | $ 4.23 | ||||||
Assuming full dilution (A/C) (in dollars per share) | $ (2.18) | $ 1.77 | $ 1.35 | $ 0.32 | $ (2) | $ 0.48 | $ 0.93 | $ 0.46 | $ 1.26 | [2],[3] | $ (0.11) | [2],[3] | $ 4.18 | [2],[3] | |||
Shares outstanding as of December 31 | 597,600,000 | 586,500,000 | 597,600,000 | 586,500,000 | 582,300,000 | ||||||||||||
Common shares under SARs and stock options not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share (in shares) | 32,064,790 | 22,169,133 | |||||||||||||||
Common Stock Repurchase | |||||||||||||||||
Stock Repurchase Program, Authorized Amount | $ 10,000 | $ 10,000 | $ 10,000 | ||||||||||||||
Common shares repurchased (in shares) | 19,600,000 | 0 | 0 | 25,841,608 | |||||||||||||
Payments for repurchase of common stock | $ 1,500 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 2,025 | |||||||||||||
Stock repurchase program, amount of authorized repurchase spent to date | $ 4,500 | ||||||||||||||||
[1] | 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. | ||||||||||||||||
[2] | 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards, using the treasury stock method. | ||||||||||||||||
[3] | 3 In 2016, the assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. |
Accumulated other comprehens110
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Sep. 30, 2017 | Jun. 30, 2017 | Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Sep. 30, 2016 | Jun. 30, 2016 | Mar. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | ||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | $ 207 | $ 146 | $ 161 | |||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period | $ (2,039) | $ (2,035) | (2,039) | (2,035) | (1,059) | |||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications | 838 | 48 | (993) | |||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | 9 | (52) | 17 | |||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 847 | (4) | (976) | |||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period | $ (1,192) | $ (2,039) | (1,192) | (2,039) | (2,035) | |||||||||
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 3,339 | 192 | 916 | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | (1,299) | $ 1,059 | $ 802 | 192 | (1,171) | $ 283 | $ 550 | 271 | 754 | [1] | (67) | [1] | 2,512 | [1] |
Foreign currency translation | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period | (1,970) | (1,953) | (1,970) | (1,953) | (992) | |||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications | 752 | (34) | (961) | |||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | 13 | 17 | 0 | |||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 765 | (17) | (961) | |||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period | (1,205) | (1,970) | (1,205) | (1,970) | (1,953) | |||||||||
Pension and other postretirement benefits | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period | 14 | (69) | 14 | (69) | (31) | |||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications | 48 | 118 | (3) | |||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | (16) | (35) | (35) | |||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 32 | 83 | (38) | |||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period | 46 | 14 | 46 | 14 | (69) | |||||||||
Derivative financial instruments | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period | (115) | (50) | (115) | (50) | (119) | |||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications | (3) | (62) | (19) | |||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | 77 | (3) | 88 | |||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 74 | (65) | 69 | |||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period | (41) | (115) | (41) | (115) | (50) | |||||||||
Available-for-sale securities | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period | $ 32 | $ 37 | 32 | 37 | 83 | |||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications | 41 | 26 | (10) | |||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | (65) | (31) | (36) | |||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (24) | (5) | (46) | |||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period | $ 8 | $ 32 | 8 | 32 | 37 | |||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | (9) | 52 | (17) | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Foreign currency translation | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | (13) | (17) | 0 | |||||||||||
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | (13) | (17) | 0 | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Pension and other postretirement benefits | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 9 | 21 | 18 | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | 16 | 35 | 35 | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | (44) | 2 | (51) | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | (77) | 3 | (88) | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Available-for-sale securities | ||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | 100 | 46 | 56 | |||||||||||
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 35 | 15 | 20 | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | $ 65 | $ 31 | $ 36 | |||||||||||
[1] | 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. |
Accumulated other comprehens111
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Sep. 30, 2017 | Jun. 30, 2017 | Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Sep. 30, 2016 | Jun. 30, 2016 | Mar. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | ||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | $ 207 | $ 146 | $ 161 | |||||||||||
Interest expense excluding Financial Products | (531) | (505) | (507) | |||||||||||
Interest expense of Financial Products | (646) | (596) | (587) | |||||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 4,082 | 139 | 3,439 | |||||||||||
Tax (provision) benefit | (3,339) | (192) | (916) | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | $ (1,299) | $ 1,059 | $ 802 | $ 192 | $ (1,171) | $ 283 | $ 550 | $ 271 | 754 | [1] | (67) | [1] | 2,512 | [1] |
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | (9) | 52 | (17) | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Foreign currency translation | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | (13) | (17) | 0 | |||||||||||
Tax (provision) benefit | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | (13) | (17) | 0 | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Pension and other postretirement benefits | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Amortization of prior service credit (cost) | 25 | 56 | 53 | |||||||||||
Tax (provision) benefit | (9) | (21) | (18) | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | 16 | 35 | 35 | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (121) | 5 | (139) | |||||||||||
Tax (provision) benefit | 44 | (2) | 51 | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | (77) | 3 | (88) | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | (121) | 14 | (127) | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Interest expense of Financial Products | (6) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Interest expense excluding Financial Products | (9) | (6) | (6) | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Interest expense of Financial Products | 3 | (3) | (6) | |||||||||||
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Available-for-sale securities | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | ||||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | 100 | 46 | 56 | |||||||||||
Tax (provision) benefit | (35) | (15) | (20) | |||||||||||
Reclassifications net of tax | $ 65 | $ 31 | $ 36 | |||||||||||
[1] | 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. |
Fair value disclosures (Details
Fair value disclosures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | $ 1,439 | $ 1,367 |
Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 1,329 | 1,288 |
Total Assets | 1,439 | 1,367 |
Liabilities | ||
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net | 19 | 72 |
Total Liabilities | 19 | 72 |
U.S. treasury bonds | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 10 | 9 |
U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 10 | 9 |
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 42 | 60 |
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 42 | 60 |
Corporate bonds | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 584 | 492 |
Corporate bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 584 | 492 |
Asset-backed securities | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 67 | 90 |
Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 67 | 90 |
U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 261 | 223 |
Residential | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 8 | 10 |
Residential | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 8 | 10 |
Commercial | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 17 | 36 |
Commercial | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 17 | 36 |
Large capitalization value | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 284 | 312 |
Large capitalization value | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 284 | 312 |
REIT | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 110 | 79 |
REIT | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 110 | 79 |
Smaller company growth | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 56 | 56 |
Smaller company growth | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 56 | 56 |
Level 1 | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 350 | 377 |
Total Assets | 350 | 377 |
Liabilities | ||
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net | 0 | 0 |
Total Liabilities | 0 | 0 |
Level 1 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 10 | 9 |
Level 1 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 1 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 1 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 1 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 1 | Residential | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 1 | Commercial | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 1 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 284 | 312 |
Level 1 | REIT | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 1 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 56 | 56 |
Level 2 | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 979 | 911 |
Total Assets | 979 | 911 |
Liabilities | ||
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net | 19 | 72 |
Total Liabilities | 19 | 72 |
Level 2 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 2 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 42 | 60 |
Level 2 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 584 | 492 |
Level 2 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 67 | 90 |
Level 2 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 261 | 223 |
Level 2 | Residential | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 8 | 10 |
Level 2 | Commercial | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 17 | 36 |
Level 2 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 2 | REIT | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 2 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Total Assets | 110 | 79 |
Liabilities | ||
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net | 0 | 0 |
Total Liabilities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | Residential | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | Commercial | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 0 | 0 |
Level 3 | REIT | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | 110 | 79 |
Level 3 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis | ||
Assets | ||
Available-for-sale securities | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Fair value disclosures (Deta113
Fair value disclosures (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
Financial Products | Nonrecurring basis | ||
Fair value of impaired loans | ||
Impaired loans | $ 341 | $ 137 |
Level 3 | REIT | Recurring basis | ||
Roll-forward of assets measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs | ||
Balance at beginning of period | 79 | |
Purchases of securities | 27 | |
Sale of securities | 0 | |
Gains (losses) included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 4 | |
Balance at end of period | $ 110 |
Fair value disclosures (Deta114
Fair value disclosures (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Carrying Amount | ||
Assets | ||
Cash and short-term investments | $ 8,261 | $ 7,168 |
Restricted cash and short-term investments | 194 | 31 |
Investments in debt and equity securities | 1,439 | 1,367 |
Finance receivables-net (excluding finance leases) | 15,452 | 16,172 |
Wholesale inventory receivables-net (excluding finance leases) | 1,153 | 1,500 |
Interest rate swaps-net | 1 | 3 |
Price Risk Derivative Assets, at Fair Value | 21 | 10 |
Liabilities | ||
Short-term borrowings | 4,837 | 7,303 |
Foreign currency contracts-net | 41 | 85 |
Guarantees | 8 | 8 |
Carrying Amount | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||
Liabilities | ||
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year) | 7,935 | 8,943 |
Carrying Amount | Financial Products | ||
Liabilities | ||
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year) | 22,106 | 20,537 |
Carrying amount of assets excluded from measurement at fair value | ||
Liabilities | ||
Total excluded items | 7,063 | 6,111 |
Level 1 | Fair Value | ||
Assets | ||
Cash and short-term investments | 8,261 | 7,168 |
Restricted cash and short-term investments | 194 | 31 |
Liabilities | ||
Short-term borrowings | 4,837 | 7,303 |
Level 1, 2 & 3 | Fair Value | ||
Assets | ||
Investments in debt and equity securities | 1,439 | 1,367 |
Level 2 | Fair Value | ||
Assets | ||
Interest rate swaps-net | 1 | 3 |
Price Risk Derivative Assets, at Fair Value | 21 | 10 |
Liabilities | ||
Foreign currency contracts-net | 41 | 85 |
Level 2 | Fair Value | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||
Liabilities | ||
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year) | 9,863 | 10,348 |
Level 2 | Fair Value | Financial Products | ||
Liabilities | ||
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year) | 22,230 | 20,724 |
Level 3 | Fair Value | ||
Assets | ||
Finance receivables-net (excluding finance leases) | 15,438 | 16,056 |
Wholesale inventory receivables-net (excluding finance leases) | 1,123 | 1,464 |
Liabilities | ||
Guarantees | $ 8 | $ 8 |
Concentration of credit risk (D
Concentration of credit risk (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract] | ||
Derivative contracts, maximum exposure to credit loss | $ 74 | $ 96 |
Operating leases (Details)
Operating leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Leases [Abstract] | |||
Rental expense for operating leases | $ 331 | $ 375 | $ 371 |
Minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms | |||
2,018 | 211 | ||
2,019 | 142 | ||
2,020 | 104 | ||
2,021 | 74 | ||
2,022 | 58 | ||
Thereafter | 169 | ||
Total | $ 758 |
Guarantees and product warra117
Guarantees and product warranty (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 |
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
Related liability | $ 8 | $ 8 |
Guarantor Obligations | ||
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments | 2,105 | 1,856 |
Special-Purpose Company's assets in Consolidated Statement of Financial Position | 1,107 | 1,088 |
Special-Purpose Company's liabilities in Consolidated Statement of Financial Position | 1,106 | 1,087 |
Unused commitments and lines of credit for dealers | 10,993 | 12,775 |
Unused commitments and lines of credit for customers | 3,092 | 3,340 |
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees | ||
Guarantor Obligations | ||
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments | 1,313 | 1,384 |
Customer loan guarantees | ||
Guarantor Obligations | ||
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments | 40 | 51 |
Supplier consortium performance guarantee | ||
Guarantor Obligations | ||
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments | 565 | 278 |
Third party logistics business guarantees | ||
Guarantor Obligations | ||
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments | 69 | 87 |
Other guarantees | ||
Guarantor Obligations | ||
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments | $ 118 | $ 56 |
Guarantees and product warra118
Guarantees and product warranty (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | |
Movement in Standard Product Warranty Accrual | ||
Warranty liability, beginning balance | $ 1,258 | $ 1,354 |
Reduction in liability (payments) | (860) | (909) |
Increase in liability (new warranties) | 1,021 | 813 |
Warranty liability, ending balance | $ 1,419 | $ 1,258 |
Environmental and legal matt119
Environmental and legal matters (Details) | Mar. 03, 2017 | Mar. 20, 2014 |
Loss Contingency [Abstract] | ||
Number of facilities served search warrants | 3 | |
Number of defendants, companies | ||
Loss Contingencies [Line Items] | ||
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants | 18 | |
Number of defendants, individuals | ||
Loss Contingencies [Line Items] | ||
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants | 100 | |
Number of defendants, subsidiaries | ||
Loss Contingencies [Line Items] | ||
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants | 2 | |
Number of defendants, current employee | ||
Loss Contingencies [Line Items] | ||
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants | 2 | |
Number of defendants, former employee | ||
Loss Contingencies [Line Items] | ||
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants | 1 |
Segment information (Details)
Segment information (Details) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||||||
Dec. 31, 2017USD ($) | Sep. 30, 2017USD ($) | Jun. 30, 2017USD ($) | Mar. 31, 2017USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2016USD ($) | Sep. 30, 2016USD ($) | Jun. 30, 2016USD ($) | Mar. 31, 2016USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)group_presidentssegments | Dec. 31, 2016USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2015USD ($) | |
Segment Reporting Information | |||||||||||
Number of group presidents | group_presidents | 5 | ||||||||||
Number of operating segments | segments | 6 | ||||||||||
Useful life to amortize goodwill for segment assets | 20 years | ||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | $ 12,896 | $ 11,413 | $ 11,331 | $ 9,822 | $ 9,574 | $ 9,160 | $ 10,342 | $ 9,461 | $ 45,462 | $ 38,537 | $ 47,011 |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,877 | 3,034 | 3,046 | ||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 4,082 | 139 | 3,439 | ||||||||
Segment assets | 76,962 | 74,704 | 76,962 | 74,704 | 78,342 | ||||||
Capital expenditures | $ 2,336 | 2,928 | 3,261 | ||||||||
All Other operating segments | |||||||||||
Segment Reporting Information | |||||||||||
Number of group presidents | group_presidents | 1 | ||||||||||
Number of smaller operating segments led by Group President | segments | 2 | ||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | $ 178 | 139 | 203 | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 220 | 219 | 205 | ||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (43) | (77) | (75) | ||||||||
Segment assets | 1,312 | 1,381 | 1,312 | 1,381 | 1,405 | ||||||
Capital expenditures | 134 | 182 | 169 | ||||||||
Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | $ 49,576 | 41,644 | 50,451 | ||||||||
Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Segment Reporting Information | |||||||||||
Number of operating segments led by Group Presidents | segments | 3 | ||||||||||
Number of operating segments led by Group president responsible for corporate services | segments | 1 | ||||||||||
Number of reportable segments | segments | 4 | ||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | $ 45,694 | 38,742 | 47,133 | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 2,387 | 2,591 | 2,686 | ||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 7,623 | 3,527 | 6,065 | ||||||||
Segment assets | 53,698 | 55,517 | 53,698 | 55,517 | 59,605 | ||||||
Capital expenditures | 2,311 | 2,586 | 2,913 | ||||||||
Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 3,882 | 2,902 | 3,318 | ||||||||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 46,483 | 38,651 | 47,373 | ||||||||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 42,601 | 35,749 | 44,055 | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 1,567 | 1,742 | 1,838 | ||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 6,831 | 2,825 | 5,256 | ||||||||
Segment assets | 18,805 | 20,293 | 18,805 | 20,293 | 23,876 | ||||||
Capital expenditures | 938 | 948 | 1,448 | ||||||||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 3,882 | 2,902 | 3,318 | ||||||||
Construction Industries | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 19,240 | 15,690 | 17,906 | ||||||||
Construction Industries | Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 19,133 | 15,612 | 17,797 | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 400 | 458 | 505 | ||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 3,258 | 1,650 | 1,865 | ||||||||
Segment assets | 4,838 | 5,367 | 4,838 | 5,367 | 6,176 | ||||||
Capital expenditures | 228 | 186 | 276 | ||||||||
Construction Industries | Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 107 | 78 | 109 | ||||||||
Resource Industries | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 7,861 | 6,010 | 8,071 | ||||||||
Resource Industries | Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 7,504 | 5,726 | 7,739 | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 514 | 607 | 643 | ||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 690 | (1,047) | 1 | ||||||||
Segment assets | 6,403 | 7,135 | 6,403 | 7,135 | 8,931 | ||||||
Capital expenditures | 183 | 243 | 303 | ||||||||
Resource Industries | Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 357 | 284 | 332 | ||||||||
Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 19,382 | 16,951 | 21,396 | ||||||||
Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 15,964 | 14,411 | 18,519 | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 653 | 677 | 690 | ||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 2,883 | 2,222 | 3,390 | ||||||||
Segment assets | 7,564 | 7,791 | 7,564 | 7,791 | 8,769 | ||||||
Capital expenditures | 527 | 519 | 869 | ||||||||
Energy & Transportation | Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 3,418 | 2,540 | 2,877 | ||||||||
Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 3,093 | 2,993 | 3,078 | ||||||||
Financial Products Segment | Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 3,093 | 2,993 | 3,078 | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 820 | 849 | 848 | ||||||||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 792 | 702 | 809 | ||||||||
Segment assets | $ 34,893 | $ 35,224 | 34,893 | 35,224 | 35,729 | ||||||
Capital expenditures | 1,373 | 1,638 | 1,465 | ||||||||
Financial Products Segment | Intersegment Eliminations | |||||||||||
Reportable Segments | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Segment information (Details 2)
Segment information (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||||||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Sep. 30, 2017 | Jun. 30, 2017 | Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Sep. 30, 2016 | Jun. 30, 2016 | Mar. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | $ 12,896 | $ 11,413 | $ 11,331 | $ 9,822 | $ 9,574 | $ 9,160 | $ 10,342 | $ 9,461 | $ 45,462 | $ 38,537 | $ 47,011 |
Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 45,694 | 38,742 | 47,133 | ||||||||
All Other operating segments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 178 | 139 | 203 | ||||||||
Other | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | (410) | (344) | (325) | ||||||||
Consolidating Adjustments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | (381) | (301) | (315) | ||||||||
Consolidating Adjustments | Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Consolidating Adjustments | All Other operating segments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Consolidating Adjustments | Other | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | (381) | (301) | (315) | ||||||||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 42,601 | 35,749 | 44,055 | ||||||||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 42,676 | 35,773 | 44,147 | ||||||||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 42,601 | 35,749 | 44,055 | ||||||||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 178 | 139 | 203 | ||||||||
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | (103) | (115) | (111) | ||||||||
Financial Products | Business | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 3,167 | 3,065 | 3,179 | ||||||||
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 3,093 | 2,993 | 3,078 | ||||||||
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Financial Products | Business | Other | |||||||||||
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues | |||||||||||
Sales and revenues | $ 74 | $ 72 | $ 101 |
Segment information (Details 3)
Segment information (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | $ 4,082 | $ 139 | $ 3,439 |
Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 7,623 | 3,527 | 6,065 |
All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (43) | (77) | (75) |
Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 22 | 8 | 20 |
Corporate Costs | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (633) | (527) | (600) |
Timing | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (151) | 40 | 95 |
Restructuring Costs | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (1,256) | (1,019) | (898) |
Inventory/cost of sales | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (77) | 0 | (100) |
Postretirement Benefits Expense | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (165) | (788) | 131 |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (206) | (218) | (283) |
Financing Costs | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (524) | (517) | (524) |
Currency | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (218) | (22) | (261) |
Other Income Expense Methodology Differences | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (181) | (225) | (95) |
Other | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (109) | (43) | (36) |
Business | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 7,580 | 3,450 | 5,990 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 6,831 | 2,825 | 5,256 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 3,314 | (553) | 2,617 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 6,831 | 2,825 | 5,256 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (43) | (77) | (75) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 22 | 8 | 20 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Corporate Costs | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (633) | (527) | (600) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Timing | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (151) | 40 | 95 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Restructuring Costs | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (1,253) | (1,014) | (881) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Inventory/cost of sales | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (77) | 0 | (100) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Postretirement Benefits Expense | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (165) | (788) | 131 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Stock-Based Compensation Expense | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (198) | (209) | (270) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Financing Costs | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (524) | (517) | (524) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Currency | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (218) | (22) | (261) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other Income Expense Methodology Differences | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (181) | (225) | (95) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (96) | (47) | (79) |
Financial Products | Business | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 768 | 692 | 822 |
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 792 | 702 | 809 |
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Corporate Costs | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Timing | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Restructuring Costs | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (3) | (5) | (17) |
Financial Products | Business | Inventory/cost of sales | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Postretirement Benefits Expense | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Stock-Based Compensation Expense | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (8) | (9) | (13) |
Financial Products | Business | Financing Costs | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Currency | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Other Income Expense Methodology Differences | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Other | |||
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | $ (13) | $ 4 | $ 43 |
Segment information (Details 4)
Segment information (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | $ 4,082 | $ 139 | $ 3,439 |
Restructuring costs | (1,256) | (1,019) | (898) |
Reportable segments | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 7,623 | 3,527 | 6,065 |
Reportable segments | Construction Industries | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 3,258 | 1,650 | 1,865 |
Reportable segments | Resource Industries | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 690 | (1,047) | 1 |
Reportable segments | Energy & Transportation | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 2,883 | 2,222 | 3,390 |
Reportable segments | Financial Products Segment | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 792 | 702 | 809 |
All Other operating segments | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (43) | (77) | (75) |
Business | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 7,580 | 3,450 | 5,990 |
Restructuring costs | (1,152) | (879) | (683) |
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs | 6,428 | 2,571 | 5,307 |
Business | Reportable segments | Construction Industries | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 3,258 | 1,650 | 1,865 |
Restructuring costs | (719) | (41) | (123) |
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs | 2,539 | 1,609 | 1,742 |
Business | Reportable segments | Resource Industries | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 690 | (1,047) | 1 |
Restructuring costs | (276) | (540) | (305) |
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs | 414 | (1,587) | (304) |
Business | Reportable segments | Energy & Transportation | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 2,883 | 2,222 | 3,390 |
Restructuring costs | (115) | (248) | (109) |
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs | 2,768 | 1,974 | 3,281 |
Business | Reportable segments | Financial Products Segment | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | 792 | 702 | 809 |
Restructuring costs | (3) | (5) | (17) |
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs | 789 | 697 | 792 |
Business | All Other operating segments | All Other | |||
Segment Reporting Information | |||
Consolidated profit before taxes | (43) | (77) | (75) |
Restructuring costs | (39) | (45) | (129) |
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs | $ (82) | $ (122) | $ (204) |
Segment information (Details 5)
Segment information (Details 5) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 |
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | $ 76,962 | $ 74,704 | $ 78,342 |
Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 53,698 | 55,517 | 59,605 |
All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 1,312 | 1,381 | 1,405 |
Cash and Short Term Investments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 7,381 | 5,257 | 5,340 |
Intercompany Receivables | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Investment in Financial Products | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Deferred income taxes | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 1,592 | 2,701 | 2,415 |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 4,210 | 3,883 | 3,571 |
Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 2,341 | 1,645 | 1,585 |
Operating Lease Methodology Difference | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (191) | (186) | (213) |
Liabilities Included in Segment Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 9,352 | 7,400 | 8,017 |
Inventory Methodology Differences | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (2,287) | (2,373) | (2,646) |
Other | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (446) | (521) | (737) |
Consolidating Adjustments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (6,404) | (6,354) | (5,845) |
Consolidating Adjustments | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Cash and Short Term Investments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Intercompany Receivables | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (1,733) | (1,713) | (1,087) |
Consolidating Adjustments | Investment in Financial Products | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (4,064) | (3,638) | (3,888) |
Consolidating Adjustments | Deferred income taxes | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (574) | (947) | (793) |
Consolidating Adjustments | Goodwill and Intangible Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Operating Lease Methodology Difference | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Inventory Methodology Differences | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Other | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (33) | (56) | (77) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 18,805 | 20,293 | 23,876 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 48,487 | 45,863 | 48,551 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 18,805 | 20,293 | 23,876 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 1,312 | 1,381 | 1,405 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Cash and Short Term Investments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 7,381 | 5,257 | 5,340 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Intercompany Receivables | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 1,733 | 1,713 | 1,087 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Investment in Financial Products | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 4,064 | 3,638 | 3,888 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Deferred income taxes | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 2,166 | 3,648 | 3,208 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Goodwill and Intangible Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 4,210 | 3,883 | 3,571 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 2,341 | 1,645 | 1,585 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Operating Lease Methodology Difference | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (191) | (186) | (213) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 9,352 | 7,400 | 8,017 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Inventory Methodology Differences | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (2,287) | (2,373) | (2,646) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | (399) | (436) | (567) |
Financial Products | Business | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 34,879 | 35,195 | 35,636 |
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 34,893 | 35,224 | 35,729 |
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Cash and Short Term Investments | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Intercompany Receivables | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Investment in Financial Products | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Deferred income taxes | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Goodwill and Intangible Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Operating Lease Methodology Difference | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Inventory Methodology Differences | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Other | |||
Reconciliation of assets | |||
Total assets | $ (14) | $ (29) | $ (93) |
Segment information (Details 6)
Segment information (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | $ 2,877 | $ 3,034 | $ 3,046 |
Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 2,387 | 2,591 | 2,686 |
All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 220 | 219 | 205 |
Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 143 | 156 | 154 |
Other | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 127 | 68 | 1 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 1,567 | 1,742 | 1,838 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 2,016 | 2,144 | 2,164 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 1,567 | 1,742 | 1,838 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 220 | 219 | 205 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 143 | 156 | 154 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 86 | 27 | (33) |
Financial Products | Business | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 861 | 890 | 882 |
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 820 | 849 | 848 |
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Other | |||
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: | |||
Total depreciation and amortization | $ 41 | $ 41 | $ 34 |
Segment information (Details 7)
Segment information (Details 7) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | $ 2,336 | $ 2,928 | $ 3,261 |
Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 2,311 | 2,586 | 2,913 |
All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 134 | 182 | 169 |
Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 84 | 72 | 195 |
Timing | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | (96) | 153 | 37 |
Other | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | (97) | (65) | (53) |
Consolidating Adjustments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | (33) | (49) | (28) |
Consolidating Adjustments | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Timing | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consolidating Adjustments | Other | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | (33) | (49) | (28) |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 938 | 948 | 1,448 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 916 | 1,206 | 1,630 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 938 | 948 | 1,448 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 134 | 182 | 169 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 84 | 72 | 195 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Timing | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | (96) | 153 | 37 |
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | (144) | (149) | (219) |
Financial Products | Business | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 1,453 | 1,771 | 1,659 |
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 1,373 | 1,638 | 1,465 |
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Cost Centers | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Timing | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Financial Products | Business | Other | |||
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures | |||
Total capital expenditures | $ 80 | $ 133 | $ 194 |
Segment information (Details 8)
Segment information (Details 8) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||||||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Sep. 30, 2017 | Jun. 30, 2017 | Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Sep. 30, 2016 | Jun. 30, 2016 | Mar. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Segment Reporting Information | |||||||||||
External sales and revenues | $ 12,896 | $ 11,413 | $ 11,331 | $ 9,822 | $ 9,574 | $ 9,160 | $ 10,342 | $ 9,461 | $ 45,462 | $ 38,537 | $ 47,011 |
Net property, plant and equipment | 14,155 | 15,322 | 14,155 | 15,322 | |||||||
U.S. Pension Benefits | |||||||||||
Segment Reporting Information | |||||||||||
External sales and revenues | 18,552 | 15,956 | 19,218 | ||||||||
Net property, plant and equipment | 8,126 | 8,537 | 8,126 | 8,537 | |||||||
Outside the United States | |||||||||||
Segment Reporting Information | |||||||||||
External sales and revenues | 26,910 | 22,581 | $ 27,793 | ||||||||
Net property, plant and equipment | $ 6,029 | $ 6,785 | $ 6,029 | $ 6,785 |
Acquisitions (Details)
Acquisitions (Details) $ in Millions | 1 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||||||
Dec. 31, 2016USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2015USD ($) | Oct. 31, 2015USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2017USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2016USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2015USD ($) | Dec. 15, 2016USD ($) | Dec. 01, 2015USD ($) | |
Acquisitions | ||||||||
Net cash paid for acquisition | $ 59 | $ 191 | $ 400 | |||||
Assets acquired | ||||||||
Investments in equity method companies | $ 192 | 212 | 192 | |||||
Goodwill | 6,020 | $ 6,615 | 6,200 | $ 6,020 | $ 6,615 | |||
Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp. | ||||||||
Acquisitions | ||||||||
Percentage of equity acquired (as a percent) | 100.00% | |||||||
Fair value of contingent consideration | $ 38 | |||||||
Number of components of contingent considerations arising from acquisition | 2 | |||||||
Payments to acquire businesses, gross | 92 | $ 1 | ||||||
Payments to acquire business, to be paid | $ 8 | |||||||
Assets acquired | ||||||||
Tangible assets acquired | $ 147 | |||||||
Cash | 12 | |||||||
Receivables | 7 | |||||||
Short term investments | 3 | |||||||
Net deferred tax assets acquired | 21 | |||||||
Inventory | 63 | |||||||
Property, plant and equipment | 41 | |||||||
Finite-lived intangible assets | 8 | |||||||
Finite-lived intangible assets, weighed average useful life (in years) | 10 years | |||||||
Goodwill | 1 | |||||||
Liabilities assumed | ||||||||
Total liabilities assumed | 6 | |||||||
Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp. | Contribution of nonmonetary assets to charitable organization | ||||||||
Acquisitions | ||||||||
Fair value of contingent consideration | 20 | |||||||
Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp. | Guarantee based on industry performance price index | ||||||||
Acquisitions | ||||||||
Fair value of contingent consideration | $ 20 | |||||||
RDS Manufacturing Inc. | ||||||||
Acquisitions | ||||||||
Percentage of equity acquired (as a percent) | 100.00% | |||||||
Net cash paid for acquisition | 85 | |||||||
Trade receivable due from acquirer | 5 | |||||||
Payments to acquire businesses, gross | 74 | |||||||
Payments to acquire business, to be paid | $ 11 | |||||||
Assets acquired | ||||||||
Tangible assets acquired | $ 28 | |||||||
Cash | 1 | |||||||
Inventory | 12 | |||||||
Property, plant and equipment | 16 | |||||||
Goodwill | 59 | |||||||
Liabilities assumed | ||||||||
Total liabilities assumed | $ 2 | |||||||
Rail Product Solutions Inc. | ||||||||
Acquisitions | ||||||||
Percentage of equity acquired (as a percent) | 100.00% | |||||||
Net cash paid for acquisition | $ 165 | |||||||
Assets acquired | ||||||||
Tangible assets acquired | 41 | |||||||
Receivables | 9 | |||||||
Inventory | 6 | |||||||
Property, plant and equipment | 17 | |||||||
Investments in equity method companies | 9 | |||||||
Finite-lived intangible assets | $ 82 | |||||||
Finite-lived intangible assets, weighed average useful life (in years) | 15 years | |||||||
Goodwill | $ 53 | |||||||
Liabilities assumed | ||||||||
Total liabilities assumed | $ 11 |
Divestitures (Details)
Divestitures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |
Disposal groups | |||
Cat Financial financing of transactions | $ 11,953 | $ 9,339 | $ 9,929 |
Restructuring Costs (Details)
Restructuring Costs (Details) $ in Millions | 1 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | 28 Months Ended | ||
Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2017USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2016USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2015USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2017USD ($) | |
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | $ 1,256 | $ 1,019 | $ 898 | ||
Employee separation costs | 525 | 297 | |||
Employee Separation Activity | |||||
Liability balance at beginning of period | 147 | 483 | |||
Employee separation costs | 525 | 297 | |||
Reduction in liability (payments and other adjustments) | 423 | 633 | |||
Liability balance at end of period | 249 | 147 | 483 | $ 249 | |
Other restructuring costs | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 173 | 262 | 48 | ||
Voluntary retirement enhancement program | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Curtailment expense | (82) | ||||
Other operating income (expense) | Employee separation | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 525 | 297 | 641 | ||
Other operating income (expense) | Contract termination | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 183 | 62 | 0 | ||
Other operating income (expense) | Long-lived asset impairments | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 346 | 391 | 127 | ||
Other operating income (expense) | Defined benefit retirement plan curtailment losses | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 29 | 7 | 82 | ||
Gosselies closure announcement [Domain] | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring and Related Cost, Number of Positions Eliminated | 2,000 | ||||
Restructuring costs | 653 | ||||
Estimated restructuring costs | 675 | 675 | |||
Gosselies closure announcement [Domain] | Other restructuring costs | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 77 | ||||
Gosselies closure announcement [Domain] | Employee separation | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 436 | ||||
Gosselies closure announcement [Domain] | Long-lived asset impairments | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 205 | ||||
Gosselies closure announcement [Domain] | LIFO inventory decrement benefit(expense) [Member] | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 65 | ||||
Discontinue production on-highway vocational trucks | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 104 | ||||
Second half of 2016 announcement | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 369 | ||||
September 2015 announcement [Member] | |||||
Restructuring Cost [Abstract] | |||||
Restructuring costs | 817 | $ 281 | $ 569 | 1,667 | |
Estimated restructuring costs | $ 200 | $ 200 |
Selected quarterly financial131
Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions | May 01, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Sep. 30, 2017 | Jun. 30, 2017 | Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Sep. 30, 2016 | Jun. 30, 2016 | Mar. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015 | |||
Sales and revenues | $ 12,896 | $ 11,413 | $ 11,331 | $ 9,822 | $ 9,574 | $ 9,160 | $ 10,342 | $ 9,461 | $ 45,462 | $ 38,537 | $ 47,011 | ||||
Less: Revenues | (702) | (700) | (692) | (692) | (689) | (697) | (697) | (681) | (2,786) | (2,764) | (2,864) | ||||
Sales | 12,194 | 10,713 | 10,639 | 9,130 | 8,885 | 8,463 | 9,645 | 8,780 | 42,676 | 35,773 | 44,147 | ||||
Cost of goods sold | 8,889 | 7,633 | 7,769 | 6,758 | 7,541 | 6,527 | 7,419 | 6,822 | 31,049 | 28,309 | 33,546 | ||||
Gross margin | 3,305 | 3,080 | 2,870 | 2,372 | 1,344 | 1,936 | 2,226 | 1,958 | |||||||
Profit (loss) | $ (1,299) | $ 1,059 | $ 802 | $ 192 | $ (1,171) | $ 283 | $ 550 | $ 271 | $ 754 | [1] | $ (67) | [1] | $ 2,512 | [1] | |
Profit (loss) per common share | $ (2.18) | $ 1.79 | $ 1.36 | $ 0.33 | $ (2) | $ 0.48 | $ 0.94 | $ 0.46 | $ 1.27 | $ (0.11) | $ 4.23 | ||||
Profit (loss) per common share - diluted | $ (2.18) | $ 1.77 | $ 1.35 | $ 0.32 | $ (2) | $ 0.48 | $ 0.93 | $ 0.46 | $ 1.26 | [2],[3] | $ (0.11) | [2],[3] | $ 4.18 | [2],[3] | |
Restructuring costs | $ 1,256 | $ 1,019 | $ 898 | ||||||||||||
Pre-tax pension and other postretirement benefit plan actuarial losses | $ (301) | $ (985) | (301) | (985) | (179) | ||||||||||
Goodwill impairment charge | 595 | 0 | 595 | $ 0 | |||||||||||
Deferred Tax Assets, Valuation Allowance, Current | $ 111 | $ 141 | 111 | $ 141 | |||||||||||
U.S. 2017 tax reform estimated impact | $ 2,371 | ||||||||||||||
Iron Planet Holdings, Inc. investment [Domain] | |||||||||||||||
Equity Method Investment, Realized Gain (Loss) on Disposal | $ 85 | ||||||||||||||
[1] | 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common shareholders. | ||||||||||||||
[2] | 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards, using the treasury stock method. | ||||||||||||||
[3] | 3 In 2016, the assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. |